775:"to fear": "I am well aware that a short syllable can stand for a long one in final position, because some of the silence which follows seems to be added to it; but when I consult my ears it seems to make a big difference whether the last syllable is truly long, or merely a short standing for a long."
863:
is considered to be long. In this position, the difference between short, long, and overlong syllables is neutralised, and any of the three may be placed here. It is sometimes said that a final short vowel is lengthened in final position (which is possible), but
Thiesen argues that in some cases at
493:
can thus be found both in a weak position, i.e. in a pendant (feminine) ending, and in a strong one, i.e. in a blunt ending. There has been some discussion among scholars over whether these two types should be classified separately.
855:
In classical
Persian, just as in Latin and Greek, poetic metres are quantitative, except that in addition to long and short syllables, Persian also has "overlong" syllables which are equivalent in length to long + short.
521:"only a syllable ending in a short open vowel should be counted as short", on the grounds that in some poets the treatment of these is different from that of words ending in a short vowel + one consonant. For example,
540:) "land" at the end of an iambic trimeter or dactylic pentameter is less common than one ending in a short vowel + consonant, and that the latter in turn is less common than one ending in a long vowel. The Roman poet
501:
therefore only exists when there is a pause. When a line with a rhythm such as | – u u – u u – u u – u u | is part of a continuous song, there is no pause at the end of the line and the final syllable remains short.
748:. In a discussion of these, Cicero says: "It makes no difference whether the final word is a cretic (– u –) or a dactyl (– u u), since even in poetry it doesn't matter whether a final syllable is long or short."
394:, on the other hand, will always be considered long, even though its natural quantity is short: the pause at the end of the line adds weight enough for even a short syllable to be counted as long.
357:. It can also be found in the centre of a line in some metres, before a dieresis (e.g. in the iambic octonarius). However, it does not seem to be found in every metre. For example, in Greek, in
913:
poetry, in any metre, like those of Latin and Greek, is indifferent in quantity, that is, it may be long or short. Examples can be found in epic poetry, in which in each four-line stanza, or
386:, which is a position in a line which can be filled by either a long or a short syllable. These two phenomena are often confused but there are differences between the two. For example, an
497:
Ancient writers on Latin and Greek metre noted that it was logical for a short syllable at the end of a line to be taken as long, since the pause helped to make up the length.
374:(the shortening of a metre by one syllable), in that when a metre ending u – loses its final syllable, the former short penultimate element becomes long since it is now final.
339:, meaning "a short in a long ". Although the phenomenon itself has been known since ancient times, the phrase is said to have been invented by the classical scholar
919:, the first and third lines usually have a trochaic ending, and the second and fourth line always an iambic one. Thus in the following stanza (the opening of the
544:
also avoided a short vowel at the end of a dactylic pentameter, which suggests that an ending of vowel + consonant was felt to be heavier than short vowel alone.
872:
is almost never lengthened in normal positions, but is readily used at the end of a verse. The pronunciation of such endings by
Persian speakers is also short.
1265:
234:
809:
it is usually omitted in writing, but still pronounced long. Thus a normally short vowel can stand in final position in metres such as the
525:
has a marked tendency to avoid placing a word ending in a short vowel before a pause, while not so avoiding words ending in a consonant.
557:
phenomenon, and becomes long. An example in
Ancient Greek is the iambic tetrameter, which in normal and catalectic form is as follows:
1219:
364:
A similar phenomenon is found in other languages whose poetic metres are quantitative, such as Arabic, Persian, and
Sanskrit.
528:
Another study, by the
American scholars Devine and Stephens, similarly shows that a word ending in a short vowel such as
227:
789:
In classical Arabic, when a verse ends in an open vowel, the vowel is always lengthened in performance. If the vowel is
568:
The deletion of the final element causes the previously short penultimate to become long, and at the same time the
1302:
1234:
220:
340:
517:) "often", at the end of a line should be considered as ending in a short or long syllable. In the view of
505:
Another question discussed by scholars is whether a word ending in a short vowel + one consonant, such as
349:
is possible in various classical metres that require a long syllable at the end of a line, including
319:
63:
1297:
1236:
A Manual of
Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody.
518:
78:
1168:"The Trisyllabic Ending of the Pentameter: Its Treatment by Tibullus, Propertius, and Martial"
24:
728:
ending with short vowel + consonant are very common at the end of a pentameter, words like
83:
815:, where the repeating pattern of the feet leads one to expect a long syllable at the end:
8:
743:
920:
887:(– u –). The following are two different metres, one a shortened version of the other:
350:
188:
158:
113:
73:
43:
450:
The phenomenon can also occur at the end of iambic lines, for example, the opening of
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443:
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138:
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143:
118:
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1266:"A brief introduction into the Indian metrical system for the use of students"
1291:
163:
123:
38:
33:
823:
Exactly as with Greek, a short penultimate becomes long when a line is made
740:
is also found in the rhythmic sentence-endings favoured by orators known as
600:"the South Wind overwhelmed them, wrapping up both ship and men with water"
133:
98:
58:
811:
390:
will be considered short or long in accordance with its natural length. A
551:(i.e. abbreviated by one syllable), the short element is affected by the
358:
128:
675:
Catullus, Propertius and
Tibullus also occasionally allow a short-vowel
1010:
876:
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371:
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The lengthening of a penultimate short syllable when a line is made
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at the end of a line that is counted as long. The term is short for
910:
880:
605:
411:, occurring every four or five verses. An example is line 2 of the
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It can also be found in iambics, as in following lines from
583:
is less common in Virgil than in Homer, but is still found:
923:), the last syllable, though short, stands for a long one:
719:
541:
309:
303:
272:
300:
883:(– u u –) rhythm is shortened, the resulting ending is a
572:
at the beginning of the metron becomes definitely short.
361:
ending in u u – –, there do not seem to be any examples.
306:
286:
278:
711:"My darling, you declare to me that this love between us
1174:, Vol. 42, No. 3/4 (Jul.-Oct., 1948), pp. 68-75; p. 68.
485:"I, son of Zeus, have come to this land of the Thebans"
442:"that baleful (anger), which made many sorrows for the
948:
941:
934:
927:
547:
When a metre with a short penultimate element is made
289:
281:
879:
is found in
Persian too; for example, if a metre in
297:
275:
269:
266:
668:
it says, it was your mountain top on which it stood
294:
263:
662:"to you these things were and are very well known,
734:which end with a short vowel are extremely rare.
1289:
827:. Thus the most commonly used Arabic metre, the
833:, has normal and catalectic forms as follows:
751:However, according to the teacher of rhetoric
589:obruit Auster, aqu(ā) involvēns nāvemque virōs
1097:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1982), pp. 281-297; p. 283.
1051:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1982), pp. 281-297; p. 288.
971:"In the place of righteousness at Kurukṣetra,
228:
703:| – – | – u u | – u u | – – | – u u | – – |
770:
760:
741:
729:
723:
690:
683:
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638:
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618:
609:
597:| – u u | – u u | – – | – – | – u u | – – |
587:
552:
439:| – u u | – – | – u u | – – | – u u | – – |
402:
334:
1127:, Vol. 26, No. 1 (1976), pp. 14-28; p. 14.
864:least a short vowel is retained, since in
859:The final syllable of any Persian line or
671:and your sea in which it dipped its oars."
235:
221:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
891:| – u u – | – u u – | – u u – | – u u – |
561:| x – u – | x – u – | x – u – | x – u – |
1106:A.M. Devine, Laurence D Stephens (1994)
692:hunc nostr(um) inter nōs perpetuumque fo
685:iūcundum, mea vīta, mihī prōpōnis amōrem
564:| x – u – | x – u – | x – u – | u – – |
431:ouloménēn, hḕ murí’ Akhaioîs álge’ éthē
18:Feature of Latin and Greek poetic metre
1290:
1028:
974:gathered together and desiring battle,
380:is distinct from the metrical element
837:| u – x | u – x – | u – x | u – u – |
819:| u – x | u – x – | u – x | u – u – |
765:"to confess" sounded stronger than a
620:tib(i) haec fuisse et esse cognitissi
324:
706:| – – | – – | – || – u u | – u u | –
421:οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί’ Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε’ ἔθη
336:(syllaba) brevis in (elemento) longo
840:| u – x | u – x – | u – u | u – – |
714:will be delightful and everlasting"
608:which show a series of short-vowel
474:hḗkō Diòs paîs tḗnde Thēbaíōn khthó
397:
13:
14:
1314:
1275:
1221:A Grammar of the Arabic Language
1207:A Grammar of the Arabic Language
909:The final syllable of a line in
651:tu(ō) imbuisse palmulās in aequo
259:
1255:
1242:
1227:
1212:
1199:
1190:
1177:
1160:
659:| u – u – | u – u – | u – u – |
630:ait phasēlus: ultim(ā) ex orīgi
482:| – – u – | – – u – | – – u – |
464:ἥκω Διὸς παῖς τήνδε Θηβαίων χθό
1151:
1142:
1130:
1113:
1100:
1083:
1070:
1054:
977:my sons and the sons of Pandu,
898:
614:endings in an iambic setting:
1:
1091:"Three Topics in Greek Metre"
1045:"Three Topics in Greek Metre"
1021:
894:| – u u – | – u u – | – u – |
844:
407:elements are quite common in
1248:L. P. Elwell-Sutton (1976),
793:, it is always written with
778:
679:at the end of a pentameter:
640:tuō stetisse dīcit in cacūmi
7:
1108:The Prosody of Greek Speech
984:
980:what did they do, Sanjaya?"
949:
942:
935:
928:
575:
10:
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902:
848:
782:
665:says the boat; originally,
530:
507:
463:
420:
326:[ˈbrɛwɪsɪnˈlɔŋɡoː]
1282:Chanting of Bhagavad Gita
1063:, 2nd ed. (1929), p. 35;
929:dharma-kṣetre kuru-kṣetre
1166:G. A. Wilkinson (1948).
1119:L. P. E. Parker (1976).
64:Latin rhythmic hexameter
1172:The Classical Quarterly
1125:The Classical Quarterly
1095:The Classical Quarterly
1049:The Classical Quarterly
1303:Latin literary phrases
1239:Wiesbaden. pp. 18, 34.
1233:Thiesen, Finn (1982).
966:| u u – u | u – u u ||
960:| u u – – | u – u – ||
943:māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś caiva
771:
761:
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724:
722:, although words like
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629:
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610:
588:
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79:Metres of Roman comedy
1196:Quintilian 9.4.93–94.
963:| – u – – | u – – u |
957:| – – – – | u – – – |
903:Further information:
849:Further information:
783:Further information:
25:Greek and Latin metre
950:kim akurvata sañjaya
84:Trochaic septenarius
1205:Wright, W. (1896),
1067:(1961), pp. 29, 33.
936:samavetā yuyutsavaḥ
370:is associated with
351:dactylic hexameters
247:In Greek and Latin
1250:The Persian Metres
1218:W. Wright (1896),
1157:Catullus, 109.1–2.
1148:Catullus, 4.14-17.
1061:Griechische Metrik
189:Resolution (meter)
159:Anaclasis (poetry)
114:Asclepiad (poetry)
74:Saturnian (poetry)
44:Dactylic hexameter
1284:(starts at 0:46).
1224:, vol. 2, p. 364.
1209:, vol. 2, p. 352.
1043:cf. West, M. L.,
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491:brevis in longo
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169:Metron (poetry)
89:Hendecasyllable
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49:Elegiac couplet
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381:
377:
376:
367:
366:
363:
359:ionic metres
346:
345:
253:
252:
246:
199:Porson's Law
173:
134:Anacreontics
99:Aeolic verse
59:Archilochian
15:
1252:, p. 87–88.
1121:"Catalexis"
1076:Euripides,
1065:Greek Metre
899:In Sanskrit
801:; if it is
519:Martin West
454:' play the
129:Ionic metre
1292:Categories
1022:References
1011:Catalectic
881:choriambic
877:catalectic
845:In Persian
825:catalectic
753:Quintilian
549:catalectic
1187:, 64.217.
861:hemistich
779:In Arabic
762:confitērī
744:clausulae
452:Euripides
372:catalexis
341:Paul Maas
209:Catalexis
154:Lekythion
1183:Cicero,
985:See also
911:Sanskrit
868:a final
767:trochaic
757:spondaic
606:Catullus
576:In Latin
514:pollákis
508:πολλάκις
444:Achaeans
149:Dochmiac
109:Glyconic
104:Choriamb
94:Choliamb
1078:Bacchae
537:khthóna
456:Bacchae
329:) is a
1268:(pdf).
1185:Orator
1139:6.336.
1137:Aeneid
1016:Anceps
885:cretic
772:timēre
570:anceps
523:Pindar
388:anceps
383:anceps
179:Anceps
916:śloka
866:Hafez
830:ṭawīl
812:ṭawīl
531:χθόνα
413:Iliad
409:Homer
249:metre
1080:, 1.
795:alif
755:, a
731:fore
725:erit
720:Ovid
542:Ovid
489:The
353:and
805:or
591:que
1294::
1264::
1170:.
1123:.
1093:.
1047:.
1030:^
870:-e
807:-u
803:-i
799:-a
791:-a
694:re
653:re
642:ne
632:ne
622:ma
476:na
466:να
458::
433:ke
423:κε
415::
343:.
317:;
310:oʊ
251:,
696:.
644:,
534:(
511:(
446:"
322::
313:/
307:ɡ
304:ŋ
301:ɒ
298:l
295:ˈ
290:n
287:ɪ
282:s
279:ɪ
276:v
273:ɛ
270:r
267:b
264:ˈ
261:/
257:(
236:e
229:t
222:v
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