1204:
1151:
1119:
45:
1326:
285:
996:
1057:
330:
657:
846:
1236:
1354:
1312:
1029:
1178:
969:
941:
1092:
583:
820:
1340:
914:
495:
compound. From 1865 to 1871 cases were heard using the rooms that had been used by the consular court. In 1871 a dedicated court building to stand at the back of the consulate building facing on to
Yuanmingyuan Road was opened. In 1913 the building was expanded to add a police court (on the ground
482:
signed on 11 January 1943 and which came into force on 20 May 1943. The United States gave up its extraterritorial rights at the same time. The court therefore had had jurisdiction over
British subjects in Korea for 27 years; in Japan for 34 years and in China for 78 years when the court was finally
466:
consolidated their rule in China, Britain reached an agreement in principle with the
Chinese Foreign Minister to give up extraterritorial rights. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and then Northern China in 1937 put the issue on the backburner. The court effectively ceased to function on 8
788:
Throughout its existence the court had two permanent judges at any one time. From 1865 to 1878 and 1905 to 1943 the senior judge was titled Judge and the junior judge's title was
Assistant Judge. Between 1878 and 1905 the senior judge was titled Chief Justice and the junior judge's title was Judge.
405:
was not challenged from any official quarter in China, as it was seen to be not only a way to more efficiently try matters close to the scene, but also to allow Qing officials to exert direct pressure on
British authorities when they were not satisfied with a sentence.
341:
For criminal acts, Chinese subjects would be arrested and punished by the
Chinese authorities, according to Chinese law. In similar fashion, British subjects tried and punished by the Consul, "or other public functionary authorized thereto", according to British
351:, it had to be presented to the British consul, who would "do his utmost to arrange it amicably." Failing that, "he shall request the assistance of the Chinese authorities, that they may together examine into the merits of the case, and decide it equitably."
514:
In other cities, when the judges of the court went on circuit to outlying cities they would generally sit in courts in
British consulate buildings but on occasions would use other premises where important cases of great public interest were being heard.
496:
floor) and a second court (on the first floor) immediately south of the main court room. Rooms of similar size were built to the north for consular offices. The building still stands to this day and can be seen from
Yuanmingyuan Road.
678:
in China, Japan and Korea, including murder trials before juries, divorce cases, commercial disputes, trademark and passing off claims, habeas corpus applications and cases of petty theft. Some of its cases have been posted online by
2114:
479:
1255:, but the officeholder received payment for performing his duties. He was allowed to accept cases from private clients that did not conflict with his public role. The six gentlemen who served in this office were:
2532:
1456:
429:
jurisdiction in Japan. The Court for Japan also heard appeals from consular courts in Japan. Appeals from the Court for Japan were heard by the Chief
Justice and Judge of the Supreme Court in Shanghai.
354:
In civil matters, Chinese authorities would enforce debts owed by
Chinese subjects to British subjects, and British authorities would do likewise for those owed by British subjects to Chinese subjects.
626:
In 1916, the companies ordinances enacted in Hong Kong were extended to China, and companies that were constituted as a "China Company" thereunder were placed under the jurisdiction of the Court.
467:
December 1941 when the Japanese Navy occupied the court premises at the start of the Pacific War. After nine months' internment, either at home or in the Cathay Hotel (now the
2085:
459:, Korea was annexed by Japan and Britain automatically lost extraterritorial rights in Korea. The court was, in January 1911, renamed the "British Supreme Court for China".
2118:
1372:
17:
1367:
492:
1466:
2469:
2598:
633:
was withdrawn from the Supreme Court's jurisdiction. From that time onwards to 1943, extraterritorial jurisdiction in that region was exercised by the
2593:
445:
358:
Jurisdiction in the first instance, as well as in matters involving British defendants, was vested in the British consular courts, while in the
2573:
2518:
785:. The judges came from a variety of places, including from England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the British Virgin Islands and South Africa.
619:
The court could also decide to refer certain criminal cases involving British subjects to the Hong Kong Court, or to the Sessions Court at
320:
319:, these rights were provided for directly in a Sino-British Treaty. In 1858, Britain obtained extraterritorial rights in Japan under the
2583:
2093:
729:
for sedition against the Japanese Government of Korea as well as a defamation claim brought by Bethell, also in 1908, against the
2147:
1866:
1763:
1432:
715:
438:
117:
452:
in 1900. The Court for Japan officially heard its last case, which had been filed before the end of July 1899, in early 1900.
2462:
2454:
2446:
2408:
1489:
597:
in several respects, relinquishing jurisdiction over cases involving British subjects where the matter in question occurred:
1300:
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson was the son of Hiram Shaw Wilkinson. Together they served as Crown Advocate for a total of 44 years.
962:
Acting Assistant Judge, Yokohama, 1871–1874; Crown Advocate 1878–1881; Concurrently, Consul General, Shanghai (1891–1897)
2534:
British extraterritoriality in China: the legal system, functions of criminal jurisdiction, and its challenges, 1833–1943
2568:
1203:
762:
In its 78 years of existence from 1865 to 1943 the court had 15 full-time judges, including the first Chief Judge, Sir
1764:"Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters (Cmd. 6456)"
362:, matters relating to criminal acts and debt enforcement involving Chinese defendants were vested in a "Mixed Court" (
2184:"Death of Mr. W.R.H. Carew. Inquest. [and proceedings & trial for murder, H.B.M's Court for Japan, 1897]"
1377:
359:
242:
94:
1150:
2473:
2207:
1002:
1118:
478:
It was, however, only in 1943 during World War II that Britain gave up extraterritorial rights in China under the
2588:
1770:
1753:
Report from Allan Mossop, Judge, to the Secretary of State of Foreign Affairs, dated 24 September 1942 FO369/2719
462:
In the 1920s there were negotiations with China to give up extraterritorial rights. In 1930 and 1931, after the
448:
of 1894, Britain gave up extraterritorial rights in Japan with effect from July 1899. The court was renamed the
44:
2492:
Instructions to Her Majesty's Consular Officers in China and Japan, on the Mode of Conducting Judicial Business
363:
148:
2520:
The British state at the margins of empire: extraterritoriality and governance in treaty port China, 1842-1927
508:
1382:
441:. The court's jurisdiction was subsequently extended there in 1884, but the court's name remained unchanged.
162:
2549:
The Supreme Court and Consular Gazette, and Law Reporter for HBM Supreme Court for China and Japan 1867-1869
2419:
2578:
1275:
1141:
1019:
707:
660:
607:
576:
British ships, and all persons and property on board, within 100 nautical miles (185 km) of the coast
409:
In 1879, reflecting the growing British commercial interests in Japan and the inconvenience of bringing a
1488:
2548:
773:; Frederick Bourne, a recipient of thanks from the U.S. President for services rendered; an aristocrat,
1082:
974:
456:
394:
338:
Disputes between British subjects would "be subject to the jurisdiction of the British authorities."
851:
770:
711:
634:
561:
2563:
2400:
2396:
Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan
748:
594:
586:
504:
414:
273:
640:
Effective 26 April 1927, the court ceased to have criminal jurisdiction over persons subject to
2490:
1461:
1271:
1063:
774:
685:
519:
2227:
2013:
1317:
1293:
872:
826:
778:
763:
2394:
2297:
2061:
2037:
1920:
1879:
1835:
1799:
1706:
1682:
1658:
1641:
1617:
1593:
2089:
1944:
1730:
1265:
1259:
1035:
947:
680:
530:
The court applied the rules of English law and equity to matters in difference concerning:
308:
2183:
573:
foreigners of States which by treaty had consented to the exercise of British jurisdiction
8:
1183:
1156:
1125:
296:
262:
105:
90:
2143:
2302:
2070:
2046:
2022:
1953:
1929:
1888:
1844:
1808:
1739:
1715:
1691:
1667:
1650:
1626:
1602:
1511:
995:
623:. Referred cases were tried under English law, instead of Hong Kong law or Indian law.
316:
284:
1774:
1056:
616:
or where an offence was committed on a British ship by a British subject in Hong Kong
2458:
2450:
2442:
2404:
2203:
1287:
545:
the repression or punishment of crimes or offences committed by British subjects, and
471:), the judges and British staff of the court were evacuated to Britain aboard the SS
312:
304:
300:
289:
648:, except if the commander of the forces consented to the court having jurisdiction.
2505:
1862:
1248:
246:
185:
480:
British-Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
345:
Where a British subject wished to lodge a complaint against a Chinese subject, or
2223:
629:
In 1920, that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of
536:
518:
Today the court building is used as an entertainment and dining venue managed by
329:
112:
2509:
2425:
2421:
Gunboat Justice: British and American Law Courts in China and Japan (1842-1943)
1491:
Treaty of Tien-Tsin between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China
1252:
1244:
1098:
920:
782:
722:
645:
426:
410:
303:
in 1842. The United States obtained further extraterritorial rights under the
269:
206:
2557:
737:
542:
the administration or control of the property or persons of British subjects,
418:
398:
1999:
1992:
989:
Acting Judge for Japan 1888–1889; Concurrently Consul, Shanghai (1891–1897)
397:, which gradually became unpopular as British economic activity rose in the
1345:
1331:
1281:
1210:
893:
845:
693:. Cases from other consular courts in Shanghai were also published in the
656:
641:
326:
The Treaty of Tientsin specified how such jurisdiction was to be governed:
192:
740:
application, in 1939, on behalf of 4 Chinese held by British officials in
507:
sat in the British Consulate building. The building was destroyed in the
1235:
675:
468:
1497:
1359:
1078:
1028:
767:
463:
347:
1177:
968:
940:
390:). Matters relating to complaints were not considered to be judicial.
2169:
1091:
664:
582:
1353:
1251:
in a colony. The Crown Advocate was not a full-time position in the
865:
Based in Yokohama, Japan from 1874 to 1877; Acting Chief Judge 1877
819:
781:
was created; and a recipient of a decoration from the King of Siam,
751:
of Edith Carew for the arsenic poisoning of her husband in Yokohama.
620:
500:
422:
50:
2504:. Introduction by D.L. Murray. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2064:
The Foreign Jurisdiction (Military Forces) Order in Council, 1927
913:
741:
674:
The court tried cases of all descriptions, all the time applying
630:
554:
By 1904, such jurisdiction had been expanded so that it covered:
744:
but wanted by the Japanese authorities in China for murder; and
567:
the property and all rights and liabilities of British subjects
371:
2429:
434:
258:
254:
250:
238:
393:
Appeals from British consular courts initially went to the
1709:
The China and Corea (Supreme Court) Order in Council, 1900
2159:
North China Herald, 27 June 1908, pp. 825–828.
2026:. No. 29836. 30 November 1915. pp. 11921–11923.
1420:
His Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Corea
1416:
Her Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Corea
1403:
Her Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China and Japan
1373:
List of Consuls-General of the United Kingdom in Shanghai
433:
The United Kingdom later obtained extraterritoriality in
1368:
Former Consulate-General of the United Kingdom, Shanghai
706:
a defamation claim brought by Baron von Gumpach against
307:, which Britain was able to take advantage of under the
1892:. No. 24516. 26 October 1877. pp. 5791–5792.
1848:. No. 27728. 28 October 1904. pp. 6887–6909.
1695:. No. 27127. 17 October 1899. pp. 6234–6235.
1576:
1574:
1549:
1547:
1239:
Hiram Parkes Wilkinson, longest serving Crown Advocate
1630:. No. 26416. 23 August 1878. pp. 4767–4769.
1274:(1897–1925) (also Judge of the British High Court of
211:
197:
2074:. No. 33269. 26 April 1927. pp. 2670–2671.
2050:. No. 31821. 12 March 1920. pp. 3153–3163.
1957:. No. 33683. 23 January 1931. pp. 531–532.
1903:
1901:
1899:
1606:. No. 22963. 28 April 1865. pp. 2240–2255.
1307:
644:
in the British and Indian military forces, while on
603:
within 10 miles (16 km) of Hong Kong's borders,
1933:. No. 27338. 26 July 1901. pp. 4929–4939.
1671:. No. 25575. 6 April 1886. pp. 1655–1656.
1571:
1559:
1544:
1812:. No. 36029. 25 May 1943. pp. 2331–2332.
1654:. No. 25372. 1 July 1884. pp. 2991–2993.
1896:
1457:"Supreme Court of China and Japan, establishment"
1247:was created, being similar to the position of an
2555:
2197:
2146:, (1872) 9 Moo PC NS 241 (28 January 1873),
548:the maintenance of order among British subjects.
446:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
1743:. No. 28460. 27 January 1911. p. 688.
33:His Britannic Majesty's Supreme Court for China
2489:Hornby, Edmund (1885). Rennie, Richard (ed.).
1661:China, Japan, and Corea Order in Council, 1886
1644:China, Japan, and Corea Order in Council, 1884
1431:which was the subject of a 1914 appeal to the
1719:. No. 27172. 9 March 1900. p. 1618.
637:(Lahore High Court), and Indian law applied.
539:, or between foreigners and British subjects,
311:provision in a Supplemental Agreement to the
167:
153:
2343:Foreign Office List 1928, pp. .424–425.
2016:The China (Companies) Order in Council, 1915
683:. Official case reports can be found in the
2599:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1943
2196:A book has also been written on this case:
321:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce
2040:The China (Kashgar) Order in Council, 1920
1980:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1968:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1838:The China and Corea Order in Council, 1904
1823:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1865
1620:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1878
1596:The China and Japan Order in Council, 1865
570:foreigners within prescribed circumstances
49:British Supreme Court for China Building,
43:
2379:Foreign Office List 1943 pp.. 267–8.
2200:Murder on the Bluff: Carew Poisoning Case
491:In Shanghai, the court was housed in the
450:British Supreme Court for China and Corea
403:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
235:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
18:British Supreme Court for China and Japan
2594:Courts and tribunals established in 1865
2516:
2296:
2222:
2060:
2036:
2012:
2000:Life Insurance Companies Ordinance, 1907
1943:
1919:
1878:
1834:
1798:
1729:
1705:
1681:
1657:
1640:
1616:
1592:
1465:. Shanghai. 29 July 1865. Archived from
1234:
655:
581:
328:
283:
2530:
1433:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
716:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
279:
272:in China, Japan and Korea and from the
118:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
14:
2556:
2537:(PhD thesis). University of Leicester.
2499:
2488:
2392:
2370:Foreign Office List 1943, p. 232.
2361:Foreign Office List 1932, p. 304.
2352:Foreign Office List 1934, p. 257.
2334:Foreign Office List 1943, p. 352.
2316:Foreign Office List 1917, p. 209.
2287:Foreign Office List 1900, p. 145.
2278:Foreign Office List 1900, p. 130.
2269:Foreign Office List 1892, p. 180.
2260:Foreign Office List 1898, p. 173.
2242:Foreign Office List 1878, p. 103.
1947:The Wei-hai-wei Order in Council, 1930
1923:The Wei-hai-wei Order in Council, 1901
1580:
1565:
1553:
757:
2574:Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
2467:
2417:
2251:Foreign Office List 1881, p. 98.
2232:. London: Harrison. pp. 119–120.
2150: (on appeal from China and Japan)
1907:
2526:(PhD thesis). University of Bristol.
593:In China, the court deferred to the
130:Two: Chief Judge and Assistant Judge
2502:Sir Edmund Hornby: An Autobiography
2468:Clark, Douglas (15 February 2012).
1882:Order in Council of 23 October 1877
1171:Registrar of the Court, 1908–1927.
439:United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883
24:
2531:Whewell, Emily (6 November 2015).
2386:
1685:Order in Council of 7 October 1899
1230:
691:Supreme Court and Consular Gazette
486:
268:The court also heard appeals from
213:Ying-kuo tsai Hua Tsui-kao-fa-yüan
25:
2610:
2584:Shanghai International Settlement
2542:
2086:"Colonial cases: China and Japan"
1773:. 11 January 1943. Archived from
1378:Shanghai International Settlement
360:Shanghai International Settlement
333:Signing of the Treaty of Tientsin
243:Shanghai International Settlement
95:Shanghai International Settlement
2517:Thompson, Alexander (May 2018).
2198:Whittington-Egan, Molly (1996).
1802:The China Order in Council, 1943
1733:The Corea Order in Council, 1911
1352:
1338:
1324:
1310:
1202:
1176:
1149:
1117:
1090:
1055:
1027:
1003:Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne
994:
967:
939:
912:
844:
818:
27:1865–1943 British court in China
2470:"Hong Kong's Judicial Gunboats"
2393:Cassel, Pär Kristoffer (2012).
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2216:
2190:
2176:
2162:
2153:
2133:
2117:. 22 March 1870. Archived from
2107:
2078:
2054:
2030:
2006:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1937:
1913:
1872:
1869: (on appeal from Hong Kong)
1852:
1828:
1816:
1792:
1771:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
1756:
1747:
1723:
1699:
1675:
1634:
1610:
1586:
1425:
1408:
1395:
777:for whom the baronetage of the
714:, which ultimately went to the
525:
276:which was established in 1879.
231:British Supreme Court for China
139:British Supreme Court for China
2495:. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh.
2325:Foreign Office List 1908, p386
2306:. 26 April 1901. p. 2856.
1865:, AC 599 (6 March 1914),
1541:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XXII.
1535:
1532:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XVII.
1526:
1517:
1505:
1481:
1449:
386:
381:
376:
367:
212:
198:
168:
154:
13:
1:
1523:Treaty of Tientsin, art. XVI.
1442:
1383:United States Court for China
106:extraterritorial jurisdiction
2472:. LexisNexis. Archived from
700:Some famous cases included:
560:British subjects, including
199:Yīngguó zài Huá Zuìgāofǎyuàn
7:
1418:" (1900-1901) and, later, "
1303:
1140:Judge of the High Court of
1018:Judge of the High Court of
747:the trial, in 1897, in the
509:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
401:. The establishment of the
10:
2615:
2202:. Neil Wilson Publishing.
1224:Crown Advocate, 1925–1933
1200:
1174:
1147:
1115:
1088:
1083:Supreme Court of Hong Kong
1053:
1025:
992:
965:
937:
910:
889:
868:
842:
816:
457:Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910
395:Supreme Court of Hong Kong
377:Yángjīngbāng lishì gōngxiè
315:. Subsequently, under the
2569:Law of the United Kingdom
1993:Companies Ordinance, 1911
1243:In 1878, the position of
1050:Crown Advocate 1881–1897
797:
710:, the Chief Inspector of
562:British protected persons
223:
205:
191:
184:
179:
175:
161:
147:
143:
138:
126:
111:
100:
85:
73:
65:
57:
42:
37:
32:
1388:
852:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
771:Charles Wycliffe Goodwin
712:Chinese Maritime Customs
651:
635:High Court of the Punjab
413:action in Shanghai, the
261:under the principles of
149:Traditional Chinese
2500:Hornby, Edmund (1928).
2418:Clark, Douglas (2015).
2401:Oxford University Press
749:British Court for Japan
595:Hong Kong Supreme Court
587:Hong Kong Supreme Court
505:British Court for Japan
444:Under the terms of the
415:British Court for Japan
297:extraterritorial rights
274:British Court for Japan
163:Simplified Chinese
2589:Legal history of China
2186:. Japan Gazette. 1897.
1462:The North China Herald
1272:Hiram Parkes Wilkinson
1240:
1064:Havilland de Sausmarez
775:Havilland de Sausmarez
671:
610:between 1902 and 1930,
590:
520:The Peninsula Shanghai
334:
292:
122:Full court (from 1925)
2144:[1873] UKPC 9
2115:"von Gumpach v. Hart"
2002:(Ordinance 36). 1907.
1995:(Ordinance 58). 1911.
1863:[1914] UKPC 1
1318:British Empire portal
1238:
921:Richard Temple Rennie
894:Robert Anderson Mowat
827:Edmund Grimani Hornby
779:De Sausmarez Baronets
721:the trial in 1908 of
659:
585:
332:
295:Britain had acquired
287:
245:to try cases against
2090:Macquarie University
1656:, as amended by the
1266:Hiram Shaw Wilkinson
1260:Nicholas John Hannen
1036:Hiram Shaw Wilkinson
948:Nicholas John Hannen
725:, proprietor of the
681:Macquarie University
309:Most Favoured Nation
280:History of the court
2579:History of Shanghai
2510:2027/wu.89090370974
2229:Foreign Office List
1859:Ibrahim v. The King
1496:. 1858 – via
1282:Allan George Mossop
1211:Allan George Mossop
1184:Penrhyn Grant Jones
1157:Gilbert Walter King
794:
758:Judges of the court
689:which was also the
483:dissolved in 1943.
437:as a result of the
417:was established in
299:in China under the
263:extraterritoriality
241:established in the
127:Number of positions
2303:The London Gazette
2140:Hart v Van Gumpach
2071:The London Gazette
2047:The London Gazette
2023:The London Gazette
1954:The London Gazette
1930:The London Gazette
1889:The London Gazette
1845:The London Gazette
1809:The London Gazette
1740:The London Gazette
1716:The London Gazette
1692:The London Gazette
1668:The London Gazette
1651:The London Gazette
1627:The London Gazette
1603:The London Gazette
1512:Treaty of Tientsin
1502:, ratified in 1860
1241:
792:
731:North China Herald
695:North China Herald
686:North China Herald
672:
669:von Gumpach v Hart
591:
335:
317:Treaty of Tientsin
305:Treaty of Wanghsia
293:
2463:978-988-82731-9-5
2455:978-988-82730-9-6
2447:978-988-82730-8-9
2410:978-0-19-979205-4
1288:Victor Priestwood
1228:
1227:
1077:President of the
727:Korean Daily News
493:British Consulate
380:, later known as
313:Treaty of Nanking
301:Treaty of Nanking
290:Treaty of Nanking
227:
226:
219:
218:
186:Standard Mandarin
134:
133:
81:Korea (1884–1910)
79:Japan (1865–1899)
77:China (1865–1943)
61:September 1, 1865
38:英國在華最高法院／大英按察使司衙門
16:(Redirected from
2606:
2538:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2496:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2414:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2224:Hertslet, Edward
2220:
2214:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2173:, 14 August 1939
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2092:. Archived from
2082:
2076:
2075:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1876:
1870:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1796:
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1768:
1760:
1754:
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1727:
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1703:
1697:
1696:
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1614:
1608:
1607:
1590:
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1551:
1542:
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1524:
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1509:
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1501:
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1429:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1249:Attorney General
1206:
1180:
1153:
1121:
1094:
1059:
1031:
998:
971:
943:
916:
848:
822:
795:
791:
537:British subjects
388:
383:
378:
369:
247:British subjects
233:(originally the
215:
214:
201:
200:
177:
176:
171:
170:
157:
156:
136:
135:
47:
30:
29:
21:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2523:
2479:
2477:
2476:on 2 April 2015
2435:
2433:
2411:
2389:
2387:Further reading
2384:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
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2311:
2295:
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2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2121:on 2 April 2015
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2059:
2055:
2035:
2031:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1942:
1938:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1877:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1833:
1829:
1825:, ss. 4–5.
1821:
1817:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1780:on 2 April 2015
1777:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
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1724:
1704:
1700:
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1587:
1579:
1572:
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1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1469:on 3 March 2016
1455:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1233:
1231:Crown advocates
975:George Jamieson
810:Judge for Japan
793:List of judges
760:
654:
528:
489:
487:Court buildings
387:Huìshěn Gōngxiè
288:Signing of the
282:
270:consular courts
121:
93:
80:
78:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Defunct courts
2552:
2551:
2544:
2543:External links
2541:
2540:
2539:
2528:
2514:
2497:
2486:
2465:
2426:Earnshaw Books
2415:
2409:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
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2336:
2327:
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2215:
2208:
2189:
2175:
2161:
2152:
2132:
2106:
2077:
2053:
2029:
2005:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1936:
1912:
1895:
1871:
1851:
1827:
1815:
1791:
1755:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1674:
1633:
1609:
1585:
1570:
1558:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1504:
1480:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1424:
1422:" (1901–1910)
1407:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1253:Foreign Office
1245:Crown Advocate
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
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1187:
1181:
1173:
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1169:
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1165:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1099:Skinner Turner
1095:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
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991:
990:
987:
985:
983:
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978:
972:
964:
963:
960:
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950:
944:
936:
935:
933:
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927:
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903:
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891:
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880:
877:
875:
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867:
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863:
861:
859:
857:
854:
849:
841:
840:
838:
836:
834:
831:
829:
823:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
783:Skinner Turner
759:
756:
755:
754:
753:
752:
745:
734:
723:Ernest Bethell
719:
653:
650:
646:active service
614:
613:
612:
611:
604:
589:building, 1915
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
552:
551:
550:
549:
546:
543:
540:
527:
524:
488:
485:
427:first instance
411:first instance
399:Yangtse valley
356:
355:
352:
343:
339:
281:
278:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
182:
181:
180:Transcriptions
173:
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165:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
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132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
115:
109:
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102:
98:
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87:
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82:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2611:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2432:on 2018-05-31
2431:
2427:
2424:. Hong Kong:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2367:
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2305:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
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2230:
2225:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2096:on 2016-01-30
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1982:, s. 50.
1981:
1976:
1970:, s. 81.
1969:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1900:
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1883:
1875:
1868:
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1860:
1855:
1847:
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1839:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1811:
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1805:
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1795:
1776:
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1765:
1759:
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1742:
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1710:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1688:
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1647:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1583:, p. 68.
1582:
1577:
1575:
1568:, p. 72.
1567:
1562:
1556:, p. 67.
1555:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1508:
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1484:
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1096:
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1021:
1017:
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907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
895:
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890:
886:
884:
881:
878:
876:
874:
873:George French
871:
869:
864:
862:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
837:
835:
832:
830:
828:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
807:Chief Justice
806:
803:
800:
796:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
764:Edmund Hornby
750:
746:
743:
739:
738:habeas corpus
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:
703:
702:
701:
698:
696:
692:
688:
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569:
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541:
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534:
533:
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476:
474:
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453:
451:
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442:
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
421:(now part of
420:
416:
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407:
404:
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396:
391:
389:
379:
373:
365:
361:
353:
350:
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166:
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160:
152:
150:
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137:
129:
125:
119:
116:
114:
110:
107:
103:
101:Authorized by
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2533:
2519:
2501:
2491:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:the original
2434:. Retrieved
2430:the original
2420:
2395:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2209:1-89778452-X
2199:
2192:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:the original
2080:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2008:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1758:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1660:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1561:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1507:
1490:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1467:the original
1460:
1451:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1346:Japan portal
1332:China portal
1299:
1294:John McNeill
1278:, 1916–1925)
1242:
1144:(1925–1930)
1085:(1910–1920)
1022:(1903–1916)
787:
768:Egyptologist
761:
730:
726:
699:
694:
690:
684:
673:
668:
642:military law
639:
628:
625:
618:
615:
592:
553:
529:
526:Jurisdiction
517:
513:
498:
490:
477:
472:
461:
454:
449:
443:
432:
408:
402:
392:
385:
375:
357:
346:
325:
294:
267:
234:
230:
228:
193:Hanyu Pinyin
74:Jurisdiction
69:May 20, 1943
2298:"No. 27308"
1581:Cassel 2012
1566:Cassel 2012
1554:Cassel 2012
1296:(1939–1942)
1290:(1934–1939)
1284:(1925–1933)
1268:(1882–1897)
1262:(1878–1881)
1126:Peter Grain
813:Other role
708:Robert Hart
676:English law
661:Robert Hart
469:Peace Hotel
58:Established
2558:Categories
2457:; Vol. 3:
2449:; Vol. 2:
2441:, Vol. 1:
2436:2018-06-10
2100:2011-11-23
1908:Clark 2012
1514:, art. XV.
1498:Wikisource
1443:References
1414:formally "
1401:formally "
1360:Law portal
1079:full court
905:1891-–1897
801:Asst Judge
464:Kuomintang
455:Under the
348:vice versa
207:Wade–Giles
113:Appeals to
2170:The Times
1276:Weihaiwei
1217:1933–1943
1189:1931–1943
1162:1927–1931
1142:Weihaiwei
1133:1927–1933
1130:1921–1927
1106:1921–1927
1103:1916–1921
1070:1905–1921
1047:1897-1900
1044:1900-1905
1020:Weihaiwei
1011:1898–1901
1008:1901–1916
982:1891–1897
959:1881–1891
956:1891–1900
932:1879–1881
929:1881–1891
900:1878–1891
882:1878-1881
856:1865–1878
833:1865–1876
665:Defendant
608:Weihaiwei
120:(to 1925)
66:Dissolved
2480:10 March
2226:(1877).
2125:10 March
1784:10 March
1473:10 March
1304:See also
621:Mandalay
501:Yokohama
473:Narkunda
423:Yokohama
419:Kanagawa
237:) was a
169:英国在华最高法院
155:英國在華最高法院
104:British
91:The Bund
89:No. 33,
86:Location
51:Shanghai
1081:of the
742:Tianjin
631:Kashgar
522:Hotel.
425:) with
368:洋泾浜理事公廨
364:Chinese
2461:
2453:
2445:
2407:
2206:
1493:
1186:, CBE
1159:, OBE
1005:, CMG
977:, CMG
798:Person
503:, the
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