1462:
22:
1922:
188:
1928:
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165:
The bright material is only millions of years old; cryovolcanism may not have stopped completely as there is evidence of hydrated NaCl, and a thin haze, observed through variation in brightness, still present today, thought to be due to sublimating ice. Ice would not last long in such warm conditions
64:
of these spots was speculated to be due to some kind of outgassing, and subsequent closer images helped scientists determine that it is a material with a high level of reflection, and suggested ice and salt as possibilities. These bright features have an albedo of about 40%, four times brighter than
220:
suggested "a meteorite strike either shook covering material off the salty ice or heated it so that salty water rose to the surface as a geyser. The water escaped into space and now, only the salt remains." A haze that fills around half of
Occator crater and that does not extend over its rim
230:
images led to widespread reports in the media about the bright spots, including in news sources, astronomy magazines, and science magazines. An informal NASA poll during May offered the following ideas for the nature of the spots: ice, volcanos, geysers, salt deposits, rock, or other.
246:
Further analysis of Dawn's low-altitude data indicates two sources: melting of crustal ices by impact, and a deeper brine reservoir (of sodium carbonate and/or ammonium chloride), near or in the mantle. Hanami planum is a topographic high but a
158:). These materials have been suggested to originate from the recent crystallization of brines that reached the surface from below. In August 2020, NASA confirmed that Ceres was a water-rich body with a deep reservoir of
559:
Vu, Tuan H.; Hodyss, Robert; Johnson, Paul V.; Choukroun, Mathieu (July 2017). "Preferential formation of sodium salts from frozen sodium-ammonium-chloride-carbonate brines – Implications for Ceres' bright spots".
1111:
Quick, Lynnae C.; Buczkowski, Debra L.; Ruesch, Ottaviano; Scully, Jennifer E.C.; Castillo-Rogez, Julie; Raymond, Carol A.; Schenk, Paul M.; Sizemore, Hannah G.; Sykes, Mark V. (1 March 2019).
668:
De
Sanctis, M; Ammannito, E; Raponi, A; Frigeri, A; Ferrari, M; Carrozzo, F; Ciarniello, M; Formisano, M; Rousseau, B; Tosi, F.; Zambon, F.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T. (10 August 2020).
1008:
Raymond, C; Ermakov, A; Castillo-Rogez, J; Marchi, S; Johnson, B; Hesse, M; Scully, J; Buczkowski, D (2020). "Impact-driven mobilization of deep crustal brines on dwarf planet Ceres".
56:. The largest and brightest component of the cluster is in the center of the crater, with dimmer spots located towards this crater's eastern rim. Early in the orbital phase of the
243:
Reflectivity studies from
September 2015 suggest that the spots are probably salts rather than ice, implying that Ceres's interior is somehow delivering fresh salt to the surface.
240:
magazine, that at low angles a haze can be seen in but not outside of the crater, and speculated that this could be sublimated vapor from ice, possibly linked to the bright spots.
95:. Arizona State University scientists have proposed that the bright spots are best explained as resulting from briny water erupted from Ceres's interior that subsequently
2129:
366:
1461:
221:
periodically appears around Spot 5, the best known bright spot, adding credence to the idea that some sort of outgassing or volcanism is occurring.
751:
1207:
Park, R; Konopliv, A; Ermakov, A; Castillo-Rogez, J (2020). "Evidence of non-uniform crust of Ceres from Dawn's high-resolution gravity data".
1113:"A Possible Brine Reservoir Beneath Occator Crater: Thermal and Compositional Evolution and Formation of the Cerealia Dome and Vinalia Faculae"
1258:
825:
804:
1701:
2480:
457:
353:
1334:
508:
De
Sanctis, M. C.; et al. (29 June 2016). "Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres".
99:, leaving behind only the salt deposits. Near-infrared spectra of these bright areas are consistent with a large amount of
988:
892:
2915:
977:
920:
217:
1966:
1550:
210:
162:
that percolated to the surface in various locations causing the "bright spots", including those in
Occator crater.
21:
1296:
777:
1152:"The varied sources of faculae-forming brines in Ceres' Occator crater emplaced via hydrothermal brine effusion"
864:
1721:
1535:
270:
96:
442:
2152:
1054:
Schenk, P; Scully, J; Buczkowski, D; Sizemore, H; Schmidt, B; Pieters, C; Neesemann, A; O'Brien, D (2020).
1112:
1056:"Impact heat driven volatile redistribution at Occator crater on Ceres as a comparative planetary process"
1694:
1921:
1269:
1784:
1316:
622:
166:
exposed to the vacuum of space, so that would suggest it is being brought to the surface to this day.
755:
483:
1509:
180:
The brightest cluster of spots ("Spot 5") is located in an 80-kilometer (50 mi) crater called
68:
On 9 December 2015, scientists reported that the bright spots on Ceres may be related to a type of
52:
The brightest cluster of spots ("Spot 5") is located in an 80-kilometer (50 mi) crater called
1896:
1663:
978:
Sky and
Telescope magazine - Dawn Sees Ceres Bright Spots and More By Emily Poore July 30, 2015
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8:
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LPSC 2015: First results from Dawn at Ceres: provisional place names and possible plumes
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80:
43:
670:"Fresh emplacement of hydrated sodium chloride on Ceres from ascending salty fluids"
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27:
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Now
Appearing At a Dwarf Planet Near You: NASA's Dawn Mission to the Asteroid Belt
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484:"Mistaken Identity: Ceres Mysterious Bright Spots Aren't Epsom Salt After All"
392:
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1943:
1734:
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397:(Speech). Silicon Valley Astronomy Lectures. Foothill College, Los Altos, CA
2175:
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1395:
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35:
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1984:
1979:
595:
McCartney, Gretchen; JHautaluoma, Grey; Johnson, Alana (10 August 2020).
1467:
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781:
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1951:
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Video (3:34): Ceres "Bright Spots" - Mystery solved (10 August 2020)
1149:
1849:
1744:
1489:
842:
627:
623:"Mystery solved: Bright areas on Ceres come from salty water below"
597:"Mystery Solved: Bright Areas on Ceres Come From Salty Water Below"
252:
197:
26:
Cerealia and
Vinalia Faculae stand out against the dark surface in
1007:
2857:
2627:
2024:
1756:
1739:
1206:
204:
1679:
826:
Dawn at Ceres: A haze in
Occator crater? Posted by Andrew Rivkin
667:
458:"Recent Hydrothermal Activity May Explain Ceres' Brightest Area"
1869:
1863:
1830:
1504:
1150:
Scully, J; Schenk, P; Castillo-Rogez, J; Buczkowski, D (2020).
248:
61:
1053:
1806:
184:, which is located at 19.86° N latitude; 238.85 E longitude.
159:
73:
1252:
1110:
989:
Ceres' Mysterious Bright Spots Aren't Made of Ice After All
924:
752:"A. Duffy – Cosmos – What on Ceres are those bright spots?"
600:
594:
461:
421:
367:"The weird white spots on Ceres might not be ice after all"
333:
302:
92:
1274:
558:
384:
234:
Asteroid specialist A. Rivkin noted, in an article by
1669:
Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets
856:
443:"Deep freeze puts the squeeze on dwarf planet Ceres"
330:"Planetary Names: Crater, craters: Occator on Ceres"
91:
O); the spots were also found to be associated with
1003:
1001:
289:
287:
285:
456:Landau, Elizabeth; Greicius, Tony (29 June 2016).
1049:
1047:
347:
2907:
998:
952:"What Are Those Bright Spots on Ceres? Go Vote!"
912:
282:
409:
323:
321:
319:
34:Several bright surface features (also known as
1044:
655:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
455:
418:"New Clues to Ceres' Bright Spots and Origins"
195:The spot in the center of the crater is named
1695:
1290:
588:
830:
770:
614:
449:
316:
124:) and smaller amounts of ammonium chloride (
943:
893:"Bright Spots on Ceres Could Be Active Ice"
884:
865:"Bright Spots on Ceres Intrigue Scientists"
839:"Bright spotlight on Dawn mission to Ceres"
1926:
1920:
1702:
1688:
1297:
1283:
805:"Dawn at Ceres: A haze in Occator crater?"
648:
507:
1183:
1087:
620:
186:
20:
949:
364:
202:, and the group of spots to the east -
2908:
862:
802:
621:McCartney, Gretchen (11 August 2020).
415:
390:
358:
38:) were discovered on the dwarf planet
1683:
1278:
918:
890:
740:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
722:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
651:"Cryovolcanism on Dwarf Planet Ceres"
481:
416:Landau, Elizabeth (9 December 2015).
327:
293:
836:
191:Spots on Ceres from different angles
738:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
720:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
649:Krummheuer, Birgit (6 March 2017).
13:
1104:
891:Witze, Alexandra (18 March 2015).
726:
708:
14:
2927:
1709:
1259:Ceres Photo Journal at NASA's JPL
1246:
921:"What's the spot on World Ceres?"
2890:
2889:
1466:
1460:
365:Feltman, Rachel (10 July 2015).
211:International Astronomical Union
65:the average of Ceres's surface.
16:Surface features discovered 2015
1200:
1143:
982:
971:
837:Amos, Jonathan (2 March 2015).
819:
803:Rivkin, Andrew (21 July 2015).
796:
744:
661:
642:
552:
501:
267:, the tallest mountain on Ceres
209:. These names were approved by
1722:List of possible dwarf planets
950:Cofield, Calla (22 May 2015).
863:Beatty, Kelly (3 March 2015).
475:
435:
1:
482:Lewin, Sarah (29 June 2016).
391:Rayman, Marc (8 April 2015).
276:
1129:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.016
7:
562:Planetary and Space Science
258:
137:) or ammonium bicarbonate (
10:
2932:
1176:10.1038/s41467-020-15973-8
1080:10.1038/s41467-020-17184-7
296:"USGS: Ceres nomenclature"
173:
2916:Surface features of Ceres
2885:
2856:
2783:
2471:
2338:
2151:
2128:
2023:
1965:
1942:
1935:
1918:
1765:
1717:
1651:
1620:
1574:
1518:
1510:2006 definition of planet
1482:
1475:
1458:
1440:
1424:
1343:
1330:
1312:
1304:
1229:10.1038/s41550-020-1019-1
1030:10.1038/s41550-020-1168-2
694:10.1038/s41550-020-1138-8
574:10.1016/j.pss.2017.04.014
255:, likely by buried ices.
169:
72:, particularly a form of
807:. The Planetary Society
1253:Dawn mission home page
294:Staff (13 July 2015).
253:isostatic compensation
192:
31:
1726:Former dwarf planets
1156:Nature Communications
1060:Nature Communications
919:Staff (25 May 2015).
328:Staff (6 July 2015).
190:
174:Further information:
24:
1575:Possible trojans and
1541:Franz Xaver von Zach
1531:Carl Friedrich Gauss
1495:Definition of planet
218:Swinburne University
1221:2020NatAs...4..748P
1168:2020NatCo..11.3680S
1162:(1): article 3680.
1072:2020NatCo..11.3679S
1066:(1): article 3679.
1022:2020NatAs...4..741R
898:Scientific American
870:Sky & Telescope
686:2020NatAs...4..786D
530:10.1038/nature18290
522:2016Natur.536...54D
445:. 15 December 2015.
371:The Washington Post
237:Sky & Telescope
1636:Ceres Polar Lander
931:on 15 October 2015
758:on 15 October 2015
213:26 November 2016.
193:
93:ammonia-rich clays
60:mission, the high
32:
2903:
2902:
2881:
2880:
1677:
1676:
1616:
1615:
1561:Johann Elert Bode
1536:Francis Wollaston
1456:
1455:
778:"Chris Russel at"
734:"Vinalia Faculae"
716:"Cerealia Facula"
81:magnesium sulfate
2923:
2893:
2892:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2849:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2785:Detached objects
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2774:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2752:
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2740:
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2016:
2006:
1996:
1940:
1939:
1930:
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1697:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1642:Calathus Mission
1609:
1607:
1606:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:(185105) 2006 SV
1480:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1341:
1340:
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1209:Nature Astronomy
1204:
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1010:Nature Astronomy
1005:
996:
995:, 1 October 2015
986:
980:
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969:
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947:
941:
940:
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936:
927:. Archived from
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909:
907:
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888:
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881:
879:
877:
860:
854:
853:
851:
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814:
812:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
780:. Archived from
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
754:. Archived from
748:
742:
741:
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724:
723:
712:
706:
705:
674:Nature Astronomy
665:
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314:
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229:
176:Occator (crater)
157:
156:
155:
147:
146:
136:
134:
133:
123:
122:
121:
113:
112:
101:sodium carbonate
2931:
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2195:
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2112:
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2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
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2047:
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2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1961:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1761:
1713:
1708:
1678:
1673:
1647:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1602:(76146) 2000 EU
1600:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1551:Heinrich Olbers
1546:Giuseppe Piazzi
1514:
1471:
1465:
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1332:
1326:
1308:
1303:
1264:
1249:
1244:
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1201:
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1006:
999:
987:
983:
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857:
847:
845:
835:
831:
824:
820:
810:
808:
801:
797:
787:
785:
784:on 24 July 2015
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750:
749:
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731:
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709:
666:
662:
647:
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633:
631:
619:
615:
605:
603:
593:
589:
557:
553:
516:(7614): 54–57.
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502:
492:
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450:
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2481:Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà
2477:
2475:
2473:Scattered disc
2469:
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1556:Jérôme Lalande
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1526:Barnaba Oriani
1522:
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1483:Classification
1477:
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1441:Other features
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28:Occator crater
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1711:Dwarf planets
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1016:(8): 741–47.
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680:(8): 786–93.
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55:
50:
48:
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41:
37:
29:
23:
19:
1909:
1895:
1881:
1862:
1848:
1829:
1805:
1791:
1772:
1664:In astrology
1659:Colonization
1628:
1566:Tobias Mayer
1500:Dwarf planet
1448:Bright spots
1447:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1063:
1059:
1013:
1009:
992:
984:
973:
961:. Retrieved
955:
945:
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
914:
902:. Retrieved
896:
886:
874:. Retrieved
868:
858:
846:. Retrieved
832:
821:
809:. Retrieved
798:
786:. Retrieved
782:the original
772:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
677:
673:
663:
654:
644:
632:. Retrieved
626:
616:
604:. Retrieved
590:
565:
561:
554:
513:
509:
503:
491:. Retrieved
487:
477:
465:. Retrieved
451:
437:
425:. Retrieved
411:
399:. Retrieved
393:
386:
374:. Retrieved
370:
360:
349:
337:. Retrieved
306:. Retrieved
245:
242:
235:
233:
224:
223:
215:
203:
196:
194:
179:
164:
67:
57:
51:
44:
33:
18:
1621:Exploration
1577:co-orbitals
1123:: 119–135.
427:10 December
271:Sublimation
249:gravity low
76:containing
2339:Other KBOs
1957:Interamnia
1818:Atmosphere
1785:Atmosphere
1752:Mesoplanet
1644:(proposed)
1638:(proposed)
1432:Ahuna Mons
1317:Atmosphere
1215:(8): 748.
277:References
265:Ahuna Mons
97:sublimated
47:spacecraft
2486:Dziewanna
2153:Cubewanos
1936:Candidate
1766:Consensus
1519:Discovery
1476:Astronomy
1331:Geography
1237:225387929
1137:125508484
1038:211137608
957:Space.com
702:225442620
634:12 August
606:12 August
582:0032-0633
568:: 73–77.
488:Space.com
49:in 2015.
2910:Category
2895:Category
2858:Sednoids
2130:Twotinos
2025:Plutinos
1975:Chariklo
1967:Centaurs
1897:Gonggong
1850:Makemake
1490:Asteroid
1356:Coniraya
1335:Features
1194:32778642
1098:32778649
843:BBC News
628:Phys.org
538:27362221
259:See also
198:Cerealia
78:hydrated
2867:2012 VP
2844:2008 ST
2834:2007 JJ
2824:2005 TB
2814:2004 XR
2804:2003 QX
2794:2003 FY
2769:2021 LL
2757:2021 DR
2745:2018 VG
2733:2018 AG
2721:2017 FO
2709:2015 RR
2697:2015 KH
2687:2014 WK
2675:2014 UZ
2665:2014 EZ
2655:2014 AN
2645:2013 FY
2635:2010 VZ
2628:2010 TJ
2616:2010 JO
2606:2010 RF
2596:2010 RE
2584:2010 KZ
2574:2008 OG
2562:2006 QH
2552:2005 RM
2542:2005 QU
2532:2004 XA
2522:2002 TC
2512:2001 UR
2502:1996 TL
2492:1996 GQ
2459:2015 RR
2449:2015 AM
2439:2014 UM
2429:2013 FZ
2419:2011 GM
2407:2011 FW
2397:2010 VK
2387:2010 JO
2377:2002 XW
2367:2000 YW
2357:1999 DE
2347:1999 CD
2324:2010 FX
2314:2005 UQ
2304:2005 RN
2294:2004 UX
2284:2004 TY
2274:2004 PF
2264:2004 NT
2254:2004 GV
2244:2003 QW
2234:2002 UX
2224:2002 MS
2214:2002 KX
2202:2002 CY
2192:2002 AW
2182:1998 SN
2166:Salacia
2139:2002 WC
2114:2017 OF
2104:2007 JH
2094:2003 VS
2084:2003 UZ
2074:2003 AZ
2064:2002 XV
2054:2002 VR
2044:2001 QF
2011:2014 NW
2001:2013 TC
1991:1999 OX
1813:Geology
1780:Geology
1757:Planemo
1652:Related
1631:mission
1401:Sintana
1391:Occator
1376:Haulani
1371:Fejokoo
1344:Craters
1322:Geology
1270:YouTube
1217:Bibcode
1185:7417532
1164:Bibcode
1089:7417549
1068:Bibcode
1018:Bibcode
993:Gizmodo
811:24 July
788:25 July
762:15 June
682:Bibcode
546:4465999
518:Bibcode
493:30 June
467:30 June
376:24 July
339:16 July
308:16 July
207:Faculae
205:Vinalia
182:Occator
54:Occator
42:by the
36:faculae
2176:Varuna
1985:Pholus
1980:Chiron
1952:Hygiea
1864:Quaoar
1831:Haumea
1745:Pallas
1735:Triton
1730:Phoebe
1505:Planet
1425:Montes
1416:Yalode
1411:Urvara
1386:Nawish
1381:Kerwan
1351:Achita
1255:at JPL
1235:
1192:
1182:
1135:
1117:Icarus
1096:
1086:
1036:
963:25 May
935:25 May
904:2 June
876:2 June
848:2 June
700:
580:
544:
536:
510:Nature
401:7 July
228:'s
200:Facula
170:Spot 5
62:albedo
2171:Varda
2161:Chaos
2038:Ixion
1911:Sedna
1875:Rings
1837:Moons
1823:Moons
1807:Pluto
1793:Orcus
1774:Ceres
1740:Vesta
1366:Ezinu
1361:Dantu
1306:Ceres
1233:S2CID
1133:S2CID
1034:S2CID
698:S2CID
542:S2CID
299:(PDF)
160:brine
83:(MgSO
74:brine
40:Ceres
2033:Huya
1903:Moon
1889:Moon
1883:Eris
1870:Moon
1856:Moon
1842:Ring
1799:Moon
1629:Dawn
1406:Tupo
1190:PMID
1094:PMID
965:2015
937:2015
925:NASA
906:2015
878:2015
850:2015
813:2015
790:2015
764:2015
636:2020
608:2020
601:NASA
578:ISSN
534:PMID
495:2016
469:2016
462:NASA
429:2015
422:NASA
403:2018
378:2015
341:2015
334:USGS
310:2015
303:USGS
225:Dawn
70:salt
58:Dawn
45:Dawn
2870:113
2846:291
2826:190
2816:190
2806:113
2796:128
2724:161
2712:245
2700:162
2689:509
2678:224
2619:179
2565:181
2544:182
2534:192
2524:302
2514:163
2461:245
2451:281
2399:201
2389:179
2369:134
2349:158
2316:513
2286:364
2276:115
2205:248
2194:197
2184:165
2086:413
2056:128
2046:298
2003:146
1396:Oxo
1268:on
1225:doi
1180:PMC
1172:doi
1125:doi
1121:320
1084:PMC
1076:doi
1026:doi
690:doi
570:doi
566:141
526:doi
514:536
148:HCO
103:, (
87:·6H
2912::
2836:43
2772:37
2760:15
2748:18
2736:37
2667:51
2657:55
2647:27
2637:98
2608:43
2598:64
2587:39
2576:19
2554:43
2504:66
2494:21
2441:33
2431:27
2421:27
2410:62
2379:93
2327:86
2306:43
2296:10
2266:33
2246:90
2236:25
2216:14
2141:19
2117:69
2106:43
2076:84
2066:93
2013:65
1605:16
1588:23
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