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first exist in the workpiece so the broach can enter. Also, there are limits on the size of internal cuts. Common internal holes can range from 0.125 to 6 in (3.2 to 152.4 mm) in diameter but it is possible to achieve a range of 0.05 to 13 in (1.3 to 330.2 mm). Surface broaches' range is usually 0.075 to 10 in (1.9 to 254.0 mm), although the feasible range is 0.02 to 20 in (0.51 to 508.00 mm).
443:
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so that its axis of rotation is inclined slightly to the axis of rotation of the work. A typical value for this misalignment is 1°. This angle is what produces a rotating edge for the broach to cut the workpiece. Either the workpiece or the tool holder is rotated. If the tool holder is rotated, the misalignment causes the broach to appear as though it is "wobbling", which is the origin of the term
585:
792:. They are notches in the teeth designed to break the chip and decrease the overall amount of material being removed by any given tooth (see the drawing above). For broaching to be effective, the workpiece should have 0.020 to 0.025 in (0.51 to 0.64 mm) more material than the final dimension of the cut.
236:
The only limitations on broaching are that there are no obstructions over the length of the surface to be machined, the geometry to be cut does not have curves in multiple planes, and that the workpiece is strong enough to withstand the forces involved. Specifically for internal broaching a hole must
119:
or feed per tooth, determines the amount of material removed and the size of the chip. The broach can be moved relative to the workpiece or vice versa. Because all of the features are built into the broach, no complex motion or skilled labor is required to use it. A broach is effectively a collection
972:
with a guided ram; typical capacities are 5 to 50 tons. The two ram pull-down machine is the most common type of broaching machine. This style machine has the rams under the table. Pull-up machines have the ram above the table; they usually have more than one ram. Most surface broaching is done on a
834:
broaches. In this design the RPT is designated to two or three rows of teeth. For the broach to work the first tooth of that cluster has a wide notch, or undercut, and then the next tooth has a smaller notch (in a three tooth design) and the final tooth has no notch. This allows for a deep cut while
1085:
inward so it becomes thinner; for external broaching the sides are drafted outward, to make the pocket bigger. This draft keeps the broach from jamming; the draft must be larger than the angle of misalignment. If the work piece rotates, the broach is pressed against it, is driven by it, and rotates
1073:
Rotary broaching requires two tooling components: a tool holder and a broach. The leading (cutting) edge of the broach has a contour matching the desired final shape. The broach is mounted in a special tool holder that allows it to freely rotate. The tool holder is special because it holds the tool
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Horizontal broaching machines are designed for pull broaching, surface broaching, continuous broaching, and rotary broaching. Pull style machines are basically vertical machines laid on the side with a longer stroke. Surface style machines hold the broach stationary while the workpieces are clamped
225:
Broaching was originally developed for machining internal keyways. However, it was soon discovered that broaching is very useful for machining other surfaces and shapes for high volume workpieces. Because each broach is specialized to cut just one shape, either the broach must be specially designed
184:
of the broach. The elevator then releases the top of the follower and the puller pulls the broach through the workpiece completely. The workpiece is then removed from the machine and the broach is raised back up to reengage with the elevator. The broach usually only moves linearly, but sometimes it
418:
are cut the inverse of an internal broach; they cut the outside diameter of a cylindrical workpiece. They are named after the pot looking fixture in which the broaches are mounted; the fixture is often referred to as a "pot". The pot is designed to hold multiple broaching tools concentrically over
110:
Broaches are shaped similar to a saw, except the height of the teeth increases over the length of the tool. Moreover, the broach contains three distinct sections: one for roughing, another for semi-finishing, and the final one for finishing. Broaching is an unusual machining process because it has
1101:
There is some spiraling of the tool as it cuts, so the form at the bottom of the workpiece may be rotated with respect to the form at the top of the hole or profile. Spiraling may be undesirable because it binds the body of the tool and prevents it from cutting sharply. One solution to this is to
861:
The pitch defines the tooth construction, strength, and number of teeth in contact with the workpiece. The pitch is usually calculated from workpiece length, so that the broach can be designed to have at least two teeth in contact with the workpiece at any time; the pitch remains constant for all
787:
the RPT ranges from 0.006 to 0.001 in (0.152 to 0.025 mm). For surface broaching the RPT is usually between 0.003 to 0.006 in (0.076 to 0.152 mm) and for diameter broaching is usually between 0.0012 to 0.0025 in (0.030 to 0.064 mm). The exact value depends on many
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is used to cut thin-walled workpieces. Thin-walled workpieces have a tendency to expand during cutting and then shrink afterward. This broach overcomes that problem by first broaching with the standard roughing teeth, followed by a "breathing" section, which serves as a pilot as the workpiece
965:, but a few specialty machines are mechanically driven. The machines are distinguished by whether their motion is horizontal or vertical. The choice of machine is primarily dictated by the stroke required. Vertical broaching machines rarely have a stroke longer than 60 in (1.5 m).
984:
Broaching is often impossible without the specific broaching or keyway machines unless you have a system that can be used in conjunction with a modern machining centre or driven tooling lathe; these extra bits of equipment open up the possibility of producing keyways, splines and
433:
use two slab broaches to cut parallel surfaces on opposite sides of a workpiece in one pass. This type of broaching holds closer tolerances than if the two cuts were done independently. It is named after the fact that the broaches "straddle" the workpiece on multiple sides.
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If it advances much faster, then the tool becomes choked; conversely, if it advances much slower, then an interrupted or zig-zag cut occurs. In practice the rate of cut is slightly less than the ideal rate so that the load is released on the non-cutting edge of the tool.
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broaches are commonly used for large internal broaching applications. They are similar to shell broaches in that they are a multi-piece construction. This design is used because it is cheaper to build and resharpen and is more flexible than a solid design.
779:). The roughing teeth remove most of the material so the number of roughing teeth required dictates how long the broach is. The semi-finishing teeth provide surface finish and the finishing teeth provide the final finishing. The finishing section's RPT (t
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for the geometry of the workpiece or the workpiece must be designed around a standard broach geometry. A customized broach is usually only viable with high volume workpieces, because the broach can cost US$ 15,000 to US$ 30,000 to produce.
160:
The process depends on the type of broaching being performed. Surface broaching is very simple as either the workpiece is moved against a stationary surface broach, or the workpiece is held stationary while the broach is moved against it.
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factors. If the cut is too big it will impart too much stress into the teeth and the workpiece; if the cut is too small the teeth rub instead of cutting. One way to increase the RPT while keeping the stresses down is with
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Horizontal machines used to be much more common than vertical machines; however, today they represent just 10% of all broaching machines purchased. Vertical machines are more popular because they take up less space.
846:
broach, which completely machines the center of the workpiece and then the rest of the broach machines outward from there. All of these designs require a broach that is longer than if a standard design were used.
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The most important characteristic of a broach is the rise per tooth (RPT), which is how much material is removed by each tooth. The RPT varies for each section of the broach, which are the roughing section
842:
design. Here four teeth in a row have the same RPT, but each progressive tooth takes only a portion of the cut due to notches in the teeth (see the image gallery below). The other option is known as a
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Broaching machines are relatively simple as they only have to move the broach in a linear motion at a predetermined speed and provide a means for handling the broach automatically. Most machines are
905:
461:. Shell broaches cost more initially, but save the cost overall if the broach must be replaced often because the pilots are on the mandrel and do not have to be reproduced with each replacement.
564:
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is highly advantageous. In addition, push or pull broaches cannot be used in a blind hole, while a rotary broach can, as long as there is sufficient space for chips at the bottom of the hole.
209:
Fortified petroleum cutting fluids are the most common. However, heavy-duty water-soluble cutting fluids are being used because of their superior cooling, cleanliness, and non-flammability.
1102:
reverse the rotation in mid cut, causing the tool to spiral in the opposite direction. If reversing the machine is not practical, then interrupting the cut is another possible solution.
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are provided instead of finishing teeth. They are not really teeth, as they are just rounded discs that are 0.001 to 0.003 in (0.025 to 0.076 mm) oversized. This results in
233:(SFPM). This results in a complete cycle time of 5 to 30 seconds. Most of the time is consumed by the return stroke, broach handling, and workpiece loading and unloading.
1066:. One of the biggest advantages to this type of broaching is that it does not require a broaching machine, but instead is used on lathes, milling machines, screw machines or
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construction. This involves producing the broach in pieces and assembling it. If any portion wears out only that section has to be replaced, instead of the entire broach.
64:. In linear broaching, which is the more common process, the broach is run linearly against a surface of the workpiece to produce the cut. Linear broaches are used in a
968:
Vertical broaching machines can be designed for push broaching, pull-down broaching, pull-up broaching, or surface broaching. Push broaching machines are similar to an
176:, which is the part of the machine that moves the broach above the workholder, then lowers the broach through the workpiece. Once through, the broaching machine's
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into fixtures that are mounted on a conveyor system. Continuous style machines are similar to the surface style machines except adapted for internal broaching.
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There are two different options for achieving the same goal when broaching a flat surface. The first is similar to the rotor-cut design, which is known as a
2393:
115:
built into the tool. The profile of the machined surface is always the inverse of the profile of the broach. The rise per tooth (RPT), also known as the
1752:
83:
Broaching is used when precision machining is required, especially for odd shapes. Commonly machined surfaces include circular and non-circular holes,
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406:
when more than one slot needs to be machined, because multiple broaches can be run through the part at the same time on the same broaching machine.
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In general, a rotary broach will not cut as accurately as a push or pull broach. However, the ability to use this type of cutting tool on common
1714:
1223:
2122:
148:, broaching was used to rifle gun barrels. In the 1920s and 30s the tolerances were tightened and the cost reduced thanks to advances in
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107:. Even though broaches can be expensive, broaching is usually favored over other processes when used for high-quantity production runs.
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1413:
72:. In rotary broaching, the broach is rotated and pressed into the workpiece to cut an axisymmetric shape. A rotary broach is used in a
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803:) angle is a parameter of the material being cut. For steel, it is between 15 and 20° and for cast iron it is between 6 and 8°. The
243:
are usually ±0.002 in (±0.05 mm), but in precise applications a tolerance of ±0.0005 in (±0.01 mm) can be held.
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Drozda, Tom; Wick, Charles; Benedict, John T.; Veilleux, Raymond F.; Society of
Manufacturing Engineers; Bakerjian, Ramon (1983),
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synchronously with it. If the tool holder rotates, the broach is pressed against the workpiece, but is driven by the tool holder.
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broaches are used; these broaches are similar to a solid broach, except there is a hole through the center where it mounts on an
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925:
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For defining the geometry of a broach an internal type is shown below. Note that the geometries of other broaches are similar.
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A somewhat different design of cutting tool that can achieve the irregular hole or outer profile of a broach is called a
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The concept of broaching can be traced back to the early 1850s, with the first applications used for cutting keyways in
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The slot in the tip of the broach where the broaching machine latches on to the broach to pull it through the workpiece
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its entire length. The broach is held stationary while the workpiece is pushed or pulled through it. This has replaced
453:
broaches are the most common type; they are made from one solid piece of material. For broaches that wear out quickly
402:(G & H) are for cutting slots of various dimensions at high production rates. Slot broaching is much quicker than
1738:
1707:
1661:
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310:(HRC); a hardness greater than HRC 35 will dull the broach quickly. Broaching is more difficult on harder materials,
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528:
100:
77:
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are usually between 16 and 63 microinches (μin), but can range from 8 to 125 μin. There may be small
783:) is usually zero so that as the first finishing teeth wear the later ones continue the sizing function. For
504:
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shrinks. The teeth after the "breathing" section then include roughing, semi-finishing, and finishing teeth.
811:) provides clearance for the teeth so that they don't rub on the workpiece; it is usually between 1 and 3°.
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1700:
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Internal broaching is more involved. The process begins by clamping the workpiece into a special holding
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80:. In both processes the cut is performed in one pass of the broach, which makes it very efficient.
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arrayed in sequence, cutting one after the other; its cut is analogous to multiple passes of a
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Ideally the tool advances at the same rate that it cuts. The ideal rate of cut is defined as:
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the hole to the proper size. This is primarily used on non-ferrous and cast iron workpieces.
240:
1419:
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299:
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When radially broaching workpieces that require a deep cut per tooth, such as forgings or
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is rarely used as a tooth material because the cutting edge will crack on the first pass.
8:
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1911:
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84:
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is the simplest surface broach. It is a general purpose tool for cutting flat surfaces.
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283:
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are designed to cut concave, convex, cam, contoured, and irregular shaped surfaces.
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to support the broach and properly locate the part with relation to the broach.
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1941:
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1635:, vol. 1 (4th, illustrated ed.), Society of Manufacturing Engineers,
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30:
inch (8 mm) keyway broach; note how the teeth are larger on the left end.
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16:
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An example of a broached workpiece. Here the broaching profile is a spline.
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of the material. For steels the ideal hardness range is between 16 and 24
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376:(TiN) coatings are common on HSS to prolong life. Except when broaching
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91:, and flat surfaces. Typical workpieces include small to medium-sized
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1969:
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Rate of cut = (diameter of tool ) × sin(Angle of misalignment )
377:
302:. When broaching, the machinability rating is closely related to the
267:
49:
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If the broach is large enough the costs can be reduced by using a
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is a special type of spline cutting broach which cuts both the
275:
259:
172:, which mounts in the broaching machine. The broaching machine
137:
125:
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2623:
2533:
2428:
2273:
2268:
2220:
2024:
255:
56:, to remove material. There are two main types of broaching:
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2508:
2418:
2029:
1228:, Anderson Tool & Engineering Co., Inc., archived from
986:
279:
141:
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2423:
1610:
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003),
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The hydraulic cylinder of a horizontal broaching machine.
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teeth of the broach. One way to calculate the pitch is:
185:
is also rotated to create a spiral spline or gun-barrel
475:
broach (C & D). It uses a special fixture called a
835:
keeping stresses, forces, and power requirements low.
1650:
Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),
900:{\displaystyle P\cong 0.35{\sqrt {L_{\mathrm {w} }}}}
871:
826:
design can be used; these broaches are also known as
490:
and the spline form to ensure precise concentricity.
38:
A broached keyway in the end of an adjustable wrench.
1632:
1415:
VW Broaching
Services: Straddle & Pot Broaching
1081:For internal broaching the sides of the broach are
1609:
1495:"Linear Broaching Made Simple With Benz LinA/LinS"
1481:
1466:
1454:
1397:
1328:
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254:Broaching works best on softer materials, such as
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1649:
1450:
1448:
1378:
1358:Polygon Solutions: What materials can I broach?
1343:
2401:
1001:Schematic of a rotary broach starting a cut.
346:Construction: solid, built-up, hollow or shell
2387:
1746:
1708:
1545:
1477:
1475:
1418:, VW Broaching Services, Inc., archived from
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1391:
1389:
1387:
1305:
1225:AstroBroach Machines: Principles of Operation
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1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1546:Bagwell, Peter; Tryles, Jeff (March 2006),
1518:. Polygon Solutions Inc. 15 December 2010.
333:Broaches can be categorized by many means:
52:process that uses a toothed tool, called a
2394:
2380:
1753:
1739:
1715:
1701:
1585:, Somma Tool Company, Inc., archived from
1472:
1384:
229:Broaching speeds vary from 20 to 120
1339:
1337:
1301:
1299:
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1255:
1243:
1193:
349:Function: roughing, sizing, or burnishing
1612:Materials and Processes in Manufacturing
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996:
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943:Side view of a double-cut surface broach
748:
711:= Land (behind the cutting edge) (0.25P)
471:A common type of internal broach is the
441:
427:and cutting external splines and slots.
216:
33:
15:
1683:Demonstration using hand operated press
1653:Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
931:Top view of a double-cut surface broach
68:, which is also sometimes shortened to
2881:
1760:
1628:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1439:
1372:
1334:
1306:Van De Motter, Chris (February 2006),
919:Example of a double-cut surface broach
510:An internal broach for cutting splines
2375:
1734:
1696:
1408:
1406:
1274:
948:
744:= Length of the workpiece (not shown)
437:
1534:
992:
387:
13:
1513:"Rotary Broaching on a Bridgeport"
1403:
889:
654:= RPT for the semi-finishing teeth
325:
205:to flush the chips from the teeth.
14:
2905:
1671:
343:Motion: push, pull, or stationary
42:Tool with teeth used to cut metal
1722:
1482:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1467:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1455:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1398:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1329:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1269:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1250:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1211:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1188:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1149:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
1137:Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003
936:
924:
912:
627:= number of semi-finishing teeth
588:
583:
563:
551:
539:
527:
515:
503:
199:to cool the workpiece and broach
180:, essentially a hook, grabs the
1603:
1573:
1522:from the original on 2021-11-16
1505:
1487:
1460:
1433:
1349:
1322:
340:Purpose: single, or combination
290:. However, it still has a good
1216:
1181:
1163:Milling Operations – Broaching
1154:
1142:
1130:
717:= Radius of the gullet (0.25P)
1:
1582:Somma: Offset Rotating Broach
1379:Todd, Allen & Alting 1994
1344:Todd, Allen & Alting 1994
1124:
663:= RPT for the finishing teeth
251:on the exit side of the cut.
202:to lubricate cutting surfaces
850:For some circular broaches,
753:A progressive surface broach
699:= Diameter of the tooth root
645:= RPT for the roughing teeth
364:Most broaches are made from
195:are used for three reasons:
7:
1688:How Broaching Machines Work
1112:
989:through one-hit machining.
765:), semi-finishing section (
690:= Diameter of the tooth tip
636:= number of finishing teeth
10:
2910:
2894:Metalworking cutting tools
2098:Magnetic switchable device
1678:How To Rotary Broach Video
1050:Width across corners (AC)
772:), and finishing section (
618:= number of roughing teeth
155:
131:
122:single-point cutting tools
2799:
2414:
2316:
2259:
2121:
2048:
1950:
1899:
1811:
1768:
1730:
1656:, Industrial Press Inc.,
1308:"The Basics of Broaching"
705:= Depth of a tooth (0.4P)
575:
337:Use: internal, or surface
318:, but is still possible.
2840:Machine and metalworking
1555:Cutting Tool Engineering
1009:Off-axis (wobble) angle
534:The semi-finishing teeth
321:
212:
152:and broaching machines.
2850:Measuring and alignment
2156:Engineer's spirit level
1614:(9th ed.), Wiley,
231:surface feet per minute
2579:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1871:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1055:
958:
901:
754:
447:
330:
222:
39:
31:
2356:Tools and terminology
2123:Measuring instruments
1000:
956:
902:
785:free-machining steels
752:
445:
329:
300:free machining steels
220:
37:
19:
2815:Cutting and abrasive
869:
732:= Back-off angle or
495:cut-and-recut broach
484:concentricity broach
2449:Ceramic tile cutter
1561:(3), archived from
1548:"One-Pass Polygons"
1469:, pp. 643–644.
1457:, pp. 638–639.
1361:, Polygon Solutions
1331:, pp. 640–641.
1190:, pp. 644–645.
1139:, pp. 637–638.
681:= Rear pilot length
522:The finishing teeth
2246:Thread pitch gauge
2211:Optical comparator
1965:Combination square
1762:Metalworking tools
1056:
973:vertical machine.
959:
949:Broaching machines
897:
755:
546:The roughing teeth
448:
331:
223:
40:
32:
2874:
2873:
2369:
2368:
2312:
2311:
1642:978-0-87263-085-7
1315:Gear Product News
1054:
1053:
895:
438:Internal broaches
431:Straddle broaches
66:broaching machine
2901:
2781:Water jet cutter
2746:Sharpening stone
2584:Pencil sharpener
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2186:Machinist square
1995:Needlegun scaler
1990:Machinist square
1803:Water jet cutter
1770:Cutting machines
1755:
1748:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1552:
1543:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:www.cutwel.co.uk
1491:
1485:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1442:, pp. 7‐32.
1437:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1166:, archived from
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1003:
1002:
993:Rotary broaching
940:
928:
916:
906:
904:
903:
898:
896:
894:
893:
892:
882:
852:burnishing teeth
723:= Hook angle or
609:= rise per tooth
592:
587:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
446:A modular broach
410:Contour broaches
388:Surface broaches
382:tungsten carbide
374:titanium nitride
366:high speed steel
245:Surface finishes
29:
28:
24:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2795:
2469:Diagonal pliers
2410:
2400:
2370:
2365:
2308:
2255:
2151:Engineer's blue
2117:
2050:Machine tooling
2044:
1946:
1922:Hydraulic press
1895:
1807:
1764:
1759:
1726:
1721:
1674:
1664:
1643:
1622:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1310:
1304:
1275:
1267:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1042:Pilot diameter
1039:
1028:
1017:
995:
951:
944:
941:
932:
929:
920:
917:
888:
887:
883:
881:
870:
867:
866:
782:
778:
771:
764:
747:
743:
734:clearance angle
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
626:
617:
578:
571:
568:
559:
558:The front pilot
556:
547:
544:
535:
532:
523:
520:
511:
508:
440:
390:
324:
312:stainless steel
215:
158:
134:
43:
26:
22:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Types of tools
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Sharpening jig
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Milling cutter
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2524:Grinding wheel
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2261:Smithing tools
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Go/no go gauge
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2146:Dial indicator
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1942:Stamping press
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Milling cutter
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1672:External links
1670:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1572:
1533:
1504:
1486:
1484:, p. 644.
1471:
1459:
1444:
1432:
1402:
1400:, p. 643.
1383:
1371:
1348:
1333:
1321:
1273:
1271:, p. 642.
1254:
1252:, p. 640.
1242:
1215:
1213:, p. 641.
1192:
1180:
1153:
1151:, p. 638.
1141:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
950:
947:
946:
945:
942:
935:
933:
930:
923:
921:
918:
911:
908:
907:
891:
886:
880:
877:
874:
780:
776:
769:
762:
746:
745:
741:
736:
727:
718:
712:
706:
700:
696:
691:
687:
682:
678:
673:
672:= Shank length
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
624:
619:
615:
610:
604:
597:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
562:
560:
557:
550:
548:
545:
538:
536:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
512:
509:
502:
488:minor diameter
439:
436:
425:involute gears
389:
386:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
323:
320:
214:
211:
207:
206:
203:
200:
193:Cutting fluids
157:
154:
133:
130:
41:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2906:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Cutting tools
2887:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2791:Wire stripper
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Utility knife
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Plasma cutter
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Diamond blade
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2251:Vernier scale
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Surface plate
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Marking gauge
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Machine taper
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Indexing head
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Machine press
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:English wheel
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:Forming tools
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1813:Cutting tools
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1663:0-8311-3049-0
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1621:0-471-65653-4
1617:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1589:on 2011-07-16
1588:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1568:on 2011-07-08
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1422:on 2010-07-26
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1381:, p. 18.
1380:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1346:, p. 17.
1345:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1317:(1206): 27–30
1316:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1232:on 2008-12-04
1231:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1170:on 2012-07-13
1169:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1107:machine tools
1103:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1076:wobble broach
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:wobble broach
1061:
1060:rotary broach
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:Front relief
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
990:
988:
982:
978:
974:
971:
966:
964:
955:
939:
934:
927:
922:
915:
910:
909:
884:
878:
875:
872:
865:
864:
863:
859:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
790:chip breakers
786:
775:
768:
761:
751:
740:
737:
735:
731:
728:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
683:
677:
674:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
596:
593:
591:
586:
581:
566:
561:
554:
549:
542:
537:
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
500:
499:
496:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
444:
435:
432:
428:
426:
422:
417:
413:
411:
407:
405:
401:
400:Slot broaches
397:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
334:
328:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:machinability
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:copper alloys
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
232:
227:
219:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
194:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
153:
151:
150:form grinding
147:
143:
139:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
108:
106:
102:
101:screw machine
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
78:screw machine
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
36:
20:A push style
18:
2876:
2669:Concrete saw
2664:Circular saw
2649:Abrasive saw
2609:Pocket knife
2594:Pizza cutter
2569:Nail clipper
2529:Honing steel
2514:Glass cutter
2479:Diamond tool
2464:Cutting tool
2438:
2294:Steam hammer
2241:Tape measure
2231:Straightedge
2216:Radius gauge
2191:Marking blue
2181:Height gauge
2161:Feeler gauge
2141:Center gauge
2108:Rotary table
2088:Lathe center
2000:Piercing saw
1985:Hand scraper
1856:Hand scraper
1820:
1724:Metalworking
1652:
1631:
1611:
1604:Bibliography
1591:, retrieved
1587:the original
1581:
1575:
1563:the original
1558:
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1524:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
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1424:, retrieved
1420:the original
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1357:
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1234:, retrieved
1230:the original
1224:
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1168:the original
1162:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:Swiss lathes
1063:
1059:
1057:
983:
979:
975:
967:
960:
860:
851:
849:
843:
839:
837:
831:
827:
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796:
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648:
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630:
621:
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579:
494:
492:
483:
481:
476:
472:
470:
464:
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454:
450:
449:
430:
429:
416:Pot broaches
415:
414:
409:
408:
399:
398:
393:
391:
368:(HSS) or an
363:
358:
354:
352:
332:
253:
239:
235:
228:
224:
208:
191:
181:
177:
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135:
116:
109:
82:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
44:
2865:Woodworking
2766:Switchblade
2629:Razor strop
2614:Putty knife
2554:Meat slicer
2499:Emery cloth
2484:Disc cutter
2459:Countersink
2434:Bolt cutter
2326:Fabrication
2304:Trip hammer
2299:Swage block
2284:Hardy tools
2201:Marking out
2171:Gauge block
2058:Angle plate
2020:Tap and die
1937:Screw press
1932:Punch press
1886:Tipped tool
1841:Countersink
1836:Counterbore
1440:Drozda 1983
970:arbor press
844:progressive
828:free egress
394:slab broach
370:alloy steel
296:mild steels
168:, called a
146:World War I
103:parts, and
2883:Categories
2786:Wire brush
2756:Steel wool
2674:Coping saw
2589:Pipecutter
2544:Lawn mower
2346:Metallurgy
2206:Micrometer
2131:Bore gauge
1952:Hand tools
1593:2010-06-08
1426:2009-04-12
1365:2010-06-08
1236:2009-04-12
1174:2009-04-12
1125:References
856:burnishing
840:double-cut
725:rake angle
308:Rockwell C
294:rating on
284:composites
241:Tolerances
170:workholder
2699:Miter saw
2639:Sandpaper
2559:Mezzaluna
2494:Drill bit
2489:Drawknife
2444:Burnisher
2341:Machining
2336:Jewellery
2035:Workbench
1970:Drift pin
1793:Miter saw
1501:. Cutwel.
963:hydraulic
876:≅
820:rotor-cut
423:for some
378:cast iron
268:aluminium
105:stampings
50:machining
46:Broaching
2820:Forestry
2810:Cleaning
2771:Tool bit
2720:Scraper
2716:Scissors
2704:Wire saw
2694:Hole saw
2689:Hand saw
2659:Chainsaw
2407:abrasive
2351:Smithing
2289:Pritchel
2226:Sine bar
1891:Tool bit
1846:End mill
1783:Cold saw
1520:Archived
1113:See also
832:nibbling
824:jump-cut
816:castings
805:back-off
355:built-up
316:titanium
304:hardness
272:graphite
174:elevator
144:. After
97:forgings
93:castings
2845:Masonry
2835:Kitchen
2761:Surform
2711:Scalpel
2684:Hacksaw
2679:Fretsaw
2654:Bandsaw
2574:Nibbler
2549:Machete
2403:Cutting
2361:Welding
2331:Forming
2321:Casting
2136:Caliper
2113:Wiggler
2103:Mandrel
2073:Fixture
2015:Scriber
1975:Hacksaw
1866:Nibbler
1778:Bandsaw
1516:(Video)
1083:drafted
603:= pitch
595:where:
465:Modular
421:hobbing
404:milling
359:modular
288:plastic
276:rubbers
274:, hard
187:rifling
166:fixture
156:Process
138:pulleys
132:History
89:keyways
85:splines
25:⁄
2855:Mining
2825:Garden
2634:Reamer
2519:Grater
2454:Chisel
2439:Broach
2279:Fuller
2068:Collet
2040:Wrench
2005:Pliers
1980:Hammer
1881:Shears
1876:Reamer
1831:Chisel
1821:Broach
1798:Plasma
1660:
1639:
1618:
1526:24 May
1119:Reamer
576:Design
473:keyway
286:, and
260:bronze
178:puller
126:shaper
70:broach
62:rotary
58:linear
54:broach
2860:Power
2751:Snips
2734:Paint
2624:Razor
2604:Plane
2539:Laser
2534:Knife
2429:Blade
2409:tools
2274:Forge
2269:Anvil
2221:Ruler
2166:Gauge
2063:Chuck
2025:Tongs
2010:Punch
1960:Clamp
1907:Brake
1788:Laser
1566:(PDF)
1551:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1020:Rake
459:arbor
455:shell
451:Solid
322:Types
256:brass
249:burrs
213:Usage
182:pilot
142:gears
74:lathe
48:is a
2830:Hand
2729:Hand
2724:Card
2619:Rasp
2509:Froe
2504:File
2419:Adze
2405:and
2030:Vise
1851:File
1826:Burr
1658:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1528:2011
987:Torx
879:0.35
818:, a
797:hook
795:The
493:The
477:horn
392:The
314:and
298:and
280:wood
140:and
117:step
113:feed
111:the
60:and
2644:Saw
2424:Axe
2083:Jig
1912:Die
1062:or
830:or
822:or
607:RPT
357:or
120:of
76:or
2885::
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1557:,
1553:,
1536:^
1497:.
1474:^
1447:^
1405:^
1386:^
1336:^
1313:,
1276:^
1257:^
1195:^
1078:.
1070:.
679:RP
482:A
380:,
372:;
282:,
278:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
189:.
128:.
99:,
95:,
87:,
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2388:t
2381:v
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1702:v
1667:.
1646:.
1625:.
1596:.
1570:.
1530:.
1430:.
1368:.
1319:.
1240:.
1178:.
1047:w
1038:p
1036:d
1027:f
1025:θ
1016:r
1014:θ
1006:θ
890:w
885:L
873:P
809:γ
807:(
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799:(
781:f
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767:t
763:r
760:t
758:(
742:w
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730:γ
721:α
715:R
709:L
703:D
697:2
694:D
688:1
685:D
676:L
670:s
667:L
661:f
658:t
652:s
649:t
643:r
640:t
634:f
631:n
625:s
622:n
616:r
613:n
601:P
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