Marcus Junius Brutus

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their provinces to instead purchase grain in Asia and Sicily. There was a meeting at Brutus' house attended by Cicero, Brutus and Cassius (and wives), and Brutus' mother, in which Cassius announced his intention to go to Syria while Brutus wanted to return to Rome, but ended up going to Greece. His initial plan to go to Rome, however, was to put on games in early July commemorating his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus and promoting his cause; he instead delegated the games to a friend. Octavian also held games commemorating Caesar late in the month; around this time also, the

770: 713:. Plutarch says that Caesar ordered his officers to take Brutus prisoner if he gave himself up voluntarily, but to leave him alone and do him no harm if he persisted in fighting against capture. After the massive Pompeian defeat at Pharsalus on 9 August 48, Brutus fled through marshland to Larissa, where he wrote to Caesar, who welcomed him graciously into his camp. Plutarch also implies that Brutus told Caesar of Pompey's withdrawal plans to Egypt, but this is unlikely, as Brutus was not present when Pompey's decision to go to Egypt was made. 1028: 683: 871:(writing in the Augustan period) assumed that a senate meeting would isolate Caesar from support; Appian reports on the possibility of other senators coming to the assassins' aid. Both possibilities "are unlikely" due to Caesar's expansion of the senate and the low number of conspirators relative to the whole senate body. More likely is Dio's suggestion that a senate meeting would give the conspirators a tactical advantage as, by smuggling weapons, only the conspirators would be armed. 658:, one of the public priests in charge of supervising the calendar and maintaining Rome's peaceful relationship with the gods. It is likely that Caesar supported his election. Caesar had previously invited Brutus, after his quaestorship, to join him as a legate in Gaul, but Brutus declined, instead going with Appius Pulcher to Cilicia, possibly out of loyalty thereto. During the 50s, Brutus also was involved in some major trials, working alongside famous advocates like 6754: 2834:, is depicted as a young man torn between what he believes is right, and his loyalty to and love of a man who has been like a father to him. In the series, his personality and motives are somewhat inaccurate, as Brutus is portrayed as an unwilling participant in politics. In the earlier episodes, he is frequently inebriated and easily ruled by emotion. Brutus' relationship to Cato is not mentioned; his three sisters and wife, Porcia, are omitted. 2640: 1335: 1178:

young Caesar to withdraw. Cassius' troops fared poorly against Antony's men, forcing Cassius to withdraw to a hill. Two stories then follow: Appian reports that Cassius heard of Brutus' victory, and killed himself out of shame; but all other sources describe how one of Cassius' legates failed to relay the news of Brutus' victory, causing Cassius to believe that Brutus had been defeated, and leading to his suicide.

2607:, writing in the late 18th century, had negative views. Middleton believed Brutus' vacillations in correspondence with Cicero betrayed his claims to philosophical consistency. Gibbon conceived of Brutus' actions in terms of their results: the destruction of the republic, civil war, death, and future tyranny. More teleological views of Brutus' actions are viewed sceptically by historians today: 986:, started a plan to ambush Brutus and Cassius. Brutus, as urban praetor in charge of the city's courts, was able to get a special dispensation to leave the capital for more than 10 days, and he withdrew to one of his estates in Lanuvium, 20 miles south-east of Rome. This fake Marius, for his threats to the tyrannicides (and to Antony's political base), was executed by being thrown from the 1182:

defections among his troops and the possibility of Antony cutting his supply lines, Brutus joined battle after attempting for some time to continue the original strategy of starving the enemy out. The resulting second battle of Philippi was a head-to-head struggle in which the sources report few tactical manoeuvres but heavy casualties, especially among eminent republican families.

752:. Brutus' reasons for marrying Porcia are unclear, he may have been in love or it could have been a politically motivated marriage to position Brutus as heir to Cato's supporters, although Brutus still had good relations with Caesar at this point. Porcia did not get along with Brutus’ mother, Servilia, and Cicero stated that both were very open in their resentment for each other. 2450:, expressed that the act of the conspirators, including Brutus, was a moral duty. The main charge against him in the ancient world was that of ingratitude, viewing Brutus as ungrateful in taking Caesar's goodwill and support and then killing him. An even more negative historiographical tradition viewed Brutus and his compatriots as criminal murderers. Still, during the 1113:

campaign continued with less sacking but more coerced payments; the ancient tradition on this turn also is divided, with Appian seeing eastern willingness to surrender emerging from stories of Xanthus' destruction contra Cassius Dio and Plutarch viewing the later portions of the campaign as emblematic of Brutus' virtues of moderation, justice, and honour.

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senate; there was no longer any room for anyone to shape policy except by convincing Caesar; political success became a grant of Caesar's rather than something won competitively from the people. The Platonian philosophical tradition, of which Brutus was an active writer and thinker, also emphasised a duty to restore justice and to overthrow tyrants.

867:, an attack at the elections, or killing at a gladiator match – eventually, however, the conspiracy settled on a senate meeting on the Ides of March. The specific date carried symbolic importance, as consuls until the mid-2nd century BC had assumed their offices on that day (instead of early January). The reasons for choosing the Ides are unclear: 978:

public funeral. If the settlement had held, there would have been a general resumption of the republic: Decimus would go to Gaul that year and be confirmed as consul in 42, where he would then hold elections for 41. The people celebrated the reconciliation but some of the hard-core Caesarians were convinced that civil war would follow.

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serving as co-consul with Caesar – outside the senate house; Caesar was then stabbed to death almost immediately. The specific details of the assassination vary between authors: Nicolaus of Damascus reports some eighty conspirators, Appian only listed fifteen, the number of wounds on Caesar ranges from twenty-three to thirty-five.

1091:. The new consuls also lifted the senate's decrees against Lepidus and Antony, clearing the way for a general Caesarian rapprochement. Under that law, Decimus was killed in the west some time in autumn, defeating the republican cause in the west; by 27 November 43, the Caesarians had fully settled their differences and passed the 835:, also one of the praetors for that year and a former legate of Caesar's, also was involved in the formation of the conspiracy. Plutarch has Brutus approach Cassius at his wife's urging, while Appian and Dio have Cassius approaching Brutus (and in Dio, Cassius does so after opposing further honours for Caesar publicly). 858:, and others. There was a discussion late in the conspiracy as to whether Antony should be killed, which Brutus forcefully rejected: Plutarch says Brutus thought Antony could be turned to the tyrannicides; Appian says Brutus thought of the optics of purging the Caesarian elite rather than only removing a tyrant. 1194:: "O Zeus, do not forget who has caused all these woes". It is, however, unclear whether Brutus was referring to Antony, as claimed by Appian, or otherwise Octavian, as Kathryn Tempest believes. Also according to Plutarch, he praised his friends for not deserting him before encouraging them to save themselves. 811:

up to his ancestors. Dio reports this public support came from the people of Rome; Plutarch however has the graffiti created by elites to shame Brutus into action. Regardless of the specific impetus, modern historians believe that at least some portion of popular opinion had turned against Caesar by early 44.

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embellishments added by Livy, according to T P Wiseman. Contrary to what is reported by Plutarch, the assassins stayed in Rome for a few weeks after the funeral until April 44, indicating some support among the population for the tyrannicides. A person calling himself Marius, claiming he was a descendant of

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There are various different traditions describing the way in which Brutus arrived to the decision to assassinate Caesar. Plutarch, Appian, and Cassius Dio, all writing in the imperial period, focused on peer pressure and Brutus' perceived philosophical duty to his country and his family's reputation.

454:'s mistress. Some ancient sources refer to the possibility of Caesar being Brutus' real father, despite Caesar being only fifteen years old when Brutus was born. Ancient historians were sceptical of this possibility, and the theory is largely rejected by modern scholars as chronologically improbable. 2861:

features a small side story in the form of the "Scrolls of Romulus" written by Brutus, which reveals that Caesar was a Templar, and Brutus and the conspirators were members of the Roman Brotherhood of Assassins. At the end of the side quest, the player is able to get Brutus' armour and dagger. Later

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Dolabella switched sides in 43, killing Trebonius in Syria and raising an army against Cassius. Brutus decamped for Syria in early May, writing letters to Cicero criticising Cicero's policy to support Octavian against Antony; at the same time, the senate had declared Antony an enemy of the state. In

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The extent of Caesar's control over the political system also stymied the ambitions of many aristocrats of Brutus' generation: Caesar's dictatorship precluded many of the avenues for success which Romans recognised. The reduction of the senate to a rubber stamp ended political discussion in Caesar's

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By autumn 45, public opinion of Caesar was starting to sour: Plutarch, Appian, and Dio all reported graffiti glorifying Brutus' ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, panning Caesar's kingly ambitions, and derogatory comments made to Marcus Junius Brutus in Rome's open-air courts that he was failing to live

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also invalidated such contracts, Brutus also had his contract – officially his friends' contract – confirmed by the senate. One of Brutus' friends in whose name the debt was officially issued, Marcus Scaptius, was in Cilicia during Cicero's proconsulship using force to coerce repayment, which Cicero

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By early May, Brutus was considering exile. Octavian's arrival, along with the fake Marius, caused Antony to lose some of the support of his veterans, he responded by touring Campania – officially to settle Caesar's veterans – but actually to buttress military support. Dolabella at this time was on

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Caesar's funeral occurred on 20 March, with a rousing speech by Antony mourning the dictator and energising opposition against the tyrannicides. Various ancient sources report that the crowd set the senate house on fire and started a witch-hunt for the tyrannicides, but these may have been spurious

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After Caesar's death, Dio reports a series of prodigies and miraculous occurrences which are "self-evidently fantastic" and likely fictitious. Some of the supposed prodigies did in fact occur, but were actually unrelated to Caesar's death: Cicero's statue was knocked over but only in the next year,

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broke out in January 49 BC between Pompey and Caesar, Brutus faced a choice between one or the other. Pompey and his allies fled the city before Caesar's army arrived in March. Brutus decided to support his father's killer, Pompey; this choice may have had mostly to do with Brutus' closest allies –

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Following the first battle, Brutus assumed command of Cassius' army with the promise of a substantial cash reward. He also possibly promised his soldiers that he would allow them to plunder Thessalonica and Sparta after victory, as the cities had supported the triumvirs in the conflict. Fearful of

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In the ensuing first battle of Philippi, the start of the battle is unclear. Appian says Antony attacked Cassius whereas Plutarch reports battle was joined more-or-less simultaneously. Brutus' forces defeated Octavian's troops on the republican right flank, sacking Octavian's camp and forcing the

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When news of the triumvirate and their proscriptions reached Brutus in the east, he marched across the Hellespont into Macedonia to quell rebellion and conquered a number of cities in Thrace. After meeting Cassius in Smyrna in January 42, both generals also went on a campaign through southern Asia

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The loan to Salamis was more complex: officially, the loan was made by two of Brutus' friends, who requested repayment at 48 per cent per annum, which was far in excess of Cicero's previously imposed interest cap of 12 per cent. The loan dated back to 56, shortly after Brutus returned to Rome from

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in the late 19th century "cast a damning verdict on Brutus" by ending with Caesar's reforms in 46 BC, along with advancing a view that Caesar "had some sort of solution to the problem of how to deal with Rome's growing empire" (of which there is no surviving description). Similarly, views of

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and also was the only consul at Rome; Antony's brother Lucius Antonius helped Octavian to announce publicly that he was to fulfil the conditions of Caesar's will, handing an enormous amount of wealth to the citizenry. Brutus also wrote a number of speeches disseminated to the public defending his

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Cicero urged the tyrannicides to call a meeting of the senate to gather its support; but instead Brutus sent a delegation to the Caesarians, asking for a negotiated settlement. This may have been due to family connections: Lepidus was married to one of Brutus' sisters; or perhaps Brutus believed

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also had a substantial financial advantage, paying their soldiers in advance of the battle with 1,500 denarii a man and more for officers. Antony moved quickly to force an engagement immediately, building a causeway under cover of darkness into the swamps that anchored the republican left flank;

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By mid-May, Antony started on designs against Decimus Brutus' governorship in Cisalpine Gaul. He bypassed the senate and took the matter to the popular assemblies in June and enacted the reassignment of the Gallic province by law. At the same time, he proposed reassigning Brutus and Cassius from

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in 49, Brutus' views are mostly unknown. While he did oppose Pompey until 52, Brutus may have simply taken a tactical silence. Cicero's letters also indicate that Brutus may have been courted by Caesar – who is said to have spoken about avenging the death of Brutus' father – in the run-up to the

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enslaving their populations and plundering their wealth. Other ancient historians, including Plutarch, take a more apologetic tone, having Brutus regret with tears the violence done; this was common ancient literary device to excuse and praise morally condemnable actions, such as pillaging. The

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Cicero acted as an honest broker and hammered out a compromise solution: general amnesty for the assassins, ratification of Caesar's acts and appointments for the next two years, and guarantees to Caesar's veterans that they would receive their promised land grants. Caesar also was to receive a

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The ancient sources embellish the Ides with omens ignored, soothsayers spurned, and notes to Caesar spilling the conspiracy unread, all contributing to the dramatic and tragic propagandic stories of Caesar's death. The specific implementation of the conspiracy had Trebonius detain Antony – then

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Cicero's policy of attempting to unify Octavian with the senate against Antony and Lepidus started to fail in May; he requested Brutus to take his forces and march to his aid in Italy in mid-June. It seems that Brutus and Cassius in the east had substantial communications delays and failed to

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The senate assigned Brutus to Crete (and Cassius to Cyrene) in early August, both small and insignificant provinces with few troops. Later in the month, Brutus left Italy for the east. He was acclaimed in Greece by the younger Romans there and recruited many supporters from the young Roman

2965:"that as proconsul Quintus Caepio Brutus shall protect, defend, guard, and keep safe Macedonia, Illyricum, and the whole of Greece; that he will command the army which he himself has established and raised... and see to it that, together with his army, he be as close as possible to Italy". 481:

in 58. According to Plutarch, Brutus was instrumental in assisting the administration of the province (specifically by converting treasure of the former king of the island into usable money); his role in administering the province, however, has "almost certainly been exaggerated".

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late May, Lepidus (married to Brutus' half-sister) – possibly forced by his own troops – joined Antony against Cicero, Octavian, and the senate, leading Brutus to write to Cicero asking him to protect both his own and Lepidus' family. The next month, Brutus' wife Porcia died.

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aristocrats being educated in Athens. He discussed with the governor of Macedonia handing the province over to him; while Antony in Rome allocated the province to his brother Gaius, Brutus travelled north with an army to Macedonia, buoyed by funds collected by two outgoing

2429:, mentions that Brutus' enemies respected him, recounting that Antony once said that "Brutus was the only man to have slain Caesar because he was driven by the splendour and nobility of the deed, while the rest conspired against the man because they hated and envied him". 629:(On the Dictatorship of Pompey), opposing demands for Pompey to be made dictator, writing "it is better to rule no one than to be another man's slave, for one can live honourably without power but to live as a slave is impossible". He was in this episode more radical than 2552:

Renaissance writers, however, tended to view him more positively, as Brutus' assassination of Caesar symbolised ancient republican ideology. Various men in the renaissance and early modern periods were called or adopted the name Brutus: In 1537, the "Florentine Brutus",

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stopped; Cicero, not seeking to endanger his friendship with Brutus, but also disappointed and angry at Brutus' mischaracterisation of the loan and the exorbitant interest rate attached, was persuaded by Scaptius to defer a decision on the loan to the next governor.

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had positioned themselves west of Neapolis with clear lines of communication back to their supplies in the east. Octavian and Antony, leading the Caesarian forces, were not so lucky, as their supply lines were harassed by the superior republican fleets, leading the

651:, in which he connected Milo's killing of Clodius explicitly to the welfare of the state and possibly also criticising what he saw as Pompey's abuses of power. This speech or pamphlet was very well received and positively viewed by later teachers of rhetoric. 818:

in late January 44 for removing a crown from one of his statues; this attack on the tribunes undermined one of his main arguments – defending the rights of the tribunes – for going to civil war in 49. In February 44, Caesar thrice rejected a crown from

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Immediately after Caesar's death, senators fled the chaos. None attempted to aid Caesar or to move his body. Cicero reported that Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of Pompey. His body was only moved after night fell, carried home to Caesar's wife

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also initially agreed with Cicero’s defense of Brutus. However, he later changed his beliefs, expressing that while tyrants should be overthrown under certain circumstances, mild tyrants ought to be tolerated out of possible unintended consequences.

2473:, writing with the support of the imperial regime, believed Brutus' memory suffered from "irreversible curses". During this time, "admiration of Brutus and Cassius was more sinisterly interpreted as a cry of protest against the imperial system". The 590:

in the next year. While in Cilicia, he spent some time as a money-lender, which was discovered two years later when Cicero was appointed proconsul between 51 and 50 BC. Brutus asked Cicero to help collect two debts which Brutus had made: one to

917:, moved a legion of troops from the Tiber Island into the city and surrounded the forum. Suetonius reports that Brutus and Cassius initially planned to seize Caesar's property and revoke his decrees, but stalled out of fear of Lepidus and Antony. 1077:

recognise that Antony had not been defeated, contra earlier assurances after Mutina. Over the next few months from June to 19 August, Octavian marched on Rome and forced his election as consul. Shortly afterwards, Octavian and his colleague,

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In the ancient world, Brutus' legacy was a topic of substantial debate. Starting from his own times and shortly after his death, he was already viewed as having killed Caesar for virtuous reasons rather than envy or hatred. For example,

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as a member of a conspiracy plotting to assassinate Pompey in the forum. Vettius was detained for admitting possession of a weapon within the city, and quickly changed this story the next day, dropping Brutus' name from his accusations.

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and is invited by a sorcerer to visit with several historical figures brought back from the dead. Among them, Caesar and Brutus are evoked, and Caesar confesses that all his glory doesn't equal the glory Brutus gained by murdering

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After the defeat, Brutus fled into the nearby hills with about four legions. Knowing his army had been defeated and that he would be captured, he took his own life by falling on his sword. Among his last words were, according to

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While Caesar followed Pompey to Alexandria in 48–47, Brutus worked to effect a reconciliation between various Pompeians and Caesar. He arrived back in Rome in December 47. Caesar appointed Brutus as governor (likely as

294:, who was responsible for Brutus' father's death. He also was close to Caesar. However, Caesar's attempts to evade accountability in the law courts put him at greater odds with his opponents in the Roman elite and the 1197:

Some sources report that Antony, upon discovering Brutus' body, as a show of great respect, ordered it to be wrapped in Antony's most expensive purple mantle and cremated, with the ashes to be sent to Brutus' mother,

2982:"Evidently there was little understanding in the east of the effect of Lepidus' defection and the potential crisis awaiting Rome; likewise, in the west, the problem of Dolabella was remote and incomprehensible". 830:

Cicero also wrote letters asking Brutus to reconsider his association with Caesar. Cassius Dio claims that Brutus' wife Porcia spurred Brutus' conspiracy, but evidence is unclear as to the extent of her influence.

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were soon to assume control of vast provincial holdings in the east which would provide them, within the year, with large armies and resources. Seeing that the military situation was initially problematic, the

2738:, whom Brutus deeply loved so that she could be married instead to Pompey the Great. However, Brutus enjoys Caesar's favor after he receives a pardon for fighting with Republican forces against Caesar at the 2488:, "the oral and written tradition had been worked over to create a streamlined, and largely positive, narrative of Brutus' motives". Some high imperial writers also admired his rhetorical skills, especially 351:

His name has become a synonym and byword for "betrayal" or "traitor" in most languages of Europe. His condemnation for betrayal of Caesar, his friend and benefactor, is perhaps rivalled only by the name of

411:, the last Roman king, and was afterward one of the two first consuls of the new Roman Republic in 509 BC, taking the opportunity also to have the people swear an oath never to have another king in Rome. 964:

The initial plan from Brutus and Cassius seems to have been to establish a period of calm and then to work towards a general reconciliation. While the Caesarians had troops near the capital at hand, the

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it was illegal for Romans to lend to provincials in the capital, but Brutus was able to find "friends" to loan this money on his behalf, which was approved under his influence in the senate. Because the

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Brutus are also bound up with assessment of the republic: those who believe the republic was not worth saving or in an inevitable decline, views perhaps coloured by hindsight, view him more negatively.

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In January 43, Brutus entered Macedonia with his army, and took Antony's brother Gaius captive. At the same time, the political situation in Rome turned against Antony, as Cicero was delivering his

748:, Cato's daughter, late in the same month. According to Cicero the marriage caused a semi-scandal as Brutus failed to state a valid reason for his divorce from Claudia other than he wished to marry 2469:; in fact, the atmosphere became more intolerant. The historian Cremutius Cordus was charged with treason for having written a history too friendly to Brutus and Cassius. Around the same time, 461:; he was therefore known officially as Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus, though he hardly used his legal name. In 59, when Caesar was consul, Brutus also was implicated by Lucius Vettius in the 1202:. Suetonius, however, reports that Octavian had Brutus' head cut off and planned to have it displayed before a statue of Caesar until it was thrown overboard during a storm in the Adriatic. 940:, who was to become consul in a few days on the 18th, decided immediately to assume the consulship illegally, expressed his support of Brutus and Cassius before the people, and joined the 1061:. Over the next few months, Brutus spent his time in Greece building strength. In Italy, the senate at Cicero's urging fought against Antony at the battle of Mutina, where both consuls ( 1238:

49 BC: The Civil War begins in January. Brutus joins the Pompeian party against Caesar, serving as legate to Publius Sestius in Cilicia, then joining Pompey in Greece late in the year.

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As a result of his father's proscription, Brutus could not start a political career. Around 59, Brutus lifted this restriction by being posthumously adopted by one of his relatives,

366:. He also has been praised in various narratives, both ancient and modern, as a virtuous and committed republican who fought – however futilely – for freedom and against tyranny. 633:, who supported Pompey's elevation as sole consul for 52, saying "any government at all is better than no government". Soon after Pompey was made sole consul, Pompey passed the 2734:, Brutus is portrayed as a timid intellectual whose relationship with Caesar is deeply complex. He resents Caesar for breaking his marriage arrangement with Caesar's daughter, 974:

decided then to ratify Caesar's decrees so that they could hold on to their magistracies and provincial assignments to protect themselves and rebuild the republican front.

666:. In 50, he – with Pompey and Hortensius – played a significant role in defending Brutus' father-in-law Appius Claudius from charges of treason and electoral malpractice. 2597:

in 1787 were written under the pseudonym "Brutus". Similar anti-federalist letters and pamphlets were written by other Roman republican names such as Cato and Poplicola.

6355: 1069:) were killed. During this time, the republicans enjoyed the support of the senate, which confirmed Brutus and Cassius' commands in Macedonia and Syria, respectively. 2496:, with the latter writing, "in my opinion, Brutus alone among them laid bare the convictions of his heart frankly and ingeniously, with neither ill-will nor spite". 1284:

42 BC: Brutus campaigns successfully in southern Asia minor in January. In September and October his forces are defeated by the triumvirs, and he commits suicide.

1190:, "By all means must we fly, but with our hands, not our feet". Brutus reportedly also uttered the well-known verse calling down a curse quoted from Euripides' 6806: 5425: 1143: 1169:

Octavian and Antony had some 95,000 infantry with 13,000 horsemen, while Brutus and Cassius had some 85,000 infantry and 20,000 cavalry. Flush with cash, the

534:. Moneyers in Brutus' day frequently issued coins commemorating their ancestors; Pompeius Rufus thus put the portraits of his two grandfathers (the dictator 3016:

Leg., Lieut. ? Gall. Cisalp. 46–45 (early), Pr. Urb. 44, Cur. annon. 44, Procos. Crete 44, Procos. (with imperium maius) Macedonia and the East 43–42".

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By the end of the campaign in Asia minor, both Brutus and Cassius were tremendously rich. They reconvened at Sardis and marched into Thrace in August 42.

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Appius Claudius, Cato, Cicero, etc. – also all joining Pompey. He did not, however, immediately join Pompey, instead travelling to Cilicia as legate for

2541:. Dante's views gave a further theological bent as well: by killing Caesar, Brutus "was resisting God's 'historical design'": the development of the 3280: 6816: 1599: 936:

and the tribunes Caesar had recently deposed. The support of the people was tepid, even though other speeches followed supporting the tyrannicide.

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After Caesar's last battle against the republican remnant in March 45, Brutus divorced his wife Claudia in June and promptly remarried his cousin

562:, the goddess of liberty, and Lucius Brutus. These coins show Brutus' admiration for the tyrannicides of the early republic, already mentioned by 6856: 5316:

Both writers emphasize that Caesar symbolizes the universal monarch and Brutus and Cassius represent the assassins of the true universal emperor.

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Brutus' depiction among certain authors, like Appian, suffered considerably from this eastern campaign, in which Brutus marched into cities like

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Balbo, Andrea (2013). "Marcus Junius Brutus the orator: between philosophy and rhetoric". In Steel, Catherine; van der Blom, Henriette (eds.).

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in which he is the main antagonist. The character appears in the first three live Asterix film adaptations – though briefly in the first two –

2868:, Brutus and Cassius make an appearance as Aya's earliest recruits and is the one who give the killing blow to Caesar, though his armour from 2481:, argued that since Caesar was a good king, Brutus' fear was unfounded, and that he did not think through the consequences of Caesar's death. 1987: 726: 3389: 1313: 948:

that Antony could be won over. The Caesarians delayed for a day, moving troops and gathering weapons and supplies for a possible conflict.

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Brutus' historical character has undergone numerous revisions and remains divisive. Dominant views of Brutus vary by time and geography.

2558: 1614: 1154: 937: 554:, both of whom were widely recognised in the late Republic as defenders of liberty (for, respectively, expelling the kings and killing 531: 1894: 1199: 990:

in mid- or late April. Dolabella, the other consul, acting on his own initiative, took down an altar and column dedicated to Caesar.

313:(liberators) plotted to assassinate him. Brutus took a leading role in the assassination, which was carried out successfully on the 2827: 999:

actions, emphasising how Caesar had invaded Rome, killed prominent citizens, and suppressed the popular sovereignty of the people.

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With Caesar's increasingly monarchical and autocratic behaviour after the civil war, several senators who later called themselves

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as a postscript. As dramatic death quotes were a staple of Roman literature, the historicity of the quote is unclear. The use of

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Plutarch reports that Caesar yielded to the attack after seeing Brutus' participation; Dio reported that Caesar shouted in Greek

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Regardless of how the conspiracy was initially formed, Brutus and Cassius, along with Brutus' cousin and close ally of Caesar's,

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led by Brutus and Cassius. The Caesarians decisively defeated the outnumbered armies of Brutus and Cassius at the two battles at

6134: 5702: 890: 579: 431: 586:(and automatically enrolled in the senate) in 53. Brutus then travelled with his father-in-law to Cilicia during the latter's 566:

as early as 59 BC. In addition, Brutus' denarii and their message against tyranny participated in the propaganda against

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Cassius, commanding the republican left, countered with a wall to cut off Antony from his men and to defend his own flank.

415: 207: 2462:, which included statues of various republican heroes, omitted men such as Cato the Younger, Cicero, Brutus, and Cassius. 6811: 6171: 6016: 3012:, p. 576. "M. Iunius Brutus ... (53) Monetal. ca. 60 ... Q. 53 (Cilicia), Leg., Lieut. 49, 48 ?, Propr. ? 2799: 2303: 599:. Brutus' loan to Ariobarzanes was bundled with a loan also made by Pompey and both received some repayment on the debt. 784: 6846: 5730: 3409: 2917:

has Brutus aged 36 at death. Velleius's date would make Brutus too young to hold the offices he is known to have held.

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Brutus also was promised the prestigious urban praetorship for 44 BC and possibly earmarked for the consulship in 41.

6474: 5887: 5516: 3337: 2687: 1382: 789: 508: 492: 2669: 1364: 6836: 2857: 2567:(Defences against tyrants) was published in 1579 under the pseudonym Stephanus Junius Brutus; the "British Brutus" 1306: 1101:

and instituting a series of brutal proscriptions. The proscriptions claimed many lives, including that of Cicero.

6801: 6796: 5445: 3715:, pp. 455, 456, 734, also mentioning other moneyers minting coins for and against Pompey in the 50s BC. 1879: 1731: 1622: 1066: 404: 173: 6639: 6161: 5545: 2665: 1497: 1490: 1360: 1270: 764: 592: 268: 136: 6781: 6295: 5556: 2934:. Cicero's time as governor overlaps with the death of Ariobarzanes II and the accession of Ariobarzanes III. 2931: 1504: 843: 893:, a friend of Caesar's, as saying that the dictator fell in silence, with the possibility that Caesar spoke 530:, one of the three men appointed annually for producing coins, even though only another colleague is known: 6861: 6430: 3603:, p. 37, citing Cicero's allegation of a "nocturnal intervention" altering Vettius' testimony at Cic. 2813: 2789: 336:

retroactively making Brutus and the other conspirators murderers. This led to a second civil war, in which

321:

and the Caesarians, an amnesty was granted to the assassins while Caesar's acts were upheld for two years.

469:

Brutus' first appearance in public life was as an assistant to Cato, when the latter was appointed by the

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use him as a figurehead because of his family connections to the founder of the Republic. He appears in

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promoted their support of democracy and liberty and told the people not to expect harm; Appian says the

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Views of Brutus as a symbol of republicanism have remained through the modern period. For example, the

1278: 906: 687: 408: 91: 2432:

Even when he was still alive, Brutus' literary output, especially the pamphlets of 52 BC against

6664: 6577: 6516: 6179: 5927: 5818: 5804: 2764: 2563: 2611:, for example, pointed out "to judge Brutus because he failed is simply to judge from the results". 6841: 6582: 6511: 6207: 5563:. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 6. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Harvard University Press. 2650: 1345: 1022: 298:. Brutus eventually came to oppose Caesar and sided with Pompey against Caesar's forces during the 3449:, p. 102, noting the "almost universally accepted" treatment rejecting Caesar's parentage at 2454:, historians were said to have written about Brutus and the other conspirators respectfully. Even 956:

in Sicily did erupt but not contemporaneously, a comet was seen in the sky but only months later.

901:, however, indicates the possibility of a curse, per classicists James Russell and Jeffrey Tatum. 794: 5851: 5829: 2848: 2752: 2654: 2554: 1994: 1349: 1148: 851: 827:, which in Latin translated either to dictator for life or as dictator for an undetermined term. 749: 745: 691: 622: 474: 427: 194: 31: 6759: 6692: 6443: 6409: 6372: 6097: 6025: 5860: 5723: 2743: 2594: 2025: 1607: 1087:

making the murder of a dictator retroactively illegal, and convicting Brutus and the assassins

832: 325: 17: 5615: 3401: 2444:) coloured him as philosophically consistent, and motivated only by principle. Cicero, in his 546:. Brutus, like his colleague, designed a denarius with the portraits of his paternal ancestor 6791: 6786: 6272: 6222: 6149: 5606:

Badian, Ernst (2012). "Iunius Brutus (2), Marcus". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.).

2843: 2709: 2572: 698: 670: 551: 501: 299: 374: 6821: 6262: 6242: 6154: 2585:, which depicted him "more of a troubled soul than a public symbol... often sympathetic". 2581: 2401: 868: 547: 497: 419: 400: 385: 2808: 769: 8: 6300: 6285: 6227: 6217: 6212: 5809: 3290: 2914: 2811:: he is a central character to the film, even though he was not depicted in the original 2739: 2576: 846:, started to recruit to the conspiracy in late February 44. They recruited men including 710: 303: 5535: 2465:

The divisive views of Brutus in the early Principate had little changed by the reign of

6831: 6537: 6280: 6252: 6232: 6202: 6197: 6046: 3539: 3497: 2910: 2731: 2478: 1125: 1098: 1031: 777: 663: 526: 443: 345: 56: 5645: 2575:. Brutus was also present in the arts during the early modern period, particularly in 2451: 6682: 6532: 6391: 6337: 6327: 6139: 6003: 5986: 5968: 5769: 5716: 5664: 5629: 5619: 5583: 5564: 5541: 5522: 5512: 5485: 5464: 5431: 5375: 5365: 5305: 5278: 3531: 3489: 3405: 3343: 3333: 3294: 2770: 2758: 2600: 2505: 2489: 2459: 815: 730: 638: 380: 3352:

Pompey killed Marcus Junius Brutus, a rebel legate in northern Italy, in 77 BC.

6677: 6467: 6332: 6290: 6257: 6056: 5945: 5878: 5825: 5611: 5504: 3397: 3286: 2822: 2470: 1709: 630: 447: 225: 2840:' song "B is for Brutus" contains titular and lyrical references to Junius Brutus. 1235:

52 BC: Opposes Pompey and defends Milo after the death of Publius Clodius Pulcher.

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Before Lepidus' troops arrived to the forum, Brutus spoke before the people in a

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in which he reflected positively both on Cato's life while highlighting Caesar's

703: 596: 582:'s daughter Claudia, likely in 54 during Pulcher's consulship. He was elected as 555: 362: 357: 267:

85 BC – 23 October 42 BC) was a Roman politician, orator, and the most famous of

3332:. Translated by Walker, Henry J. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. p. 205. 709:

It is not known whether Brutus fought in the ensuing battles at Dyrrhachium and

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Empire and memory: the representation of the Roman republic in imperial culture

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on 6 April 46, Brutus was one of Cato's eulogisers writing a pamphlet entitled

462: 353: 259: 150: 3461:(in German). Vol. II A, 2. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 1817–21 – via 6775: 6120: 6041: 5999: 5813: 5668: 5656: 5633: 5526: 5508: 5379: 3535: 3493: 2604: 2340: 2107: 1139: 1062: 987: 933: 451: 332:– Caesar's adopted son – made himself consul and, with his colleague, passed 314: 272: 5568: 3347: 2817:

comic book. He is implied in that film to be Julius Caesar's biological son.

2512:, emulated Cicero’s beliefs by defending tyrannicide as a moral obligation. 603:

Cyprus. Salamis had sent a delegation asking to borrow money, but under the

6542: 6061: 6021: 5972: 5954: 2717: 2546: 2542: 2018: 1036: 983: 470: 295: 5692: 5359: 4321:, p. 261 n. 1 the various ancient accounts: Nic. Dam., 58–106; Plut. 3959: 3425: 3279:

Treggiari, Susan (2019). "Adolescence and Marriage to Brutus (c. 88–78)".

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in 48, after which Brutus surrendered to Caesar, who granted him amnesty.

283:, which was retained as his legal name. He is often referred to simply as 6718: 6501: 6437: 6189: 6144: 6051: 5932: 5869: 5864: 5641: 3327: 2608: 2446: 2396: 2009: 1027: 337: 6713: 6547: 6379: 5800: 3543: 3519: 3462: 3329:

Memorable deeds and sayings : one thousand tales from ancient Rome

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himself was alleged to tolerate positive views of Brutus. However, the

1058: 643: 396: 3691:, pp. 456, 734. Quintus Pompeius Rufus was a supporter of Pompey. 3501: 3477: 2962:

Cicero made the proposal, "referring to Brutus by his official name",

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The Caesarians also marched into Greece, evading the naval patrols of

6723: 6687: 6608: 5923: 5842: 2837: 2747: 1252:, before defeating the remnants of the Pompeians at Thapsus in April. 1093: 1083: 863: 587: 333: 324:

Popular unrest forced Brutus and his brother-in-law, fellow assassin

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Community and communication: oratory and politics in republican Rome

5274:

The Brutus revival: parricide and tyrannicide during the Renaissance

2639: 1334: 328:, to leave Rome in April 44. After a complex political realignment, 6613: 6572: 6416: 6247: 6012: 5918: 5905: 5896: 5891: 5740: 2474: 2466: 2455: 2420: 1225: 1187: 583: 559: 543: 513: 393: 329: 87: 3554: 30:"Brutus" redirects here. For other people with the same name, see 5995: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5941: 5762: 3453: 2804: 2778: 2493: 1426: 1411: 1229: 1109: 953: 158: 102: 6089: 50: 5950: 5873: 5855: 2900: 2706: 2433: 2198: 1701: 1274: 1242: 1215: 722: 659: 567: 563: 517: 478: 435: 291: 5696: 2803:. In the latter film, he is portrayed as a comical villain by 2626:

There remains little consensus on Brutus' actions as a whole.

1241:

48 BC: Pompey is defeated at Pharsalus on 9 August; Brutus is

932:

merely congratulated each other and recommended the recall of

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for his betrayal of Caesar, where he (along with Cassius and

2202: 889:("You too, child?"). Suetonius' account, however, also cites 535: 496:

Denarius minted by Brutus, 54 BC, with the portraits of

423: 237: 1221:

54 BC: Marries Claudia, daughter of Appius Claudius Pulcher.

512:

Denarius of Brutus, 44 BC, depicting the personification of

5837: 5452:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. 5134: 5083: 4902: 4890: 4791: 4749: 4694: 4634: 4574: 4547: 4535: 4511: 2530: 1211:

85 BC: Brutus is born to Marcus Junius Brutus and Servilia.

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In 52, in the aftermath of the death of his uncle-in-law,

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in October 42. After the defeat Brutus took his own life.

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But by the time that Plutarch was actually writing his

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Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

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Brutus and his companions after the battle of Philippi

5209: 5197: 5173: 5158: 5122: 4253: 4241: 4205: 4193: 4154: 4139: 4124: 4112: 4097: 4055: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3989: 3974: 3944: 3929: 3901: 3861: 3821: 3806: 3779: 3762: 3750: 3694: 3610: 3582: 3369: 3357: 3114: 3085: 3058: 625:(brother of his wife's father), he wrote a pamphlet, 246: 4343: 3833: 3043: 2943:

The speech Brutus wrote for Milo is also called the

2909:, 324 says he was born ten years after the debut of 2571:

was executed in 1683 for allegedly plotting against

1214:

58 BC: Serves as assistant to Cato, the governor of

1105:

minor sacking cities which had aided their enemies.

570:

and his ambitions to rule alone or become dictator.

240: 234: 231: 5460:

The Noblest Roman: Marcus Brutus and His Reputation

3019: 1034:minted by Brutus in 43–42 BC. The daggers and 647:. Brutus also wrote for Milo, writing (a now lost) 228: 5301:Commentary and ideology: Dante in the Renaissance 3482:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 2499: 823:to cheering crowds, but later accepted the title 758: 706:before joining Pompey in winter 49 or spring 48. 595:, the king of Cappadocia, and one to the town of 392:Marcus Junius Brutus belonged to the illustrious 317:(15 March) of 44 BC. In a settlement between the 6773: 3325: 2777:Brutus is an occasional supporting character in 2561:allegedly to free Florence; the French pamphlet 924:. The text of that speech is lost. Dio says the 430:. He later served as legate in the rebellion of 861:Various plans were proposed – an ambush on the 729:. After Cato's suicide following defeat at the 5358:Dry, Murray; Storing, Herbert J, eds. (1985). 2846:song "Even You Brutus?" from their 2011 album 2529:notably placed Brutus in the lowest circle of 290:Early in his political career, Brutus opposed 27:Roman politician and assassin of Julius Caesar 6807:Ancient Roman politicians who died by suicide 6105: 5724: 5304:. Duke University Press. pp. 65, 82–83. 3452: 2852:makes reference to Brutus and Judas Iscariot. 2549:and the Christianised monarchies of his day. 1307: 1040:celebrate the assassination of Julius Caesar. 1007:started to prepare in earnest for civil war. 5540:(in French). Rome: Ecole française de Rome. 3858:, p. 254 dates elevation to 51 BC. 5697:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 5657:"Review of 'Brutus: the noble conspirator'" 5270: 3285:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–87. 2944: 2668:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1363:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1273:on the ides of March. He leaves Italy for 1044: 156: 6112: 6098: 5731: 5717: 5357: 2389:And say to all the world "This was a man!" 2386:So mix'd in him that Nature might stand up 2374:Did that they did in envy of great Caesar; 1314: 1300: 1248:46 BC: Caesar appoints Brutus governor of 49: 5610:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press. 5537:Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine 5444: 3855: 3732: 3524:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3506:Chronology is against Caesar's paternity. 3278: 3266: 3009: 2688:Learn how and when to remove this message 2380:And common good to all, made one of them. 1383:Learn how and when to remove this message 1218:, helping him start his political career. 1010: 654:In the late 50s, Brutus was elected as a 5705:on Livius.org (archived 6 December 2013) 5675: 5477: 5364:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4664: 3712: 3688: 3652: 1129: 1026: 783: 768: 681: 641:, for which Cicero would write a speech 558:). He also made a second type featuring 507: 491: 384:, supposedly depicting Brutus' ancestor 373: 6817:Children of Servilia (mother of Brutus) 6356:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire 5616:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3440 5575: 5554: 5407: 5392: 5345: 5330: 5266: 5242: 5230: 5167: 5152: 5140: 5116: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4973: 4961: 4949: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4770: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4652: 4640: 4628: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4505: 4490: 4478: 4463: 4448: 4431: 4419: 4404: 4389: 4377: 4361: 4349: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4148: 4133: 4118: 4106: 4066: 4036: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3983: 3965: 3953: 3938: 3919: 3907: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3851: 3827: 3815: 3800: 3788: 3773: 3756: 3744: 3735:, p. 229 (dating of quaestorship). 3724: 3700: 3676: 3664: 3632: 3628: 3616: 3600: 3588: 3572: 3446: 3431: 3402:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5854 3375: 3363: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3185: 3173: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3079: 3067: 3052: 3037: 2983: 2969: 2918: 2742:. In the lead-up to the Ides of March, 2368:This was the noblest Roman of them all: 913:; Caesar's deputy in the dictatorship, 721:) for Cisalpine Gaul while he left for 616: 403:, who played a pivotal role during the 302:(49–45 BC). Pompey was defeated at the 14: 6857:Suicides by sharp instrument in Greece 6774: 5605: 5533: 5498: 5456: 5297: 5254: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5128: 4078: 3560: 3387: 3313: 1232:, where his father-in-law is governor. 686:Marble bust, so-called Brutus, at the 669:In the political crisis running up to 422:in 83 BC, but he was targeted by 6093: 5738: 5712: 5450:The magistrates of the Roman republic 5423: 3839: 3025: 2950: 2629: 2383:His life was gentle, and the elements 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2209: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2024: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1956: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1910: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1805: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1708: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1560: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 677: 485: 258: 6673:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar 5678:The policy of Brutus the tyrannicide 5654: 5640: 5571:– via Perseus Digital Library. 3517: 3475: 3450: 2666:adding citations to reliable sources 2633: 2504:In the 12th century, English writer 2377:He only, in a general honest thought 1361:adding citations to reliable sources 1328: 909:. The conspirators travelled to the 5361:The anti-Federalist: an abridgement 3478:"Bastards in the Roman Aristocracy" 1255:45 BC: Caesar appoints him praetor 388:, who expelled the kings from Rome. 24: 5598: 3291:10.1093/oso/9780198829348.003.0004 2115:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir) 1277:in late August, thence travels to 1166:to adopt a strategy of attrition. 25: 6873: 6475:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus 6119: 5686: 5582:. London: Yale University Press. 5478:Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). 3731:, 3.4.2 (relation to Appius) and 2872:does not make an appearance here. 2371:All the conspirators save only he 399:. Its semi-legendary founder was 260:[ˈmaːrkʊsjuːniʊsˈbruːtʊs] 59:, issued shortly before his death 6753: 6752: 5446:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 5351: 5291: 5260: 4340:, 2.106–147; Cass. Dio, 44.9–19. 3548:Caesar is excluded by plain fact 3388:Flower, Harriet (7 March 2016). 2976: 2956: 2638: 2413: 1333: 874: 524:In 54 BC, Brutus served as 224: 5608:The Oxford classical dictionary 5457:Clarke, Martin Lowther (1981). 4355: 4308: 4084: 4042: 3913: 3885: 3854:, p. 53, noting also that 3845: 3718: 3706: 3682: 3622: 3594: 3566: 3511: 3469: 3440: 3381: 3319: 3272: 2937: 2924: 2588: 2423:, in his "Life of Brutus" from 1732:Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus 356:, with whom he is portrayed in 281:Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus 120:Quintus Servilius Caepio Brutus 5503:. Cambridge University Press. 5484:. Cambridge University Press. 5271:Piccolomini, Manfredi (1991). 3894:, pp. 53–54, citing Cic. 3003: 2894: 2500:Medieval and Renaissance views 1498:Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus 1491:Marcus Porcius Cato Salonianus 765:Assassination of Julius Caesar 759:Assassination of Julius Caesar 516:and Lucius Junius Brutus with 137:Assassination of Julius Caesar 128:Politician, orator and general 13: 1: 5579:Brutus: the noble conspirator 2992: 2858:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood 1262:44 BC: Caesar takes title of 1205: 959: 805: 369: 264: 82:23 October 42 BC (aged 42/43) 68: 6630:Gaius Julius Caesar (father) 6431:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 5463:. Cornell University Press. 4364:, p. 101, citing Suet. 3563:, pp. 185–186, 361–362. 2997: 2946:exercitatio Bruti pro Milone 2814:Asterix at the Olympic Games 2800:Asterix at the Olympic Games 2790:Asterix and Obelix vs Caesar 2537:) is personally tortured by 7: 6424:Commentarii de Bello Civili 5430:. Oxford University Press. 3394:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2876: 1155:Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus 1119: 938:Publius Cornelius Dolabella 446:who was the half-sister of 10: 6878: 6812:Assassins of Julius Caesar 5777:On the Malice of Herodotus 5661:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 5650:. Oxford University Press. 5416: 4317:, pp. 3–4, citing at 3922:, p. 60, citing Cic. 3727:, p. 43, citing Cic. 3575:, p. 25, citing Cic. 2440:) and in support of Milo ( 1123: 1020: 762: 688:Palazzo Massimo alle Terme 573: 29: 6847:Roman Republican praetors 6747: 6706: 6657: 6622: 6596: 6565: 6556: 6525: 6489: 6452: 6401: 6364: 6271: 6188: 6170: 6127: 6070: 6034: 5793: 5747: 5576:Tempest, Kathryn (2017). 5534:Hinard, François (1985). 3326:Valerius Maximus (2004). 2716:arrives at the island of 2564:Vindiciae contra tyrannos 2557:, killed his cousin Duke 2359: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2207: 2162: 2160: 2111: 2070: 2068: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2015: 2013: 1998: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1813: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1765: 1761: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1684: 1682: 1670: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1611: 1604: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1528: 1526: 1469: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1423: 1416: 1288: 473:acting at the bequest of 275:. After being adopted by 203: 183: 142: 132: 124: 116: 108: 98: 77: 64: 48: 41: 6512:Temple of Venus Genetrix 5655:Volk, Katharina (2018). 5509:10.1017/CBO9780511610592 5499:Gowing, Alain M (2005). 5481:Roman republican coinage 5298:Parker, Deborah (1993). 2888: 2865:Assassin's Creed Origins 1615:Quintus Servilius Caepio 1054:at the end of the year. 1045:Preparations in the East 459:Quintus Servilius Caepio 340:and Octavian fought the 6837:Roman consuls designate 6035:Translators and editors 5676:Wistrand, Erik (1981). 3282:Servilia and her Family 2304:Manius Aemilius Lepidus 1895:Gnaeus Servilius Caepio 1266:. Brutus and the other 915:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 891:Lucius Cornelius Balbus 856:Servius Sulpicius Galba 852:Publius Servilius Casca 725:in pursuit of Cato and 692:National Museum of Rome 623:Publius Clodius Pulcher 580:Appius Claudius Pulcher 475:Publius Clodius Pulcher 432:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 32:Brutus (disambiguation) 6802:Ancient Roman generals 6797:Ancient Roman adoptees 6693:Julio-Claudian dynasty 6517:Caesar's Rhine bridges 6444:Poems by Julius Caesar 6410:Laudatio Iuliae amitae 6386:Constitutional reforms 6373:Lex Julia de maiestate 5269:, p. 218, citing 3898:, 3.11.1–3 and 3.12.1. 2967: 2945: 2595:Anti-Federalist Papers 2508:, who owned a copy of 2393: 2026:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1880:Decimus Junius Silanus 1135: 1041: 833:Gaius Cassius Longinus 798: 781: 694: 550:and maternal ancestor 532:Quintus Pompeius Rufus 521: 505: 438:in 77. He had married 389: 326:Gaius Cassius Longinus 157: 6135:Early life and career 3631:, p. 40, citing 3518:Syme, Ronald (1980). 3476:Syme, Ronald (1960). 3454:"Servilius 101" 2963: 2844:Red Hot Chili Peppers 2781:comics, most notably 2545:with its fusion with 2364: 1133: 1124:Further information: 1030: 1023:Liberators' civil war 844:Decimus Junius Brutus 787: 772: 685: 552:Gaius Servilius Ahala 511: 502:Gaius Servilius Ahala 495: 377: 6782:Marcus Junius Brutus 6734:Marcus Junius Brutus 6645:Julia Minor (sister) 6640:Julia Major (sister) 6238:Invasions of Britain 6155:Crossing the Rubicon 5693:Marcus Junius Brutus 5647:The Roman revolution 3520:"No Son for Caesar?" 2753:Fortune's Favourites 2662:improve this section 2555:Lorenzino de' Medici 2002:Marcus Junius Brutus 1865:Marcus Junius Brutus 1623:Marcus Livius Drusus 1505:Marcus Livius Drusus 1357:improve this section 1144:Lucius Staius Murcus 869:Nicolaus of Damascus 719:legatus pro praetore 617:Opposition to Pompey 548:Lucius Junius Brutus 498:Lucius Junius Brutus 420:tribune of the plebs 401:Lucius Junius Brutus 386:Lucius Junius Brutus 256:Latin pronunciation: 220:Marcus Junius Brutus 43:Marcus Junius Brutus 6862:Traitors in history 6573:Cossutia (disputed) 5810:Alexander the Great 5143:, pp. 216–217. 5092:, pp. 248–258. 4911:, pp. 189–191. 4899:, pp. 183–184. 4800:, pp. 244–245. 4758:, pp. 243–244. 4703:, pp. 144–146. 4643:, pp. 134–135. 4583:, pp. 126–127. 4556:, pp. 116–117. 4544:, pp. 119–120. 4520:, pp. 114–115. 4493:, pp. 112–113. 3316:, pp. 361–362. 3233:, pp. 229–230. 3188:, pp. 200–208. 3040:, pp. 25, 150. 2921:, pp. 262–263. 2915:Velleius Paterculus 2740:Battle of Pharsalus 2442:Pro T. Annio Milone 2438:De dictatura Pompei 1988:Marcus Porcius Cato 1600:Marcus Porcius Cato 944:on the Capitoline. 814:Caesar deposed two 790:The Death of Caesar 627:De Dictatura Pompei 409:Tarquinius Superbus 304:Battle of Pharsalus 279:, he used the name 99:Cause of death 6852:Servilii Caepiones 6827:Last of the Romans 6614:Augustus (adopted) 6538:Chiaramonti Caesar 6316:Battle of the Nile 6172:Military campaigns 6150:Caesar's civil war 6047:Arthur Hugh Clough 5680:. Goteborg: Kungl. 5555:Plutarch (1918) . 4274:, pp. 99–100. 3451:Fluß, Max (1923). 3135:, pp. 97–104. 2732:Colleen McCullough 2710:Gulliver's Travels 2630:In popular culture 2479:Seneca the Younger 1322:Brutus family tree 1271:assassinate Caesar 1136: 1126:Battle of Philippi 1099:Second Triumvirate 1042: 1032:Ides of March coin 799: 782: 778:Vincenzo Camuccini 699:Caesar's Civil War 695: 678:Caesar's civil war 671:Caesar's Civil War 664:Quintus Hortensius 649:pro T Annio Milone 527:triumvir monetalis 522: 506: 487:Triumvir monetalis 444:Servilii Caepiones 434:and was killed by 390: 57:Ides of March coin 6769: 6768: 6653: 6652: 6533:Tusculum portrait 6392:Dictator perpetuo 6351: 6350: 6243:Ambiorix's revolt 6140:First Triumvirate 6128:Major life events 6087: 6086: 6074:Comparison extant 6004:Tiberius Gracchus 5770:De genio Socratis 5625:978-0-19-954556-8 5589:978-0-300-18009-1 5491:978-0-521-07492-6 5470:978-0-801-41393-3 5437:978-0-19-964189-5 5371:978-0-226-77562-3 5311:978-0-8223-1281-9 5284:978-0-8093-1649-6 4238:, pp. 97–98. 4226:, pp. 95–99. 4190:, pp. 89–90. 4178:, pp. 87–88. 4081:, pp. 29–30. 3882:, pp. 43–44. 3803:, pp. 48–49. 3747:, pp. 42–43. 3300:978-0-19-186792-7 3257:, pp. 17–18. 3082:, pp. 58–59. 2820:In the TV series 2809:Benoît Poelvoorde 2771:The October Horse 2698: 2697: 2690: 2601:Conyers Middleton 2506:John of Salisbury 2490:Pliny the Younger 2460:Forum of Augustus 2436:'s dictatorship ( 2357: 2356: 2346: 2345: 2319: 2318: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1264:dictator perpetuo 825:dictator perpetuo 816:plebeian tribunes 731:battle of Thapsus 639:Titus Annius Milo 637:, which targeted 635:lex Pompeia de vi 477:, as governor of 416:homonymous father 381:Capitoline Brutus 300:ensuing civil war 217: 216: 72: 85 BC 16:(Redirected from 6869: 6756: 6755: 6678:Temple of Caesar 6635:Aurelia (mother) 6563: 6562: 6468:Veni, vidi, vici 6186: 6185: 6114: 6107: 6100: 6091: 6090: 6057:Philemon Holland 5946:Cato the Younger 5826:Aratus of Sicyon 5733: 5726: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5681: 5672: 5651: 5637: 5593: 5572: 5557:"Life of Brutus" 5551: 5530: 5495: 5474: 5453: 5441: 5411: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5264: 5258: 5257:, p. 86–87. 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4095: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4053: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3987: 3981: 3972: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3936: 3927: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3444: 3438: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3007: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2913:, in 95 BC, but 2898: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2642: 2634: 2614:The influential 2471:Valerius Maximus 2406: 2334:(2): 2nd spouse 2329:(1): 1st spouse 2326: 2325: 2205: 1737: 1710:Cato the Younger 1400: 1399: 1388: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1337: 1329: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1293: 1292: 1152: 1016: 994:the side of the 795:Jean-Léon Gérôme 631:Cato the Younger 448:Cato the Younger 266: 262: 257: 253: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 208:M. Junius Brutus 174:Consul designate 163: 117:Other names 83: 73: 70: 53: 39: 38: 21: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6842:Roman quaestors 6772: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6743: 6739:Curia of Pompey 6702: 6649: 6618: 6592: 6552: 6521: 6497:Forum of Caesar 6485: 6448: 6397: 6360: 6347: 6306:Alexandrian war 6267: 6184: 6166: 6123: 6118: 6088: 6083: 6066: 6030: 6017:Aemilius Paulus 5789: 5785:Pseudo-Plutarch 5743: 5737: 5689: 5684: 5626: 5601: 5599:Further reading 5596: 5590: 5548: 5519: 5492: 5471: 5438: 5419: 5414: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5312: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595:, pp. 127. 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4532:, pp. 119. 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4098: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3990: 3982: 3975: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3516: 3512: 3474: 3470: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123:, pp. 1–3. 3119: 3115: 3107: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2972:, p. 150. 2961: 2957: 2942: 2938: 2932:Ariobarzanes II 2929: 2925: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2855:The video game 2830:, portrayed by 2784:Asterix and Son 2727:Masters of Rome 2694: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2659: 2643: 2632: 2620:Theodor Mommsen 2616:History of Rome 2591: 2569:Algernon Sidney 2521:Dante Alighieri 2502: 2416: 2408: 2395: 2392: 2362: 2339:†: assassin of 2320: 2197: 2195: 1735: 1730: 1389: 1378: 1372: 1369: 1354: 1338: 1323: 1320: 1291: 1208: 1146: 1128: 1122: 1047: 1025: 1019: 1014: 962: 911:Capitoline hill 877: 848:Gaius Trebonius 821:Marcus Antonius 808: 774:Death of Caesar 767: 761: 727:Metellus Scipio 704:Publius Sestius 680: 619: 578:Brutus married 576: 556:Spurius Maelius 490: 372: 358:Dante Alighieri 255: 227: 223: 199: 179: 170:(43–42 BC) 153:(47–45 BC) 94: 84: 81: 71: 60: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6875: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6698:Caesar (title) 6695: 6690: 6685: 6683:Caesar's Comet 6680: 6675: 6670: 6666:Life of Caesar 6661: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Basilica Julia 6504: 6499: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6461:Alea iacta est 6456: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6183: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6116: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6077:Four unpaired 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6010: 6008:Gaius Gracchus 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5847:Cato the Elder 5840: 5823: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5759: 5756:Parallel Lives 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5700: 5688: 5687:External links 5685: 5683: 5682: 5673: 5652: 5638: 5624: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5588: 5573: 5561:Parallel Lives 5552: 5546: 5531: 5517: 5496: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5454: 5442: 5436: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412: 5410:, p. 220. 5397: 5385: 5370: 5350: 5348:, p. 231. 5335: 5333:, p. 230. 5320: 5310: 5290: 5283: 5259: 5247: 5245:, p. 215. 5235: 5233:, p. 219. 5220: 5208: 5196: 5194:, p. 145. 5184: 5172: 5157: 5155:, p. 175. 5145: 5133: 5121: 5119:, p. 213. 5106: 5104:, p. 211. 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 209. 5070: 5068:, p. 207. 5053: 5051:, p. 206. 5041: 5039:, p. 205. 5029: 5027:, p. 204. 5017: 5015:, p. 203. 5005: 5003:, p. 202. 4993: 4991:, p. 201. 4978: 4976:, p. 200. 4966: 4964:, p. 198. 4954: 4952:, p. 197. 4937: 4935:, p. 193. 4925: 4923:, p. 191. 4913: 4901: 4889: 4887:, p. 182. 4877: 4875:, p. 179. 4865: 4863:, p. 178. 4853: 4851:, p. 177. 4841: 4839:, p. 171. 4829: 4827:, p. 245. 4814: 4812:, p. 170. 4802: 4790: 4788:, p. 166. 4775: 4773:, p. 244. 4760: 4748: 4746:, p. 161. 4736: 4734:, p. 150. 4724: 4722:, p. 243. 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 142. 4681: 4679:, p. 140. 4669: 4667:, p. 518. 4657: 4655:, p. 137. 4645: 4633: 4631:, p. 133. 4621: 4619:, p. 132. 4609: 4607:, p. 129. 4597: 4585: 4573: 4571:, p. 124. 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4508:, p. 114. 4495: 4483: 4481:, p. 113. 4468: 4466:, p. 106. 4453: 4451:, p. 110. 4436: 4434:, p. 109. 4424: 4422:, p. 108. 4409: 4407:, p. 107. 4394: 4392:, p. 103. 4382: 4380:, p. 102. 4370: 4354: 4342: 4336:, 76–85; App. 4332:, 8–20; Suet. 4307: 4305:, p. 101. 4295: 4293:, p. 100. 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4168: 4153: 4138: 4123: 4111: 4096: 4083: 4071: 4054: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3988: 3973: 3958: 3943: 3928: 3912: 3900: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3856:Broughton 1952 3844: 3842:, p. 319. 3832: 3820: 3805: 3793: 3778: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3733:Broughton 1952 3717: 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3655:, p. 455. 3640: 3621: 3609: 3593: 3581: 3565: 3553: 3510: 3468: 3439: 3424: 3411:978-0199381135 3410: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3338: 3318: 3306: 3299: 3271: 3267:Broughton 1952 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3221:, p. 218. 3211: 3209:, p. 208. 3190: 3178: 3176:, p. 169. 3161: 3159:, p. 117. 3149: 3147:, p. 241. 3137: 3125: 3113: 3111:, p. 239. 3084: 3072: 3070:, p. 238. 3057: 3042: 3030: 3028:, p. 317. 3018: 3010:Broughton 1952 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2986:, p. 168. 2975: 2955: 2953:, p. 320. 2936: 2923: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2853: 2841: 2835: 2832:Tobias Menzies 2818: 2775: 2759:Caesar's Women 2722: 2703:Jonathan Swift 2696: 2695: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2590: 2587: 2535:Judas Iscariot 2514:Thomas Aquinas 2501: 2498: 2486:Life of Brutus 2426:Parallel Lives 2415: 2412: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2311:Aemilia Lepida 2308: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1420:Cato the Elder 1417: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1341: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1260: 1253: 1250:Cisalpine Gaul 1246: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1222: 1219: 1212: 1207: 1204: 1121: 1118: 1097:, forming the 1079:Quintus Pedius 1046: 1043: 1021:Main article: 1018: 1009: 961: 958: 876: 873: 807: 804: 763:Main article: 760: 757: 679: 676: 618: 615: 575: 572: 540:Pompeius Rufus 500:(obverse) and 489: 484: 463:Vettius affair 371: 368: 354:Judas Iscariot 215: 214: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 191: 187: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 171: 165: 154: 151:Cisalpine Gaul 146: 144: 140: 139: 134: 133:Known for 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 85: 79: 75: 74: 66: 62: 61: 55:Brutus on the 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6874: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6162:Assassination 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6121:Julius Caesar 6115: 6110: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Jacques Amyot 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5814:Julius Caesar 5811: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5518:0-511-12792-8 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5395:, p. 10. 5394: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5218:, p. 55. 5217: 5212: 5206:, p. 26. 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5182:, p. 80. 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5149: 5142: 5137: 5131:, p. 79. 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4881: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4765: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4665:Crawford 1974 4661: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4262:, p. 99. 4261: 4256: 4250:, p. 98. 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4214:, p. 93. 4213: 4208: 4202:, p. 91. 4201: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4166:, p. 82. 4165: 4160: 4158: 4151:, p. 81. 4150: 4145: 4143: 4136:, p. 87. 4135: 4130: 4128: 4121:, p. 86. 4120: 4115: 4109:, p. 84. 4108: 4103: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4069:, p. 76. 4068: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4039:, p. 75. 4038: 4033: 4027:, p. 74. 4026: 4021: 4015:, p. 71. 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 70. 4002: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3986:, p. 63. 3985: 3980: 3978: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3956:, p. 61. 3955: 3950: 3948: 3941:, p. 60. 3940: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3910:, p. 59. 3909: 3904: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3870:, p. 53. 3869: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3836: 3830:, p. 52. 3829: 3824: 3818:, p. 51. 3817: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3797: 3791:, p. 47. 3790: 3785: 3783: 3776:, p. 46. 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3759:, p. 45. 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3713:Crawford 1974 3709: 3703:, p. 41. 3702: 3697: 3690: 3689:Crawford 1974 3685: 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3653:Crawford 1974 3649: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3619:, p. 40. 3618: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3591:, p. 36. 3590: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3378:, p. 25. 3377: 3372: 3366:, p. 24. 3365: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3339:0-87220-675-0 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3269:, p. 63. 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3081: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3055:, p. 50. 3054: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795:Didier Cauchy 2792: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2681: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2647:This section 2645: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2605:Edward Gibbon 2602: 2598: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2582:Julius Caesar 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2414:Ancient views 2411: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402:Julius Caesar 2398: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2277: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2204: 2200: 2196:Descendant of 2169: 2167: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2109: 2108:Junia Secunda 2077: 2075: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2011: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1944: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1848: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1711: 1703: 1691: 1689: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1609: 1601: 1585: 1582: 1566: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1538: 1536: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1476: 1474: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1413: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1387: 1384: 1376: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1342:This section 1340: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1140:Sextus Pompey 1132: 1127: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1081:, passed the 1080: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1000: 997: 991: 989: 988:Tarpeian Rock 985: 979: 975: 973: 968: 957: 955: 949: 945: 943: 939: 935: 934:Sextus Pompey 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 902: 900: 896: 895:kai su teknon 892: 888: 887: 886:kai su teknon 881: 875:Ides of March 872: 870: 866: 865: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 836: 834: 828: 826: 822: 817: 812: 803: 796: 792: 791: 786: 779: 776:(1804–05) by 775: 771: 766: 756: 753: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 714: 712: 707: 705: 700: 693: 689: 684: 675: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 614: 611: 606: 600: 598: 594: 589: 588:proconsulship 585: 581: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 528: 519: 515: 510: 503: 499: 494: 488: 483: 480: 476: 472: 467: 464: 460: 455: 453: 452:Julius Caesar 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 395: 387: 383: 382: 376: 367: 365: 364: 359: 355: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 315:Ides of March 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273:Julius Caesar 270: 269:the assassins 261: 251: 221: 213: 209: 206: 202: 196: 192: 189: 188: 186: 182: 175: 172: 169: 166: 162: 160: 155: 152: 148: 147: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 127: 125:Occupation(s) 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 93: 89: 80: 76: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6792:42 BC deaths 6787:85 BC births 6758: 6751: 6733: 6665: 6543:Green Caesar 6473: 6466: 6459: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6390: 6378: 6371: 6078: 6062:Thomas North 6022:Themistocles 5973:Gaius Marius 5882: 5817: 5761: 5754: 5677: 5660: 5646: 5642:Syme, Ronald 5607: 5578: 5560: 5536: 5500: 5480: 5459: 5449: 5426: 5408:Tempest 2017 5393:Tempest 2017 5388: 5360: 5353: 5346:Tempest 2017 5331:Tempest 2017 5315: 5300: 5293: 5273: 5267:Tempest 2017 5262: 5250: 5243:Tempest 2017 5238: 5231:Tempest 2017 5211: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5170:, p. 5. 5168:Tempest 2017 5153:Tempest 2017 5148: 5141:Tempest 2017 5136: 5124: 5117:Tempest 2017 5102:Tempest 2017 5097: 5090:Tempest 2017 5085: 5078:Tempest 2017 5073: 5066:Tempest 2017 5049:Tempest 2017 5044: 5037:Tempest 2017 5032: 5025:Tempest 2017 5020: 5013:Tempest 2017 5008: 5001:Tempest 2017 4996: 4989:Tempest 2017 4974:Tempest 2017 4969: 4962:Tempest 2017 4957: 4950:Tempest 2017 4933:Tempest 2017 4928: 4921:Tempest 2017 4916: 4909:Tempest 2017 4904: 4897:Tempest 2017 4892: 4885:Tempest 2017 4880: 4873:Tempest 2017 4868: 4861:Tempest 2017 4856: 4849:Tempest 2017 4844: 4837:Tempest 2017 4832: 4825:Tempest 2017 4810:Tempest 2017 4805: 4798:Tempest 2017 4793: 4786:Tempest 2017 4771:Tempest 2017 4756:Tempest 2017 4751: 4744:Tempest 2017 4739: 4732:Tempest 2017 4727: 4720:Tempest 2017 4701:Tempest 2017 4696: 4689:Tempest 2017 4684: 4677:Tempest 2017 4672: 4660: 4653:Tempest 2017 4648: 4641:Tempest 2017 4636: 4629:Tempest 2017 4624: 4617:Tempest 2017 4612: 4605:Tempest 2017 4600: 4593:Tempest 2017 4588: 4581:Tempest 2017 4576: 4569:Tempest 2017 4554:Tempest 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Knowledge

Marcus Junius Brutus

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