2608:
2509:
47:
6242:
361:
286:
2467:
1499:
590:
2050:
1163:
7471:
1624:
978:
38:
6224:
7435:
1568:
1561:
1582:
1575:
1554:
990:
6233:
2062:
7459:
7447:
1950:
714:
763:
1148:
1210:
Concurrent but unconnected to the Kroto-Smalley work, astrophysicists were working with spectroscopists to study infrared emissions from giant red carbon stars. Smalley and team were able to use a laser vaporization technique to create carbon clusters which could potentially emit infrared at the same
1418:, 32 faces (20 hexagons and 12 pentagons where no pentagons share a vertex), and 90 edges (60 edges between 5-membered & 6-membered rings and 30 edges are shared between 6-membered & 6-membered rings), with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. The
3375:
cage. These endohedral fullerenes are usually synthesized by doping in the metal atoms in an arc reactor or by laser evaporation. These methods gives low yields of endohedral fullerenes, and a better method involves the opening of the cage, packing in the atoms or molecules, and closing the opening
1986:
molecules. Thus individual molecules transmit some blue and red light resulting in a purple color. Upon drying, intermolecular interaction results in the overlap and broadening of the energy bands, thereby eliminating the blue light transmittance and causing the purple to brown color change.
3469:
products for human ingestion requires cautionary measures such as: elaboration in very dark environments, encasing into bottles of great opacity, and storing in dark places, and others like consumption under low light conditions and using labels to warn about the problems with light.
1178:
Theoretical predictions of buckminsterfullerene molecules appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was first generated in 1984 by Eric
Rohlfing, Donald Cox, and Andrew Kaldor using a laser to vaporize carbon in a supersonic helium beam, although the group did not realize that
1269:, indicated that a carbon molecule with 60 carbon atoms was forming, but provided no structural information. The research group concluded after reactivity experiments, that the most likely structure was a spheroidal molecule. The idea was quickly rationalized as the basis of an
404:
InChI=1S/C60/c1-2-5-6-3(1)8-12-10-4(1)9-11-7(2)17-21-13(5)23-24-14(6)22-18(8)28-20(12)30-26-16(10)15(9)25-29-19(11)27(17)37-41-31(21)33(23)43-44-34(24)32(22)42-38(28)48-40(30)46-36(26)35(25)45-39(29)47(37)55-49(41)51(43)57-52(44)50(42)56(48)59-54(46)53(45)58(55)60(57)59
384:
InChI=1S/C60/c1-2-5-6-3(1)8-12-10-4(1)9-11-7(2)17-21-13(5)23-24-14(6)22-18(8)28-20(12)30-26-16(10)15(9)25-29-19(11)27(17)37-41-31(21)33(23)43-44-34(24)32(22)42-38(28)48-40(30)46-36(26)35(25)45-39(29)47(37)55-49(41)51(43)57-52(44)50(42)56(48)59-54(46)53(45)58(55)60(57)59
394:
InChI=1/C60/c1-2-5-6-3(1)8-12-10-4(1)9-11-7(2)17-21-13(5)23-24-14(6)22-18(8)28-20(12)30-26-16(10)15(9)25-29-19(11)27(17)37-41-31(21)33(23)43-44-34(24)32(22)42-38(28)48-40(30)46-36(26)35(25)45-39(29)47(37)55-49(41)51(43)57-52(44)50(42)56(48)59-54(46)53(45)58(55)60(57)59
3383:
Endohedral fullerenes show distinct and intriguing chemical properties that can be completely different from the encapsulated atom or molecule, as well as the fullerene itself. The encapsulated atoms have been shown to perform circular motions inside the
1306:
in a helium atmosphere where the electrode material evaporates and condenses forming soot in the quenching atmosphere. Among other features, the IR spectra of the soot showed four discrete bands in close agreement to those proposed for
1981:
have a deep purple color which leaves a brown residue upon evaporation. The reason for this color change is the relatively narrow energy width of the band of molecular levels responsible for green light absorption by individual
211:
2089:) motif. They start rotating at about −20 °C. This change is associated with a first-order phase transition to an fcc structure and a small, yet abrupt increase in the lattice constant from 1.411 to 1.4154 nm.
2556:
results in polymerized fullerene chains and networks. These polymers remain stable at ambient pressure and temperature once formed, and have remarkably interesting electronic and magnetic properties, such as being
1314:
Another paper on the characterization and verification of the molecular structure followed on in the same year (1990) from their thin film experiments, and detailed also the extraction of an evaporable as well as
3512:
oils must be made in very dark environments, encased into bottles of great opacity, and kept in darkness, consumed under low light conditions and accompanied by labels to warn about the dangers of light for
1466:" and are shorter than the 6:5 bonds (between a hexagon and a pentagon). Its average bond length is 0.14 nm. Each carbon atom in the structure is bonded covalently with 3 others. A carbon atom in the
1347:. The method was simple and efficient to prepare the material in gram amounts per day (1990) which has boosted the fullerene research and is even today applied for the commercial production of fullerenes.
1246:. A solid rotating graphite disk was used as the surface from which carbon was vaporized using a laser beam creating hot plasma that was then passed through a stream of high-density helium gas. The carbon
598:
3500:
have been sold as antioxidant products, but it does not avoid the problem of their sensitivity to light, that can turn them toxic. A later research confirmed that exposure to light degrades solutions of
5512:
570:
4673:
2415:
can be produced, some with an extraordinary selectivity on one or two isomers over the other possible ones. Addition of fluorine and chlorine usually results in a flattening of the C
5111:
Shang, Yuchen; Liu, Zhaodong; Dong, Jiajun; Yao, Mingguang; Yang, Zhenxing; Li, Quanjun; Zhai, Chunguang; Shen, Fangren; Hou, Xuyuan; Wang, Lin; Zhang, Nianqiang (November 2021).
3484:
remains in the body for a longer time than usual, especially in the liver, where it tends to be accumulated, and therefore has the potential to induce detrimental health effects.
2153:
contains voids at its octahedral and tetrahedral sites which are sufficiently large (0.6 and 0.2 nm respectively) to accommodate impurity atoms. When alkali metals are
6784:
6554:
6514:
6006:
664:
1211:
wavelength as had been emitted by the red carbon star. Hence, the inspiration came to
Smalley and team to use the laser technique on graphite to generate fullerenes.
6715:
6690:
6680:
1250:
were subsequently cooled and ionized resulting in the formation of clusters. Clusters ranged in molecular masses, but Kroto and
Smalley found predominance in a C
7086:
6414:
6355:
6263:
5223:
7175:
6991:
6926:
6866:
6794:
6700:
6594:
6464:
6419:
6090:
2131:
films and solution have strong non-linear optical properties; in particular, their optical absorption increases with light intensity (saturable absorption).
7255:
6720:
6564:
6534:
1188:
1078:
to produce a violet solution. The substance was discovered in 1985 and has received intense study, although few real world applications have been found.
6650:
6630:
6303:
6675:
727:
4516:
3545:
7700:
6313:
6015:
1101:
6670:
5999:
4663:
4484:
6340:
5607:
4605:
Arndt, Markus; Nairz, Olaf; Vos-Andreae, Julian; Keller, Claudia; Van Der Zouw, Gerbrand; Zeilinger, Anton (1999). "Wave–particle duality of C
2411:, the Br atoms are in 1,3- or 1,4-positions with respect to each other. Under various conditions a vast number of halogenated derivatives of C
6886:
6283:
1302:
observed unusual optical absorptions in thin films of carbon dust (soot). The soot had been generated by an arc-process between two graphite
5530:
4220:
Leger, A.; d'Hendecourt, L.; Verstraete, L.; Schmidt, W. (1988). "Remarkable candidates for the carrier of the diffuse interstellar bands: C
7508:
6434:
420:
6345:
5507:
5992:
3439:
2717: = 1–6). The midpoint potentials of 1-electron reduction of buckminsterfullerene and its anions is given in the table below:
799:
5568:
2552:
molecules when heated at 450 K (177 °C; 350 °F). Under high pressure and temperature, repeated cycloaddition between C
7213:
6529:
5555:
Another web portal dedicated to buckminsterfullerene, authored and supported by the
Chemistry Department at the University of Bristol
5041:
Rodríguez-Fortea, Antonio; Balch, Alan L.; Poblet, Josep M. (2011). "Endohedral metallofullerenes: a unique host–guest association".
2329:
789:
660:
5286:
Baati, Tarek; Moussa, Fathi (June 2012). "The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of fullerene".
2276:
exhibits a small degree of aromatic character, but it still reflects localized double and single C–C bond characters. Therefore, C
1965:
solution, showing diminished absorption for the blue (~450 nm) and red (~700 nm) light that results in the purple color.
428:
c12c3c4c5c2c2c6c7c1c1c8c3c3c9c4c4c%10c5c5c2c2c6c6c%11c7c1c1c7c8c3c3c8c9c4c4c9c%10c5c5c2c2c6c6c%11c1c1c7c3c3c8c4c4c9c5c2c2c6c1c3c42
7685:
5259:
1020:
5545:
Extensive statistical data compiled by the
University of Sussex on the numerical quantitative properties of buckminsterfullerene
5164:
722:
6745:
6504:
6424:
4412:
794:
2149:
with a low activation energy of 0.1–0.3 eV; this conductivity is attributed to intrinsic or oxygen-related defects. Fcc C
7728:
5387:
5025:
4997:
4565:
3569:
3505:
in oil, making it toxic and leading to a "massive" increase of the risk of developing cancer (tumors) after its consumption.
7126:
4343:
7540:
4169:
2655:
1402:. Generally, the fullerenes are dissolved in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon and separated using alumina columns.
3798:"Detection of C60 in embedded young stellar objects, a Herbig Ae/Be star and an unusual post-asymptotic giant branch star"
7766:
4251:
Dietz, T. G.; Duncan, M. A.; Powers, D. E.; Smalley, R. E. (1981). "Laser production of supersonic metal cluster beams".
3345:
One such iridium complex, has been prepared where the metal center projects two electron-rich 'arms' that embrace the C
7378:
5600:
4528:
4361:"The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of laboratory-produced carbon dust: evidence for the presence of the C
3745:
Cami, J.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Peeters, E.; Malek, S. E. (2010). "Detection of C60 and C70 in a Young
Planetary Nebula".
3443:
837:
7278:
4066:
Rohlfing, Eric A; Cox, D. M; Kaldor, A (1984). "Production and characterization of supersonic carbon cluster beams".
3651:
Howard, Jack B.; McKinnon, J. Thomas; Makarovsky, Yakov; Lafleur, Arthur L.; Johnson, M. Elaine (1991). "Fullerenes C
375:
1615:
exhibited the duality that is more famously attributed to light, electrons and other small particles and molecules.
7501:
1374:
and who had died in 1983, the year before discovery. Another common name for buckminsterfullerene is "buckyballs".
1320:
734:
7695:
7403:
4822:
2926:
5930:
5925:
3710:
Howard, J; Lafleur, A; Makarovsky, Y; Mitra, S; Pope, C; Yadav, T (1992). "Fullerenes synthesis in combustion".
3477:
dissolved in olive oil or water, as long as they are preserved from light, have been found nontoxic to rodents.
7670:
1093:
Buckminsterfullerene is the most common naturally occurring fullerene. Small quantities of it can be found in
911:
5215:
7328:
5593:
4777:
3362:
2607:
931:
779:
7722:
7363:
5578:
5076:
Ryuichi, Mitsumoto (1998). "Electronic
Structures and Chemical Bonding of Fluorinated Fullerenes Studied".
871:
804:
634:
318:
281:
3465:
solutions that have been exposed to light could lead to developing cancer (tumors). So the management of C
2981:
and a supporting electrolyte with extremely high oxidation resistance and low nucleophilicity, such as .
1254:
cluster that could be enhanced further by allowing the plasma to react longer. They also discovered that C
7761:
7494:
6559:
1167:
1013:
339:
4771:
Ruoff, R. S.; Tse, Doris S.; Malhotra, Ripudaman; Lorents, Donald C. (1993). "Solubility of fullerene (C
3162:
In the case of platinum complex, the labile ethylene ligand is the leaving group in a thermal reaction:
2463:
at 296 K gives the epoxide, but photolysis gives a product in which the O atom bridges a 5,6-edge.
2343:
with 9,9′,10,10′-dihydroanthracene under the same conditions, depending on the time of reaction, gives C
652:
5973:
3553:
2116:
1295:
589:
20:
4476:
7658:
7318:
7313:
6494:
2922:
1608:
1125:
886:
784:
5517:
5470:
3496:
in olive oil to rats, achieving a major prolongation of their lifespan. Since then, many oils with C
3416:
used in donor/acceptor based solar cells. Conversion efficiencies up to 5.7% have been reported in C
7583:
7358:
5739:
5550:
A web portal dedicated to buckminsterfullerene, authored and supported by the
University of Bristol
4043:
2479:
1280:
964:
916:
688:
356:
7532:
7438:
3380:. This method, however, is still immature and only a few species have been synthesized this way.
2508:
1283:
for their roles in the discovery of buckminsterfullerene and the related class of molecules, the
906:
7293:
6258:
6168:
6045:
6040:
5799:
5465:
4038:
3912:
Maier, J. P.; Gerlich, D.; Holz, M.; Campbell, E. K. (July 2015). "Laboratory confirmation of C
3131:
2154:
2021:. Like other solvates, this one readily releases benzene to give the usual face-centred cubic C
1684:
1419:
1006:
5449:
Hebgen, Peter; Goel, Anish; Howard, Jack B.; Rainey, Lenore C.; Vander Sande, John B. (2000).
5375:
2001:
crystallises with some solvents in the lattice ("solvates"). For example, crystallization of C
1291:
7642:
7348:
7323:
6961:
6579:
6126:
5626:
2145:
forms a brownish solid with an optical absorption threshold at ≈1.6 eV. It is an n-type
1714:
1694:
1411:
1259:
1045:
921:
612:
582:
5488:
with combustion research published in 2000 at the 28th
International Symposium on Combustion
5323:"Disposition of fullerene C60 in rats following intratracheal or intravenous administration"
4237:
3882:
1462:
molecule has two bond lengths. The 6:6 ring bonds (between two hexagons) can be considered "
680:
263:
46:
7653:
7648:
7548:
7409:
7393:
6389:
6360:
6241:
6065:
5616:
5417:
5404:
Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (November 1985). "C
5321:
Shipkowski, K. A.; Sanders, J. M.; McDonald, J. D.; Walker, N. J.; Waidyanatha, S. (2019).
5124:
5085:
4737:
4620:
4442:
4376:
4302:
4260:
4233:
4194:
4116:
4075:
4030:
3925:
3878:
3819:
3754:
3719:
3668:
3358:
2973:
oxidizes with difficulty. Three reversible oxidation processes have been observed by using
1774:
1387:
1332:
959:
881:
842:
676:
327:
187:
136:
2505:
has the structure in which a four-membered ring is surrounded by four six-membered rings.
668:
8:
7787:
7555:
7353:
7333:
7146:
6836:
6324:
6188:
6163:
6131:
6050:
5508:
A brief overview of buckminsterfullerene described by the
University of Wisconsin-Madison
4157:
2663:
2108:
2086:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1121:
926:
891:
832:
360:
285:
177:
5573:
5421:
5128:
5089:
4741:
4624:
4446:
4380:
4306:
4264:
4198:
4120:
4079:
4034:
3929:
3823:
3758:
3723:
3672:
2328:
being the dominating product. This mixture of polyhydrofullerenes can be re-oxidized by
243:
7625:
7517:
7451:
7373:
7343:
7288:
7165:
7141:
6640:
6574:
6439:
6399:
6250:
6213:
6173:
6152:
6095:
6070:
5714:
5696:
5433:
5347:
5322:
5299:
5156:
4959:
4753:
4726:
Bezmel'nitsyn, V. N.; Eletskii, A. V.; Okun', M. V. (1998). "Fullerenes in solutions".
4644:
4458:
4429:
Krätschmer, W.; Lamb, Lowell D.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffman, Donald R. (1990). "Solid C
4318:
4132:
3957:
3894:
3868:
3837:
3809:
3778:
3692:
3296:
2978:
2974:
1363:
1081:
Molecules of buckminsterfullerene (or of fullerenes in general) are commonly nicknamed
861:
223:
5479:
4849:
Talyzin, A. V.; Engström, I. (1998). "C70 in Benzene, Hexane, and Toluene Solutions".
3616:
1362:
The discoverers of the allotrope named the newfound molecule after American architect
1354:
led to the exploration of a new field of chemistry involving the study of fullerenes.
7736:
7619:
7398:
6981:
6881:
6851:
6769:
6509:
6394:
6350:
6298:
6105:
6100:
6032:
5559:
5554:
5383:
5352:
5303:
5160:
5148:
5140:
5112:
5058:
5021:
4993:
4988:
Catherine E. Housecroft; Alan G. Sharpe (2008). "Chapter 14: The group 14 elements".
4951:
4757:
4636:
4561:
4524:
4481:
R. Buckminster Fuller Collection: Architect, Systems Theorist, Designer, and Inventor
4389:
4360:
4165:
3961:
3949:
3941:
3898:
3841:
3832:
3797:
3770:
3731:
3684:
3565:
3413:
3409:
3377:
2541:
2466:
1415:
1391:
1344:
1109:
994:
901:
518:
5984:
5498:
4963:
4749:
4406:
3782:
3696:
7743:
7705:
7475:
7463:
7383:
7283:
7188:
7136:
6569:
6444:
6409:
6330:
6318:
6278:
6183:
6116:
5953:
5883:
5789:
5475:
5437:
5425:
5342:
5334:
5295:
5132:
5093:
5050:
4943:
4858:
4831:
4786:
4745:
4708:
4648:
4628:
4611:
4462:
4450:
4384:
4322:
4310:
4289:
Kroto, H. W.; Health, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (1985). "C
4268:
4202:
4136:
4124:
4107:
4083:
4048:
3933:
3886:
3856:
3827:
3762:
3727:
3676:
3598:
3557:
3389:
3229:
3097:
1974:
1704:
1607:
For a time buckminsterfullerene was the largest known molecule observed to exhibit
1266:
1247:
549:
491:
443:
307:
70:
5544:
5518:
Donald R. Huffman and Wolfgang Krätschmer's paper pertaining to the synthesis of C
5338:
5252:
4336:
4185:
Herbig, E. (1975). "The diffuse interstellar bands. IV – the region 4400-6850 A".
4101:
Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (1985). "C
3890:
1162:
7748:
7071:
7046:
6584:
6524:
6308:
6208:
6193:
6178:
6085:
6075:
5838:
5794:
5760:
5702:
5448:
4728:
4416:
4347:
3550:
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013
3544:
3461:
under light exposure causes it to degrade, becoming dangerous. The ingestion of C
2634:
The first cyclopropanation was carried out by treating the β-bromomalonate with C
2620:
2285:
2236:
tends to avoid having double bonds in the pentagonal rings, which makes electron
1938:
1818:
1200:
1196:
770:
3408:-based films could be useful for photovoltaic applications. Because of its high
7663:
7571:
7308:
7273:
7056:
6946:
6911:
6896:
6831:
6826:
6725:
6625:
6544:
6519:
6484:
6429:
6404:
6273:
6121:
5935:
5744:
5708:
5136:
3106:
forms complexes akin to the more common alkenes. Complexes have been reported
2954:
2558:
2237:
1612:
1399:
1299:
1184:
982:
896:
705:
640:
525:
502:
5403:
4712:
4419:. University of Bristol. Chm.bris.ac.uk (1996-10-13). Retrieved on 2011-12-25.
4052:
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7051:
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6856:
6814:
6809:
6549:
6539:
6499:
6374:
6268:
6223:
6198:
6080:
6060:
5968:
5822:
5721:
5687:
5513:
A report by Ming Kai College detailing the properties of buckminsterfullerene
5450:
5144:
3945:
3428:
2593:
2574:
2529:
2392:
2253:
2146:
1498:
1367:
1065:
949:
940:
876:
827:
754:
648:
274:
5549:
4931:
4505:
The AZo Journal of Materials Online. AZoM.com. "Buckminsterfullerene." 2006.
3766:
3641:
The AZo Journal of Materials Online. AZoM.com. "Buckminsterfullerene." 2006.
7589:
7577:
7414:
7268:
7121:
7061:
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7013:
6941:
6821:
6804:
6759:
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6615:
6335:
6288:
6136:
5958:
5356:
5307:
5190:
5152:
5062:
4955:
4668:
4640:
3953:
3774:
3524:
in water to avoid possible problems with oils, but that would not protect C
2639:
1828:
1180:
1179:
buckminsterfullerene had been produced. In 1985 their work was repeated by
1153:
852:
5503:'s discovery carried out by the Chemistry Department at Bristol University
3688:
3561:
2107:, but when compressed to less than 70% of its volume it transforms into a
2049:
7613:
7388:
7298:
7263:
7230:
7156:
7131:
6971:
6876:
6846:
6730:
6645:
6635:
6365:
6293:
5920:
5899:
5642:
5540:
An article about buckminsterfullerene on Connexions Science Encyclopaedia
2662:
derivative prepared through cyclopropanation has been studied for use in
2185:
undergoes six reversible, one-electron reductions, ultimately generating
1908:
1808:
1623:
1463:
1270:
1218:
1192:
1072:
1057:
866:
672:
533:
5539:
4790:
3937:
3602:
2709:
separation relatively small. This small gap suggests that reduction of C
656:
7607:
7595:
7303:
7245:
7208:
7183:
7081:
6891:
6754:
5585:
5054:
4664:"Wave-particle duality in action—big molecules surf on their own waves"
4335:
Conference proceedings of "Dusty Objects in the Universe", pp.b 89–93,
3585:
Piacente; Gigli; Scardala; Giustini; Ferro (1995). "Vapor Pressure of C
3217:
3107:
2688:
2161:
converts from a semiconductor into a conductor or even superconductor.
1928:
1784:
1567:
1560:
1506:
under "ideal" spherical (left) and "real" icosahedral symmetry (right).
1435:
1390:. Fullerenes are extracted from the soot with organic solvents using a
1303:
459:
254:
37:
5564:
and its discovery, structure, production, properties, and applications
5097:
4947:
4862:
4835:
4219:
2061:
2041:
can be grown from solution both for solvates and for pure fullerenes.
977:
7710:
7690:
7486:
7235:
7100:
6936:
6740:
6620:
6474:
6449:
5854:
5672:
5429:
4987:
4454:
4314:
4272:
4128:
4087:
3680:
3119:
2206:
2198:
1878:
1734:
1581:
1574:
1553:
1383:
1284:
1137:
1037:
813:
5569:
American Chemical Society's complete article on buckminsterfullerene
2638:
in the presence of a base. Cyclopropanation also occur readily with
704:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
7680:
7675:
7203:
7115:
6916:
6779:
6764:
6735:
6604:
6379:
6203:
6147:
6141:
6110:
6055:
6023:
5963:
5804:
5667:
5661:
4206:
3127:
3115:
3111:
2631:
mostly occurs at the junction of 2 hexagons due to steric factors.
2490:
with appropriate substituted diene gives the corresponding adduct.
2372:
2368:
2104:
1898:
1838:
1398:, as well as other fullerenes. These fractions are separated using
1273:
1222:
1053:
954:
4725:
4632:
4428:
3873:
3814:
989:
696:
210:
7368:
7198:
7151:
7110:
7066:
7008:
7003:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6906:
6901:
6841:
6774:
6665:
6660:
6610:
6489:
6479:
6232:
5915:
5636:
3123:
2432:
2376:
2280:
can undergo addition with hydrogen to give polyhydrofullerenes. C
2112:
2006:
1970:
1918:
1858:
1764:
1754:
1316:
1075:
1049:
644:
480:
294:
5327:
Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
5015:
4021:
Smalley, Richard E. (1997-07-01). "Discovering the fullerenes".
1319:-soluble material from the arc-generated soot. This extract had
1170:
have the same arrangement of polygons as buckminsterfullerene, C
1124:, where it is the cause of several absorption features known as
7419:
7240:
7222:
6685:
6655:
6157:
5320:
3650:
3300:
2713:
should occur at mild potentials leading to fulleride anions, (
2536:. The coupling is achieved by high-speed vibrating milling of C
2261:
1888:
1868:
1798:
1744:
1724:
1061:
507:
0.4–0.5 Pa (T ≈ 800 K); 14 Pa (T ≈ 900 K)
3796:
Roberts, Kyle R. G.; Smith, Keith T.; Sarre, Peter J. (2012).
2383:. Fluorine atoms are small enough for a 1,2-addition, while Cl
626:
121:
100:
6454:
6384:
3744:
3584:
1949:
1848:
1324:
1215:
684:
234:
200:
4156:
3709:
344:
5040:
4604:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2669:
2296:-butanol to give a mixture of polyhydrofullerenes such as C
2202:
1335:
as well as the expected molecular mass of 720 Da for C
1113:
1094:
762:
622:
115:
5113:"Ultrahard bulk amorphous carbon from collapsed fullerene"
4288:
2201:
is irreversible. The first reduction occurs at ≈-1.0
1478:
can be substituted by a nitrogen or boron atom yielding a
109:
4514:
4100:
2642:. For example, diphenyldiazomethane reacts readily with C
2585:
SR• forms spontaneously upon irradiation of the mixture.
2520:
and 3,6-bis(4-methylphenyl)-3,6-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine
1147:
88:
79:
4560:(Fifth ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. p. 356.
4402:
4400:
4250:
3911:
1071:
Buckminsterfullerene is a black solid that dissolves in
4770:
3993:
Osawa, E. (1970). Kagaku (Kyoto) (in Japanese). 25: 854
3492:
An experiment in 2011–2012 administered a solution of C
3395:
2600:-butyl halide is photolyzed and allowed to react with C
1394:. This step yields a solution containing up to 75% of C
7737:
The Last Dymaxion: Buckminster Fuller’s Dream Restored
3404:
match the solar spectrum in a way that suggests that C
2339:
A selective hydrogenation method exists. Reaction of C
2169:
1327:
crystal analysis consistent with arrays of spherical C
6014:
4695:
Beck, Mihály T.; Mándi, Géza (1997). "Solubility of C
4397:
3423:
Further information on the basic polymer of the C
2614:
2443:
in 1,2-xylene at 257K gives an intermediate ozonide C
2009:
solution yields triclinic crystals with the formula C
124:
106:
94:
91:
82:
73:
5380:
Nanostructured materials for solar energy conversion
2164:
618:
118:
112:
97:
76:
5451:"Fullerenes and Nanostructures in Diffusion Flames"
4932:"Discrete Fulleride Anions and Fullerenium Cations"
3916:as the carrier of two diffuse interstellar bands".
3433:
2292:reacts with lithium in liquid ammonia, followed by
103:
85:
5253:"C60 in olive oil causes light-dependent toxicity"
1382:Soot is produced by laser ablation of graphite or
4930:Reed, Christopher A.; Bolskar, Robert D. (2000).
4065:
3802:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3795:
3546:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2264:. For example, it reacts with some nucleophiles.
7779:
7701:R. Buckminster Fuller and Anne Hewlett Dome Home
5213:
5016:Jonathan W. Steed & Jerry L. Atwood (2009).
3854:
3367:Metal atoms or certain small molecules such as H
2623:) is another common method for functionalizing C
1265:The experimental evidence, a strong peak at 720
306:
19:"Buckyball" redirects here. For other uses, see
5376:"Fullerene Thin Films as Photovoltaic Material"
5110:
4848:
4701:Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures
4003:Jones, David E. H. (1966). "Hollow molecules".
3388:cage, and their motion has been followed using
3295:Coordinatively unsaturated precursors, such as
1279:Kroto, Curl, and Smalley were awarded the 1996
186:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
3508:To avoid the degradation by effect of light, C
3371:and noble gas can be encapsulated inside the C
2604:, a reversible inter-cage C–C bond is formed:
692:
7502:
6000:
5601:
5104:
4555:
4523:. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books.
4521:Synthesis and Teknique in Inorganic Chemistry
3528:from light, so the same cautions are needed.
3130:. The pentacarbonyl species are produced by
2581:is mixed with a disulfide RSSR, the radical C
1977:, but insoluble in water. Solutions of pure C
1969:Fullerenes are sparingly soluble in aromatic
1014:
5011:
5009:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
5285:
4929:
4143:
3578:
3520:Some producers have been able to dissolve C
2497:and 3,6-diaryl-1,2,4,5-tetrazines affords C
2451:, which can be decomposed into 2 forms of C
2422:
1438:(nm). The nucleus to nucleus diameter of a
1044:. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (
7509:
7495:
6007:
5993:
5608:
5594:
4804:Talyzin, A. V. (1997). "Phase Transition C
4358:
4162:Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes
3487:
3440:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
1021:
1007:
359:
284:
262:
5469:
5346:
5006:
4970:
4694:
4388:
4160:; Dresselhaus, G.; Eklund, P. C. (1996).
4042:
3872:
3831:
3813:
2564:
2528:molecules can also be coupled through a
2330:2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone
1238:and even) of which the most common were C
326:
5615:
5442:– describing the original discovery of C
4284:
4282:
3352:
2507:
2060:
2048:
1948:
1622:
1497:
1331:molecules, approximately 1.0 nm in
1161:
5458:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
5075:
4925:
4923:
4874:
4872:
4803:
4020:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
2532:, giving the dumbbell-shaped compound C
2482:is commonly employed to functionalize C
2419:framework into a drum-shaped molecule.
355:
7780:
7516:
5484:– report describing the synthesis of C
4337:"Search for the UV and IR spectra of C
4184:
4178:
3448:
3400:The optical absorption properties of C
1350:The discovery of practical routes to C
275:
7729:Buckminster Fuller: Thinking Out Loud
7490:
5988:
5589:
5560:A brief article entirely devoted to C
5281:
5279:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5209:
5207:
5185:
5183:
5181:
4483:. Stanford University. 6 April 2017.
4279:
4244:
4213:
4016:
4014:
4002:
3987:
407:Key: XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
387:Key: XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
242:
7541:Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
5535:by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
4920:
4908:
4896:
4869:
4586:
4574:
4487:from the original on 12 January 2020
3968:
3396:Potential applications in technology
2081:In solid buckminsterfullerene, the C
1450:molecule is about 0.71 nm. The
4661:
4515:Girolami, G. S.; Rauchfuss, T. B.;
4341:in laboratory-produced carbon dust"
4224:and other polyhedral carbon ions".
3457:is sensitive to light, so leaving C
3220:complexes have also been reported:
2260:behaves like an electron deficient
2224:is a reluctant electron acceptor.
2170:Redox (electron-transfer reactions)
1258:is a cage-like molecule, a regular
1203:, who recognized the structure of C
397:Key: XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYAU
297:
13:
7379:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
5397:
5300:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.036
5276:
5251:Grohn, Kristopher J.; et al.
5237:
5204:
5178:
4011:
3444:Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials
3091:
2615:Cyclopropanation (Bingel reaction)
2606:
2588:Stability of the radical species C
2493:The Diels–Alder reaction between C
2465:
45:
36:
14:
7799:
7686:Proposed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium
7279:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
6016:Molecules detected in outer space
5492:
5250:
4164:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
2544:. The reaction is reversible as C
2473:
2165:Chemical reactions and properties
1370:structures that look similar to C
7469:
7457:
7445:
7434:
7433:
6240:
6231:
6222:
3833:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20552.x
3434:Potential applications in health
2267:
2025:. Millimeter-sized crystals of C
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1146:
988:
976:
761:
712:
588:
69:
7404:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
5643:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
5367:
5314:
5265:from the original on 2021-04-15
5226:from the original on 2021-04-17
5167:from the original on 2021-11-26
5069:
5034:
4884:
4851:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4842:
4823:Journal of Physical Chemistry B
4797:
4764:
4750:10.1070/PU1998v041n11ABEH000502
4719:
4688:
4676:from the original on 2021-09-26
4655:
4598:
4549:
4537:
4508:
4499:
4469:
4422:
4352:
4329:
4094:
4059:
3996:
3905:
3480:Otherwise, a study found that C
2927:tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene
2701:is triply degenerate, with the
2362:
1953:Optical absorption spectrum of
749:Part of a series of articles on
708:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
7626:Expo 67 United States Pavilion
5382:. Elsevier. pp. 361–443.
3848:
3789:
3738:
3703:
3644:
3635:
3609:
3554:The Royal Society of Chemistry
3538:
2991:oxidation at low temperatures
2960:
2516:derivative synthesized from C
2359:respectively and selectively.
449:
1:
7329:Extraterrestrial liquid water
5480:10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80355-0
5339:10.1080/00498254.2018.1528646
5200:. Vol. 351. 23 May 1991.
5191:"Degradation of C60 by light"
4778:Journal of Physical Chemistry
4775:) in a variety of solvents".
3859:(2013). "Interstellar C60+".
3531:
3412:it is one of the most common
3363:Endohedral hydrogen fullerene
2678:
2391:add to remote C atoms due to
1634:
1510:
1120:, has been identified in the
1088:
16:Cage-like allotrope of carbon
7723:Buckminster Fuller Challenge
7696:Old Man River's City project
7671:Cloud Nine tensegrity sphere
5579:The Periodic Table of Videos
4390:10.1016/0009-2614(90)87109-5
3861:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3732:10.1016/0008-6223(92)90061-Z
1587:
1434:molecule is about 1.01
1405:
1377:
1357:
7:
6560:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
5531:A thorough description of C
4068:Journal of Chemical Physics
3891:10.1051/0004-6361/201220730
2540:with a catalytic amount of
1618:
1611:. In 2020 the dye molecule
32:
10:
7804:
5974:Aggregated diamond nanorod
5582:(University of Nottingham)
5216:"Comp grad leads research"
5137:10.1038/s41586-021-03882-9
4477:"What is a geodesic dome?"
3437:
3422:
3356:
3095:
2686:
2660:-butyric acid methyl ester
2117:aggregated diamond nanorod
1502:Energy level diagram for C
1410:Buckminsterfullerene is a
1296:Konstantinos Fostiropoulos
1135:
1131:
1126:diffuse interstellar bands
475:Dark needle-like crystals
21:Buckyball (disambiguation)
18:
7757:
7659:Design science revolution
7635:
7564:
7524:
7428:
7319:Earliest known life forms
7314:Diffuse interstellar band
7254:
7174:
7099:
6990:
6925:
6865:
6793:
6785:Protonated cyanoacetylene
6699:
6593:
6555:Protonated carbon dioxide
6515:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
6463:
6249:
6220:
6031:
6022:
5944:
5874:
5813:
5780:
5772:(cyclo[18]carbon)
5730:
5651:
5623:
5408:: Buckminsterfullerene".
5378:. In Sōga, Tetsuo (ed.).
5373:
4992:(3rd ed.). Pearson.
4914:
4902:
4890:
4878:
4713:10.1080/15363839708011993
4662:Lee, Chris (2020-07-21).
4592:
4580:
4543:
4433:: A new form of carbon".
4293:: Buckminsterfullerene".
4105:: Buckminsterfullerene".
4053:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.723
4023:Reviews of Modern Physics
3981:
3623:. Oxford University Press
3621:Oxford English Dictionary
2987:Reduction potentials of C
2986:
2923:charge-transfer complexes
2722:
2548:dissociates back to two C
2431:can be oxygenated to the
2085:molecules adopt the fcc (
1207:as buckminsterfullerene.
1068:to its three neighbors.
702:
569:
564:
511:
436:
416:
371:
170:
158:
135:
59:
31:
7584:Dymaxion deployment unit
7364:Iron–sulfur world theory
7359:Photodissociation region
7062:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
5756:(cyclo[6]carbon)
5740:Linear acetylenic carbon
5018:Supramolecular Chemistry
4556:Shriver; Atkins (2010).
4369:Chemical Physics Letters
2723:Reduction potential of C
2561:above room temperature.
2423:Addition of oxygen atoms
2044:
1281:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1225:the Smalley team found C
965:Nanocrystalline material
941:Nanostructured materials
635:Precautionary statements
7533:Nine Chains to the Moon
7439:Category:Astrochemistry
7029:, fullerene, buckyball)
6716:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
6691:Silicon-carbide cluster
6681:Protonated formaldehyde
5020:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
4407:Buckminsterfullerene, C
4359:Krätschmer, W. (1990).
4238:1988A&A...203..145L
3883:2013A&A...550L...4B
3767:10.1126/science.1192035
3589:Buckminsterfullerene".
3488:Oils with C60 and risks
3132:photochemical reactions
2627:. Cyclopropanation of C
1516:Orthogonal projections
1276:closed cage structure.
1128:in the near-infrared.
161:Buckyballs; Fullerene-C
7452:Outer space portal
7294:Circumstellar envelope
6259:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
6169:Phosphorus mononitride
6046:Aluminium monofluoride
6041:Aluminium monochloride
5800:Carbide-derived carbon
5682:(buckminsterfullerene)
3855:Berné, O.; Mulas, G.;
2646:to give the compound C
2619:Cyclopropanation (the
2611:
2565:Free radical reactions
2521:
2470:
2078:
2058:
1966:
1685:1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
1632:
1507:
1420:van der Waals diameter
1339:(and 840 Da for C
1333:van der Waals diameter
1175:
559: = 1.4154 nm
50:
41:
7643:Allegra Fuller Snyder
7349:Interplanetary medium
7324:Extraterrestrial life
6962:Octatetraynyl radical
6580:Tricarbon monosulfide
6127:Magnesium monohydride
5214:Grohn, Kristopher J.
3562:10.1039/9781849733069
3353:Endohedral fullerenes
2610:
2592:Y depends largely on
2577:readily occur. When C
2511:
2469:
2455:O. Decomposition of C
2240:poor, and results in
2064:
2052:
1952:
1715:1,2,3-tribromopropane
1695:tetrahydronaphthalene
1626:
1609:wave–particle duality
1501:
1412:truncated icosahedron
1388:aromatic hydrocarbons
1364:R. Buckminster Fuller
1260:truncated icosahedron
1165:
1136:Further information:
1116:. The ionised form, C
1112:and several types of
1108:has been observed in
1046:truncated icosahedron
995:Technology portal
790:Mechanical properties
524:Face-centered cubic,
49:
40:
27:Buckminsterfullerene
7716:Buckminsterfullerene
7649:Current solar income
7476:Chemistry portal
7464:Astronomy portal
7410:RNA world hypothesis
7394:PAH world hypothesis
7087:Heptatrienyl radical
7019:Buckminsterfullerene
6907:Methylcyanoacetylene
6415:Silicon carbonitride
6390:Methylidynephosphane
6356:Magnesium isocyanide
6264:Aluminium isocyanide
6066:Carbon monophosphide
5617:Allotropes of carbon
5574:Buckminsterfullerene
5374:Katz, E. A. (2006).
4820:in Liquid Benzene".
3359:Endohedral fullerene
2480:Diels–Alder reaction
2103:solid is as soft as
1775:carbon tetrachloride
1366:, who designed many
1034:Buckminsterfullerene
960:Nanoporous materials
823:Buckminsterfullerene
137:Preferred IUPAC name
7556:Dymaxion Chronofile
7354:Interstellar medium
7334:Forbidden mechanism
7147:Hydrogen isocyanide
6837:Hexatriynyl radical
6420:c-Silicon dicarbide
6325:Hydrogen isocyanide
6189:Silicon monosulfide
6164:Phosphorus monoxide
6132:Methylidyne radical
6091:Fluoromethylidynium
6051:Aluminium(II) oxide
5422:1985Natur.318..162K
5129:2021Natur.599..599S
5090:1998JPCA..102..552M
4990:Inorganic Chemistry
4791:10.1021/j100115a049
4742:1998PhyU...41.1091B
4625:1999Natur.401..680A
4558:Inorganic Chemistry
4447:1990Natur.347..354K
4381:1990CPL...170..167K
4307:1985Natur.318..162K
4265:1981JChPh..74.6511D
4199:1975ApJ...196..129H
4121:1985Natur.318..162K
4080:1984JChPh..81.3322R
4035:1997RvMP...69..723S
3938:10.1038/nature14566
3930:2015Natur.523..322C
3824:2012MNRAS.421.3277R
3759:2010Sci...329.1180C
3753:(5996): 1180–1182.
3724:1992Carbo..30.1183H
3673:1991Natur.352..139H
3603:10.1021/j100038a041
3597:(38): 14052–14057.
3449:Ingestion and risks
3410:electronic affinity
2953:This salt exhibits
2925:, for example with
2921:forms a variety of
2670:Redox reactions – C
2664:organic solar cells
2395:. For example, in C
2157:into these voids, C
2087:face-centered cubic
1853:1.3 × 10
1675:1,2-dichlorobenzene
1665:1-methylnaphthalene
1655:1-chloronaphthalene
1640:
1517:
1292:Wolfgang Krätschmer
1290:In 1989 physicists
1122:interstellar medium
862:Carbon quantum dots
497:insoluble in water
492:Solubility in water
467: g·mol
224:Beilstein Reference
28:
7740:(2012 documentary)
7732:(1996 documentary)
7518:Buckminster Fuller
7374:Molecules in stars
7344:Intergalactic dust
7289:Circumstellar dust
7231:Naphthalene cation
7166:Trihydrogen cation
7142:Hydrogen deuteride
7067:Methyltriacetylene
6902:Hexapentaenylidene
6721:E-Cyanomethanimine
6641:Cyclopropenylidene
6575:Tricarbon monoxide
6565:Silicon tricarbide
6535:Methylene amidogen
6525:Isothiocyanic acid
6440:Thioxoethenylidene
6400:Trihydrogen cation
6214:Titanium(II) oxide
6174:Potassium chloride
6153:Sulfur mononitride
6096:Helium hydride ion
6071:Carbon monosulfide
5895:(cyclopropatriene)
5876:hypothetical forms
5697:Fullerene whiskers
5055:10.1039/C0CS00225A
4415:2021-02-27 at the
4346:2017-09-05 at the
4158:Dresselhaus, M. S.
3414:electron acceptors
2979:methylene chloride
2975:cyclic voltammetry
2674:anions and cations
2612:
2522:
2471:
2079:
2059:
1967:
1635:
1633:
1515:
1508:
1176:
1056:, and resembles a
1040:with the formula C
983:Science portal
795:Optical properties
735:Infobox references
51:
42:
26:
7775:
7774:
7484:
7483:
7399:Pseudo-panspermia
7095:
7094:
7042:Cyanodecapentayne
6982:N-Methylformamide
6957:Methyldiacetylene
6882:Aminoacetonitrile
6852:Methyl isocyanate
6770:Methyl isocyanide
6651:Isocyanoacetylene
6631:Cyanoformaldehyde
6510:Hydrogen peroxide
6395:Potassium cyanide
6351:Magnesium cyanide
6304:Disilicon carbide
6299:Dicarbon monoxide
6106:Hydrogen fluoride
6101:Hydrogen chloride
5982:
5981:
5850:(diatomic carbon)
5782:mixed sp/sp forms
5526:published in 1990
5389:978-0-444-52844-5
5294:(19): 4936–4946.
5123:(7886): 599–604.
5098:10.1021/jp972863t
5027:978-0-470-51233-3
4999:978-0-13-175553-6
4948:10.1021/cr980017o
4863:10.1021/jp9815255
4857:(34): 6477–6481.
4836:10.1021/jp9720303
4830:(47): 9679–9681.
4785:(13): 3379–3383.
4736:(11): 1091–1114.
4619:(6754): 680–682.
4567:978-0-19-923617-6
4441:(6291): 354–358.
4301:(6042): 162–163.
4226:Astron. Astrophys
4115:(6042): 162–163.
3924:(7560): 322–323.
3667:(6331): 139–141.
3571:978-0-85404-182-4
3378:organic reactions
3089:
3088:
2915:
2914:
2439:O. Ozonation of C
2220:), showing that C
1947:
1946:
1605:
1604:
1392:Soxhlet extractor
1300:Donald R. Huffman
1267:atomic mass units
1110:planetary nebulae
1060:. Each of its 60
1048:) made of twenty
1031:
1030:
843:Carbon allotropes
743:Chemical compound
741:
740:
613:Hazard statements
519:Crystal structure
340:CompTox Dashboard
212:Interactive image
55:
54:
7795:
7744:Karlis Johansons
7706:Ephemeralization
7511:
7504:
7497:
7488:
7487:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7437:
7436:
7384:Organic compound
7284:Chemical formula
7189:Dihydroxyacetone
7137:Hydrogen cyanide
6822:Cyanodiacetylene
6676:Propadienylidene
6570:Thioformaldehyde
6445:Titanium dioxide
6410:Sodium hydroxide
6331:Hydrogen sulfide
6319:Hydrogen cyanide
6279:Carbonyl sulfide
6244:
6235:
6226:
6184:Silicon monoxide
6117:Hydroxyl radical
6029:
6028:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5954:Activated carbon
5910:
5909:
5908:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5790:Amorphous carbon
5771:
5770:
5769:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5483:
5473:
5455:
5441:
5430:10.1038/318162a0
5393:
5361:
5360:
5350:
5333:(9): 1078–1085.
5318:
5312:
5311:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5248:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5195:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5078:J. Phys. Chem. A
5073:
5067:
5066:
5049:(7): 3551–3563.
5038:
5032:
5031:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4985:
4968:
4967:
4942:(3): 1075–1120.
4936:Chemical Reviews
4927:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4867:
4866:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4455:10.1038/347354a0
4426:
4420:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4375:(2–3): 167–170.
4356:
4350:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4315:10.1038/318162a0
4286:
4277:
4276:
4273:10.1063/1.440991
4248:
4242:
4241:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4171:978-012-221820-0
4154:
4141:
4140:
4129:10.1038/318162a0
4098:
4092:
4091:
4088:10.1063/1.447994
4063:
4057:
4056:
4046:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3876:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3817:
3808:(4): 3277–3285.
3793:
3787:
3786:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3718:(8): 1183–1201.
3707:
3701:
3700:
3681:10.1038/352139a0
3648:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3542:
3420:–polymer cells.
3390:NMR spectroscopy
3158:+ CO (M = Mo, W)
3098:Fullerene ligand
3082:
3081:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3022:
3021:
3020:
2984:
2983:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2720:
2719:
2288:. For example, C
2251:
2250:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1975:carbon disulfide
1964:
1963:
1962:
1705:carbon disulfide
1641:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1518:
1514:
1495:B respectively.
1490:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1237:
1231:clusters (where
1150:
1023:
1016:
1009:
993:
992:
981:
980:
932:Titanium dioxide
771:Carbon nanotubes
765:
746:
745:
725:
719:
716:
715:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
628:
624:
620:
592:
550:Lattice constant
543:m, No. 225
542:
466:
451:
444:Chemical formula
364:
363:
348:
346:
330:
310:
299:
288:
277:
266:
246:
214:
190:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
33:
29:
25:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7753:
7749:Kenneth Snelson
7631:
7560:
7520:
7515:
7485:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7458:
7456:
7446:
7444:
7424:
7250:
7226:
7217:
7170:
7160:
7103:
7091:
7072:Propionaldehyde
7047:Ethylene glycol
7036:
7028:
7024:
6995:
6993:
6986:
6942:Cyanohexatriyne
6928:
6921:
6868:
6861:
6796:
6789:
6749:
6702:
6695:
6666:Methoxy radical
6596:
6589:
6585:Thiocyanic acid
6466:
6459:
6369:
6309:Ethynyl radical
6245:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6218:
6209:Sulfur monoxide
6194:Sodium chloride
6179:Silicon carbide
6086:Diatomic carbon
6076:Carbon monoxide
6018:
6013:
5983:
5978:
5940:
5931:Metallic carbon
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5870:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5834:(atomic carbon)
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5809:
5795:Carbon nanofoam
5776:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5726:
5691:
5681:
5647:
5637:Diamond (cubic)
5619:
5614:
5563:
5534:
5521:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5471:10.1.1.574.8368
5453:
5445:
5416:(14): 162–163.
5407:
5400:
5398:Further reading
5390:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5319:
5315:
5284:
5277:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5249:
5238:
5229:
5227:
5212:
5205:
5193:
5189:
5188:
5179:
5170:
5168:
5109:
5105:
5074:
5070:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4986:
4971:
4928:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4870:
4847:
4843:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4729:Physics-Uspekhi
4724:
4720:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4660:
4656:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4517:Angelici, R. J.
4513:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4488:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4417:Wayback Machine
4410:
4405:
4398:
4364:
4357:
4353:
4348:Wayback Machine
4340:
4334:
4330:
4292:
4287:
4280:
4249:
4245:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4155:
4144:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4064:
4060:
4019:
4012:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3980:
3969:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3853:
3849:
3794:
3790:
3743:
3739:
3708:
3704:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3556:. p. 325.
3543:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3438:Main articles:
3436:
3431:
3427:monomer group:
3426:
3419:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3387:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3357:Main articles:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3306:
3297:Vaska's complex
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:Metal complexes
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2990:
2977:with ultra-dry
2972:
2967:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2920:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2726:
2712:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2621:Bingel reaction
2617:
2603:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:. Reaction of C
2485:
2476:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2365:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2286:Birch reduction
2284:also undergoes
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2056:
2053:Micrograph of C
2047:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1939:dichloromethane
1819:tetrahydrofuran
1648:
1639:
1636:Solubility of C
1630:
1621:
1590:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1513:
1505:
1494:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1408:
1397:
1380:
1373:
1360:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1310:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1206:
1201:Rice University
1197:Richard Smalley
1189:Sean C. O'Brien
1173:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1119:
1107:
1102:exists in space
1091:
1043:
1027:
987:
975:
872:Aluminium oxide
744:
737:
732:
731:
730: ?)
721:
717:
713:
709:
637:
615:
601:
585:
560:
552:
540:
536:
521:
494:
485:1.65 g/cm
464:
454:
446:
432:
429:
424:
423:
412:
409:
408:
405:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
367:
349:
342:
333:
313:
300:
269:
249:
226:
217:
204:
193:
180:
166:
164:
154:
153:
151:
144:
72:
68:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7801:
7791:
7790:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7733:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7664:Design science
7661:
7651:
7646:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7623:
7620:Fly's Eye Dome
7617:
7611:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7575:
7572:Dymaxion house
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7545:
7537:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7521:
7514:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7466:
7454:
7442:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7309:Cosmochemistry
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7274:Astrochemistry
7271:
7266:
7260:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7127:Formyl radical
7124:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7105:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7057:Methyl acetate
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6947:Dimethyl ether
6944:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6912:Methyl formate
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Glycolaldehyde
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6832:Glycolonitrile
6829:
6827:Ethylene oxide
6824:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Cyclopropenone
6723:
6718:
6713:
6707:
6705:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6626:Cyanoacetylene
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6599:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6545:Methyl radical
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6520:Isocyanic acid
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6485:Isocyanic acid
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6430:Sulfur dioxide
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6405:Sodium cyanide
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6314:Formyl radical
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:Carbon dioxide
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6122:Iron(II) oxide
6119:
6114:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5989:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5936:Penta-graphene
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5889:
5880:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5766:
5758:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5689:
5679:
5670:
5665:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5630:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5493:External links
5491:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5446:
5443:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5313:
5275:
5236:
5203:
5177:
5103:
5084:(3): 552–560.
5068:
5043:Chem. Soc. Rev
5033:
5026:
5005:
4998:
4969:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4883:
4868:
4841:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4796:
4772:
4763:
4718:
4707:(2): 291–310.
4696:
4687:
4654:
4606:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4566:
4548:
4536:
4530:978-0935702484
4529:
4507:
4498:
4468:
4430:
4421:
4408:
4396:
4362:
4351:
4338:
4328:
4290:
4278:
4243:
4221:
4212:
4207:10.1086/153400
4177:
4170:
4142:
4102:
4093:
4058:
4044:10.1.1.31.7103
4029:(3): 723–730.
4010:
3995:
3986:
3967:
3913:
3904:
3847:
3788:
3737:
3702:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3608:
3586:
3577:
3570:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3473:Solutions of C
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3435:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3385:
3376:using certain
3372:
3368:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3304:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3233:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3103:
3096:Main article:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:at 16 K.
2955:ferromagnetism
2951:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2727:at 213 K
2724:
2710:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2594:steric factors
2589:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2569:Reactions of C
2566:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2474:Cycloadditions
2472:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2427:Solutions of C
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:steric factors
2388:
2384:
2380:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2246:
2238:delocalization
2230:
2221:
2215:
2191:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2139:
2125:
2097:
2082:
2071:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1983:
1978:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1617:
1613:phthalocyanine
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1492:
1484:
1472:
1456:
1444:
1428:
1407:
1404:
1400:chromatography
1395:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1308:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1204:
1185:James R. Heath
1171:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1105:
1090:
1087:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
985:
970:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
944:
943:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
856:
855:
848:
847:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
817:
816:
810:
809:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
774:
773:
767:
766:
758:
757:
751:
750:
742:
739:
738:
733:
711:
710:
706:standard state
703:
700:
699:
665:P305+P351+P338
638:
633:
630:
629:
616:
611:
608:
607:
602:
597:
594:
593:
586:
581:
578:
577:
567:
566:
562:
561:
555:
553:
548:
545:
544:
537:
532:
529:
528:
522:
517:
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
503:Vapor pressure
499:
498:
495:
490:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
462:
456:
455:
452:
447:
442:
439:
438:
434:
433:
431:
430:
427:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
411:
410:
406:
403:
402:
400:
396:
393:
392:
390:
386:
383:
382:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
366:
365:
352:
350:
338:
335:
334:
332:
331:
323:
321:
315:
314:
312:
311:
303:
301:
293:
290:
289:
279:
271:
270:
268:
267:
259:
257:
251:
250:
248:
247:
239:
237:
231:
230:
227:
222:
219:
218:
216:
215:
207:
205:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
183:
181:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
160:
156:
155:
149:
142:
140:
139:
133:
132:
66:
65:Pronunciation
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
52:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7800:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7634:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7602:Geodesic dome
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:Critical Path
7546:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7512:
7507:
7505:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7477:
7467:
7465:
7455:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7339:Homochirality
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7194:Methoxyethane
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7077:Butyronitrile
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7052:Ethyl formate
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7031:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6989:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6977:Propionitrile
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6857:Vinyl alcohol
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6815:Vinyl cyanide
6813:
6812:
6811:
6810:Acrylonitrile
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6775:Pentynylidyne
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6671:Methylenimine
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Propynylidyne
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:Methyl cation
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6500:Fulminic acid
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Nitrous oxide
6373:
6371:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6269:Amino radical
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:Sodium iodide
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6081:Cyano radical
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Carbon cation
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5911:(prismane C8)
5898:
5896:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5853:
5851:
5837:
5835:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5759:
5757:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5722:Glassy carbon
5720:
5717:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5683:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5606:
5604:
5599:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5496:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5464:: 1397–1404.
5463:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5317:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5225:
5221:
5220:WeyburnReview
5217:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
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5122:
5118:
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5107:
5099:
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5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5056:
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5044:
5037:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5012:
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5001:
4995:
4991:
4984:
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4965:
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4957:
4953:
4949:
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4926:
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4916:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4691:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:10.1038/44348
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4559:
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4540:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4502:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4355:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:J. Chem. Phys
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4005:New Scientist
3999:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3647:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:J. Phys. Chem
3581:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3518:
3506:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3445:
3441:
3430:
3429:Polyfullerene
3421:
3415:
3411:
3393:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3329:
3314:-Ir(CO)Cl(PPh
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3271:
3263:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3193:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3084:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:Half-reaction
2995:
2994:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2958:
2956:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2910:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:Half-reaction
2731:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2641:
2640:diazomethanes
2632:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2576:
2575:free radicals
2562:
2560:
2559:ferromagnetic
2543:
2531:
2530:cycloaddition
2510:
2506:
2491:
2481:
2468:
2464:
2434:
2420:
2394:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2337:
2331:
2295:
2287:
2268:Hydrogenation
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:superaromatic
2239:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2147:semiconductor
2132:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2090:
2088:
2063:
2051:
2042:
2008:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1500:
1496:
1465:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1369:
1368:geodesic dome
1365:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1249:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1036:is a type of
1035:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
984:
979:
974:
973:
972:
971:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Nanocomposite
948:
947:
946:
945:
942:
939:
938:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:Iron–platinum
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
857:
854:
853:nanoparticles
850:
849:
844:
841:
839:
838:Health impact
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:C70 fullerene
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
818:
815:
812:
811:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
760:
759:
756:
755:Nanomaterials
753:
752:
748:
747:
736:
729:
724:
707:
701:
639:
636:
632:
631:
617:
614:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
596:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
579:
575:
573:
568:
563:
558:
554:
551:
547:
546:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
523:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
489:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
470:
463:
461:
458:
457:
448:
445:
441:
440:
435:
426:
425:
422:
415:
401:
391:
381:
380:
377:
370:
362:
358:
357:DTXSID4031772
354:
353:
351:
341:
337:
336:
329:
325:
324:
322:
320:
317:
316:
309:
305:
304:
302:
296:
292:
291:
287:
283:
280:
278:
276:ECHA InfoCard
273:
272:
265:
261:
260:
258:
256:
253:
252:
245:
241:
240:
238:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
221:
220:
213:
209:
208:
206:
202:
197:
196:
189:
185:
184:
182:
179:
175:
174:
169:
157:
148:
138:
134:
129:
67:
64:
63:
58:
48:
44:
39:
35:
34:
30:
22:
7735:
7727:
7715:
7590:Dymaxion map
7578:Dymaxion car
7547:
7539:
7531:
7432:
7415:Spectroscopy
7269:Astrobiology
7122:Formaldehyde
7018:
7014:Benzonitrile
6805:Acetaldehyde
6760:Methanethiol
6711:Acetonitrile
6616:Carbodiimide
6495:Formaldehyde
6490:Cyanoethynyl
6341:Iron cyanide
6336:Hydroperoxyl
6137:Nitric oxide
5969:Carbon fiber
5959:Carbon black
5945:
5926:Cubic carbon
5875:
5814:
5781:
5731:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5676:
5675:, including
5660:
5652:
5635:
5624:
5577:
5523:
5499:History of C
5461:
5457:
5413:
5409:
5379:
5368:Bibliography
5330:
5326:
5316:
5291:
5288:Biomaterials
5287:
5267:. Retrieved
5228:. Retrieved
5219:
5197:
5169:. Retrieved
5120:
5116:
5106:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5017:
4989:
4939:
4935:
4910:
4898:
4886:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4827:
4821:
4799:
4782:
4776:
4766:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4680:26 September
4678:. Retrieved
4669:Ars Technica
4667:
4657:
4616:
4610:
4600:
4588:
4576:
4557:
4551:
4539:
4520:
4510:
4501:
4489:. Retrieved
4480:
4471:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4372:
4368:
4354:
4331:
4298:
4294:
4259:(11): 6511.
4256:
4252:
4246:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4190:
4187:Astrophys. J
4186:
4180:
4161:
4112:
4106:
4096:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4026:
4022:
4004:
3998:
3989:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3664:
3660:
3659:in flames".
3646:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3620:
3611:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3549:
3540:
3519:
3507:
3491:
3479:
3472:
3452:
3399:
3382:
3366:
3344:
3327:
3311:
3294:
3269:
3261:
3237:
3225:
3216:
3191:
3167:
3161:
3147:
3101:
2999:
2968:
2952:
2916:
2735:
2714:
2692:
2633:
2618:
2597:
2587:
2568:
2523:
2492:
2477:
2426:
2379:occurs for C
2367:Addition of
2366:
2363:Halogenation
2338:
2293:
2271:
2173:
2133:
2091:
2080:
1989:
1968:
1829:acetonitrile
1794:
1606:
1521:Centered by
1464:double bonds
1409:
1381:
1361:
1349:
1345:mass spectra
1313:
1289:
1278:
1264:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1181:Harold Kroto
1177:
1154:Harold Kroto
1099:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1033:
1032:
887:Cobalt oxide
867:Quantum dots
822:
800:Applications
604:
571:
556:
171:Identifiers
159:Other names
146:
7654:Synergetics
7614:Octet truss
7389:Outer space
7299:Cosmic dust
7264:Abiogenesis
7176:Unconfirmed
7132:Heavy water
6972:Ethanethiol
6887:Cyanoallene
6877:Acetic acid
6847:Methylamine
6731:Diacetylene
6646:Formic acid
6636:Cyanomethyl
6294:Diazenylium
6284:CCP radical
6160:(molecular)
6144:(molecular)
6113:(molecular)
5921:Haeckelites
5866:(tricarbon)
5815:other forms
5715:Nanoscrolls
4074:(7): 3322.
3617:"Buckyball"
3326:→ Ir(CO)Cl(
2596:of Y. When
2252:not being "
2077:in crystal.
2065:Packing of
1909:tetradecane
1809:cyclohexane
1343:) in their
1271:icosahedral
1219:evaporation
1193:Robert Curl
1104:. Neutral C
1073:hydrocarbon
1052:and twelve
599:Signal word
534:Space group
472:Appearance
437:Properties
282:100.156.884
244:CHEBI:33128
165:; fullerene
7788:Fullerenes
7645:(daughter)
7608:World Game
7596:Tensegrity
7304:Cosmic ray
7246:Silylidyne
7209:Hemolithin
7184:Anthracene
7101:Deuterated
7082:Pyrimidine
6892:Ethanimine
6755:Ketenimine
6611:Butadiynyl
6435:Thioformyl
6289:Chloronium
5673:Fullerenes
5269:2021-04-15
5230:2021-04-17
5171:2021-11-26
4232:(1): 145.
4007:(32): 245.
3857:Joblin, C.
3532:References
3284:SiC≡CSi(CH
3248:SiC≡CSi(CH
3218:Titanocene
3108:molybdenum
2689:Fullerides
2687:See also:
1929:mesitylene
1785:chloroform
1647:Solubility
1589:Projective
1511:Properties
1436:nanometers
1304:electrodes
1285:fullerenes
1089:Occurrence
1083:buckyballs
907:Iron oxide
814:Fullerenes
583:Pictograms
512:Structure
460:Molar mass
328:NP9U26B839
255:ChemSpider
199:3D model (
188:99685-96-8
178:CAS Number
152:)fullerene
7711:Fullerene
7691:Gold Dome
7236:Phosphine
7104:molecules
7037:fullerene
6937:Acetamide
6741:Formamide
6621:Cyanamide
6475:Acetylene
6450:Tricarbon
6361:Methylene
6346:Isoformyl
6251:Triatomic
6024:Molecules
5703:Nanotubes
5466:CiteSeerX
5161:244643471
5145:1476-4687
4758:250785669
4546:, 369–370
4365:molecule"
4039:CiteSeerX
3962:205244293
3946:1476-4687
3899:118684608
3874:1211.7252
3842:118739732
3815:1201.3542
3120:palladium
2332:to give C
2199:oxidation
2109:superhard
1879:isooctane
1735:bromoform
1591:symmetry
1544:Pentagon
1406:Structure
1384:pyrolysis
1378:Synthesis
1358:Etymology
1168:footballs
1138:Fullerene
1064:atoms is
1054:pentagons
1038:fullerene
877:Cellulose
833:Chemistry
785:Chemistry
780:Synthesis
689:P403+P233
681:P337+P313
677:P332+P313
661:P304+P340
657:P302+P352
574:labelling
7782:Category
7762:Category
7681:Dymaxion
7676:Geoscope
7223:Linear C
7204:Graphene
7116:Ammonium
6917:Acrolein
6780:Propynal
6765:Methanol
6736:Ethylene
6605:Ammonium
6380:Nitroxyl
6204:Sulfanyl
6148:Imidogen
6142:Nitrogen
6111:Hydrogen
6056:Argonium
6033:Diatomic
5964:Charcoal
5805:Q-carbon
5732:sp forms
5709:Nanobuds
5668:Graphene
5662:Graphite
5653:sp forms
5357:30257131
5308:22498298
5260:Archived
5224:Archived
5165:Archived
5153:34819685
5063:21505658
4964:40552372
4956:11749258
4674:Archived
4641:18494170
4519:(1999).
4485:Archived
4413:Archived
4344:Archived
3954:26178962
3783:33588270
3775:20651118
3697:37159968
3627:13 April
3548:(2014).
3128:titanium
3116:platinum
3112:tungsten
2656:Phenyl-C
2373:chlorine
2369:fluorine
2320:, with C
2111:form of
2105:graphite
1971:solvents
1899:dodecane
1843:0.00004
1839:methanol
1631:solution
1619:Solution
1539:Hexagon
1416:vertices
1414:with 60
1274:symmetry
1223:graphite
1100:It also
1076:solvents
1058:football
1050:hexagons
955:Nanofoam
922:Platinum
805:Timeline
565:Hazards
229:5901022
7767:Commons
7636:Related
7369:Kerogen
7256:Related
7199:Glycine
7152:Propyne
7111:Ammonia
7009:Benzene
7004:Acetone
6996:or more
6967:Propene
6952:Ethanol
6842:Propyne
6661:Methane
6530:Ketenyl
6480:Ammonia
5946:related
5916:Chaoite
5438:4314237
5418:Bibcode
5348:7005847
5125:Bibcode
5086:Bibcode
4738:Bibcode
4649:4424892
4621:Bibcode
4491:10 June
4463:4359360
4443:Bibcode
4377:Bibcode
4323:4314237
4303:Bibcode
4261:Bibcode
4234:Bibcode
4195:Bibcode
4193:: 129.
4137:4314237
4117:Bibcode
4076:Bibcode
4031:Bibcode
3926:Bibcode
3879:Bibcode
3820:Bibcode
3755:Bibcode
3747:Science
3720:Bibcode
3689:2067575
3669:Bibcode
3349:guest.
3301:adducts
3276:) + (CH
3124:iridium
2965:cations
2911:−2.479
2881:−2.069
2851:−1.579
2821:−1.129
2791:−0.599
2761:−0.169
2501:. The C
2433:epoxide
2377:bromine
2336:again.
2113:diamond
2007:benzene
1923:0.0041
1919:dioxane
1859:pentane
1765:benzene
1755:toluene
1644:Solvent
1524:Vertex
1317:benzene
1248:species
1236:> 20
1132:History
882:Ceramic
728:what is
726: (
605:Warning
481:Density
465:720.660
295:PubChem
7628:(1967)
7622:(1965)
7616:(1961)
7610:(1961)
7604:(1953)
7598:(1949)
7592:(1946)
7586:(1940)
7580:(1933)
7574:(1928)
7552:(1981)
7544:(1968)
7536:(1938)
7420:Tholin
7241:Pyrene
6686:Silane
6656:Ketene
6158:Oxygen
5524:Nature
5468:
5436:
5410:Nature
5386:
5355:
5345:
5306:
5198:Nature
5159:
5151:
5143:
5117:Nature
5061:
5024:
4996:
4962:
4954:
4756:
4647:
4639:
4612:Nature
4564:
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4435:Nature
4321:
4295:Nature
4168:
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4108:Nature
4041:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3918:Nature
3897:
3867:: L4.
3840:
3781:
3773:
3712:Carbon
3695:
3687:
3661:Nature
3568:
3303:with C
3299:, for
3126:, and
3085:+2.14
3055:+1.71
3025:+1.27
3002:° (V)
2897:+ e ⇌
2867:+ e ⇌
2837:+ e ⇌
2807:+ e ⇌
2777:+ e ⇌
2747:+ e ⇌
2738:° (V)
2683:anions
2387:and Br
2375:, and
2262:alkene
2197:. Its
1943:0.254
1933:0.997
1913:0.126
1903:0.091
1893:0.070
1889:decane
1883:0.026
1873:0.025
1869:octane
1863:0.004
1833:0.004
1823:0.006
1813:0.035
1803:0.046
1799:hexane
1779:0.447
1745:cumene
1725:xylene
1649:(g/L)
1549:Image
1298:, and
1214:Using
1195:, and
1066:bonded
1062:carbon
927:Silver
892:Copper
851:Other
723:verify
720:
526:cF1924
421:SMILES
308:123591
264:110185
60:Names
7565:Other
7525:Books
7406:(PAH)
6994:atoms
6929:atoms
6869:atoms
6867:Eight
6797:atoms
6795:Seven
6703:atoms
6597:atoms
6467:atoms
6455:Water
6385:Ozone
6327:(HNC)
6321:(HCN)
5627:forms
5454:(PDF)
5434:S2CID
5263:(PDF)
5256:(PDF)
5194:(PDF)
5157:S2CID
4960:S2CID
4917:, 381
4905:, 379
4893:, 361
4881:, 372
4754:S2CID
4645:S2CID
4595:, 374
4583:, 364
4459:S2CID
4319:S2CID
4133:S2CID
3984:, 363
3958:S2CID
3895:S2CID
3869:arXiv
3838:S2CID
3810:arXiv
3779:S2CID
3693:S2CID
3655:and C
3334:)(PPh
3312:trans
3256:) + C
3198:)(PPh
3190:→ Pt(
3178:)(PPh
3154:)(CO)
3138:M(CO)
2573:with
2524:The C
2403:and C
2351:and C
2155:doped
2115:(see
2045:Solid
2005:from
1849:water
1789:0.25
1422:of a
1325:X-ray
1242:and C
1216:laser
1166:Many
917:Lipid
376:InChI
235:ChEBI
201:JSmol
6927:Nine
6595:Five
6505:HCCN
6465:Four
6425:SiNC
5384:ISBN
5353:PMID
5304:PMID
5149:PMID
5141:ISSN
5059:PMID
5022:ISBN
4994:ISBN
4952:PMID
4915:Katz
4903:Katz
4891:Katz
4879:Katz
4682:2021
4637:PMID
4593:Katz
4581:Katz
4562:ISBN
4544:Katz
4525:ISBN
4493:2019
4166:ISBN
3982:Katz
3950:PMID
3942:ISSN
3771:PMID
3685:PMID
3629:2024
3566:ISBN
3442:and
3361:and
3264:-Cp)
3240:-(CH
3146:→ M(
2941:(NMe
2707:LUMO
2703:HOMO
2697:in C
2695:LUMO
2693:The
2598:tert
2478:The
2294:tert
2256:". C
2029:and
1973:and
1769:1.5
1542:Face
1537:Face
1534:6–6
1532:Edge
1529:5–6
1527:Edge
1491:or C
1323:and
1114:star
1095:soot
902:Iron
897:Gold
697:P501
693:P405
685:P362
673:P321
669:P312
653:P280
649:P271
645:P264
641:P261
627:H335
623:H319
619:H315
319:UNII
7218:NCO
7118:ion
7025:, C
6992:Ten
6701:Six
6607:ion
5625:sp
5576:at
5522:in
5476:doi
5426:doi
5414:318
5343:PMC
5335:doi
5296:doi
5133:doi
5121:599
5094:doi
5082:102
5051:doi
4944:doi
4940:100
4859:doi
4855:102
4832:doi
4828:101
4812:*4C
4787:doi
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4709:doi
4699:".
4629:doi
4617:401
4609:".
4451:doi
4439:347
4385:doi
4373:170
4311:doi
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4269:doi
4230:203
4203:doi
4191:196
4125:doi
4113:318
4084:doi
4049:doi
3934:doi
3922:523
3887:doi
3865:550
3828:doi
3806:421
3763:doi
3751:329
3728:doi
3677:doi
3665:352
3599:doi
3558:doi
3322:+ C
3268:Ti(
3260:→ (
3236:Ti(
3206:+ C
3186:+ C
3166:Pt(
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2654:.
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2304:, C
2119:).
2013:·4C
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1689:18
1679:24
1669:33
1659:51
1386:of
1321:TEM
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1199:at
1097:.
572:GHS
345:EPA
298:CID
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7035:70
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