537:
579:
1089:
672:
753:
705:
729:
717:
1203:
549:
1185:
891:
409:
1035:
934:
687:
861:
506:
1155:
166:
25:
788:
1017:
1107:
1125:
143:
390:
818:
741:
1137:
1222:
981:
494:
525:
804:
118:
1170:
561:
290:(pieces that had been damaged during firing, or had been fired too long, or not long enough, leading to uneven or undesired colouring) were used as decorative elements, exploiting their individual appearance. The angular bricks were combined in various arrangements, creating a rich ornamental repertoire, including specific forms of sculpture. Horizontal brick courses that alternate between protruding and being slightly recessed are another common feature, e.g. on the
95:
999:
876:
962:
773:
922:
906:
378:
601:, developing the character of a regional style. The material could withstand difficult industrial conditions and permitted the creation of well-balanced and varied facade designs with relatively little effort. Hard-fired clinker was comparatively expensive, so many buildings were designed with part-clinkered and part-whitewashed facades. Examples were created all over the Ruhr, including
277:
The most important building materials were the eponymous bricks and clinker bricks. Hard-fired clinker was very fashionable, especially for facades. That material was especially well adapted to the difficult environmental requirements of industrial buildings, particularly in the
285:
A striking feature of Brick
Expressionism is the liveliness of its facades, achieved purely through the deliberate setting of bricks in patterns. This helped to enliven large, otherwise monotonous, walls. In some cases, even brick
274:, expressionist architects developed a distinctive form or ornamentation, often using rough, angular or pointy elements. They were meant to express the dynamic of the period, its intensity and tension.
1289:
200:
620:, planned as multi-functional a building but eventually used as the city hall. Its comparatively simply brick facade and rounded corners characterise it as a synthesis between expressionism and
605:(assembly halls, office buildings, water towers, etc.) and residential buildings. Brick was also used for representative buildings, such as town halls, post offices, churches and villas.
536:
227:
as the main visible building material. Buildings in the style were erected mostly in the 1920s, primarily in
Germany and the Netherlands, where the style was created.
752:
716:
408:
1435:
728:
578:
1227:
1088:
505:
1065:
763:
671:
171:
1385:
54:
628:
1124:
840:
282:. Its characteristic rough surface and rich variety of colours, from brown via red to purple, also contributed to the material's popularity.
1184:
389:
933:
360:
quotes oriental architecture. Brick
Expressionism also created its very own, often quite idiosyncratic forms, such as Parabola Churches (
1492:
1202:
704:
1438:, who then prepared the exhibition on the occasion of Höger's 100th anniversary in the Kunstbibliothek Berlin, an institution of the
890:
336:
Occasionally, elements from other architectural styles were referenced, translated into the brick repertoire of forms. For example,
1477:
548:
642:
Other important Brick
Expressionist buildings in the Ruhr area are the police headquarters, Bert-Brecht-Haus and city hall in
1443:
961:
787:
740:
686:
639:. The top of the square tower is crowned by a brick-built figure of Christ. The church was deconsecrated on 18 August 2007.
1487:
1034:
1482:
1472:
1376:
1106:
442:, with its pronounced vertically oriented design and near-playful use of material. Other examples are the neighbouring
1300:) with Höger's architecture firm (Northern Germany, Hamburg, e.g. Wichernkirche (destroyed in 1943), and Berlin, e.g.
1154:
493:
76:
322:
47:
1169:
1016:
860:
1221:
621:
263:
1462:
875:
1467:
1337:
759:
467:
905:
1301:
1136:
848:
817:
803:
148:
772:
474:
at
Ohlsdorf Cemetery, the Walddörfer-Gymnasium secondary school in Volksdorf and the Jarrestadt school.
470:. He created numerous public buildings in Hamburg, such as the financial offices on the Gänsemarkt, the
1262:
980:
921:
809:
609:
212:
560:
524:
37:
998:
449:
41:
33:
646:, Alfred Fischer's offices for the Regionalverband Ruhrgebiet (regional development authority) in
602:
302:
271:
58:
1208:
1094:
1073:
1439:
270:. But whereas the Bauhaus architects argued for the removal of all decorative elements, or
8:
242:
belongs to the same movement, which can be found in many of the larger Dutch cities like
1069:
377:
165:
635:, the Parabola Church of Heilig-Kreuz (Holy Cross). Its vault has the shape of a tall
566:
477:
396:
267:
1372:
1355:
1116:
1061:
1040:
1250:
1256:
1190:
972:
950:
239:
231:
310:
1331:
1307:
1293:
1112:
1057:
1022:
692:
613:
291:
204:
142:
131:
1284:
794:
330:
156:
1274:
844:
516:
422:
337:
108:
1456:
1313:
1245:
1142:
696:
617:
585:
365:
314:
295:
224:
179:
1434:
Cf. Ernst-Erik
Pfannschmidt, another architect employed with Höger, in his
1350:
1325:
1268:
632:
117:
1004:
471:
444:
94:
1319:
1098:
1077:
643:
598:
1278:
1044:
1026:
1008:
990:
986:
968:
439:
341:
251:
243:
235:
175:
127:
123:
100:
326:
1176:
1083:
Examples of Brick
Impressionist architecture outside the core areas
659:
651:
636:
349:
1212:
466:
Another important
Northern German representative of the style was
1146:
512:
484:
is a further important example of the style in
Northern Germany.
435:
418:
357:
345:
306:
247:
104:
1231:
912:
896:
881:
866:
836:
779:
655:
570:
481:
400:
152:
434:
254:. The style also had some impact outside the areas mentioned.
1194:
1130:
Mousonturm (factory building, now theatre), Frankfurt am Main
824:
678:
647:
216:
1056:
Other prominent examples of Brick Expressionism include the
279:
220:
188:
Examples of buildings built with Brick Expressionism style
1161:
597:
Brick Expressionism had its densest distribution in the
230:
The style's regional centres were the larger cities of
666:
Examples in the Ruhr, Westphalia and Rhineland regions
309:. A well-known representative of this form of art was
262:
Brick Expressionism developed at the same time as the
722:Shop and apartment house "Ring-Eck", Gelsenkirchen
438:. Here, Fritz Höger created the highly innovative
843:Church of the Cross) in Berlin-Schmargendorf and
317:also created clinker statues, such as the frieze
1454:
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1066:Technical Administration Building of Hoechst AG
301:The facade designs were enhanced by the use of
1367:Rauhut, Christoph and Lehmann, Niels (2015):
939:Borsig-Tower in Berlin-Tegel from 1922 to 1925
1436:Letter to Eckhardt Berckenhagen, 29 June 1977
746:Rotthausen multi-purpose hall, Gelsenkirchen
734:Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche, Gelsenkirchen-Ăśckendorf
1421:Bob Lodewijks and Ronald Elink Schuurman,
1408:Bob Lodewijks and Ronald Elink Schuurman,
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
654:building and the police headquarters in
849:Evangelical Church at Hohenzollernplatz
542:Department store at Klingenberg, LĂĽbeck
1455:
395:Bricks set to form a complex pattern,
1444:Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
1239:
1277:(Northern Germany and Hamburg, e.g.
658:, and the pediatric surgery ward of
18:
1253:(Cologne, Ruhr area, Swabia, Hesse)
429:
364:), e.g. the Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche at
13:
1384:, brochure by Gelsenkirchen City (
839:examples include the Kreuzkirche (
211:) describes a specific variant of
14:
1504:
1493:20th-century architectural styles
758:Shop and apartment house Lommel,
1423:De Amsterdamse School in Utrecht
1410:De Amsterdamse School in Utrecht
1220:
1201:
1183:
1168:
1153:
1135:
1123:
1105:
1087:
1033:
1015:
997:
979:
960:
932:
920:
904:
889:
874:
859:
816:
802:
786:
771:
751:
739:
727:
715:
703:
685:
670:
577:
559:
547:
535:
523:
504:
492:
407:
388:
376:
164:
141:
116:
93:
23:
1175:Capitol (originally a cinema),
927:Fernmeldeamt, WinterfeldtstraĂźe
1478:Brick buildings and structures
1428:
1415:
1402:
1369:Fragments of Metropolis Berlin
944:
677:Regionalverband headquarters,
627:Also in Gelsenkirchen, in the
499:Offices at Gänsemarkt, Hamburg
463:(Reemtsma cigarette factory).
1:
1395:
1386:Can be ordered free of charge
1361:
1051:
899:, Kirche am Hohenzollerndamm
884:, Kirche am Hohenzollerndamm
511:Reemtsma Cigarette Factory,
488:Examples in Northern Germany
305:, made of clinker bricks or
7:
1488:German architectural styles
1344:
1302:Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz
956:Examples in the Netherlands
592:
321:("community of saints") on
149:Kirche am Hohenzollernplatz
10:
1509:
1483:Dutch architectural styles
1473:Expressionist architecture
1316:(Rhineland and Westphalia)
1271:(Gelsenkirchen, Ruhr area)
948:
810:Oberhausen Central Station
631:area, is the main work of
554:Jarrestadt school, Hamburg
213:Expressionist architecture
1382:Backstein-Expressionismus
1322:(Berlin, Eastern Germany)
831:
461:Zigarettenfabrik Reemtsma
319:Gemeinschaft der Heiligen
1371:Hirmer Publishers 2015,
608:An important example is
421:, 51m, built in 1928 by
257:
209:Backsteinexpressionismus
32:This article includes a
778:BOGESTRA headquarters,
710:Tramyard, Gelsenkirchen
603:industrial architecture
303:architectural sculpture
61:more precise citations.
1298:Hauptentwurfsarchitekt
1297:
1160:Martin-Luther Church,
208:
1209:Södervärn Water Tower
450:Hans und Oskar Gerson
1463:Architectural styles
1440:Berlin State Museums
1193:Faculty of Biology,
530:Sprinkenhof, Hamburg
268:Bauhaus architecture
1468:Brick Expressionism
196:Brick Expressionism
16:Architectural style
1287:, chief designer (
1265:(Essen, Ruhr area)
1259:(Southern Germany)
1240:Notable architects
1095:Grundtvig's Church
1074:Grundtvig's Church
855:Examples in Berlin
34:list of references
1356:Brick Renaissance
1328:(Berlin, Breslau)
1117:Frankfurt am Main
1062:Frankfurt am Main
1041:Beurs van Berlage
415:Anzeiger-Hochhaus
264:"New Objectivity"
87:
86:
79:
1500:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1338:Fritz Schumacher
1292:
1257:Martin Elsaesser
1224:
1205:
1191:Sofia University
1187:
1172:
1157:
1139:
1127:
1109:
1091:
1070:Frankfurt-Höchst
1037:
1019:
1001:
983:
973:Amsterdam School
964:
951:Amsterdam School
936:
924:
908:
893:
878:
863:
820:
806:
790:
775:
755:
743:
731:
719:
707:
689:
674:
581:
563:
551:
539:
527:
508:
496:
468:Fritz Schumacher
455:and Höger), the
454:
430:Northern Germany
411:
392:
380:
354:Anzeigerhochhaus
352:aesthetics. The
348:is dominated by
240:Amsterdam School
232:Northern Germany
203:
168:
145:
120:
97:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1389:
1364:
1347:
1332:Wilhelm Riphahn
1308:Michel de Klerk
1288:
1242:
1235:
1228:Catholic Church
1225:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1113:Grossmarkthalle
1110:
1101:
1092:
1058:Grossmarkthalle
1054:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1023:Scheepvaarthuis
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
965:
953:
947:
940:
937:
928:
925:
916:
911:Kreuzkirche in
909:
900:
894:
885:
879:
870:
864:
834:
827:
823:St. Engelbert,
821:
812:
807:
798:
791:
782:
776:
767:
756:
747:
744:
735:
732:
723:
720:
711:
708:
699:
693:Hans-Sachs-Haus
690:
681:
675:
662:city hospital.
622:New Objectivity
614:Hans-Sachs-Haus
595:
588:
582:
573:
567:Böttcherstrasse
564:
555:
552:
543:
540:
531:
528:
519:
509:
500:
497:
478:Böttcherstrasse
452:
432:
425:
412:
403:
397:Böttcherstrasse
393:
384:
381:
362:Parabel-Kirchen
323:St. Catherine's
292:Hans-Sachs-Haus
260:
199:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
184:
183:
169:
161:
160:
146:
137:
136:
135:
132:Michel de Klerk
121:
113:
112:
98:
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1449:
1448:
1427:
1414:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1379:
1377:978-3777422909
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1285:Ossip Klarwein
1282:
1272:
1266:
1263:Alfred Fischer
1260:
1254:
1251:Dominikus Böhm
1248:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1003:
996:
994:
985:
978:
976:
966:
959:
957:
949:Main article:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
931:
929:
926:
919:
917:
915:-Schmargendorf
910:
903:
901:
895:
888:
886:
880:
873:
871:
869:, Ullsteinhaus
865:
858:
856:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
815:
813:
808:
801:
799:
795:Castrop-Rauxel
793:St. Antonius,
792:
785:
783:
777:
770:
768:
757:
750:
748:
745:
738:
736:
733:
726:
724:
721:
714:
712:
709:
702:
700:
691:
684:
682:
676:
669:
667:
610:Alfred Fischer
594:
591:
590:
589:
583:
576:
574:
565:
558:
556:
553:
546:
544:
541:
534:
532:
529:
522:
520:
510:
503:
501:
498:
491:
489:
431:
428:
427:
426:
413:
406:
404:
394:
387:
385:
383:Clinker bricks
382:
375:
373:
331:Gerhard Marcks
329:(completed by
259:
256:
225:clinker bricks
187:
186:
170:
163:
162:
157:Ossip Klarwein
147:
140:
139:
138:
122:
115:
114:
99:
92:
91:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
42:external links
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1505:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:Wilhelm Kreis
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:Peter Behrens
1244:
1243:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:Hansahochhaus
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
982:
977:
974:
971:' 1918–1932,
970:
963:
958:
955:
954:
952:
935:
930:
923:
918:
914:
907:
902:
898:
892:
887:
883:
877:
872:
868:
862:
857:
854:
853:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
826:
819:
814:
811:
805:
800:
796:
789:
784:
781:
774:
769:
765:
764:Max Krusemark
761:
754:
749:
742:
737:
730:
725:
718:
713:
706:
701:
698:
697:Gelsenkirchen
694:
688:
683:
680:
673:
668:
665:
664:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
618:Gelsenkirchen
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
587:
586:Wilhelmshaven
580:
575:
572:
568:
562:
557:
550:
545:
538:
533:
526:
521:
518:
515:, architect:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
487:
486:
485:
483:
479:
475:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
424:
420:
416:
410:
405:
402:
398:
391:
386:
379:
374:
371:
370:
369:
367:
366:Gelsenkirchen
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Ernst Barlach
312:
311:Richard Kuöhl
308:
304:
299:
297:
296:Gelsenkirchen
293:
289:
283:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
181:
180:Peter Behrens
177:
173:
167:
158:
154:
150:
144:
133:
129:
125:
119:
110:
106:
102:
96:
81:
78:
70:
67:February 2008
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1381:
1368:
1351:Brick Gothic
1326:Hans Poelzig
1269:Josef Franke
1055:
1005:De Bijenkorf
835:
641:
633:Josef Franke
626:
607:
596:
476:
465:
460:
457:Broschekhaus
456:
443:
433:
414:
368:-Ăśckendorf.
361:
353:
335:
318:
300:
287:
284:
276:
261:
229:
195:
193:
182:, 1920-1924)
159:, 1930-1933)
134:, 1917-1920)
111:, 1921-1924)
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
1390:(in German)
1310:(Amsterdam)
1275:Fritz Höger
945:Netherlands
845:Fritz Höger
841:Evangelical
584:City hall,
517:Fritz Höger
472:crematorium
453:(in German)
445:Sprinkenhof
423:Fritz Höger
338:Fritz Höger
109:Fritz Höger
59:introducing
1457:Categories
1396:References
1362:Literature
1320:Paul Mebes
1099:Copenhagen
1078:Copenhagen
644:Oberhausen
238:, but the
215:that uses
172:Behrensbau
1340:(Hamburg)
1334:(Cologne)
1290:‹See Tfd›
1279:Chilehaus
1052:Elsewhere
1045:Amsterdam
1027:Amsterdam
1009:The Hague
991:Amsterdam
987:Het Schip
969:Wendingen
629:Ăśckendorf
599:Ruhr area
440:Chilehaus
342:Chilehaus
280:Ruhr area
272:ornaments
252:Groningen
244:Amsterdam
236:Ruhr area
201:‹See Tfd›
194:The term
176:Frankfurt
128:Amsterdam
124:Het Schip
101:Chilehaus
1345:See also
1215:, Sweden
1177:Mannheim
851:(1933).
660:Dortmund
652:BOGESTRA
637:parabola
593:The Ruhr
459:and the
350:Art Deco
307:ceramics
298:(1927).
234:and the
1442:of the
1425:(2014).
1412:(2014).
1234:, Wales
1147:Cologne
797:-Ickern
513:Hamburg
436:Hamburg
419:Hanover
358:Hanover
346:Hamburg
288:wasters
248:Utrecht
105:Hamburg
55:improve
1375:
1294:German
1232:Amlwch
1072:, and
1064:, the
913:Berlin
897:Berlin
882:Berlin
867:Berlin
837:Berlin
832:Berlin
780:Bochum
766:, 1927
656:Bochum
650:, the
571:Bremen
482:Bremen
401:Bremen
327:LĂĽbeck
217:bricks
205:German
153:Berlin
1213:Malmö
1195:Sofia
825:Essen
679:Essen
648:Essen
372:Style
258:Style
221:tiles
40:, or
1373:ISBN
760:Hamm
448:(by
250:and
1162:Ulm
1076:in
1068:in
1060:in
847:'s
762:by
616:in
612:'s
480:at
417:in
356:in
344:in
340:'s
333:).
325:in
294:in
266:of
223:or
1459::
1388:)
1296::
1230:,
1211:,
1145:,
1115:,
1097:,
1043:,
1025:,
1007:,
989:,
695:,
624:.
569:,
399:,
313:.
246:,
219:,
207::
174:,
151:,
126:,
103:,
44:,
36:,
1446:.
1304:)
1281:)
967:'
198:(
178:(
155:(
130:(
107:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
