260:
of the crust, with large half-graben basins in their hanging-walls. These fault flatten out at mid-crustal level and the lower crust is highly reflective. At the western end of the profile the Outer Isles Fault is clearly imaged. The
Flannan Thrust can be traced down dip to the east, reaching at least to a depth of 75 km. Further reflections within the mantle included a very strong low-angle reflector, known as the W–reflector, at about 45–50 km depth extending over the eastern part of the profile, matching both the strength and continuity of the shallower Moho event. This flat event is not seen on the MOIST profile, suggesting that there may be significant out-of-plane dip on this reflector.
497:
bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed offshore and conventional seismometers were located on the onshore extension of Chix-B and C and along the coast. These extra seismometers were used to obtain information about the velocity structure. Offshore recording used a dual configuration streamer, set up to provide higher resolution in the upper crust and lower resolution of the whole crust. These two data types were processed using different approaches.
17:
40:(NERC) and British Universities. After the involvement of other institutions the name was changed to BIRPS and by February 1981 NERC had approved funding for a four-year programme. The next ten years saw the collection of 12,000 km of deep seismic profiles around the British Isles. By the time NERC stopped funding the program in 1997, more than 20,000 km of data had been acquired.
132:. The faults coincide with major east-dipping zones of reflectivity extending down to the lower crust. These have been interpreted to be Caledonian thrust structures, with the Outer Isles Fault clearly imaged. No direct correlation was possible between the Moine Thrust Belt onshore and the offshore structure. The MOIST line was also interpreted to show whole
300:
orientation matches that of known
Caledonian structures, such as the Outer Isles Fault and Moine Thrust Zone, although this trend is also similar to structures of both Proterozoic and post-Caledonian age. The W-reflector was confirmed to be sub-horizontal in orientation, but of limited lateral extent.
259:
The DRUM profile showed reflections down to the bottom of the record. The shallower part of the profile, down to the clearly imaged reflection Moho, is similar to that shown by the MOIST profile about 15 km further to the south. A series of east-dipping extensional faults are imaged in the upper part
160:
The
Western Isles-North Channel (WINCH) profiles were shot partly within the foreland of the Caledonian orogenic belt and partly across the Great Glen Fault. WINCH1 was a short west–east profile about 12 km north of the western end of the MOIST line. WINCH2 started just south of the eastern end
146:
The lower crust is observed to be quite reflective and bounded at its base by a clear reflection Moho event. Towards the western end of the line, east-dipping reflections are seen extending well into the mantle, the first time that undoubted mantle reflectivity had been imaged. This mantle structure
76:
were tasked with formulating a deep profiling program for the United
Kingdom by the British Universities Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BURPS). After initially considering onshore profiles similar to those acquired by COCORP, the group were persuaded of the benefits of data acquisition offshore. An
510:
friction melt rock, as might be expected for such rapid faulting. This survey also confirmed the presence of a peak ring, the first identified on Earth, at about 40 km distance. Further analysis also identified an uplift of the Moho by 1–2 km above its regional level beneath the central part of the
496:
vessel to a record length of 18 seconds two-way time with a total length of nearly 650 km. Chix-A was shot parallel to the coast about 20 km offshore, while Chix-B and Chix-C were shot in a NW–SE and NNE–SSW direction respectively. In addition to the conventional seismic reflection recording, ocean
463:
with a 4.6 km long hydrophone streamer and a 120-litre airgun array as its source. The shot intervals varied between the surveys with both 50 m and 100 m being used. The TIMOR profile was recorded to 23 seconds TWTT, while the DAMAR profile, which had a deeper target, was recorded to
276:
The NSDP profiles were acquired in 1984 and 1985 by Geco as a group shoot, involving the oil industry and BIRPS. The first five were shot in the
Northern North Sea in 1984 and are named NSDP 84–1,2,3,4 and 5. The second set of profiles were shot in the central and southern North Sea in 1985 and are
299:
This set of profiles followed up on the MOIST, DRUM and WINCH1 and WINCH2 profiles, forming an overall grid pattern, allowing the extent and orientation of the deeper reflections previously imaged to be investigated. The
Flannan Thrust was shown to be continuous over almost the whole dataset. Its
233:
When this survey was shot, sufficient deep reflection data had been acquired to establish a pattern of reflectivity for the crust of the North Sea, with the Moho interpreted at the base of a band of reflections. The SALT survey showed that this was consistent with the Moho interpreted from earlier
505:
The Chix survey provided confirmation of the multi-ring nature of the
Chicxulub crater. An outer ring, with normal faulting dipping towards the crater centre, affecting the Mesozoic carbonate sequence occurs at a radial distance from the interpreted crater centre of about 90–100 km. Closer-spaced
290:
The GRID profiles were acquired to provide a better coverage of structures already identified off the north coast of
Scotland by MOIST, WINCH and DRUM. The SLAVE (Synthetic Large Aperture Velocity Experiment) profile was a two-ship wide-aperture experiment that formed part of the overall grid of
195:
The South West
Approaches Traverse (SWAT) consisted of a series of eleven profiles acquired between September and November 1983 by Seismic Profilers Ltd, with a total length of 1600 km. The profiles were shot across the North and South Celtic Sea Basins, the Western Approaches Basin and the
277:
named NSDP 85–6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. The total line length for the survey is about 3,000 km. The record length for the survey was 15 seconds of two-way travel time. The data were initially processed by Geco as an unmigrated stack and the data were reprocessed by BIRPS.
1884:
95:
The first profile to be acquired was the Moine and Outer Isle
Seismic Traverse (MOIST). This roughly 185 km long line ran west–east, north of the Scottish mainland, intending to image the main Caledonian structures known onshore, such as the
1707:
Morgan J.; Warner M.; Brittan J.; Buffler R.; Camargo A.; Christeson G.; Denton P.; Hildebrand A.; Hobbs R., Macintyre H., Mackenzie G., Maguire P., Marin L., Nakamura Y., Pilkington M., Sharpton V., Snyder D., Suarez G. & Trejo A. (1997).
506:
normal faulting extend inwards from the interpreted inner crater rim at a distance of about 65 km. All the normal faults are associated with strong reflections from the interpreted fault planes, possibly as the result of thick developments of
60:. The Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) was set up in the US and from 1975 began acquiring data. The success of this approach in addressing the problems of deep crustal geometry across structures such as the
216:
layer found over large parts of the North Sea that had caused problems with deep seismic penetration, were acquired to test the feasibility of deep profiling over the area in preparation for the much larger NSDP survey.
430:
The BABEL (Baltic and Bothnian Echoes from the Lithosphere) profiles were acquired in 1989 by a consortium of scientific institutions from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom (the BIRPS group).
177:(Geco), recorded using a 3,000 m streamer and a 4,795 cu in (78.58 L) capacity airgun array as its source. The data have a record length of 15 seconds TWTT, matching the earlier MOIST profile.
772:
472:
The MONA LISA (Marine and Onshore North Sea Acquisition for Lithospheric Seismic Analysis) were a set of four normal incidence seismic reflection profiles and associated wide-angle data shot in 1993.
1887:
This explains how to access copies of the BIRPS seismic database. The British Geological Survey manage the archive and make the data available subject to the cost of reproduction and handling.
77:
initial four-year program was approved in February 1981 by NERC and the group was officially inaugurated in November 1981 as the British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate (BIRPS).
320:
The SHET profiles were shot by Geco to a record length of 15 seconds TWTT. The data were also processed by Geco using similar processing parameters to those used on earlier BIRPS profiles.
422:
The WISPA (Wearside Integrated S-wave and P-wave Analysis) experiment was acquired in 1988. This was the only entirely onshore seismic experiment carried out by the BIRPS group.
361:
in England. The record length varied between 15 and 16 seconds TWTT, imaging down to an estimated 50 km. It was designed to provide information on the
129:
1861:
1755:
1803:
Kent G.M.; Singh S.C.; Harding A.J.; Sinha M.C.; Orcutt J.A.; Barton P.J.; White R.S.; Bazin S.; Hobbs R.W.; Tong C.H. & Pye J.W. (2000).
112:
streamer, with a 905 cu in (14.83 L) airgun array as its source. The record length was 15 seconds two-way travel time (TWTT).
353:
The 237 km long North East Coast (NEC) profile was shot in October 1985 by Geco, with processing carried out by SSL. It ran from near
251:
the BIRPS scientific director. It was acquired and processed in 1984 by GECO, with an unprecedented record length of 30 seconds TWTT.
166:
36:(UKCS). It was formed, initially as BURPS, the British Universities Reflection Profiling Syndicate, involving geophysicists from the
1600:"Detailed processing of seismic reflection data from the frontal part of the Timor trough accretionary wedge, eastern Indonesia"
1512:"Deep seismic reflection/refraction interpretation of crustal structure along BABEL profiles A and B in the southern Baltic Sea"
927:
Barton P. (1986). "Comparison of Deep Reflection and Refraction Structures in the North Sea". In Barazangi M.; Brown L. (eds.).
394:
The WAM (Western Approaches Margin) profile was shot in 1985 to investigate the structure of part of the UK continental margin.
814:
1805:"Evidence from three-dimensional seismic reflectivity images for enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean-ridge discontinuities"
1787:
1649:
1614:
936:
911:
268:
The NSDP (North Sea Deep Profile) set of ten seismic profiles were shot to investigate the deep structure of the North Sea.
37:
573:"Book review: Snyder, D. & Hobbs, R. 1999. The BIRPS Atlas II. A Second Decade of Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling"
225:
The two profiles, SALT 1 and SALT 2 were shot in 1983 along parts of a previously acquired seismic refraction profile.
1494:
748:
520:
439:
The SWABS (Seismic Wide-Angle and Broadband Survey) was a two-ship seismic experiment shot in 1992 in the North Sea.
1241:"Crustal structure of the Goban Spur continental margin, Northeast Atlantic, from deep seismic reflection profiling"
604:"BIRPS Startup: deep seismic profiling along the MOIST line on the continental shelf around the British Isles, 1981"
519:
The ARAD (Anatomy of a Ridge-Axis Discontinuity) experiment was a 3D seismic survey carried out by investigators at
33:
410:
The MOBIL (Measurements Over Basins Imaging the Lithosphere) dataset was acquired after a gift of shiptime on the
1905:
1139:
McGeary S. (1989). "Reflection seismic evidence for a Moho offset beneath the Walls Boundary strike-slip fault".
1194:"The deep structure of northern England and the Iapetus Suture zone from BIRPS deep seismic reflection profiles"
140:
549:
174:
1432:"Separation and enhancement of split S-waves on multicomponent shot records from the BIRPS WISPA experiment"
1053:"Crustal thinning and nature of extension in the northern North Sea from deep seismic reflection profiling"
291:
lines. The data was recorded to record lengths of between 15 and 60 seconds of two-way travel time (TWTT).
815:"Deep structure of the Foreland to the Caledonian Orogen, NW Scotland: Results of the BIRPS WINCH profile"
97:
1900:
1775:
1239:
Peddy C.; Pinet B.; Masson D.; Scrutton R.; Sibuet J.C.; Warner M.R.; Lefort J.P.; Shroeder I.J. (1989).
773:"Three-dimensional mapping of seismic reflections from the crust and upper mantle, northwest of Scotland"
528:
726:"Whole Lithosphere Normal Simple Shear: and interpretation of Deep-Reflection Profiles in Great Britain"
725:
1666:
1634:
1599:
1560:
1385:"Crustal structure of the central and southern North Sea from BIRPS deep seismic reflection profiling"
1291:"Deep structure of southern Ireland: a new geological synthesis using BIRPS deep reflection profiling"
629:"MOIST and the continuity of crustal reflector geometry along the Caledonian- Appalachian orogen (UK)"
1470:
68:
to set up a working group to investigate how a similar approach could be used in the United Kingdom.
1383:
Blundell D.J.; Hobbs R.W.; Klemperer S.L.; Scott-Robinson R.; Long R.E.; West T.E.; Duin E. (1991).
1161:
333:
328:
The most important observation from the SHET survey was that the Moho was apparently offset by the
196:
Western and Eastern Channel Basins. Processing was carried out by Seismograph Services Ltd. (SSL).
1240:
524:
53:
1804:
675:
139:, although later interpretation suggested that the major normal faults did not pass through the
1156:
603:
1855:
1749:
362:
61:
49:
1819:
1721:
1678:
1572:
1561:"Study of the crystalline crust from a two-ship normal-incidence and wide-angle experiment"
1523:
1443:
1396:
1349:
1302:
1255:
1205:
1148:
1103:
1064:
1023:
976:
868:
829:
787:
690:
640:
329:
1667:"MONA LISA — Deep seismic investigations of the lithosphere in the southeastern North Sea"
1384:
247:
The DRUM profile was named as an acronym for Deep Reflections in the Upper Mantle and for
8:
1193:
105:
73:
1823:
1725:
1682:
1576:
1527:
1447:
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1027:
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644:
1843:
1737:
1541:
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1412:
1365:
1318:
1271:
1221:
1174:
1121:
1116:
1091:
1036:
1011:
992:
884:
706:
656:
308:
The SHET survey consisted of four profiles, totalling 830 km, acquired around the
1690:
1584:
1382:
1835:
1783:
1709:
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1610:
1545:
1511:
1490:
1416:
1369:
1322:
1275:
1225:
1178:
1125:
1052:
942:
932:
907:
888:
799:
744:
710:
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628:
572:
248:
136:
125:
101:
69:
1431:
1337:
1290:
1847:
1827:
1741:
1729:
1686:
1580:
1531:
1482:
1451:
1404:
1357:
1310:
1263:
1213:
1166:
1111:
1072:
1031:
996:
984:
876:
837:
795:
736:
698:
648:
584:
481:
337:
309:
336:
formed during the later part of the Caledonian Orogeny, thought to be part of the
735:. Geodynamic Series. Vol. 14. American Geophysical Union. pp. 331–339.
507:
354:
57:
1881:
Has links to some of the BIRPS seismic profiles, with and without interpretation
378:
366:
162:
1878:
588:
1894:
1408:
1361:
1314:
1267:
1217:
1170:
880:
702:
652:
65:
1076:
841:
108:
and processing was complete by October of that year. It used a 3,000 m
1839:
1092:"Nontypical BIRPS on the margin of the northern North Sea: the SHET survey"
964:
904:
The BIRPS Atlas: Deep Seismic Reflections Profiles Around the British Isles
121:
1609:. Special Publication. Vol. 106. Geological Society. pp. 75–83.
1802:
1597:
170:
133:
1486:
857:"Deep seismic reflection profiling between England, France and Ireland"
740:
358:
109:
1706:
1455:
946:
1831:
1782:. Special Publication. Vol. 339. Geological Society of America.
988:
448:
374:
210:
1238:
480:
The CHIX survey was a set of three profiles shot in 1996 across the
32:, was set up to acquire deep seismic reflection profiles around the
20:
Location of most of the seismic profiles acquired by the BIRPS group
370:
1733:
1335:
1191:
1471:"Lower Crustal Lithology from Shear Wave Seismic Reflection Data"
1338:"A deep seismic reflection transect across the Irish Caledonides"
16:
1558:
56:, was first applied to investigate the structure of the Earth's
1628:
1626:
931:. Geodynamic Series. Vol. 14. American Geophysical Union.
213:
1776:"Deep seismic reflection profiles across the Chicxulub crater"
1288:
550:"Deep seismic investigations in the UK : BIRPS 1981–1987"
1658:
1632:
1623:
958:
956:
622:
620:
1012:"Seismic reflection coefficients from mantle fault zones"
766:
764:
762:
760:
447:
The TIMOR and DAMAR surveys were shot in 1992 across the
1769:
1767:
1765:
1598:
Hughes B.D.; Baxter K.; Clark R.A.; Snyder D.B. (1996).
901:
1664:
1423:
1003:
953:
617:
402:
The WIRE (West of IREland) profiles were shot in 1987.
1644:. Special Publication. Vol. 106. pp. 47–60.
812:
757:
626:
52:, which had become a standard exploration tool in the
1773:
1762:
1429:
1016:
Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
962:
848:
165:
before running in a southeasterly direction down the
1710:"Size and morphology of the Chicxulub impact crater"
1462:
1702:
1700:
1509:
1329:
1009:
527:in 1997 with funding from the RIDGE program of the
26:
British Institutions Reflection Profiling Syndicate
1780:Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution II
1376:
1475:Continental Lithosphere: Deep Seismic Reflections
1185:
770:
161:of WINCH 1 continuing just north and west of the
1892:
1697:
1591:
1468:
377:, particularly the location and geometry of the
124:basins, bounded to the west by easterly dipping
1552:
1336:Klemperer S.L.; Ryan P.D.; Snyder D.B. (1991).
1232:
1192:Freeman B.; Klemperer S.L.; Hobbs R.W. (1988).
965:"Seismic profiling the continental lithosphere"
1796:
1282:
1050:
1044:
1559:Singh S.C.; Hague P.J.; McCaughey M. (1998).
547:
1860:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1754:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
929:Reflection Seismology: The Continental Crust
733:Reflection Seismology: The Continental Crust
717:
554:Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique
1289:Ford M.; Klemperer S.L.; Ryan P.D. (1992).
920:
723:
673:
1778:. In Dressler B.O.; Sharpton V.L. (eds.).
1503:
1138:
1089:
854:
667:
601:
1535:
1160:
1115:
1035:
926:
564:
120:The MOIST profile shows a series of deep
104:. The line was acquired in March 1981 by
1635:"Continental collision in the Banda arc"
1132:
1083:
676:"The Moine Thrust in the BIRPS data set"
595:
570:
541:
459:These lines were shot by Geco using the
15:
1633:Richardson A.N.; Blundell D.J. (1996).
1893:
895:
1642:Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia
1640:. In Hall R.; Blundell D.J. (eds.).
1607:Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia
1605:. In Hall R.; Blundell D.J. (eds.).
731:. In Barazangi M.; Brown L. (eds.).
442:
38:Natural Environment Research Council
902:Klemperer S.L.; Hobbs R.W. (1991).
500:
384:
323:
294:
254:
228:
199:
180:
48:In the mid 1970s, the technique of
13:
1537:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb01173.x
1117:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1987.tb04413.x
1037:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1987.tb04412.x
209:Two short profiles, named for the
14:
1917:
1872:
1516:Geophysical Journal International
1389:Journal of the Geological Society
1342:Journal of the Geological Society
1295:Journal of the Geological Society
1248:Journal of the Geological Society
1198:Journal of the Geological Society
1141:Journal of the Geological Society
1096:Geophysical Journal International
861:Journal of the Geological Society
813:Brewer J.A.; Smythe D.K. (1986).
683:Journal of the Geological Society
633:Journal of the Geological Society
627:Brewer J.A.; Smythe D.K. (1984).
521:Scripps Institute of Oceanography
492:The profiles were shot using the
487:
454:
280:
115:
1774:Snyder D.B.; Hobbs R.W. (1999).
1665:MONA LISA Working Group (1997).
1430:Boulfoul M.; Watts D.R. (1994).
963:McGeary S.; Warner M.R. (1985).
348:
315:
285:
271:
242:
220:
190:
173:. The data were acquired by the
155:
34:United Kingdom Continental Shelf
1010:Warner M.; McGeary S. (1987).
906:. Cambridge University Press.
806:
147:was named the Flannan Thrust.
90:
28:, better known by its acronym
1:
1885:Link to UK government webpage
1691:10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00111-4
1585:10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00256-4
534:
175:Geophysical Company of Norway
169:, finishing just west of the
1510:BABEL Working Group (1993).
800:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90239-5
771:Flack C.; Warner M. (1990).
467:
50:seismic reflection profiling
43:
7:
1469:Ward G.; Warner M. (1991).
529:National Science Foundation
10:
1922:
80:
589:10.1017/S0016756801215593
234:seismic refraction data.
1409:10.1144/gsjgs.148.3.0445
1362:10.1144/gsjgs.148.1.0149
1315:10.1144/gsjgs.149.6.0915
1268:10.1144/gsjgs.146.3.0427
1218:10.1144/gsjgs.145.5.0727
1171:10.1144/gsjgs.146.2.0261
881:10.1144/gsjgs.143.1.0045
703:10.1144/gsjgs.147.1.0081
653:10.1144/gsjgs.141.1.0105
434:
425:
417:
414:seismic vessel in 1987.
405:
249:Drummond (Drum) Matthews
150:
85:
70:Drummond (Drum) Matthews
1077:10.1029/TC007i004p00803
1051:Klemperer S.L. (1988).
842:10.1029/TC005i002p00171
525:University of Cambridge
514:
475:
397:
303:
263:
237:
204:
185:
1906:Structure of the Earth
1477:. Geodynamics Series.
548:Matthews D.H. (1988).
531:, BIRPS and the NERC.
389:
343:
98:Outer Isles Fault Zone
21:
1879:Virtual Seismic Atlas
855:BIRPS; ECORS (1986).
19:
724:Wernicke B. (1986).
674:Snyder D.B. (1990).
357:in Scotland to near
330:Walls Boundary Fault
137:extensional faulting
54:oil and gas industry
1824:2000Natur.406..614K
1726:1997Natur.390..472M
1683:1997Tectp.269....1M
1577:1998Tectp.286...79S
1528:1993GeoJI.112..325.
1448:1994Geop...59..131B
1401:1991JGSoc.148..445B
1354:1991JGSoc.148..149K
1307:1992JGSoc.149..915F
1260:1989JGSoc.146..427P
1210:1988JGSoc.145..727F
1153:1989JGSoc.146..261M
1108:1987GeoJ...89..231M
1090:McGeary S. (1987).
1069:1988Tecto...7..803K
1028:1987GeoJ...89..223W
981:1985Natur.317..795M
873:1986JGSoc.143...45.
834:1986Tecto...5..171B
792:1990Tectp.173..469F
695:1990JGSoc.147...81S
645:1984JGSoc.141..105B
577:Geological Magazine
106:Western Geophysical
1901:Geophysical survey
1487:10.1029/GD022p0343
741:10.1029/GD014p0331
126:extensional faults
22:
1818:(6796): 614–618.
1789:978-0-8137-2339-6
1720:(6659): 472–476.
1651:978-1-897799-52-9
1616:978-1-897799-52-9
1456:10.1190/1.1443524
975:(6040): 795–797.
938:978-0-87590-514-3
913:978-0-521-41828-7
571:White N. (2001).
464:35 seconds TWTT.
443:TIMOR & DAMAR
334:strike-slip fault
130:West Orkney Basin
102:Moine Thrust Belt
1913:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1832:10.1038/35020543
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989:10.1038/317795a0
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918:
917:
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893:
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846:
845:
819:
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804:
803:
786:(1–4): 469–481.
777:
768:
755:
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730:
721:
715:
714:
680:
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1895:Categories
1436:Geophysics
583:(4): 499.
560:: 305–311.
535:References
494:Geco Sigma
359:Hartlepool
332:, a major
110:hydrophone
64:, led the
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