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High commissioner (Commonwealth)

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330: 31: 464: 2071: 2083: 526:, etc., who have monarchs other than the reigning British monarch) within the Commonwealth. In this case, letters of commission are usually issued by one head of state and presented to the other. However, some Commonwealth governments may choose to use the more informal method of issuing prime-ministerial letters of introduction, while other governments have opted instead for letters of credence. 429:, the first Australian-born person to serve in the office. The practice became the norm throughout the Commonwealth. The first British high commissioner to a dominion was appointed in 1928 to Canada. South Africa received a British high commissioner in 1930; Australia in 1936; and New Zealand in 1939. 642:
and precedence as ambassadors of foreign heads of state, and in some countries are accorded privileges not enjoyed by foreign ambassadors. For example, the British Sovereign receives high commissioners before ambassadors, and sends a coach and four horses to fetch new high commissioners to the
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that established that governors-general in the independent Dominions were not the representatives of the United Kingdom government but the personal representatives of the monarch. In 1930, Australia broke another tradition by insisting that the monarch act on the advice of the Australian prime
381:(1876–1878). When Macdonald returned to power in 1878 he requested to elevate the position of financial commissioner to resident minister, but was denied the request by the British government who instead offered to allow the designation of high commissioner. The Canadian government appointed 502:
from their head of state addressed to the host country's head of state. The difference in accreditation is also reflected in the formal titles of envoys to Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth states: e.g., British high commissioners to the Commonwealth countries are formally titled "The High
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who was also the British high commissioner for Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland until the 1930s, with various local representatives, then by the British high commissioner (from 1961 ambassador) to South Africa, who was represented locally in each by a resident commissioner.
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The first high-ranking official envoy from one dominion to another was appointed by South Africa to Canada in 1938. Yet, because of various procedural complications, only in 1945 was South African envoy to Canada designated officially as high commissioner. New Zealand appointed a
455:, proposed that the title be replaced with that of ambassador, but other Commonwealth members in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean indicated a preference for keeping the separate title and status of high commissioner, and the matter was not pursued further. 167:
The first high commissioner of India to London was appointed in 1920; he had no political role, but mostly dealt with the business interests of the 'Indian Federation'. The first agent of the Indian government was appointed to South Africa in 1927.
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The British government continued not to appoint high commissioners to the Dominions, holding that the British government was already represented by the relevant governor-general or governor. This arrangement began to create problems after the
479:, as diplomatic relations between these countries are traditionally at a governmental level rather than at the Head of State level, as is otherwise common. This is because traditionally these Commonwealth states shared a head of state, the 109:. The representative of the British government and head of the administration was titled high commissioner until Cyprus became a Crown colony in 1925, when the incumbent high commissioner became the first governor. Another example were the 403:
with Dominions expecting a greater degree of control over their external and foreign affairs and beginning to challenge the constitutional role of their governors-general. In Canada, matters came to a head during the
140:(as diplomatic ranks were codified, this became a lower class than ambassadors and high commissioners) were sometimes appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of 155:
In regions of particular importance, a commissioner-general was appointed to have control over several high commissioners and governors, e.g. the commissioner-general for South-East Asia had responsibility for
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were permanently governed as a group of minor insular colonial territories, under one single, not even full-time, Western Pacific high commissioner (1905–53), an office attached first to the governorship of
557:, as a Commonwealth country, traditionally had high commissioners in other Commonwealth countries. When it withdrew from the Commonwealth, it changed the style of its high commissions to embassies. 270:, and had authority over the resident-general in Kuala Lumpur, who in turn was responsible for the various residents appointed to the native rulers of the Malay states under British protection. 960: 683: 310: 688: 1348: 392: 2184: 1342: 961:"President Ali accepts Letter of Credence from new UK High Commissioner – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation| Co-operative Republic of Guyana" 128:
became high commissioner in 1975, when self-rule under the Crown was granted, until 1976, when the archipelago became an independent republic within the Commonwealth.
533:, although it is possible for a country to appoint a high commissioner without having a permanent mission in the other country: e.g. the British high commissioner in 631:, as in other non-capital cities in non-Commonwealth countries, with the last commissioner becoming the first consul-general. Canada formerly had a commissioner to 438: 408:
of 1926, when the governor-general refused the advice of the Canadian prime minister to dissolve parliament and call elections, as would normally apply under the
668: 1014: 1141: 434: 1195: 86:(British sovereign territories) were normally administered by a governor, and the most significant possessions, large confederations and the self-governing 673: 180: 1234: 907: 678: 487:). In diplomatic usage, a high commissioner is considered equivalent in rank and role to an ambassador, and carries the full title of "High Commissioner 2174: 1255: 144:
over native states. Thus high commissioners could be charged with managing diplomatic relations with native rulers and their states (analogous to the
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in 1905, in place of a resident agent-general who had been appointed since 1871. Australia did the same in 1910, and South Africa in 1911.
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palace, whereas new ambassadors get only two horses. High commissioners also attend important ceremonies of state, such as the annual
2114: 869: 635:, although this post was held by the consul-general to New York City, but there is now an honorary Canadian consulate on the island. 17: 2179: 2164: 2139: 1326: 515: 125: 1562: 175:
was represented in the United Kingdom by a high commission in London, while the United Kingdom similarly had a high commission in
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A high commissioner from one Commonwealth state to another carries a simple and often informal letter of introduction from one
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of one Commonwealth government to another. Instead of an embassy, the diplomatic mission is generally called a
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a British Member of Parliament with links to Canada, to act as the government's representative in London as
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Despite the differences in terminology, Commonwealth high commissioners have, since 1948, enjoyed the same
749: 1615: 588:, independent Commonwealth countries were represented by commissions. For example, Canada, Australia and 448: 417: 346: 211:
in the 19th century, giving the colonial administrator in question responsibility both for administering
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The Tanzanian High Commission in London. Tanzania and the United Kingdom are both members of the
365:, from 1869 to 1874 and then was given the title of Financial Commissioner from 1874 until 1880. 358: 306: 291: 188: 47: 1551: 1471: 1882: 1310: 698: 382: 350: 267: 1015:"High Commissioner Omar met with the Foreign Secretary – High Commission of Maldives, Colombo" 1519: 1146: 508: 287: 149: 1968: 1852: 1842: 1737: 1651: 405: 192: 1556: 30: 8: 1943: 1903: 1847: 1817: 1792: 1782: 1757: 1727: 1608: 1432: 1182: 601: 499: 370: 263: 212: 1573: 1568: 2074: 2001: 1963: 1958: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1913: 1877: 1772: 1747: 1742: 1686: 1603: 1583: 1363: 1164: 644: 495: 409: 59: 1578: 463: 2006: 1974: 1908: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1812: 1802: 1797: 1762: 1752: 1706: 1691: 1514: 1200: 1128: 913: 890: 840: 780: 612: 362: 172: 145: 82:
or groups of territories not fully under the sovereignty of the British Crown, while
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Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006
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Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006
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Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006
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Instead of embassies, the diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries are called
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For historical reasons, high commissioners are also appointed even in the case of
498:(prime minister) to that of another, host country, while ambassadors carry formal 2022: 1953: 1827: 1631: 1477: 1238: 1218: 884: 801: 774: 639: 400: 283: 1948: 1918: 1807: 1656: 592:
maintained commissions in Singapore, while following its independence in 1947,
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came under British administration in 1878 it remained nominally under the
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The Establishment and Cultivation of Modern Standard Hindi in Mauritius
314: 235: 121: 102: 55: 35: 1542: 1996: 1661: 1386: 912:(Volume 1 of Diplomatic studies), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007. 889:(Volume 1 of Diplomatic studies), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007. 779:(Volume 1 of Diplomatic studies), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007. 652: 605: 445: 243: 184: 87: 39: 1696: 1390: 616: 554: 542: 523: 342: 247: 231: 1114:, Lutchmee Parsad Ramyead, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1985, page 86 684:
List of ambassadors and high commissioners to and from New Zealand
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and Singapore were represented by commissions, but following the
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A high commissioner could also be charged with the last phase of
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List of ambassadors and high commissioners to the United Kingdom
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The British high commissioner to New Zealand serves as governor
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Indian Coffee: Bulletin of the Indian Coffee Board, Volume 21
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Losing the Blanket: Australia and the End of Britain's Empire
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Outside the capital, practice is less standard. Subordinate
538: 534: 279: 216: 266:, based in Singapore, doubled as high commissioner of the 191:
was expelled from London, while his British counterpart,
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List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Australia
353:, a Canadian businessman resident in London and former 286:, represented in each of the other islands units: by a 1072:, New Zealand. Dept. of External Affairs 1956, page 41 865: 863: 171:
Although not a dominion, the self-governing colony of
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Diplomatic ranks in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Indians in Limbo as 1997 Hand-over Date Draws Nearer
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List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada
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The term is used across all 56 member states of the
377:(1874–1876), followed by former Nova Scotia premier 1286:"Canada's One-Time Bermuda Diplomat Dies - Bernews" 1124:
2 China Dissidents Granted Asylum, Fly to Vancouver
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List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India
572:, and the commissioner's mission may be known as a 357:, had acted as the personal representative of the 387:high commissioner of Canada to the United Kingdom 207:was coupled with that of British governor of the 2101: 1160:NZer's credibility under fire in Hong Kong court 518:and indigenous monarchies (e.g. the kingdoms of 262:The British governor of the Crown colony of the 54:is the senior diplomat, generally ranking as an 608:which became high commissions on independence. 505:His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom 1371: 1044:, Great Britain, Colonial Office 1961, page 7 836:Commissions High: Canada in London, 1870-1971 541:, is also accredited as high commissioner to 256:Governor-General of the Union of South Africa 1385: 199:Governors also acting as high commissioners 195:, was withdrawn by the British government. 1378: 1364: 187:in 1965, the Rhodesian high commissioner, 152:or similar agents attached to each state. 2175:Diplomatic ranks in Saint Kitts and Nevis 1142:Australian Commission Office Requirements 425:, and insisted on the appointment of Sir 393:New Zealand appointed a high commissioner 369:, while he was prime minister, appointed 1351:, The Monarchist, THURSDAY, 22 May 2008. 1339:click on the present countries mentioned 1214:Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong 832: 462: 349:as its envoy in London. Previously, Sir 328: 29: 2130:Diplomatic ranks in Antigua and Barbuda 1196:Officials puzzled by Malaysian decision 615:, Canada, Australia New Zealand India, 14: 2200:Diplomatic ranks in the United Kingdom 2102: 1327:History of the title High Commissioner 181:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 1563:Conseiller chargĂ© des investissements 1359: 931:"Embassies - Commonwealth of Nations" 724:"Embassies - Commonwealth of Nations" 694:List of heads of missions of Tanzania 205:high commissioner for Southern Africa 148:), and might have under them several 2170:Diplomatic ranks in Papua New Guinea 2082: 1256:"The Canadian Commission to Bermuda" 817:Political Handbook of the World 2014 814: 747: 611:Similarly, when Hong Kong was under 2190:Diplomatic ranks in Solomon Islands 458: 421:minister in the appointment of the 345:high commissioner was appointed by 275:British Western Pacific Territories 24: 1311:Embassies and consulates - Bermuda 1041:Colonial Reports Report on Sarawak 282:, and subsequently to that of the 25: 2211: 2110:High commissioners (Commonwealth) 1069:External Affairs Review, Volume 6 754:discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk 489:Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary 2115:Governance of the British Empire 2081: 2070: 2069: 627:in 1997, these were replaced by 319:governor of the Pitcairn Islands 120:, as in the Crown colony of the 111:high commissioners for Palestine 2180:Diplomatic ranks in Saint Lucia 2165:Diplomatic ranks in New Zealand 2140:Diplomatic ranks in the Bahamas 2057:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 1304: 1278: 1248: 1225: 1207: 1189: 1171: 1153: 1135: 1117: 1103: 1089: 1075: 1061: 1047: 1033: 1007: 979: 953: 923: 839:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 833:MacLaren, Roy (18 March 2018). 1086:, Coffee Board, 1957, page 202 987:"Overseas diplomatic missions" 900: 877: 826: 808: 790: 767: 741: 716: 439:high commissioner to Australia 335:the Australian high commission 131: 13: 1: 2135:Diplomatic ranks in Australia 1349:The Post of High Commissioner 704: 516:republics in the Commonwealth 481:Monarch of the United Kingdom 215:and relating to neighbouring 2052:Twin towns and sister cities 1097:Caribbean Studies, Volume 16 709: 568:may be appointed instead of 324: 7: 2160:Diplomatic ranks in Jamaica 2155:Diplomatic ranks in Grenada 662: 596:established commissions in 435:high commissioner to Canada 418:Imperial Conference of 1926 294:or other official (on tiny 252:high commission territories 10: 2216: 2195:Diplomatic ranks in Tuvalu 2150:Diplomatic ranks in Canada 2145:Diplomatic ranks in Belize 2120:British colonial officials 2045:Plenipotentiary Conference 1319: 412:. The incident led to the 69: 27:Senior diplomatic position 2065: 2015: 1989: 1891: 1715: 1644: 1624: 1596: 1540: 1507: 1491: 1446: 1413: 1404: 1397: 935:commonwealthofnations.org 856:– via Google Books. 728:commonwealthofnations.org 566:deputy high commissioners 355:Canadian finance minister 333:Australia House, home of 307:British High Commissioner 18:British High Commissioner 2035:Parliamentary delegation 1914:Diplomatic accreditation 1680:African Diplomatic Corps 1421:Permanent representative 748:Archives, The National. 1483:Deputy chief of mission 1438:Resident representative 1237:23 October 2015 at the 750:"The Discovery Service" 621:transfer of sovereignty 477:Commonwealth of Nations 469:Commonwealth of Nations 359:Canadian prime minister 250:) were administered as 48:Commonwealth of Nations 34:The high commission of 1929:Diplomatic credentials 1232:In the swing of things 699:Lord high commissioner 613:British administration 582:deputy high commission 472: 383:Alexander Tilloch Galt 351:John Rose, 1st Baronet 338: 268:Federated Malay States 150:resident commissioners 43: 1520:Resident commissioner 1492:Bilateral-subnational 1345:– UK government site. 1147:Sydney Morning Herald 815:Lansford, Tom (ed.). 509:His Britannic Majesty 466: 332: 288:Resident Commissioner 183:by the government of 33: 2125:Gubernatorial titles 1652:Apostolic nunciature 1552:Agricultural attachĂ© 1944:Diplomatic immunity 1904:Consular assistance 1433:Ambassador-at-large 1266:on 27 February 2014 1260:international.gc.ca 1183:Inter Press Service 1132:, 17 September 1992 602:Trinidad and Tobago 584:. Historically, in 500:letters of credence 414:Balfour Declaration 367:Alexander Mackenzie 264:Straits Settlements 213:British possessions 58:, in charge of the 2002:Letter of credence 1964:Diplomatic uniform 1959:Diplomatic service 1939:Diplomatic illness 1934:Diplomatic history 1687:Diplomatic mission 1604:Diplomatic courier 1584:Trade commissioner 1447:Bilateral-national 1292:. 23 November 2011 1186:, 12 February 1996 1165:New Zealand Herald 1021:on 11 January 2023 967:on 11 January 2023 645:Remembrance Sunday 629:consulates-general 496:head of government 473: 444:In 1973, the then 410:Westminster system 339: 222:Historically, the 97:For example, when 60:diplomatic mission 44: 2097: 2096: 2007:Letter of protest 1975:Persona non grata 1909:Consular immunity 1707:Exclusive mandate 1640: 1639: 1592: 1591: 1557:ChargĂ© de mission 1508:Bilateral-insular 1472:ChargĂ© d'affaires 1459:High commissioner 1333:, by Lorna Lloyd. 1201:New Straits Times 1129:Los Angeles Times 805:, 25 October 2005 797:Sir John Johnston 503:Commissioner for 363:John A. Macdonald 193:Sir John Johnston 173:Southern Rhodesia 146:resident minister 124:, where the last 90:were headed by a 52:high commissioner 16:(Redirected from 2207: 2085: 2084: 2073: 2072: 1924:Diplomatic cable 1702:Protecting power 1675:Diplomatic corps 1616:Foreign minister 1609:King's Messenger 1574:Military attachĂ© 1569:Cultural attachĂ© 1411: 1410: 1402: 1401: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1343:The Commonwealth 1313: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1262:. Archived from 1252: 1246: 1245:, September 2010 1243:Embassy Magazine 1229: 1223: 1211: 1205: 1193: 1187: 1175: 1169: 1157: 1151: 1150:, 18 August 1982 1139: 1133: 1121: 1115: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1087: 1079: 1073: 1065: 1059: 1051: 1045: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1017:. Archived from 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002: 1000: 991: 983: 977: 976: 974: 972: 963:. Archived from 957: 951: 950: 948: 946: 941:on 19 March 2018 937:. 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Following the 160:, Singapore and 92:governor-general 21: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2061: 2023:Development aid 2011: 1985: 1954:Diplomatic rank 1887: 1711: 1692:High commission 1636: 1632:Diplomatic rank 1620: 1588: 1579:Science attachĂ© 1536: 1503: 1487: 1478:Head of mission 1442: 1406: 1393: 1384: 1354: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1239:Wayback Machine 1230: 1226: 1219:Chicago Tribune 1212: 1208: 1194: 1190: 1176: 1172: 1168:, 27 March 2006 1158: 1154: 1140: 1136: 1122: 1118: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1062: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1008: 998: 996: 994:svgconsulate.vc 989: 985: 984: 980: 970: 968: 959: 958: 954: 944: 942: 929: 928: 924: 905: 901: 882: 878: 868: 861: 851: 849: 847: 831: 827: 813: 809: 802:Daily Telegraph 795: 791: 772: 768: 758: 756: 746: 742: 732: 730: 722: 721: 717: 712: 707: 665: 640:diplomatic rank 461: 437:in 1942, and a 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Index

British High Commissioner

The Gambia
New Delhi
Commonwealth of Nations
ambassador
diplomatic mission
British Empire
protectorates
Crown colonies
dominions
governor-general
Cyprus
suzerainty
Ottoman Empire
high commissioners for Palestine
decolonisation
Seychelles
governor
residents
indirect rule
resident minister
resident commissioners
Malaya
British Borneo
Southern Rhodesia
Salisbury
Unilateral Declaration of Independence
Ian Smith
Andrew Skeen

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