5688:
3662:
5449:
5531:
2840:
5413:
4283:
5632:
2896:
6013:
5437:
6964:, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find."
5932:
4460:
3864:
3673:
14406:, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal.
5473:
5461:
3657:
leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The
Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).
5519:
6025:
5425:
6077:
3515:
5884:
5989:
6037:
4718:
5900:
5057:
6001:
5961:
4298:
5660:
5719:
5648:
5672:
1566:
2397:
3604:
57:
2168:
5916:
5707:
5977:
4876:, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property." The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence.
7159:, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature."
6968:
derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the
English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (
6089:
5563:
4128:
1185:
5790:
3760:
7758:
is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."
7062:, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA."
3772:
2261:, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16).
5235:
2363:
1555:
5829:
3308:
9355:
5751:
5585:
18580:
2859:
10709:
5551:
13688:
13528:
5620:
10228:
5605:
3577:'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru. The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail. They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return.
7987:"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand."
10276:
2874:
3300:
1965:
5857:
5497:
3725:, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees. After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda. He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All
5767:
2379:
2709:
6049:
4991:
13927:. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism."
5806:
5735:
6958:, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root budh (to awaken, to know) Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word."
4559:
332:
21547:
5485:
21558:
18887:
1900:'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624 – 544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566 – 486 BCE.
18956:
18943:
6061:
3277:, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices. According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near
21846:
16658:
7862:, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out". According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the
2654:
913:
2144:
18933:
6630:, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a
21836:
3476:
7666:
by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."
1880:
legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".
5100:. Many Hindus claim that Buddha was Hindu and cite a belief that the Buddha is the ninth avatar of Vishnu in support. The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, the co-option into a list of avatars seen to be an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India.
4079:. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes, namely form (or material image, impression) (
3126:
7192:: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment."
4162:
to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.
2088:, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time. In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism, Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism.
5412:
3494:, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of
4242:... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness.
15167:
7476:("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path."
5003:) man. Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him.
6553:, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus."
6654:, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was
7363:, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was
18589:
4913:(DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides". This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments.
7938:
Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list , we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection.
7928:
Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by
Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes
7378:
According to
Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as
4926:
8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living." Similarly, in several
3501:
According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening. Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form
2113:
prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres". While the
Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for
2006:
The Buddha's tribe of origin, the
Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas. Tree
7969:"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129
7757:
As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there
6967:
Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is
4161:
given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment,
3639:
The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their
3381:
rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life. The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or
2758:
The legendary biographies depict
Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him. Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply
2692:
204. These texts report that what led to
Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better. The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of
2264:
The ancient
Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily
2129:
of the western Ganges basin. According to Stein and Burton, "he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by
Buddhists and their contemporaries." Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of
1528:
which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but
1239:
The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal". The clan name of Gautama
7665:
One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned
7284:
Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts,
4883:
the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of
4166:
In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent, as a result of later elaborations, including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links. According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.
3656:
Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my
3505:
Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this,
7288:
Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II:
7214:
The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre
5021:
According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.
1907:
Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563 – 483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so
1903:
However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates
4841:
The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant.
1983:, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an
7910:
J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed
4058:
is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma. The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or
1879:
There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person." The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or
4842:
Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.
4648:
Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann
3541:
In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85). The early texts also speak of how during the
2080:, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic. The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters,
5631:
4729:
According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message." Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For
3636:, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice. The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha, showing that he is concerned about its future welfare.
3109:, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters. However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the
3155:
convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an
4043:
is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness, and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus
14373:
Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal
3218:, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon", i.e. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification". The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic
18571:
7407:, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928."
3713:
and the precepts for monks and nuns. Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat. Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.
15148:
7691:
Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish
4233:
The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views. As
2724:
Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering. These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human
4884:
republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one. Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a
7079:, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs."
4193:, without an independent or permanent self. The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person. According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process".
3687:. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Bhikkhu Mettanando and
6012:
5530:
7561:
Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.
3843:
was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.
2915:
Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests. The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of
2512:
The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha. Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles. They depict his father Śuddhodana as a
3069:
As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance". The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the
4693:) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes. As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging).
4644:
has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers." According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."
4059:
ritual acts). The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention." Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".
1465:
also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma
3591:
At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi. Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.
1908:
circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.
6559:, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work."
2951:). With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on.
5448:
7006:, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common."
2963:
and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal. One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and
3204:, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell") near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening. According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an
7869:
Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic
7367:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".
6658:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south".
5687:
2125:)". The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated. The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence", and differed significantly from the
3569:
The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.
4141:
around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa
14973:
Abrahams, Matthew (2021), "In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams",
4998:
Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald
3554:
the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha. However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.
2613:
Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. According to the
6547:, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs."
14135:
Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der
4656:
He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".
7289:
27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."
3290:
At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.
3506:
the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".
4635:
argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".
5271:, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August).
2975:
According to the 身毛喜豎經, his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of
18190:——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra],
18169:
Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay],
14081:
6731:, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, , necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..."
7434:, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest
7416:
Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a
4022:. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." In the
1222:'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge". It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained
1205:
According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."
5006:
The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.
1888:
The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the
1536:
John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest"
7978:"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men".
4216:, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination. Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self. Even mental processes such as
7315:, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date. Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed.
4804:) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue. Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman"
5460:
4150:, which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors. The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali:
3487:) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts.
5436:
4026:(AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble (
3647:
depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the
3529:
According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.
2041:
records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like
2954:
According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques. The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of
5931:
2007:
veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.
4703:
Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.
3150:
to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god
9903:
2252:
Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt.
1440:
is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final
6648:, p. 45): "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
4872:). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the
3533:
As the sangha grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called
7357:, p. 45: "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier.
4649:
Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of
9852:
9298:
5828:
7212:, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts."
9563:
3580:
All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The
5472:
3980:
are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".
2939:
Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of
1763:
The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the
8849:
1951:, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE.
3661:
1896:
Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before
6024:
5518:
3538:" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes.
1482:), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power. Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is
2354:) to reach Buddhahood. The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama.
17354:
5141:, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name
8150:, to wake up) to the true nature of things. In our historical era, the Awakened One was a kṣatriya Siddhartha Gautama, born in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in about 566 B.C.E.
3035:
or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (
2277:
writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.
17260:
Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.),
5424:
5381:) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE. Some of these depictions, particularly those of
14053:
4119:). They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements.
3046:
Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (
12918:
in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.
18300:
The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten
2310:
Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood. In biographies like the
6982:, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One."
4171:, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth". According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version.
1247:
While the term "Buddha" is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term "Buddha" is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several
2839:
8092:
As far as we know, the man who became "the Buddha" or "the Awakened One" was neither a skeptic nor a fideist (i.e. a blind-faith believer) in religious and philosophical matters.
6076:
5883:
5177:(973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an
3502:
due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.
2773:. Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic.
1852:
Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the
8421:
Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity
4833:) which depends on caste. Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation.
17675:
4387:, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include
4369:
According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the
21990:
5988:
7118:
5358:
are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a
1634:
1597:
1278:
6088:
4491:, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices.
2307:, which consists of 547 stories. The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life.
3701:
The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The
18312:
Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.),
10494:
5496:
4800:
the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e. divine, like
1662:
16580:
10160:
9606:
4793:
The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.
4669:
also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".
1164:
Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices. The Buddha is recognized in other religious traditions, such as
5789:
4927:
other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.
3809:
the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents. The sangha waited until the eminent elder
3428:, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin
18098:
8005:"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these).
2245:). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as
15014:
9899:
7914:
Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."
7740:('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century),
2739:
explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an
2478:
later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.
12129:
5899:
5647:
4900:, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness (
3621:(DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the
3287:(The Discourse on Fire), in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated.
3043:), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going.
2821:
learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.
14595:
9513:
6936:
The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following
4187:, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death). in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are
2130:
the middle Ganges basin. This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."
1613:
No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter. But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several
17779:
17481:
16954:
15490:
12568:
12474:
8591:
7896:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha."
16847:
16203:
9832:
7317:
Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.
5856:
4154:). This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena.
9262:
3181:, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions. MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to
16374:
6599:
determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (
5011:
2431:
determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (
19697:
13106:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama",
9571:
18815:
17122:
16348:
7623:
the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments
1522:
says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the
5562:
2936:), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community.
2895:
2281:
goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.
21804:
20612:
19087:
7379:
well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."
6036:
4817:
can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained. According to
3744:(final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"). The
1293:
15962:, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
18810:
2303:" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the
18042:
16056:
15750:
15660:
7446:, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna. Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called
5750:
1650:
texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"), establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the
18805:
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ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".
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5092:, under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama also came to be regarded as the 9th
1172:. His legacy is not only encapsulated in religious institutions, but in the iconography and art inspired by his life and teachings, ranging from
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view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.
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16808:
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after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.
394:
11814:
3836:. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers.
16034:
History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system
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as taught in Vedas. The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their
4661:
similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four
21669:
19057:
18392:
5659:
4609:, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas:
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life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life." MN 26, MĀ 204, the
2117:
According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, " together in what is now
18765:
5706:
5370:. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts
4851:, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The
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does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a
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This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.
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a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli
5915:
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tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on
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61:
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9761:
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4605:. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to
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3323:, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as
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16332:
7960:"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman"
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Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."
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of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".
6048:
18922:
18118:"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)"
5718:
2639:
also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.
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In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of
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right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
3683:
After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named
3404:
The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's
2217:, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the
21595:
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A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages
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after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at
2091:
Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.
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4157:
The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:
2241:
the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (
1911:
The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned
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2333:) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas. One of the most popular of these stories is
11429:
7421:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." Gethin does not give references for this statement.
6638:, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up:
4030:) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions.
3643:
The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death. The
2630:. Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)."
1230:, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand", is the faculty which discerns truth (
21925:
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Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a
2585:
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15844:
5584:
4613:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials".
2959:, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin. The
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reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."
4675:
argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".
3973:
3588:
Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.
3559:
17106:
16680:
16406:
16288:
16137:
15608:
15567:
15349:
12782:
10498:
10213:
8639:
8349:
4976:, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36).
3562:
There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The
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when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to
3263:), at this time or five days later. After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of
2424:, in present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart.
21885:
21809:
19250:
19092:
18705:
17201:
Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article",
16564:
6125:
5377:
Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the
4167:
According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with
3366:
Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related
3347:) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km. His sangha enjoyed the patronage of the kings of
21849:
17694:
10171:
9615:
7939:
Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."
7342:: "The date (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE He was now in the middle of his reign."
21880:
21427:
18530:
14386:
Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.),
5225:
4774:
The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the
4358:. According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the
3692:
2539:
form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic
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17440:
3514:
2982:("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked. This memory leads him to understand that
21970:
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20874:
18969:
17123:"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism"
15878:
15008:
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to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences, and which transmigrated from life to life. The Buddha's
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943:
389:
346:
13710:
8906:
5484:
4522:, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming (
1218:(बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again", "to awaken"
21940:
21814:
19170:
17607:
16891:
16706:
16545:
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15947:
15886:
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15806:
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14941:
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14628:
12806:
12126:
11635:
8633:
5046:
17:
21417:
14587:
12466:
7538:
a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (
5805:
4947:
According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (
3173:
According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,
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20847:
18145:
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17469:
16942:
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also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.
16195:
15669:
10161:"The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)"
9802:
Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.
6537:
deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the
5734:
2705:
all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.
2266:
21494:
21484:
19313:
16838:
10430:
9254:
7884:
Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [
6595:, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan. In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor
5604:
5010:
Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the
2606:
other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a
17617:
16359:
7614:
a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition
5550:
4717:
4687:", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path. He taught that mendicants or "beggars" (
3144:
According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the
1129:, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the
21930:
21915:
21765:
21439:
21092:
20894:
20785:
20730:
19303:
16978:
15767:
15422:
8790:
8661:
Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.
8424:
6170:
1524:
17145:
14982:
Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),
14933:
The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad
5619:
4544:
may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.
2990:, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" (
21950:
21945:
21770:
21409:
21107:
20790:
19082:
18915:
16724:
14809:
6626:
Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"
6313:
6273:
6249:, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the
5056:
3800:
2619:
872:
567:
150:
7652:"sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then
4483:. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the
1335:. The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (
21960:
21910:
21588:
20992:
20864:
20835:
20537:
15318:]. Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (in German). Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
6763:
6452:
4907:
According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the
4771:) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value.
4310:
3615:
The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the
2792:, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into
2677:
While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or
2658:
817:
592:
552:
7724:
Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the
5418:
A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.
3632:
depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the
1240:
means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light", and comes from the fact that
21684:
21625:
20683:
20592:
20062:
19707:
19220:
19115:
15039:——— (2013b). "The Gurudharmaon Bhikṣuṇī Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tradition".
9567:
7626:
a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition
7330:, and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places.
6495:
4867:
4581:
One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the
4350:
A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the
4297:
3448:. Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a
3367:
3011:
2527:(Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat (
2451:
2171:
1995:
texts; their origins remain speculative and debated. Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside
1138:
20227:
3977:
1693:
21900:
21819:
21740:
21532:
21012:
20488:
19974:
19097:
18930:
18602:
18304:
16310:
15335:
14903:
13547:
Tse-Fu Kuan. "Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature". In Edo Shonin; William Van Gordon;
12512:
8688:"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods"
8146:
Buddhists are those who follow the way of the buddhas, beings who have fully "awakened" (from the root
7106:
6505:
6281:
6106:
5146:
5076:
4653:, but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date.
4339:(liberation). This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali
2413:
2401:
1756:
both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the
1622:
1578:
1263:
20422:
17854:
17020:, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)
7471:
4054:, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits.
3152:
2374:(present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists.
21920:
21733:
21422:
21235:
21225:
21097:
20080:
19660:
19421:
19396:
18714:
18025:
17034:
16762:
11454:
11320:
7312:
7170:
6485:
6374:
6295:
5221:
4751:
4528:) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism. According to
3311:
The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)
3283:
2830:
2805:
According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day
2760:
2548:
2382:
2324:
1992:
1987:, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non-
1565:
1223:
692:
19446:
17652:
17193:
16988:
Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",
16823:
10090:
The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary
9833:"Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries"
8818:
7293:
3640:
personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.
2594:) or a great religious leader. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight
1701:
1347:). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all
1061:
502:
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19481:
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15734:
11811:
8945:
7736:('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's
6490:
5386:
4932:
4918:
4631:
hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.
4534:
4512:
4202:
3259:
2396:
1819:
tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The
697:
647:
37:
9703:
6534:
5121:
school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.
1449: – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained
21985:
21870:
21657:
21581:
21464:
21444:
20775:
20755:
20512:
20242:
19486:
17092:
16223:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 73
12241:
7533:
7228:
that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.
7175:
6789:
4955:) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action (
4637:
4371:
3918:, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa
3828:, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by
2471:
2167:
2067:
857:
195:
33:
15010:
A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90
4923:
4423:)". Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint and
4197:
3584:
texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the
1740:(MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The
1112:(both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other
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21314:
20982:
20952:
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20676:
20517:
20465:
20460:
20222:
20043:
19940:
19692:
19687:
19436:
18492:
17188:
16867:
16834:
15030:——— (2013a). "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)".
11350:
7209:
6205:
4146:
In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of
3925:
3840:
3710:
3075:
2237:
outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the
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672:
657:
637:
562:
557:
472:
379:
19804:
17822:
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14931:
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14419:
12532:
Reat, Noble Ross (1996). "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).
10456:
9295:
9059:
8833:
4226:) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self (
3748:
reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four
3405:
3101:
2635:
2446:
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9781:
9017:
8978:
8872:
8127:
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7183:
7109:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
6785:
6388:
6257:
5575:
5466:
Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha
5367:
5345:
5337:
4909:
4683:
The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "
4553:
4179:
The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (
4147:
3944:
3617:
3585:
3417:
3230:
or monastic. The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first
2063:
1813:
1625:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
1266:
commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the
1105:
877:
867:
822:
56:
20095:
17470:"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu"
17063:
16360:"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V"
16110:——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.),
15243:
13829:
Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.
10103:
6429:
depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha
5173:, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by
4616:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism".
3749:
21975:
21745:
21635:
21502:
21469:
21454:
20972:
20869:
20815:
20700:
20639:
20607:
20602:
20587:
20572:
20562:
20527:
20440:
20132:
20055:
19358:
19298:
19047:
19014:
18964:
17994:
16304:
6538:
6237:
5250:
4782:
does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity. He especially critiqued
4658:
4606:
4355:
3937:
3875:
3603:
3467:) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins).
3253:
also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of
3028:
2879:
2615:
2567:
2179:
1509:
1069:
887:
847:
842:
807:
652:
532:
440:
425:
369:
341:
21342:
19957:
19826:
19752:
19628:
19366:
17763:
16740:
The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline
12127:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'"
6697:, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other (
5280:
4829:
valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (
4305:. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down.
3688:
3327:, and cannibals such as Alavaka. According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from "
3315:
For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the
1519:
1367:
is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:
1053:
8:
21694:
21309:
21188:
21022:
20997:
20987:
20947:
20924:
20807:
20780:
20740:
20659:
20649:
20577:
20504:
19935:
19792:
19573:
19551:
19503:
19323:
19123:
18979:
18959:
18735:
18691:
18238:
16442:
16431:
16392:
15469:
15457:
8769:
How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?
6226:
5398:
4779:
4666:
4488:
4314:
4210:
In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (
4127:
3771:
3759:
3491:
3114:
2684:
The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali
2514:
2106:
1085:
1024:
897:
852:
790:
730:
667:
612:
607:
362:
351:
19283:
19210:
16466:
15384:
14898:
14779:
The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds
11484:
8417:"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA"
8386:
8384:
8382:
7767:
For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see:
7718:(DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the
7388:
Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,
7326:-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being
6610:
Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,
6441:, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters
5112:
4602:
4255:
3810:
2580:
According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer
2577:
in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.
2198:
2152:
2085:
1827:, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The
1748:, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The
21674:
21372:
21277:
21119:
21082:
21077:
21007:
20957:
20904:
20899:
20770:
20765:
20760:
20750:
20735:
20720:
20715:
20654:
20634:
20597:
20522:
20327:
20028:
19952:
19830:
19772:
19613:
19513:
19441:
19416:
19062:
18992:
18785:
18750:
18725:
18535:
18371:
18137:
17901:
17893:
17377:
17218:
17005:
16747:
15969:
15705:
15697:
15226:
Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens
15084:"Brahmavihāra and Awakening, A Study of the Dīrgha-āgama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta"
14073:
13978:
9723:
9482:
9449:
Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India".
8806:
8715:
7322:
notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to
6409:
6340:
6245:
6095:
5541:
5394:
5382:
5234:
5169:
in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in
4847:
4809:
4640:
also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his teachings". Likewise,
4499:
4435:
4411:
4328:
4019:
4009:
3997:
3901:
3889:
3867:
3820:
and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and
3816:
The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as
2978:
2834:
2648:
2532:
2505:", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of
2497:, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal. His father
2470:). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a
2463:
2278:
1700:(corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in
1411:
1388:
1331:) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the
1193:
1184:
1097:
1012:
996:
882:
862:
802:
797:
685:
587:
580:
507:
497:
404:
21171:
17404:
16728:
16257:
Research on the date of the Buddha: South Asian Studies Published in Western Languages
15957:
13373:
11031:
8532:
8530:
6944:, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" (
3959:
3705:
tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the
3581:
3459:, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted
3211:
2147:
One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by
1717:
21955:
21652:
21630:
21550:
21512:
21208:
21193:
21156:
21141:
20914:
20830:
20745:
20582:
20547:
20532:
20259:
20249:
19930:
19777:
19762:
19633:
19556:
19476:
19411:
19343:
19230:
18987:
18566:
18542:
18467:
18446:
18378:
18355:
18335:
18327:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
18298:
18275:
18215:
18129:
18088:
18055:
18036:
18015:
17984:
17961:
17943:
17905:
17830:
17741:
17723:
17623:
17603:
17567:
17536:
17331:
17303:
17292:
17273:
17237:
17222:
17137:
17096:
17071:
17064:
16974:
16928:
16910:
16887:
16702:
16631:
16624:
16600:
16570:
16541:
16522:
16396:
16322:
16278:
16233:
16160:
16127:
16069:
16050:
15997:
15976:
15943:
15906:
15882:
15850:
15831:
15821:
15802:
15781:
15763:
15744:
15730:
15709:
15689:
15654:
15629:
15598:
15557:
15537:
15519:
15444:
15339:
15279:
15249:
15214:
15200:
15157:
15133:
15114:
15048:
14937:
14878:
14803:
14716:
14624:
14568:
14558:
14533:
14529:
14512:
14491:
14425:
14391:
14077:
14023:
13736:
Wynne, Alexander (2005). "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature".
12983:
12772:
12516:
11641:
11631:
11421:
10464:
10109:
9844:
9773:
9727:
9486:
9474:
9466:
9146:
9023:
8984:
8950:
8878:
8839:
8780:
8719:
8707:
8703:
8687:
8629:
8379:
8339:
8331:
8135:
8105:
8081:
7543:
7447:
7245:
7054:
6921:
6473:
6363:
6193:
5967:
5325:
4937:
4475:
In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers,
4447:
4351:
4347:" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other.
4271:
4051:
3933:
3880:
A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the
3495:
3307:
3231:
3146:
3137:
2997:
2969:
2797:
2793:
2736:
2544:
2362:
2148:
2059:
2055:
1725:
1327:
1299:
1288:
1145:. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as
1065:
929:
827:
812:
617:
492:
435:
399:
384:
315:
269:
20494:
19288:
19188:
18850:
17505:
17381:
16784:
12293:
7744:'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and
4379:(SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination.
2752:
2531:), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy. The more egalitarian
21980:
21905:
21785:
21728:
21198:
21151:
21146:
21002:
20967:
20942:
20937:
20688:
20644:
20557:
20232:
19888:
19881:
19665:
19655:
19541:
19205:
19077:
18593:
18584:
18575:
18518:
18427:
18393:"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context"
18199:
18179:
17885:
17804:
17369:
17210:
16997:
16779:
16314:
16159:, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
15860:
15681:
15095:
14689:
14065:
13548:
13375:
Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta
12836:
9807:
9803:
9715:
9458:
8772:
8699:
8527:
8196:
7852:
7493:
include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the
7435:
7083:
7011:
6807:
6433:
6139:
6067:
5366:. Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of
4969:
4814:
4783:
4632:
4624:
4590:
4480:
4138:
4098:
3948:
3684:
3441:
2863:
2858:
2729:, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader. In the
2540:
2270:
2037:
1641:
1614:
1248:
1134:
892:
837:
767:
757:
622:
20277:
18795:
17722:, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press,
15069:——— (2014). "The Buddha's Last Meditation in the Dirgha-Agama".
14694:
14679:
14231:
13925:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India"
9321:, Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6.
8549:
7836:): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine".
2924:(MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of
2485:. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic
1816:
1790:
1151:, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as
1100:(meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the
21562:
21507:
21459:
21387:
21257:
21055:
21035:
20977:
20889:
20552:
20450:
20297:
20033:
20016:
20001:
19979:
19531:
19401:
19235:
19215:
18891:
18745:
18461:
18440:
18349:
18325:
17937:
17248:
17174:
Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), "Buddha", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),
17086:
16900:
16719:, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 66–67
16674:
16386:
16272:
16268:
16154:
16121:
15896:
15872:
15794:
15592:
15551:
15438:
15326:
14991:
14239:
14126:
Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.
13382:
12977:
12810:
12766:
12133:
11818:
11358:
10205:
9564:"Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date"
9302:
8619:
8556:
8333:
7951:
Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.
7490:
7431:
7319:
5839:
5570:
5390:
5152:
5082:
4822:
4735:
4731:
4405:
4399:
4389:
4359:
4068:
3954:
3911:
3178:
3117:
before entering meditation. Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.
2940:
2329:
2291:
2274:
2218:
2214:
2100:
2051:
2000:
1554:
1427:
1158:
1093:
1077:
917:
832:
632:
542:
487:
20307:
19461:
19451:
18835:
18562:
18420:
When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha
17328:
The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism
16467:"Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought"
15406:
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya
7164:
4538:
may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences . The Buddhist practice called
4415:, the cumulative development of wholesome states leading to a "state of perfect
4106:
3993:
3885:
3726:
2873:
2796:
there, though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a
2481:
Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a
1868:(who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of
1137:, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in
482:
21699:
21517:
21220:
21070:
20852:
20432:
20412:
20332:
20021:
20011:
19945:
19782:
19268:
19131:
18855:
18790:
18626:
18488:
17707:
17524:
17229:
16943:"Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I"
16742:. Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan. Vol. 1. Cambridge.
11079:
9719:
9283:
8683:
7729:
6770:
6524:
6394:
6379:
6286:
6262:
5638:
5510:
5378:
5310:
5182:
4747:
4290:
4135:
3968:
3633:
3535:
3409:
3316:
3205:
3158:
2907:), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right.
2735:(5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer
2689:
2623:
2554:
The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in
2482:
2386:
2316:
2314:, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" (
2160:
2156:
2110:
2073:
2047:
1996:
1948:
1445:
1142:
1126:
777:
707:
662:
520:
239:
80:
21573:
17619:"Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism
17373:
17214:
15928:
A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day
15685:
9462:
8946:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka"
8776:
5309:, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before
4518:
3786:: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord".
3377:
The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the
2713:
2708:
2378:
2016:
964:
21864:
21792:
21287:
21136:
20445:
20347:
20205:
20006:
19984:
19920:
19591:
19386:
19381:
19273:
18942:
18415:
18321:
18133:
17638:"The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar"
17432:
17296:
17241:
17141:
16064:
Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
15868:
15835:
15693:
15289:
15052:
13973:
Omvedt, Gail (1 June 2001). "Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher".
12841:
12824:
9848:
9777:
9470:
9291:
8711:
8625:
7745:
7725:
7114:
6793:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6349:
6221:
6214:
6143:
5341:
5324:, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to
5321:
5181:
and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century,
4941:
4897:
4885:
4818:
4598:
4563:
4235:
4001:
3893:
3833:
3783:
3498:
which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.
3456:
3413:
3320:
3299:
3071:
2944:
2929:
2698:
2670:
2350:
2077:
1964:
1820:
1651:
1630:
1605:
1274:
602:
597:
537:
288:
138:
21689:
19745:
19735:
19107:
18598:
18203:
18183:
17203:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
14572:
14457:
14352:
11645:
11019:
6197:, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by
4990:
4940:(in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the
4825:
of society. The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one
4696:
The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various
4524:
3558:
As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with
2498:
2416:. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either
1655:
1332:
742:
547:
189:
21645:
21377:
21362:
21332:
21282:
21272:
21114:
20909:
20402:
20237:
20115:
19903:
19898:
19725:
19596:
19471:
18932:
18820:
18271:
The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective
18249:
16866:
16156:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
16084:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
15935:
15642:
14684:. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018).
14550:
12245:
9478:
8898:
8615:
7737:
7733:
7439:
6745:
6588:
6529:
6464:
6403:
6368:
6333:
6329:
6277:, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha.
6230:
6210:
5906:
5678:
5371:
5359:
5026:
4944:, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things).
4672:
4641:
4586:
4539:
4476:
4464:
4429:
4217:
4212:
4114:
3964:
3677:
3186:
3174:
3129:
3106:
2965:
2925:
2590:
2304:
2246:
2242:
2081:
2020:
1853:
1802:
1765:
1741:
1617:(reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly,
1593:
1355:
is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".
1348:
1153:
1089:
1081:
1057:
642:
527:
445:
331:
69:
20160:
20145:
20105:
19802:
19466:
19042:
15626:
The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE
15188:
Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon
15156:. Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg.
15100:
15083:
14069:
12803:
12534:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD
7818:
6773:
provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.
5031:
4044:
unreliable. The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.
4011:
3919:
3903:
3625:, and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese".
3484:
3232:
3091:
2702:
2522:
2440:
1777:
21664:
21347:
21176:
20317:
20302:
20085:
19893:
19821:
19601:
19431:
19333:
19180:
19052:
18661:
18331:
18232:(illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society
17253:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
17059:
15849:, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society,
15275:
14682:
Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position
14530:
Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History
14388:
Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History
7848:
6457:
6163:
6159:
6150:
5306:
5255:
5242:
5194:
5162:
5130:
4628:
4558:
4529:
4441:
4424:
4082:
3829:
3796:
3740:
He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as
3665:
3543:
3278:
3136:, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the
3095:
2789:
2744:
2731:
2518:
2475:
2300:
2202:
2187:
2122:
1873:
1865:
1836:
1745:
1530:
1189:
1037:
712:
21337:
19797:
18840:
18141:
18117:
15874:
Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts
15701:
13995:
Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.
9762:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"
5197:, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish
4362:, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of
3733:
2688:("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at
1125:
A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title
21724:
21640:
21292:
21250:
21126:
20932:
20857:
20471:
20455:
20417:
20397:
20292:
20175:
20110:
20090:
19836:
19767:
19638:
19521:
19491:
19426:
19376:
19024:
18845:
18770:
17897:
17319:
Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia
17262:
Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)
17236:, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, pp. 70–71,
17047:
17009:
16318:
15483:"The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages"
15440:
The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology
13982:
13775:
6937:
6682:
6438:
6317:
5780:
5741:
5610:
5442:
Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.
5363:
5302:
4957:
4739:
4594:
4582:
4567:
4507:
4484:
4363:
4344:
4302:
3929:
3764:
3722:
3695:
3324:
3059:
3055:
3020:
2852:
2844:
2785:
2607:
2421:
2257:) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the
1890:
1677:
1462:
1147:
1045:
1032:
1008:
1004:
968:
717:
477:
160:
134:
20312:
19308:
18830:
15713:
15507:
Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising
11703:
11127:
11103:
5502:
Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha,
4183:, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" (
3019:, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the
21720:
21267:
21240:
20407:
20282:
19994:
19910:
19787:
19677:
19650:
19643:
19606:
19563:
19526:
19293:
19258:
19225:
19200:
19155:
18740:
18666:
18397:
Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies
18254:(in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39
18243:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co.
18014:, Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research,
17167:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations
16447:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co.
16436:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co.
15902:
15397:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon
11812:
Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence
10422:
8765:"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?"
7796:
Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:
7327:
6591:, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in
6198:
5938:
5890:
5867:
5843:
5835:
5812:
5796:
5725:
5591:
5537:
5209:
5190:
5174:
5138:
4743:
4468:
4324:
4286:
3989:
3928:, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the
3881:
3702:
3574:
3547:
3455:
The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant
3449:
3445:
3433:
3398:
3356:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3219:
3063:
3016:
2956:
2904:
2884:
2867:
2814:
2751:(DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha,
2717:
2599:
2555:
2486:
2126:
1984:
1857:
1832:
1515:
1241:
1016:
762:
737:
21704:
21040:
19876:
19730:
19496:
19278:
19147:
19139:
18533:; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996).
18261:
Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka
17814:
The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya
17768:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts"
17001:
15414:
15328:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
12933:
12186:
11455:"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion"
9608:
Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness
9501:
8835:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
8764:
8416:
5478:
The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
4200:
rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali
4090:
3756:
before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.
3608:
3607:
This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and
3542:
Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king,
3429:
3425:
2810:
2627:
2194:
2032:
2015:
The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential
1968:
Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (
1823:
biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the
1529:
he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as
173:
21620:
21557:
21397:
21352:
21297:
21262:
21166:
20825:
20392:
20387:
20337:
20272:
20190:
20155:
20150:
19811:
19682:
19670:
19581:
19240:
18937:
18886:
18875:
18639:
18617:
17889:
16230:
Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life
10156:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
7443:
7082:
Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several
6737:
Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in
6666:
6469:
6290:
6250:
6030:
Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century
5952:
5922:
5595:
3775:
3706:
3460:
3386:
3182:
3024:
2777:
2740:
2666:
2417:
2175:
2043:
2024:
1869:
1798:
1697:
1375:
1173:
1165:
1118:
980:
772:
752:
747:
627:
323:
249:
210:
20382:
20372:
20357:
20180:
20050:
19318:
16657:
16501:
A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities
16123:
How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
11873:
11667:
11546:
10105:
Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India
9145:(1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix.
8332:
Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002).
7777:
Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing".
7548:
5524:
The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.
5085:
emerged after the lifetime of the Buddha, between 500–200 BCE and
4775:
4767:
4332:
4266:. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging
4075:(aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and
4005:
3897:
3479:
Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains
2653:
2109:, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which
21716:
21302:
21245:
21230:
20377:
20367:
20342:
20217:
20212:
20170:
20140:
20072:
20038:
19925:
19866:
19861:
19715:
19618:
19456:
19406:
19193:
19019:
18654:
17977:
The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace
17455:
Srivastava, K.M. (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",
16615:
The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning
16032:
Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina",
14874:
History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE
13642:
13640:
13638:
13412:
9812:
8327:
8325:
7741:
7262:
7225:
7129:
6592:
5351:
5317:
5205:
5170:
5166:
5155:
5117:
5108:
4951:) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome (
4758:
4722:
4688:
4503:
4416:
4383:
4267:
4263:
4072:
3915:
3573:
One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was
3523:
3519:
3394:
3352:
3328:
3227:
3193:
3133:
3110:
3079:
3002:
2992:
2848:
2818:
2595:
2573:
2493:) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the
2455:
2409:
2390:
2371:
2367:
2334:
2183:
2143:
2028:
1861:
1789:
is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet
1757:
1666:
1601:
1589:
1454:
1437:
1364:
1101:
1073:
1049:
984:
452:
109:
65:
19989:
19757:
18463:
The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace
17266:
Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)
16274:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
15487:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
14702:
14620:
Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition
14006:"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism"
12921:
12446:
12434:
12422:
12410:
12138:
12083:
11751:
9324:
7748:'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century).
6762:
to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better". See also
6614:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. (
6324:
6166:
based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.
5941:
5401:
images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.
1704:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE.
1212:, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One", is the masculine form of
21775:
21382:
21367:
21203:
21065:
21045:
20820:
20482:
20362:
20352:
20287:
19915:
19871:
19856:
19846:
19816:
19740:
19623:
19391:
19263:
19007:
19002:
18825:
18434:(3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
17797:"Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image"
17703:
17088:
Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations
15758:
Cox, Collett (2003), "Abidharma", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),
14899:"Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century"
14680:
Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli; Jaffary Awang; Zaizul Ab Rahman (2018).
13799:
13724:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices"
12896:
12265:
11897:
11861:
11837:
11825:
11727:
11534:
11163:
8116:
As a result of his discoveries, Siddhartha became known as the
7828:
7812:
7800:
7392:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.(
7389:
7323:
7307:
In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a
7258:
7125:
7102:
6792:), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day
6611:
6596:
6345:
6189:, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha.
5847:
5355:
5291:
5158:
5097:
5093:
5065:
5061:
4826:
4801:
4787:
4697:
4222:
4189:
4131:
4035:
3821:
3475:
3421:
3390:
3360:
3348:
3332:
3254:
2987:
2908:
2900:
2888:
2806:
2781:
2765:
2726:
2662:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2459:
2428:
2348:
is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (
2337:, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood.
2234:
1980:
1646:
1618:
1574:
1450:
1400:
1304:
1259:
1214:
1169:
1130:
1028:
992:
912:
467:
462:
457:
420:
223:
113:
17405:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts"
16306:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
14175:
13635:
10670:
10489:
10487:
8664:
8322:
8157:
6527:. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the
4888:
form of government, while others disagree with this position.
4502:
are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in
4062:
3355:
and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals,
2584:
journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the
2070:, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted.
1835:
tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by
21755:
21750:
21522:
21357:
21215:
21181:
21161:
21131:
21060:
20477:
20322:
20200:
20195:
20165:
20120:
19967:
19962:
19841:
19546:
19371:
19338:
19328:
18683:
18675:
15801:(February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii.
14286:
14284:
13726:, p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press.
13625:
13623:
12886:
12884:
12509:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
10206:"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon"
10040:
10038:
9978:
9900:"Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha"
9019:
Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia
6884:
6872:
6848:
6399:
5863:
5757:
5295:
5198:
5186:
5178:
5134:
5104:
4930:
Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the
4762:
4495:
3825:
3817:
3437:
3378:
3223:
2917:
2657:
The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a
2603:
2588:
and then announced that he would either become a great king (
2581:
2563:
2559:
2467:
2118:
1988:
1979:
According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a
1897:
1640:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). Another one of his edicts (
1232:
1048:
between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to
1020:
988:
976:
972:
702:
18291:
History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era
17848:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17772:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
17474:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
16947:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
14257:
14219:"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism"
13849:
13847:
13753:
13751:
13111:
13020:
12996:
12916:
The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage
12008:
10513:
9384:
9382:
8621:
The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths
8461:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).
7890:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [
7617:
the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit
7611:
the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese
7038:
7026:
6834:
6822:
5430:
Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.
4936:) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are:
4750:
as the foremost meter. In general, the Buddha critiques the
4547:
3943:
According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the
2903:
walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (
21392:
20185:
19851:
19348:
17591:
The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300
17029:, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223
15532:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014),
13039:
13037:
13035:
12871:
12869:
12867:
12337:
12335:
11972:
11780:
11778:
11271:
10540:
10484:
10055:
10053:
9930:
9879:
8396:
8310:
7824:): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying;
7041:
7032:
6908:
6890:
6860:
6854:
6837:
6828:
5994:
Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.
4866:
focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (
4249:
3371:
3274:
3125:
3120:
2598:
scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.
2222:
1319:
1200:
15281:
The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)
14712:
Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice
14281:
14269:
14245:
14199:
14163:
13811:
13620:
13503:
13501:
13499:
13448:
13303:
13291:
13219:
13207:
13183:
13135:
13123:
13073:
13049:
12881:
12854:
12852:
12489:
12198:
11715:
11657:
11655:
11512:
11510:
11401:
11303:
11301:
11288:
11286:
11009:
11007:
10982:
10980:
10917:
10774:
10772:
10733:
10699:
10697:
10569:
10567:
10035:
9738:
9736:
9255:"Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?"
9164:
9162:
8550:
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
7555:
7199:
6902:
6054:
Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.
5404:
5320:, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the
32:"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see
21050:
19586:
18608:
18293:, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste
15294:
The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3
14984:
Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State
14852:
14649:
14623:. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10.
14308:
14096:
13844:
13832:
13748:
13589:
13436:
12352:
12350:
12308:
11924:
11914:
11912:
10264:
10252:
10240:
9995:
9993:
9632:
9379:
9343:
8743:
8741:
8261:
7892:
7886:
7677:
Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit
7620:
the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese
7546:
destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (
7215:
robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.
7017:
6993:
A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;
6869:
6845:
6813:
5653:
The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.
5253:
is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit
4494:
According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on
3824:. These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called
3490:
According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo,
2408:
According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in
2265:
life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the
1999:
without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as
1864:
empire); and died during the early years of the reign of
1176:
symbols to iconic depictions in various cultural styles.
16196:"Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?"
13652:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13518:
13516:
13424:
13320:
13318:
13255:
13032:
12864:
12746:
12640:
12638:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12630:
12628:
12626:
12624:
12622:
12362:
12332:
12222:
12210:
12150:
12107:
12095:
12059:
12047:
11775:
11247:
11235:
11175:
11091:
11067:
10861:
10859:
10796:
10721:
10658:
10530:
10528:
10050:
9294:, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545,
7710:
Early texts that outline the graduated path include the
5350:
The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at
3737:)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā').
2769:("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction") and the end of
1396: – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct.
1003:
to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of
17876:
Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination",
17829:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
17025:——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths",
15670:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article"
14332:
14187:
13930:
13919:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13911:
13909:
13907:
13877:
Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".
13496:
13460:
13330:
13195:
13159:
13061:
12945:
12849:
12722:
12710:
12698:
12686:
12674:
12595:
12561:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History"
12540:
12536:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48.
12071:
11984:
11652:
11594:
11582:
11507:
11377:
11298:
11283:
11259:
11223:
11211:
11199:
11151:
11139:
11055:
11004:
10977:
10929:
10905:
10871:
10832:
10808:
10769:
10694:
10627:
10564:
10552:
10139:
10137:
9918:
9733:
9656:
9644:
9540:
9210:
9198:
9159:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8503:
8249:
8186:
8184:
8022:
7881:
A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.
6634:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal."
6082:
Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.
5294:-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of
3813:
arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.
3778:
vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads:
3483:
The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (
3192:
MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the
2209:) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent (
2094:
1588:), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and "
14759:
14735:
13892:
13787:
13579:
13577:
13388:
13354:
13279:
13171:
13147:
12734:
12386:
12347:
12320:
12162:
11996:
11948:
11936:
11909:
11885:
11849:
11790:
11763:
11739:
11691:
11679:
11522:
11187:
10992:
10745:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10065:
10025:
10023:
9990:
9867:
9528:
9367:
9222:
9186:
8738:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8369:
8367:
8239:
8237:
8235:
7681:
Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7
7489:(MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to
6661:
The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(
5115:. Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a
5103:
However, Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the
2533:
1847:
16425:(1st ed.), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
16248:
Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder
16091:———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In
14747:
14661:
14151:
14139:
14108:
13954:
13942:
13880:
13859:
13601:
13513:
13484:
13472:
13315:
13267:
13243:
13231:
13008:
12662:
12650:
12619:
12607:
12398:
12374:
11960:
11570:
11558:
11389:
11351:"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka"
11115:
11043:
10965:
10953:
10941:
10856:
10844:
10820:
10784:
10682:
10579:
10525:
10463:. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275.
10398:
10386:
10374:
10362:
10350:
10338:
10326:
10288:
10010:
10008:
9942:
9074:
8515:
8220:
7014:
6810:
3940:, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed.
2747:" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the
2474:
with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten
2273:
for which significant accounts exist. British author
1044:
According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a
21991:
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints
18504:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
17756:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
16906:
Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes
15955:
15536:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press,
15071:
The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
14840:
14828:
14816:
14588:"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors"
14379:
14344:
14320:
13904:
13400:
13342:
12583:
12174:
10757:
10603:
10170:. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from
10134:
10088:. Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz. p. 188.
9586:
9430:
9418:
9406:
9394:
9122:
9086:
8921:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8208:
8181:
7029:
7023:
6905:
6899:
6887:
6881:
6851:
6825:
6819:
6584:
6018:
Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century
5760:
with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.
5454:
The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.
3698:, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning.
3343:)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of
2780:, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son
2269:, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in
18230:
Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z
18212:
The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia
17066:
Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste
17039:
The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon
16599:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press,
15584:
Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity
15305:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
14877:. BRILL. pp. 199–206, 204 for the exact date.
14296:
13763:
13676:
13664:
13574:
12975:
12957:
12020:
10639:
10615:
10591:
10495:"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites"
10020:
9685:
9683:
9234:
8771:. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix.
8726:
8486:
8364:
8273:
8232:
8169:
8041:
7020:
6896:
6878:
6866:
6857:
6842:
6816:
6579:According to the Buddhist tradition, following the
5850:
temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.
4585:and other texts, such as the surviving portions of
3972:contain mostly the same major doctrines. Likewise,
3470:
3294:
2454:(Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from
2340:
Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (
2138:
1904:the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448 – 368 BCE.
18534:
18432:The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon
18370:
16623:
16452:Jong, JW de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",
16114:, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25
15968:
15367:
14390:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184,
12764:
12758:
12271:
11413:
10893:Wynne, Alexander (2019). "Did the Buddha exist?".
10005:
9668:
9315:Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet
9110:
8285:
8053:
7858:According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication
7163:
4454:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4080:
3031:. In later centuries, Gautama became known as the
1692:The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the
17439:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
17409:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
17234:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath
16877:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
16536:Keown, Damien, ed. (2003), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)",
15462:The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India
15419:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
15245:The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan
15032:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
14402:Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a
13977:. Vol. 36, no. 21. pp. 1801–1804.
12969:
10155:
9966:
9954:
8469:
7907:Well-known proponents of the third position are:
7714:(MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the
7485:An account of these practices can be seen in the
6755:to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from
6378:, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by
4087:), sensations (or feelings, received from form) (
3518:Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the
3023:"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of
1457:, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha.
979:), during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded
21862:
18537:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction
17859:(reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
17173:
17033:
16271:(2013) , "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.),
15799:The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan
15368:Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000),
14996:Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies
12452:
12440:
12428:
12416:
12192:
12144:
12089:
11903:
11879:
11867:
11843:
11831:
11733:
11709:
11673:
11552:
11540:
11169:
10676:
9680:
9337:
9174:
9098:
7775:. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see:
6285:, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on
5267:. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears,
3416:, who were both students of the skeptic sramana
3401:, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha.
2712:Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a
1244:clans adopted the names of their house priests.
983:. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in
21603:
17914:Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision
17696:Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition
16833:
15248:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8.
15219:, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon
13565:
11037:
8305:The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life
8065:
6987:
6241:, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke.
6182:
5490:The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.
5201:", although he does not mention it explicitly.
4254:("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of
2327:, and then makes a series of resolves or vows (
1687:
1544:
1533:than as an exact historical record of events).
1420: – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people.
1378:, one of the most used epithets, together with
18369:Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God",
18192:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
18172:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient
17958:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays
17268:] (in German), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250
15846:The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering
15623:
14781:. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London.
10308:"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta"
9984:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9704:"The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha."
8460:
7847:Two well-known proponent of this position are
7162:
6176:
5374:, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives.
5161:reports that Buddhist idols were brought from
4721:Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum,
3668:, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist
1922:, and died 492 BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned
1684:("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni").
1179:
1041:("final release from conditioned existence").
274:
21589:
18916:
18699:
15288:
15228:(in French), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient
14688:. Vol. 53, no. 4001. pp. 6–7.
14616:
14555:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary
12979:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
12822:
10450:
10448:
9361:
7949:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham.
6142:, first depiction of the Buddha on film with
5133:has been identified with the Buddha based on
4393:(ethical training), restraint of the senses (
4293:seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE
4198:Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self
3752:and finally the meditative dwelling known as
2824:
2776:Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse
2404:stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace.
2249:and his forty-five-year career as a teacher.
1893:tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE.
1343:), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" (
1023:. The Buddha then wandered through the lower
937:
19698:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
18041:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
17936:Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (ed.),
17665:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited"
17286:
17259:
16694:
16553:
16055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15993:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
15820:. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society.
15749:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
15531:
15235:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism
15062:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization
14798:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2003.
13757:
13595:
12982:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7.
11757:
11357:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. (
10519:
10497:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from
10423:"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha"
9830:
8980:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya
8614:
8536:
8414:
8402:
8390:
8316:
8202:
8132:Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction
7808:): That all things that come to have an end;
7570:
7205:
7076:
7059:
7003:
6694:
6662:
6639:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6517:
6385:Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha
6217:as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha.
4836:
4700:collections of the different early schools.
3976:has written that the doctrines found in the
3595:
2996:), culminating in complete insight into the
1933:. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned
1676:, in relation with his illumination and the
1478:), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom (
1470:), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World (
18373:A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith
17762:
17584:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
17514:
16971:The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha
16717:Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture
16420:
16267:
16031:
15242:Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011).
15216:The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha
14870:
14351:Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015),
14290:
13923:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009).
12902:
12816:
12771:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588.
11461:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993.
10664:
10044:
9818:
9748:
8954:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993.
8838:. Princeton University Press. p. 168.
8670:
8080:. Cambridge University Press. p. xii.
7634:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7438:, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of
7218:
7093:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism (
6265:. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book
5149:, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy.
5025:These characteristics are described in the
4979:
4206:(and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese)
4063:The six sense bases and the five aggregates
4033:This cycle of becoming is characterized by
4000:(unwholesome mental states), including the
3953:share these basic teachings and practices.
3892:(unwholesome mental states), including the
3839:According to various Buddhist sources, the
3731:decay. Strive for the goal with diligence (
3303:Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period
2661:, he is accompanied by numerous guards and
2438:According to later biographies such as the
2201:, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing
2133:
1258:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism.
1133:, his codes for monastic practice, and the
1064:. His core teachings are summarized in the
21596:
21582:
18923:
18909:
18706:
18692:
17926:The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism
17823:"Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy"
17801:Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932
17740:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 95,
17467:
17454:
17308:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
17278:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16987:
16752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16554:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013),
16498:
16357:
16194:——— (12 December 2013).
15549:
15504:
15468:
15456:
14925:
14923:
14921:
14919:
14917:
14915:
14350:
14314:
13853:
13817:
13629:
13507:
13442:
11625:
10573:
10445:
10282:
10258:
10059:
9512:(1). Interview with Richard Gombrich: 42.
8762:
8561:
8134:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
8120:, the "awakened one" or "enlightened one."
7591:
7527:According to various early texts like the
6979:
6764:Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni
6698:
6690:
6678:
6674:
6501:List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed
5799:period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century.
3992:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the
3884:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the
3424:. They also tell of how the Buddha's son,
3382:forests, where people would come to them.
2602:, the youngest, and later to be the first
2420:, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or
1654:. These texts may be the precursor of the
944:
930:
293:
55:
17735:
17717:
17355:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination"
17192:
17155:
16806:
16783:
16672:
16651:
16512:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America
16152:
16119:
15942:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63,
15194:
15111:The Foundation History of the Nun's Order
15099:
14981:
14765:
14741:
14715:, Columbia University Press, p. 26,
14708:
14693:
14486:Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004),
13706:
13568:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism
12840:
11241:
11181:
11073:
10270:
9650:
9557:
9555:
8104:. Columbia University Press. p. 19.
7990:
7585:
7396:
7393:
7311:, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the
7208:, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the
6790:Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta
6778:
6705:
6619:
6615:
6564:
5544:, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata.
5397:. The subsequently influenced the art of
4754:and social system on certain key points.
4712:
4548:Scholarly views on the earliest teachings
4277:
3226:(liberated being) and the first Buddhist
2412:, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in
2370:and other major Buddhist sites in India.
2174:miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha.
1860:(his friend, protector, and ruler of the
975:and the eastern Ganges plain of northern
18049:
18008:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts
18004:
17939:Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman
17663:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002),
17662:
17651:(1), Orissa State museum, archived from
17635:
17600:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
17430:
17325:
17176:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2
16899:
16864:
16737:
16723:
16594:
16507:
16464:
16346:
16302:
16254:
16245:
16219:Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (ed.),
16193:
16184:
16109:
16100:
16090:
16081:
16068:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference,
15842:
15815:
15775:
15518:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference,
15480:
15436:
15324:
15185:
15146:
15127:
15059:
15038:
15029:
14972:
14858:
14753:
14263:
14251:
14054:"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism"
13658:
13614:
13466:
13454:
13418:
13324:
13249:
13225:
13213:
13201:
13165:
13117:
13079:
13067:
13055:
13043:
13026:
13014:
13002:
12875:
12858:
12752:
12728:
12716:
12704:
12692:
12680:
12644:
12368:
12341:
12228:
12216:
12156:
12113:
12101:
12065:
12053:
12014:
11966:
11784:
11449:
11447:
11407:
11395:
11265:
11229:
11205:
11193:
11157:
11145:
11061:
11049:
11013:
10923:
10911:
10838:
10814:
10739:
10715:
10703:
10633:
10558:
10454:
9924:
9742:
9592:
9534:
9424:
9412:
9349:
9319:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
9288:The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha
9216:
9168:
9140:
9128:
9056:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
8932:
8831:
8758:
8756:
8542:
8509:
8465:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 240.
8226:
8073:
7675:Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000),
7608:Anālayo draws from seven early sources:
7597:
7453:
7404:
7400:
7272:
7139:
6973:
6949:
6932:
6930:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6686:
6670:
6627:
6623:
6213:, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars
5712:Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE.
5233:
5055:
4989:
4716:
4557:
4458:
4296:
4281:
4126:
4122:
3862:
3770:
3758:
3671:
3660:
3602:
3513:
3474:
3306:
3298:
3124:
3121:First sermon and formation of the saṅgha
2894:
2872:
2857:
2843:The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in
2838:
2707:
2652:
2395:
2377:
2361:
2166:
2142:
2105:The rise of Buddhism coincided with the
1963:
1805:biography dating to the 3rd century CE.
1541:) and its parallels in other languages.
1201:Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni
1183:
20885:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
18390:
18311:
18288:
18267:
18227:
17923:
17911:
17615:
17579:
17495:
17437:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17352:
17316:
17120:
16698:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1
16260:
16092:
16063:
15989:
15867:
15793:
15667:
15590:
15513:
15309:
15300:
15296:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
15108:
15081:
15068:
15006:
14990:
14912:
14617:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000).
14417:
14338:
14193:
13546:
13348:
13336:
12951:
12939:
12927:
12558:
12546:
12283:
12180:
12077:
12038:
11990:
11978:
11954:
11942:
11930:
11661:
11600:
11588:
11516:
11383:
11307:
11292:
11277:
11217:
10935:
10877:
10546:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10246:
10143:
10071:
9885:
9561:
9400:
9228:
9192:
9080:
9015:
8871:Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010).
8870:
8580:
8497:
8448:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online
8415:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021).
8059:
8035:
7542:), which allows the knowing of others'
7098:
6955:
6665:, p. 436) It may have been either
5405:Gallery showing different Buddha styles
5230:Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity
4965:(and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042).
4409:(clear awareness), and the practice of
4343:and its numerous parallel texts) as a "
4039:, commonly referred to as "suffering",
3281:and delivered his third discourse, the
3185:(Benares), he met another wanderer, an
2427:In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor
2357:
1707:
1157:, and additional discourses, i.e., the
971:(the Himalayan foothils of present-day
151:Cremated; ashes divided among followers
27:Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism
14:
21863:
21845:
21088:List of Buddhist architecture in China
18497:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press.
18189:
18168:
17955:
17935:
17930:
17918:
17875:
17852:
17843:
17820:
17811:
17753:
17692:
17645:The Orissa Historical Research Journal
17597:
17588:
17557:
17548:
17523:
17402:
17343:
17247:
17158:A Concise History of the Indian People
17084:
17058:
17024:
17015:
16968:
16940:
16922:
16881:
16643:
16597:An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy
16562:
16358:Huntington, John C. (September 1986),
16227:
16040:
16022:
15894:
15762:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.,
15729:Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894),
15728:
15624:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015),
15425:from the original on 13 September 2022
15403:
15232:
15223:
14994:(2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience".
14930:Bakker, Freek L. (30 September 2009).
14929:
14549:
14509:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy
14385:
14302:
14275:
14047:
14045:
14043:
14041:
14039:
14022:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
13972:
13960:
13948:
13898:
13886:
13865:
13838:
13805:
13793:
13781:
13769:
13694:
13646:
13583:
13534:
13522:
13490:
13478:
13406:
13394:
13360:
13309:
13297:
13285:
13273:
13261:
13189:
13177:
13153:
13141:
13129:
12963:
12890:
12825:"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind"
12740:
12668:
12656:
12613:
12495:
12404:
12392:
12356:
12326:
12204:
12168:
12002:
11918:
11891:
11855:
11796:
11769:
11745:
11721:
11697:
11685:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11609:
11576:
11564:
11528:
11253:
11133:
11121:
11109:
11097:
11085:
11025:
10998:
10971:
10959:
10947:
10888:
10886:
10865:
10850:
10802:
10790:
10778:
10763:
10751:
10727:
10688:
10652:
10585:
10534:
10404:
10392:
10380:
10368:
10356:
10344:
10332:
10294:
10083:
10029:
9999:
9948:
9897:
9873:
9759:
9674:
9662:
9638:
9552:
9546:
9499:
9448:
9436:
9388:
9116:
9092:
8970:
8732:
8682:
8521:
8445:
8427:from the original on 13 September 2022
8279:
8267:
8255:
8243:
8214:
8190:
8175:
8163:
8097:
8077:An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy
8047:
7580:
7575:
7565:
7360:
7354:
7229:
6961:
6738:
6728:
6651:
6645:
6635:
6604:
6312:, a 1996 Indian series which aired on
6299:with Abhishek Urade in the title role.
6269:, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha.
6006:Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600.
5982:15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha.
5893:style, Southern Thailand, 9th century.
5331:
4986:Physical characteristics of the Buddha
4627:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and
4289:sculpture depicting the Buddha in the
4238:explains, for the Buddha, a person is
3910:, the repeated cycle of becoming; the
3847:
3440:the barber, the Buddha's half-brother
2743:that inspired him. This story of the "
2402:Lumbini pillar contains an inscription
1744:retell previous lives of Gautama as a
1168:, where he is considered an avatar of
1031:. Buddhist tradition holds he died in
21577:
18904:
18687:
18368:
18347:
18320:
18236:
18115:
18077:
18068:
17973:
17794:
17782:from the original on 15 November 2017
17636:Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (January 2014),
17515:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012),
17503:
17228:
17200:
17187:, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179,
17054:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press
16771:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
16760:
16621:
16612:
16535:
16440:
16429:
16380:from the original on 28 November 2014
16218:
16206:from the original on 25 February 2021
15966:
15959:Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales)
15925:
15641:
15581:
15553:The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction
15412:
15394:
15355:from the original on 30 November 2016
15312:Die Datierung des historischen Buddha
15132:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies.
14846:
14834:
14822:
14667:
14655:
14468:from the original on 3 September 2015
14326:
14205:
14181:
14169:
14157:
14145:
14114:
14102:
14051:
14017:
13936:
13738:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies
13735:
13682:
13430:
13237:
12601:
12589:
12571:from the original on 29 February 2020
12380:
12314:
11444:
11365:from the original on 29 December 2008
10986:
10892:
10826:
10609:
10234:
10216:from the original on 22 December 2010
10101:
10014:
9936:
9701:
9516:from the original on 26 December 2022
9373:
9240:
9204:
8977:Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020).
8976:
8909:from the original on 25 November 2020
8753:
8747:
8373:
8125:
7244:
7156:
7124:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In
7053:
6969:
6945:
6941:
6927:
6920:
6714:
6587:, p. ), the introductory to the
6544:
6523:Buddha is seated cross-legged in the
6402:series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by
6042:Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya.
5040:
4018:, the repeated cycle of becoming and
3780:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...
3039:). A Buddha has achieved liberation (
2299:depict the Buddha's (referred to as "
1954:
1518:evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert
1498:
1326:
1298:
1287:Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni (
21835:
18581:Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama
18268:Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010).
18258:
18247:
18209:
18104:from the original on 20 October 2020
17109:from the original on 11 January 2023
16795:from the original on 5 November 2018
16763:"Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan"
16714:
16683:from the original on 11 January 2023
16583:from the original on 11 January 2023
16516:
16451:
16409:from the original on 11 January 2023
16384:
16291:from the original on 11 January 2023
16173:from the original on 11 January 2023
16140:from the original on 11 January 2023
16010:from the original on 11 January 2023
15674:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
15611:from the original on 11 January 2023
15570:from the original on 11 January 2023
15534:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
15493:from the original on 23 October 2022
15474:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
15443:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,
15274:
15262:from the original on 11 January 2023
15241:
15212:
15017:from the original on 26 January 2021
14950:from the original on 11 January 2023
14637:from the original on 11 January 2023
14585:
14450:
14438:from the original on 11 January 2023
14418:Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010).
13670:
12785:from the original on 11 January 2023
12559:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020).
12531:
12026:
10621:
10597:
10410:
10122:from the original on 11 January 2023
9689:
9180:
9104:
9036:from the original on 11 January 2023
8997:from the original on 11 January 2023
8958:from the original on 28 October 2017
8852:from the original on 11 January 2023
8642:from the original on 11 January 2023
8480:
8352:from the original on 11 January 2023
8338:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733.
7339:
7184:participating institution membership
7094:
6689:, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal (
6556:
6126:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film
5536:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven.
4891:
4619:"Cautious optimism in this respect".
4008:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate
3900:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate
3790:
3210:text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the
3000:, thereby attaining liberation from
2289:Legendary biographies like the Pali
2193:In the earliest Buddhist texts, the
2095:Urban environment and egalitarianism
1947:and 330 BCE. According to historian
1842:
1712:Early canonical sources include the
1116:, lacking an existence on their own
18445:(2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan.
18005:Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009),
17738:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita
17706:: McGill University, archived from
17681:from the original on 9 January 2016
17602:, University of Californian Press,
17182:
17164:
17045:
17018:A Philological Approach to Buddhism
16969:———, ed. (2003).
16846:, London: Oxford University Press,
16701:, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac,
16025:Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices
15934:
15757:
15739:, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon
15316:The Dating of the Historical Buddha
15310:———, ed. (1992).
15303:The Dating of the Historical Buddha
15301:———, ed. (1991).
15150:Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path
15113:. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg.
14462:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
14036:
13553:Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness
13093:"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras"
12284:Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001).
12043:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190.
11606:
10883:
10457:"Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas"
9972:
9960:
9855:from the original on 25 August 2016
9604:
8597:from the original on 26 August 2013
8291:
7450:around the start of the Common Era.
6550:
6158:), a 1925 silent film, directed by
5641:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE.
5283:, Buddha is regarded as one of the
5226:Buddhist influences on Christianity
3496:eight conditions called gurudharmas
3113:) as witness to his superiority by
3089:The legendary biographies like the
2633:The legendary biographies like the
1848:Understanding the historical person
967:and religious teacher who lived in
24:
21896:6th-century BC Indian philosophers
20875:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
18162:
17863:from the original on 15 April 2022
17419:from the original on 27 April 2016
16423:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge
15879:State University of New York Press
15173:from the original on 11 April 2021
14777:Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009).
14557:. Popular Prakashan. p. 354.
14421:The Hindus: An Alternative History
12768:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
11465:from the original on 30 March 2019
9143:Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha
9009:
8793:from the original on 24 April 2022
8439:
6996:Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha:
6669:in Uttar Pradesh, northern India (
6585:Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878
6533:, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with
6328:2010 PBS documentary by filmmaker
5870:mandala, Central Java, Indonesia,
5274:
5070:Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum
4746:as the foremost sacrifice and the
4103:), mental activity or formations (
3988:All beings have deeply entrenched
2225:commentaries or texts such as the
1284:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas").
395:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
390:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
22002:
21815:Gautama Buddha in world religions
18556:
18442:Society at the Time of the Buddha
18377:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications,
18351:South Asian Politics and Religion
18148:from the original on 16 July 2021
18081:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation
18071:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation
17510:(4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon
17484:from the original on 26 June 2015
16957:from the original on 10 July 2015
16927:, Buddha Educational Foundation,
16487:from the original on 9 April 2015
16335:from the original on 8 March 2021
15731:"The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa"
15370:"The Cause of the Buddha's Death"
15325:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
15130:Early Buddhist Meditation Studies
14553:(2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.).
14084:from the original on 27 July 2020
13570:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3.
13091:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007).
12464:
11419:
11331:from the original on 3 March 2013
11040:, p. 483, entry note: .
10433:from the original on 31 July 2010
9906:from the original on 28 June 2016
9837:Journal for the Study of Religion
9562:Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013).
9252:
8832:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017).
8463:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
7298:for a translation of these texts.
6114:
5204:The Buddha is also regarded as a
5047:Gautama Buddha in world religions
3858:
3652:records his response as follows:
3339:)", to Campa (40 km east of
3238:, the company of Buddhist monks.
2618:of several schools, and numerous
2547:, where monarchies tended toward
2335:his meeting with Dipankara Buddha
2284:
1940:, while Ajatashatru died between
1644:) mentions the titles of several
1404: – Well-gone or Well-spoken.
1358:
141:(according to Buddhist tradition)
116:(according to Buddhist tradition)
21844:
21834:
21556:
21546:
21545:
21103:Thai temple art and architecture
20848:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
19088:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
18954:
18941:
18931:
18885:
18523:A history of Buddhist philosophy
17443:from the original on 21 May 2022
17326:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003),
16871:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16853:from the original on 25 May 2020
16666:A History of Sanskrit Literature
16662:Sanskrit Literature and the West
16656:
16474:Journal of the Pali Text Society
15514:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2003),
15377:Journal of the Pali Text Society
15088:Asian Literature and Translation
14891:
14871:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007).
14864:
14784:
14771:
14673:
14610:
14579:
14543:
14522:
14501:
14480:
14424:. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484.
14411:
14363:from the original on 26 May 2022
14224:
14211:
14129:
14120:
14011:
13998:
13989:
13966:
13871:
13823:
13784:, pp. xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5.
13729:
13716:
13559:
13540:
13366:
13108:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59.
13098:
13085:
12908:
12797:
12552:
12525:
12501:
12458:
12277:
12272:Bhikkhu & von Hinüber (2000)
12254:from the original on 6 June 2011
12234:
12119:
12032:
11802:
11495:from the original on 16 May 2008
11477:
11432:from the original on 18 May 2020
11343:
11313:
10300:
10198:
10189:
10149:
10095:
10077:
9898:Berzin, Alexander (April 2007).
9891:
9824:
9796:
9265:from the original on 15 May 2020
8877:. Penn State Press. p. 29.
8704:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859
8446:Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis".
8128:"Religions of India in Practice"
7999:
7981:
7972:
7963:
7954:
7942:
7932:
7922:
7901:
7875:
7841:
7790:
7761:
7751:
7704:
7695:
7685:
7669:
7659:
7602:
7521:
7508:
7479:
7424:
7410:
7382:
7372:
7345:
7010:
6806:
6748:, a life span for the Buddha of
6344:, a 2013 Indian drama series on
6138:), a 1923 Indian silent film by
6087:
6075:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6011:
5999:
5987:
5975:
5959:
5930:
5914:
5898:
5882:
5855:
5827:
5804:
5788:
5772:The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze,
5765:
5749:
5733:
5717:
5705:
5686:
5670:
5658:
5646:
5630:
5618:
5603:
5583:
5561:
5549:
5529:
5517:
5495:
5483:
5471:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5423:
5411:
4678:
3832:into many new stupas around the
3676:Mahaparinibbana scene, from the
3471:Formation of the bhikkhunī order
3295:Travels and growth of the saṅgha
3273:also speak of the conversion of
3249:of the Theravāda Vinaya and the
3006:, the endless cycle of rebirth.
2562:and the day he got conceived as
2139:Nature of traditional depictions
2114:alms-givings on lay supporters.
1797:is the next oldest biography, a
1564:
1553:
911:
330:
64:, preaching his first sermon at
18955:
18214:(illustrated ed.), Brill,
17156:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950),
16884:The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata
16785:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151
16668:, New York: D Appleton & Co
16153:——— (2006b),
16120:——— (2006a).
16112:Buddhism for the New Millennium
15147:——— (2017b).
15128:——— (2017a).
14598:from the original on 2 May 2015
12477:from the original on 7 May 2015
11088:, The Beginnings of Discontent.
9760:Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013).
9695:
9598:
9493:
9442:
9307:
9277:
9246:
9134:
9048:
8983:. Springer Nature. p. 80.
8938:
8891:
8864:
8825:
8676:
8655:
8608:
8574:
8454:
8408:
8297:
8098:Seager, Richard Hughes (2012).
7333:
7301:
7295:Readings Selected by King Asoka
7278:
7251:
7235:
7178:. p. chapter "Buddha, n.".
7058:Gautama namely Gotama in Pali.
5215:
5189:, described as an ideal human.
4532:, the Buddhist teaching of the
4455:Jain and Brahmanical influences
4433:-scheme, as taught in the Pali
3560:members of other śrāmana sects.
3385:The first vassana was spent at
3027:and self-mortification, or the
2642:
959:, most commonly referred to as
21966:Journey to the West characters
21093:Japanese Buddhist architecture
20895:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
19975:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
19166:Places where the Buddha stayed
18713:
18354:. Princeton University Press.
18274:. Fortress Press. p. ix.
18078:——— (2007),
17853:——— (2004).
17844:——— (2000),
17803:, NTU: 343–354, archived from
17720:The Cambridge History of China
17718:Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1986),
17558:——— (2015),
17549:——— (2007),
17529:The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide
17468:——— (1980),
17287:——— (1990),
17041:, Buddhist Publication Society
16738:——— (1960).
16676:The real birth place of Buddha
16673:Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977),
16630:, Princeton University Press,
16441:——— (1956),
16228:Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007),
16185:——— (2009),
16101:——— (1997),
15990:Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015).
15975:. Cambridge University Press.
15843:——— (1993),
15818:The Buddha & his disciples
15628:, Cambridge University Press,
15109:——— (2016).
15082:——— (2015).
15007:——— (2011).
14709:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008),
12813:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
10455:Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997).
9808:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416
9614:, Dharma farer, archived from
9605:Tan, Piya (21 December 2009),
9338:Reynolds & Hallisey (2005)
8874:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
8581:Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri,
8393:, p. 398, entry "Buddha".
6799:
6171:Dedication of the Great Buddha
5921:Attack of Mara, 10th century,
5556:Standing Buddha from Gandhara.
5368:narrative scenes from his life
3691:argue that the Buddha died of
3509:
2851:representing the stage of his
2509:during the Buddha's lifetime.
1503:
1011:, and meditation, he attained
13:
1:
21926:Indian political philosophers
21108:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
18348:Smith, Donald Eugene (2015).
17827:A Course in Indian Philosophy
17816:, Boston: Wisdom Publications
17702:(master's thesis), Montreal,
17498:A Concise History of Buddhism
16840:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
16082:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988),
16041:Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998),
15816:Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) .
15780:, Columbia University Press,
15594:The Sociology of Philosophies
14532:, Columbia University Press,
14020:Buddhism and Political Theory
13975:Economic and Political Weekly
11630:. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
8763:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016).
8307:, Yale University Press, p.24
8130:. In Lopez, Donald S. (ed.).
8074:Laumakis, Stephen J. (2023).
8011:
7265:
7224:The final dissolution of the
7132:
7087:
6756:
6749:
6356:
6303:
6099:
5945:
5871:
5816:
5773:
5694:
5665:6th century Gandharan Buddha.
5503:
5193:, who was also familiar with
5086:
4821:, the Buddha posed the first
4778:, the Buddha points out that
4571:
4427:, which is elaborated in the
4375:. Other early texts like the
4134:Buddha statue with the famed
3957:concludes that the Theravada
3854:The Buddha and early Buddhism
3801:Relics associated with Buddha
3269:The Theravāda Vinaya and the
3222:(Kaundinya) became the first
2920:meditation. According to the
2665:who have come to pay homage;
2501:was "an elected chief of the
2458:, the ancient capital of the
1969:
1941:
1934:
1923:
1912:
1793:in the first century CE. The
1670:
1661:"Sakamuni" is also mentioned
1582:
1436: – Worthy of homage. An
1418:Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi
1252:
1196:, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE
125:
101:
81:Archaeological Museum Sarnath
73:
21891:6th-century BC Indian people
21876:5th-century BC Indian people
20865:Buddhism and the Roman world
20841:Decline of Buddhism in India
20836:History of Buddhism in India
18936: Topics in
18590:Works by or about Shakyamuni
18525:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
18263:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17362:Journal of Indian Philosophy
17321:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
17255:, Cambridge University Press
17121:Prebish, Charles S. (2008),
17027:K.R. Norman Collected Papers
16973:. New Delhi: BR Publishing.
16868:"Barlaam and Josaphat"
16809:"Two Birth Plates of Buddha"
16807:Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000),
16761:Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016),
16613:Leidy, Denise Patty (2008).
16510:Early Buddhist Narrative Art
16503:, University of Hawaii Press
16385:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991),
15776:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003),
15597:, Harvard University Press,
15481:Bucknell, Robert S. (1984),
14965:
14528:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013),
12976:David J. Kalupahana (1975).
12250:, Access insight, verse 56,
11028:, Incitements to Leave Home.
10108:. Archana Verma. p. 1.
8539:, p. Entry "Tathāgata".
8205:, p. entry "Sakyamuni".
8016:
7771:Perspectives on Satipatthana
7055:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐɡɐʊtɐmɐ]
6922:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐgɐʊtɐmɐ]
6709:
4439:and the sixteen elements of
4311:Buddhist paths to liberation
3522:Stupa at the Indian Museum,
3241:Various sources such as the
2788:. He travelled to the river
2010:
1688:Oldest surviving manuscripts
1545:Pillar and rock inscriptions
1339:), "one who has thus come" (
1310:
1226:(awakening, enlightenment).
963:('the awakened one'), was a
593:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
21886:5th-century BC philosophers
20063:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
19803:
18305:Rockhill, William Woodville
17795:Waley, Arthur (July 1932),
16695:Malalasekera, G.P. (1960),
16566:India's Agony Over Religion
16540:, Oxford University Press,
16508:Karetzky, Patricia (2000),
16388:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
16353:(in Sanskrit). p. 164.
15996:. Oxford University Press.
15971:An Introduction to Hinduism
15556:, Oxford University Press,
14695:10.1051/shsconf/20185304001
12942:, p. 173 with note 16.
12765:Steven M. Emmanuel (2015).
12511:(PDF) (2nd ed.), New York:
11808:Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995).
9313:Das, Sarat Chandra (1882).
8584:Great Virtues of the Buddha
7819:
7497:as well as sections of the
6496:List of Indian philosophers
6479:
6417:, written in German in 1922
6183:
5051:
5032:
4858:Other early texts like the
4738:92 and Vinaya i 246 of the
4463:The Bodhisattva meets with
4341:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
4113:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4024:Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta
4012:
3920:
3904:
3566:identifies six such sects.
3546:, who overthrew his father
3233:
3140:to his first five disciples
3012:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
2534:
2523:
1180:Etymology, names and titles
10:
22007:
21881:5th century BC in religion
21013:The unanswerable questions
18541:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
18439:Wagle, Narendra K (1995).
17560:Buddhisms: An Introduction
17507:The Early History of India
17130:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
16865:Mershman, Francis (1907).
16595:Laumakis, Stephen (2008),
16499:Kalupahana, David (1992),
16421:Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963),
16311:University of Hawaii Press
16086:, Routledge and Kegan Paul
15437:Boisvert, Mathieu (1995),
15336:Princeton University Press
15041:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
14904:Metropolitan Museum of Art
14217:Olivelle, Patrick (1974),
14058:Philosophy East & West
14052:Moore, Matthew J. (2015).
14018:Moore, Matthew J. (2016).
12823:Karunamuni ND (May 2015).
12513:Cambridge University Press
10520:Keown & Prebish (2013)
9985:Coningham & Young 2015
9831:Clasquin-Johnson, Michel.
9720:10.1177/037698360303000201
9141:Olivelle, Patrick (2008).
9058:. UW Press. Archived from
8126:Davis, Richard H. (2020).
7107:Lumbini pillar inscription
6744:According to Pali scholar
6506:Miracles of Gautama Buddha
6282:A Journey of Samyak Buddha
6123:
6107:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5795:Amaravati style Buddha of
5625:Buddha statue from Sanchi.
5335:
5219:
5077:Gautama Buddha in Hinduism
5074:
5044:
4994:Buddhist monks from Nepal.
4983:
4968:Good karma is also termed
4707:
4551:
4323:) of training to undo the
4319:The Buddha taught a path (
4308:
4071:(six sense bases) and the
3983:
3873:
3870:birchbark scroll fragments
3851:
3794:
3763:Buddha's cremation stupa,
3374:may be a standardisation.
3335:(25 km south-west of
2968:from a village girl named
2887:, as recreated by Emperor
2862:The Mahabodhi Tree at the
2828:
2825:Ascetic life and awakening
2693:impurity, is narrow – the
2646:
2098:
1959:
1856:, and during the reign of
1682:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho
1623:Lumbini pillar inscription
1579:Lumbini pillar inscription
1507:
1493:
1264:Lumbini pillar inscription
1027:, teaching and building a
991:, to royal parents of the
31:
21971:Seven Buddhas of the Past
21830:
21616:
21541:
21493:
21408:
21323:
21098:Buddhist temples in Korea
21021:
20923:
20806:
20503:
20431:
20258:
20131:
20071:
19706:
19661:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
19572:
19564:Three planes of existence
19512:
19357:
19249:
19179:
19171:Buddha in world religions
19033:
18978:
18950:
18882:
18869:
18721:
18672:
18659:
18651:
18646:
18636:
18631:
18623:
18616:
18289:Lamotte, Etienne (1988),
18069:Wynne, Alexander (2004),
17374:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8
17353:Shulman, Eviatar (2008),
17348:, Oxford University Press
17317:Schober, Juliane (2002),
17215:10.1017/s0041977x00017572
17183:Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984),
17169:, Oxford University Press
17165:Ray, Reginald A. (1999),
17160:, Oxford University Press
17052:Oxford English Dictionary
16822:: 113–119, archived from
16653:Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony
16622:Lopez, Donald S. (1995),
16617:. Shambhala Publications.
16521:. New York: Grove Press.
16465:Jurewicz, Joanna (2000),
16045:, Oxford University Press
15930:, Oxford University Press
15686:10.1017/s1356186300014760
15591:Collins, Randall (2009),
15582:Cohen, Robert S. (2006),
15415:"On Translating "Buddha""
15383:: 105–118, archived from
15233:Baroni, Helen J. (2002),
15195:Armstrong, Karen (2000),
14808:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
14592:The Buddha and his Dharma
11626:Boisselier, Jean (1994).
10461:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism
10427:World Heritage Convention
10195:MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta
10084:Yaldiz, Marianne (1987).
9502:"What the Buddha Thought"
9463:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7
9022:. Routledge. p. 64.
8777:10.1163/9789004315518_016
7712:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta
7656:can mean "pig's delight".
7514:a Chinese translation of
7313:Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini
7171:Oxford English Dictionary
7077:Buswell & Lopez (2014
7060:Buswell & Lopez (2014
7004:Buswell & Lopez (2014
6486:Buddhist pilgrimage sites
6375:The Buddha and His Dhamma
6296:The Buddha and His Dhamma
6177:
5222:Buddhism and Christianity
5012:32 Signs of the Great Man
4874:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta
4860:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta
4837:Socio-political teachings
4742:, the Buddha praises the
4174:
2948:
2933:
2831:Enlightenment in Buddhism
2586:"32 marks of a great man"
2462:Kingdom (what is now the
1883:
1490:" (ascetic, renunciate).
1292:
305:
301:
287:
282:
268:
263:
259:
255:
245:
235:
230:
222:Shakyamuni ("Sage of the
216:
205:
182:
166:
156:
146:
129: 483 BCE or 400 BCE
121:
105: 563 BCE or 480 BCE
93:
88:
54:
47:
21941:National heroes of Nepal
21761:Physical characteristics
20880:Persecution of Buddhists
20101:Four stages of awakening
19482:Three marks of existence
19068:Physical characteristics
18572:Works by or about Buddha
18502:Vetter, Tilmann (1988),
18228:Epstein, Ronald (2003),
18116:Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009).
17942:, Motilall Banarsidass,
17812:Walshe, Maurice (1995),
17754:Vetter, Tilmann (1988),
17580:Swearer, Donald (2004),
17496:Skilton, Andrew (2004),
17085:Penner, Hans H. (2009),
16556:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
16538:A Dictionary of Buddhism
16303:Hirakawa, Akira (1990),
16066:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15967:Flood, Gavin D. (1996).
15778:Indian Esoteric Buddhism
15760:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15736:Sacred Books of the East
15733:, in Müller, Max (ed.),
15516:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15404:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a),
15186:Anderson, Carol (1999),
15064:, Windhorse Publications
14184:, pp. 146–148, 156.
13808:, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii.
13566:Mun-Keat Choong (1999).
13421:, pp. 80, 128, 135.
13104:Mun-keat Choong (2000),
12842:10.1177/2158244015583860
12242:"Maha-parinibbana Sutta"
11628:The wisdom of the Buddha
10086:Investigating Indian Art
9708:Indian Historical Review
9702:Sarao, K. T. S. (2003),
9016:Leoshko, Janice (2017).
8571:Curzon Press 1995, p.227
8537:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8403:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8391:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8317:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8203:Buswell & Lopez 2014
8166:, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14.
7206:Buswell & Lopez 2014
6695:Keown & Prebish 2013
6663:Keown & Prebish 2013
6640:Keown & Prebish 2013
6511:
6491:Family of Gautama Buddha
6445:
6261:, a 2008 Indian film by
6119:
5578:, Egypt, 2nd century CE.
5185:even compared Buddha to
5145:could be a reference to
5124:
4980:Physical characteristics
4813:explains all classes or
4562:The Buddha on a coin of
4535:three marks of existence
4513:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
3080:Five Spiritual Faculties
3050:) had been reached; the
2239:Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta
2233:, the Buddha's disciple
2134:Semi-legendary biography
2019:schools of thought like
1760:into his mother's womb.
1694:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
38:Gautama (disambiguation)
21658:ten principal disciples
20243:Ten principal disciples
19126:(aunt, adoptive mother)
18314:A Buddhist Kaleidoscope
18307:, London: Trübner, 1884
18204:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010
18184:10.3406/befeo.1975.3845
18050:Williams, Paul (2002).
17960:, Motilal Banarsidass,
17616:Trainor, Kevin (2010),
17598:Thapar, Romila (2004),
17589:Thapar, Romila (2002),
17504:Smith, Vincent (1924),
17431:Siderits, Mark (2019),
17330:, Motilal Banarsidass,
17093:Oxford University Press
16909:, Motilal Banarsidass,
16882:Muller, F. Max (2001),
16835:Monier-Williams, Monier
16563:Larson, Gerald (1995),
16187:What the Buddha thought
16043:Foundations of Buddhism
16027:, Sussex Academic Press
15550:Carrithers, M. (2001),
15413:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020),
15395:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005),
14511:, Motilal Banarsidass,
14357:Encyclopedia Britannica
14238:3 February 2020 at the
13381:6 December 2019 at the
13372:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995).
12930:, p. 305, note 19.
12471:Encyclopædia Britannica
12453:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12441:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12429:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12417:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12193:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12145:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
12132:30 January 2020 at the
12125:Bhikkhu Sujato (2012),
12090:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11904:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11880:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11868:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11844:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11832:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11817:2 November 2022 at the
11734:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11710:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11674:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11553:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11541:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
11489:Encyclopædia Britannica
11426:Encyclopædia Britannica
11170:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
10677:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992)
10102:Verma, Archana (2007).
10045:Stein & Arnold 2012
9939:, pp. 8–23, ch. 2.
9766:Buddhist Studies Review
9500:Eiland, Murray (2020).
9301:2 November 2022 at the
9286:, ix–x in "Forward" to
7242:Sanskrit pronunciation:
7176:Oxford University Press
6367:, an 1879 epic poem by
6209:, a 1972 drama film by
6140:Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
4961:) as outlined in MN 41
4765:were eternal revealed (
4665:, is a later addition.
4421:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi
3611:, his chief attendant.
2620:post-canonical accounts
1991:(and, hence impure) in
1680:, with the inscription
1389:Perfectly self-awakened
613:Philosophical reasoning
34:Buddha (disambiguation)
20953:Buddhism and democracy
20466:Tibetan Buddhist canon
20461:Chinese Buddhist canon
19693:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
19688:Early Buddhist schools
18494:What the Buddha Taught
18178:(1), Persée: 151–189,
17924:Wayman, Alex (1984b),
17912:Wayman, Alex (1984a),
17736:Upadhyaya, KN (1971),
17403:Shults, Brett (2014),
17232:(1914), "B (b) 181.",
17185:A history of the Jains
16816:Indologica Taurinensia
16644:Ludden, David (1985),
16246:Hamilton, Sue (2000),
16221:India through the ages
16105:, Munshiram Manoharlal
15940:Banāras, City of Light
15668:Cousins, L.S. (1996).
15224:Bareau, André (1963),
14936:. BRILL. p. 135.
14686:SHS Web of Conferences
14230:Mazard, Eisel (2010).
13722:Harvey, Peter (1990).
12835:(2): 215824401558386.
12809:3 January 2018 at the
12507:Harvey, Peter (2013),
12304:– via BuddhaNet.
12039:Mahajan, V.D. (2016).
11339:– via BuddhaNet.
11136:, The Great Departure.
11112:, The Great Departure.
9451:Journal of Biosciences
9317:. First published in:
8899:"Definition of dhamma"
8555:13 August 2012 at the
6460:based on Arnold's poem
6456:, an 1886 oratorio by
6274:Sri Siddhartha Gautama
6066:Burmese style Buddha,
5937:Cambodian Buddha with
5905:Seated Buddha, Japan,
5862:Buddha in the exposed
5677:Buddha at Cave No. 6,
5590:Gandharan Buddha with
5387:Central Asian Buddhism
5246:
5072:
5060:Buddha incarnation of
4995:
4881:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta,
4726:
4713:Critique of Brahmanism
4578:
4472:
4354:, which refers to the
4306:
4294:
4278:The path to liberation
4244:
4164:
4143:
3871:
3841:First Buddhist Council
3807:Mahaparinibbana sutta,
3787:
3768:
3750:immaterial attainments
3719:Mahaparinibbana sutta,
3711:Buddhist vegetarianism
3680:
3669:
3659:
3612:
3526:
3480:
3312:
3304:
3141:
2912:
2892:
2891:in the 3rd century BCE
2870:
2855:
2721:
2674:
2405:
2393:
2375:
2213:) being. According to
2190:
2164:
2159:, mid-1st century CE,
1976:
1642:Minor Rock Edict No. 3
1410: – Knower of the
1197:
1082:kindness toward others
1062:rebirth, and suffering
380:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
294:
275:
21931:Prophets in Ahmadiyya
21916:Founders of religions
20963:Eight Consciousnesses
19073:Life of Buddha in art
18422:. Delhi: Sri Satguru.
18259:Katz, Nathan (1982),
18198:(1), Persée: 45–103,
17956:Wayman, Alex (1997),
17821:Warder, A.K. (1998).
17622:, London: Routledge,
17564:Oneworld Publications
17553:, Motilal Banarsidass
17533:Oneworld Publications
17344:Sharma, R.S. (2006),
17016:Norman, K.R. (1997),
16941:Narain, A.K. (1993),
16874:Catholic Encyclopedia
16715:Mani, B. R. (2012) ,
16350:Inscriptions of Asoka
16347:Hultzsch, E. (1925).
16255:Hartmann, Jens Uwe. "
16036:, Motilal Banarsidass
16023:Fowler, Mark (2005),
15956:Fausböll, V. (1878),
15895:Dundas, Paul (2002),
15724:– via Indology.
15643:Conze, Edward, trans.
15509:, Wisdom Publications
15464:, Motilal Banarsidass
15101:10.18573/j.2015.10216
14232:"The Buddha was bald"
14070:10.1353/pew.2015.0002
12467:"The Buddha's relics"
12286:"How the Buddha died"
11712:, pp. 48, 54–59.
7210:Ariyapariyesana Sutta
6786:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
6734:405: Richard Gombrich
6389:Hammalawa Saddhatissa
6233:as Prince Siddhartha.
6094:Head of Buddha, from
5698: 5th century CE
5637:Birth of the Buddha,
5389:, were influenced by
5346:Life of Buddha in art
5338:Aniconism in Buddhism
5285:Manifestations of God
5237:
5059:
4993:
4720:
4561:
4554:Presectarian Buddhism
4462:
4364:the awakening factors
4300:
4285:
4240:
4159:
4148:dependent origination
4130:
4123:Dependent Origination
3978:Gandharan Manuscripts
3926:dependent origination
3866:
3774:
3762:
3675:
3664:
3654:
3630:Mahaparinibbana sutta
3623:Mahaparinirvanasutra"
3618:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
3606:
3517:
3492:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī
3478:
3418:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta
3310:
3302:
3128:
3105:depict an attempt by
3076:Dependent Origination
3052:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2922:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2898:
2876:
2861:
2842:
2813:in the streets, King
2711:
2686:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
2656:
2622:, Gotama had a wife,
2399:
2381:
2365:
2170:
2146:
2064:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta
1967:
1722:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta
1714:Ariyapariyesana Sutta
1539:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
1525:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta
1424:Satthadeva-Manussanam
1328:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ]
1303:) means "Sage of the
1187:
1108:, describing how all
1106:dependent origination
648:Aids to Enlightenment
473:Dependent Origination
77: 5th century CE
21951:Philosophers of mind
21946:Philosophers of love
21636:Noble Eightfold Path
21440:East Asian religions
20870:Buddhism in the West
20441:Early Buddhist texts
20056:Four Right Exertions
19522:Ten spiritual realms
19015:Noble Eightfold Path
18861:The Buddha (Gautama)
18531:Robinson, Richard H.
18519:Kalupahana, David J.
18391:von Hinüber, Oskar.
18237:Jones, J.J. (1949),
17878:History of Religions
17551:Relics of the Buddha
17346:India's Ancient Past
16925:A Manual of Buddhism
16646:India and South Asia
16626:Buddhism in Practice
16454:The Eastern Buddhist
16430:Jones, J.J. (1952),
15470:Bronkhorst, Johannes
15458:Bronkhorst, Johannes
15408:, Simon and Schuster
15399:, Simon and Schuster
14208:, pp. 151, 167.
14172:, pp. 111, 125.
11038:Monier-Williams 1899
8692:Indo-Iranian Journal
7246:[ɕɑːkjəmuni]
6706:Conception and birth
6238:The Legend of Buddha
5889:Vairocana Buddha of
5613:period Buddha Triad.
5269:Barlaam and Josaphat
5249:The Christian saint
5195:Manichaean teachings
5107:and the concepts of
4761:caste held that the
4752:Brahmanical religion
4659:Lambert Schmithausen
4607:Lambert Schmithausen
4356:Noble Eightfold Path
4301:Buddha Statues from
4203:Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta
3938:Noble Eightfold Path
3888:("formations"), the
3876:Early Buddhist Texts
3420:, were converted by
3397:, and met with King
3284:Ādittapariyāya Sutta
3029:Noble Eightfold Path
2880:Enlightenment Throne
2616:early Buddhist Texts
2358:Birth and early life
2180:palm-leaf manuscript
1825:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra
1708:Biographical sources
1510:Early Buddhist texts
1394:Vijja-carana-sampano
1372:Bhagavato (Bhagavan)
1349:transitory phenomena
1300:[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ]
1141:dialects through an
1086:meditative practices
1074:training of the mind
1070:Noble Eightfold Path
618:Devotional practices
441:Noble Eightfold Path
62:Statue of the Buddha
21961:Social philosophers
21911:Classical humanists
21695:Mahapajapati Gotami
21563:Religion portal
21310:Temple of the Tooth
21189:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
20228:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
19721:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
19504:Two truths doctrine
19324:Mahapajapati Gotamī
19124:Mahapajapati Gotamī
18892:Religion portal
18633:Buddhist Patriarch
18460:Weise, Kai (2013).
18210:Eade, J.C. (1995),
17974:Weise, Kai (2013),
17582:Becoming the Buddha
17289:Buddhism and Nature
16517:Keay, John (2011).
16393:Motilal Banarsidass
16095:, pp. 237–259.
15926:Dyson, Tim (2019),
15716:on 26 February 2011
15647:Buddhist Scriptures
15505:Buddhadasa (2017),
15292:, ed. (1991–1997),
14658:, pp. 231–232.
14278:, pp. 441–460.
14266:, pp. 137–138.
14105:, pp. 107–109.
13758:Schmithausen (1981)
13596:Schmithausen (1990)
13312:, pp. 83, 165.
13300:, pp. 217–218.
13192:, pp. 134–135.
13144:, pp. 146–147.
13132:, pp. 136–137.
13120:, pp. 119–120.
13029:, pp. 147–150.
13005:, pp. 135–136.
12905:, pp. 167–168.
12893:, pp. 141–142.
12498:, pp. 136–137.
12317:, pp. 343–354.
12296:on 14 November 2012
12207:, pp. 165–166.
12195:, pp. 286–288.
12017:, pp. 232–233.
11981:, pp. 111–112.
11760:, pp. 291–292.
11758:Malalasekera (1960)
11724:, pp. 116–117.
11422:"Four Noble Truths"
11280:, pp. 234–235.
10549:, pp. 436–437.
9888:, pp. 199–200.
9641:, pp. 140–152.
9574:on 26 November 2013
9568:National Geographic
9391:, pp. 187–201.
8673:, pp. 198–206.
8270:, pp. 4–7, 44.
8101:Buddhism in America
7648:, "pig's foot" and
7571:Schmithausen (1981)
7174:(Online ed.).
7122:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
6681:, p. 108), or
6227:Bernardo Bertolucci
6136:Life of Lord Buddha
5909:, 9th-10th century.
5399:East Asian Buddhist
5393:, a style known as
5332:Artistic depictions
5290:Some early Chinese
5068:, Medieval period.
4864:Mahāsudassana Sutta
4667:Johannes Bronkhorst
4489:Johannes Bronkhorst
4445:, as taught in the
4315:Buddhist meditation
4152:evam sati idam hoti
3848:Teachings and views
3552:Samaññaphala Sutta,
3550:. According to the
3370:dialects, of which
3260:Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra
3194:Deer Park (Sarnath)
3115:touching the ground
3058:tree—known as "the
2626:, and a son, named
2521:(Solar dynasty) of
2344:) and the Sanskrit
2107:Second Urbanisation
1795:Lalitavistara Sūtra
1772:Lalitavistara Sūtra
1754:Achariyabhuta Sutta
1738:Achariyabhuta Sutta
1638:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
1426: – Teacher of
1282:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī
1025:Indo-Gangetic Plain
918:Buddhism portal
791:Buddhism by country
553:Sanskrit literature
21675:Great Renunciation
21670:Eight Great Events
21485:Western philosophy
21083:Dzong architecture
20905:Vipassana movement
20900:Buddhist modernism
20328:Emperor Wen of Sui
20096:Pratyekabuddhayāna
20029:Threefold Training
19831:Vipassana movement
19547:Hungry Ghost realm
19367:Avidyā (Ignorance)
19314:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
19063:Great Renunciation
19058:Eight Great Events
18940:
18248:Kala, U. (2006) ,
17764:von Hinüber, Oskar
17693:Turpie, D (2001),
17517:A History of India
17391:on 23 October 2022
17151:on 28 January 2012
16886:, Routledge (UK),
16679:, Grantha Mandir,
16103:How Buddhism Began
15863:on 28 October 2013
15213:Asvaghosa (1883),
14507:C. Sharma (2013),
13841:, pp. 85, 88.
13433:, pp. 23, 37.
11325:Life of the Buddha
10665:Hiltebeitel (2013)
10501:on 31 October 2012
9902:. Study Buddhism.
9819:Jayatilleke (1963)
9784:on 1 November 2020
9253:Wynne, Alexander.
9207:, pp. 34, 48.
8671:von Hinüber (2008)
8569:The Selfless Mind.
8548:Chalmers, Robert.
8303:Donald Lopez Jr.,
7534:Samaññaphala Sutta
7529:Mahāsaccaka-sutta,
7516:Mahāsīhanāda-sutta
6710:Birthplace Sources
6677:, pp. 61–74;
6437:, a 1981 novel by
6352:in the title role.
6246:The Life of Buddha
6146:in the title role.
6096:Hadda, Afghanistan
5951:, Banteay Chhmar,
5395:Greco-Buddhist art
5383:Gandharan Buddhism
5247:
5073:
5041:In other religions
5016:mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa
4996:
4916:In another sutta (
4727:
4601:, and the Chinese
4579:
4510:sources, like the
4473:
4436:Satipatthana Sutta
4403:(mindfulness) and
4372:Samaññaphala Sutta
4307:
4295:
4144:
4111:), consciousness (
3872:
3868:Gandharan Buddhist
3788:
3769:
3754:nirodha-samāpatti,
3681:
3670:
3613:
3564:Samaññaphala Sutta
3527:
3481:
3313:
3305:
3271:Catusparisat-sūtra
3251:Catusparisat-sūtra
3164:Catusparisat-sūtra
3162:discourse, in the
3142:
2913:
2893:
2871:
2856:
2835:Nirvana (Buddhism)
2802:deity at Anomiya.
2722:
2675:
2649:Great Renunciation
2515:hereditary monarch
2464:Rupandehi District
2406:
2394:
2376:
2279:Michael Carrithers
2191:
2165:
2068:Samaññaphala Sutta
1977:
1955:Historical context
1499:Historical sources
1236:) from falsehood.
1198:
957:Siddhartha Gautama
405:Buddhist modernism
276:Siddhārtha Gautama
98:Siddhartha Gautama
21901:Avatars of Vishnu
21858:
21857:
21631:Four Noble Truths
21571:
21570:
21209:Om mani padme hum
20915:Women in Buddhism
20831:Buddhist councils
20701:Western countries
20489:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
20250:Shaolin Monastery
19827:Samatha-vipassanā
19437:Pratītyasamutpāda
19241:Metteyya/Maitreya
19159:
19151:
19143:
19135:
19127:
19119:
19111:
18988:Four Noble Truths
18898:
18897:
18682:
18681:
18673:Succeeded by
18637:Succeeded by
18567:Project Gutenberg
18548:978-0-534-20718-2
18473:978-92-3-001208-3
18452:978-81-7154-553-7
18384:978-1-85168-184-6
18361:978-1-4008-7908-3
18341:978-81-317-1677-9
18281:978-0-8006-9748-8
18221:978-90-04-10437-2
18094:978-0-203-96300-5
18061:978-0-415-20701-0
18031:on 27 August 2014
18021:978-1-886439-42-9
18000:on 30 August 2014
17990:978-92-3-001208-3
17983:, Paris: UNESCO,
17967:978-81-208-1321-2
17949:978-81-208-0675-7
17836:978-81-208-1244-4
17747:978-81-208-0880-5
17729:978-0-521-24327-8
17629:978-1-136-98588-1
17573:978-1-78074-506-0
17542:978-1-78074-054-6
17337:978-81-208-1817-0
17102:978-0-19-538582-3
17077:978-0-7619-9664-4
16934:978-967-9920-58-1
16916:978-81-208-0272-8
16829:on 4 October 2012
16730:A Guide To Sanchi
16637:978-0-691-04442-2
16606:978-0-521-85413-9
16576:978-0-7914-2411-7
16528:978-0-8021-9550-0
16402:978-81-208-0805-8
16284:978-1-136-87597-7
16263:, pp. 27–45.
16239:978-0-9789067-7-1
16166:978-1-134-21718-2
16133:978-1-134-19639-5
16075:978-0-02-865910-7
16003:978-0-19-026692-9
15982:978-0-521-43878-0
15912:978-0-415-26606-2
15856:978-955-24-0104-6
15787:978-0-231-12618-2
15649:, London: Penguin
15635:978-0-521-84697-4
15604:978-0-674-02977-4
15563:978-0-02-865910-7
15543:978-0-691-15786-3
15525:978-0-02-865910-7
15450:978-0-88920-257-3
15284:, London: Trübner
15255:978-0-307-77879-6
15206:978-0-7538-1340-9
15163:978-3-89733-415-1
15139:978-1-5404-1050-4
15120:978-3-89733-387-1
15060:Analayo (2013c),
14796:www.info-sikh.com
14722:978-0-231-70094-8
14564:978-81-7154-807-1
14538:978-0-231-14987-7
14517:978-81-208-0365-7
14496:978-0-415-77227-3
14431:978-0-19-959334-7
14397:978-0-19-935971-4
14254:, pp. 23–24.
14029:978-0-19-046551-3
13939:, pp. 33–34.
13854:Kalupahana (1992)
13818:Bronkhorst (1993)
13630:Bronkhorst (1993)
13508:Bronkhorst (1993)
13457:, pp. 9, 36.
13443:Bronkhorst (1993)
13264:, pp. 63–64.
13228:, pp. 73–74.
13216:, pp. 62–64.
13082:, pp. 19–20.
13058:, pp. 9, 67.
12989:978-0-8248-0298-1
12914:Hajime Nakamura.
12778:978-1-119-14466-3
12604:, pp. 32–33.
12521:978-0-521-85942-4
11933:, pp. 40–41.
11882:, pp. 79–83.
11676:, pp. 44–45.
11555:, pp. 30–35.
11459:Access to Insight
11410:, pp. 74–75.
11355:Access to Insight
11321:"The Golden Bowl"
11256:, pp. 19–20.
11100:, pp. 15–16.
10989:, pp. 39–40.
10926:, pp. 45–46.
10805:, pp. 11–12.
10742:, pp. 49–50.
10730:, pp. 14–15.
10574:Huntington (1986)
10470:978-81-7488-168-7
10283:Carrithers (2001)
10259:Carrithers (2001)
10249:, pp. 64–65.
10210:Access to Insight
10177:on 9 January 2016
10157:Tan, Piya (trans)
10115:978-1-4073-0151-8
9621:on 9 January 2016
9549:, pp. 37–58.
9376:, pp. 82–87.
9362:Bechert 1991–1997
9352:, pp. 10–13.
9152:978-0-8147-6216-5
9029:978-1-351-55030-7
8990:978-981-15-8067-3
8951:Access to Insight
8884:978-0-271-03803-2
8845:978-0-691-17632-1
8786:978-90-04-31551-8
8750:, pp. 46–47.
8345:978-81-208-3105-6
8258:, pp. 40–41.
8141:978-0-691-21478-8
8111:978-0-231-15973-9
8087:978-1-009-33708-3
8038:, pp. 57–63.
7592:Bronkhorst (1993)
7487:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
7448:"Hindu-synthesis"
7182:(Subscription or
7111:Buddha Shakyamuni
7101:). Particularly,
6474:Dinesh Subasinghe
6453:The Light of Asia
6364:The Light of Asia
6258:Tathagatha Buddha
6229:, the film stars
6225:, a 1994 film by
6194:Gotoma the Buddha
6156:The Light of Asia
5740:Seated Buddha at
5693:Standing Buddha,
5542:Satavahana period
5326:Guru Gobind Singh
5239:Christ and Buddha
4892:Worldly happiness
4623:Scholars such as
4448:Anapanasati Sutta
4352:Four Noble Truths
4272:anti-essentialist
3934:Four Noble Truths
3805:According to the
3791:Posthumous events
3689:Oskar von Hinüber
3368:Middle Indo-Aryan
3319:, in what is now
3138:Four Noble Truths
3009:According to the
2998:Four Noble Truths
2961:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
2883:of the Buddha at
2568:Buddha's Birthday
2389:'s birthplace in
2295:and the Sanskrit
2121:(the location of
2066:, as recorded in
2060:Pakudha Kaccāyana
2056:Ajita Kesakambalī
1843:Historical person
1736:(DN 14), and the
1730:Mahāsaccaka-sutta
1627:Buddha Shakyamuni
1520:Oskar von Hinüber
1268:Buddha Shakyamuni
1139:Middle Indo-Aryan
1066:Four Noble Truths
987:, in what is now
965:wandering ascetic
954:
953:
436:Four Noble Truths
309:
308:
295:Siddhattha Gotama
18:Buddha Shakyamuni
16:(Redirected from
21998:
21921:Indian ethicists
21848:
21847:
21838:
21837:
21734:pilgrimage sites
21729:Mahabodhi Temple
21598:
21591:
21584:
21575:
21574:
21561:
21560:
21549:
21548:
21388:Sacred languages
21236:Maya Devi Temple
21199:Mahabodhi Temple
21003:Secular Buddhism
20968:Engaged Buddhism
19808:
19656:Tibetan Buddhism
19607:Vietnamese Thiền
19206:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
19157:
19149:
19141:
19133:
19125:
19117:
19109:
18958:
18957:
18945:
18935:
18925:
18918:
18911:
18902:
18901:
18890:
18889:
18708:
18701:
18694:
18685:
18684:
18669:
18652:Preceded by
18624:Preceded by
18614:
18613:
18594:Internet Archive
18585:Internet Archive
18576:Internet Archive
18552:
18540:
18526:
18512:Buddhism general
18507:
18498:
18477:
18456:
18435:
18423:
18404:
18387:
18376:
18365:
18344:
18317:
18308:
18303:, translated by
18294:
18285:
18264:
18255:
18251:Maha Yazawin Gyi
18244:
18233:
18224:
18206:
18186:
18157:
18155:
18153:
18112:
18111:
18109:
18103:
18086:
18074:
18065:
18052:Buddhist Thought
18046:
18040:
18032:
18030:
18024:, archived from
18013:
18001:
17999:
17993:, archived from
17982:
17970:
17952:
17928:
17916:
17908:
17872:
17870:
17868:
17849:
17840:
17817:
17808:
17791:
17789:
17787:
17759:
17750:
17732:
17714:
17713:on 15 April 2007
17712:
17701:
17689:
17688:
17686:
17680:
17669:
17659:
17658:on 18 March 2012
17657:
17642:
17632:
17612:
17594:
17585:
17576:
17554:
17545:
17520:
17511:
17500:
17492:
17491:
17489:
17464:
17451:
17450:
17448:
17427:
17426:
17424:
17399:
17398:
17396:
17390:
17384:, archived from
17359:
17349:
17340:
17322:
17313:
17307:
17299:
17283:
17277:
17269:
17256:
17249:Samuel, Geoffrey
17244:
17225:
17197:
17196:
17179:
17170:
17161:
17152:
17150:
17144:, archived from
17127:
17117:
17116:
17114:
17081:
17069:
17055:
17042:
17035:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu
17030:
17021:
17012:
16990:Social Scientist
16984:
16965:
16964:
16962:
16937:
16919:
16901:Nakamura, Hajime
16896:
16878:
16870:
16861:
16860:
16858:
16852:
16845:
16830:
16828:
16813:
16803:
16802:
16800:
16794:
16787:
16767:
16757:
16751:
16743:
16734:
16720:
16711:
16691:
16690:
16688:
16669:
16660:
16648:
16640:
16629:
16618:
16609:
16591:
16590:
16588:
16559:
16550:
16532:
16519:India: A History
16513:
16504:
16495:
16494:
16492:
16486:
16471:
16461:
16448:
16437:
16426:
16417:
16416:
16414:
16381:
16379:
16364:
16354:
16343:
16342:
16340:
16299:
16298:
16296:
16269:Hiltebeitel, Alf
16264:
16251:
16242:
16224:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16190:
16181:
16180:
16178:
16149:
16147:
16145:
16115:
16106:
16096:
16087:
16078:
16060:
16054:
16046:
16037:
16028:
16019:
16017:
16015:
15986:
15974:
15963:
15952:
15931:
15922:
15921:
15919:
15901:(2nd ed.),
15891:
15864:
15859:, archived from
15839:
15812:
15795:de Bary, William
15790:
15772:
15754:
15748:
15740:
15725:
15723:
15721:
15712:. Archived from
15664:
15658:
15650:
15638:
15619:
15618:
15616:
15587:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15546:
15528:
15510:
15501:
15500:
15498:
15477:
15465:
15453:
15433:
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15430:
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15391:
15389:
15374:
15364:
15362:
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15354:
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15191:
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15155:
15143:
15124:
15105:
15103:
15078:
15065:
15056:
15035:
15026:
15024:
15022:
15003:
14992:Anālayo, Bhikkhu
14987:
14978:
14960:
14959:
14957:
14955:
14927:
14910:
14909:
14895:
14889:
14888:
14868:
14862:
14861:, pp. 1–40.
14856:
14850:
14844:
14838:
14832:
14826:
14820:
14814:
14813:
14807:
14799:
14788:
14782:
14775:
14769:
14766:Twitchett (1986)
14763:
14757:
14751:
14745:
14742:Macdonnel (1900)
14739:
14733:
14732:
14731:
14729:
14706:
14700:
14699:
14697:
14677:
14671:
14665:
14659:
14653:
14647:
14646:
14644:
14642:
14614:
14608:
14607:
14605:
14603:
14583:
14577:
14576:
14547:
14541:
14526:
14520:
14505:
14499:
14484:
14478:
14477:
14475:
14473:
14454:
14448:
14447:
14445:
14443:
14415:
14409:
14408:
14404:nastika darshana
14383:
14377:
14376:
14370:
14368:
14348:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14318:
14312:
14306:
14300:
14294:
14291:Hiltebeitel 2013
14288:
14279:
14273:
14267:
14261:
14255:
14249:
14243:
14228:
14222:
14215:
14209:
14203:
14197:
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13755:
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13727:
13720:
13714:
13707:Gombrich (2006b)
13704:
13698:
13692:
13686:
13680:
13674:
13668:
13662:
13656:
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13644:
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13612:
13599:
13593:
13587:
13581:
13572:
13571:
13563:
13557:
13556:
13549:Nirbhay N. Singh
13544:
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13505:
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13476:
13470:
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13018:
13012:
13006:
13000:
12994:
12993:
12973:
12967:
12961:
12955:
12949:
12943:
12937:
12931:
12925:
12919:
12912:
12906:
12903:Frauwallner 1973
12900:
12894:
12888:
12879:
12873:
12862:
12856:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12820:
12814:
12801:
12795:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12744:
12738:
12732:
12726:
12720:
12714:
12708:
12702:
12696:
12690:
12684:
12678:
12672:
12666:
12660:
12654:
12648:
12642:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12599:
12593:
12587:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12556:
12550:
12544:
12538:
12537:
12529:
12523:
12505:
12499:
12493:
12487:
12486:
12484:
12482:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12444:
12438:
12432:
12426:
12420:
12414:
12408:
12402:
12396:
12390:
12384:
12378:
12372:
12366:
12360:
12354:
12345:
12339:
12330:
12324:
12318:
12312:
12306:
12305:
12303:
12301:
12292:. Archived from
12281:
12275:
12269:
12263:
12262:
12261:
12259:
12238:
12232:
12226:
12220:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12196:
12190:
12184:
12178:
12172:
12166:
12160:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12123:
12117:
12111:
12105:
12099:
12093:
12087:
12081:
12075:
12069:
12063:
12057:
12051:
12045:
12044:
12036:
12030:
12024:
12018:
12012:
12006:
12000:
11994:
11988:
11982:
11976:
11970:
11964:
11958:
11952:
11946:
11940:
11934:
11928:
11922:
11916:
11907:
11901:
11895:
11889:
11883:
11877:
11871:
11865:
11859:
11853:
11847:
11841:
11835:
11829:
11823:
11806:
11800:
11794:
11788:
11782:
11773:
11767:
11761:
11755:
11749:
11743:
11737:
11731:
11725:
11719:
11713:
11707:
11701:
11695:
11689:
11683:
11677:
11671:
11665:
11659:
11650:
11649:
11623:
11604:
11598:
11592:
11586:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11514:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11481:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11451:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11317:
11311:
11305:
11296:
11290:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11245:
11242:Armstrong (2000)
11239:
11233:
11227:
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11197:
11191:
11185:
11182:Upadhyaya (1971)
11179:
11173:
11167:
11161:
11155:
11149:
11143:
11137:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11113:
11107:
11101:
11095:
11089:
11083:
11077:
11074:Alexander (2019)
11071:
11065:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11035:
11029:
11023:
11017:
11011:
11002:
10996:
10990:
10984:
10975:
10969:
10963:
10957:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10927:
10921:
10915:
10909:
10903:
10902:
10890:
10881:
10875:
10869:
10863:
10854:
10848:
10842:
10836:
10830:
10824:
10818:
10812:
10806:
10800:
10794:
10788:
10782:
10781:, pp. 9–12.
10776:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10743:
10737:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10713:
10707:
10701:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10662:
10656:
10650:
10637:
10631:
10625:
10619:
10613:
10607:
10601:
10595:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10571:
10562:
10556:
10550:
10544:
10538:
10532:
10523:
10517:
10511:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10491:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10452:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10419:
10408:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10342:
10336:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10304:
10298:
10292:
10286:
10280:
10274:
10271:Armstrong (2000)
10268:
10262:
10256:
10250:
10244:
10238:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10202:
10196:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10176:
10168:The Dharmafarers
10165:
10153:
10147:
10141:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10127:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10081:
10075:
10069:
10063:
10057:
10048:
10042:
10033:
10027:
10018:
10012:
10003:
9997:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9895:
9889:
9883:
9877:
9871:
9865:
9864:
9862:
9860:
9828:
9822:
9816:
9810:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9780:. Archived from
9757:
9746:
9740:
9731:
9730:
9699:
9693:
9687:
9678:
9672:
9666:
9665:, p. xlvii.
9660:
9654:
9651:Rawlinson (1950)
9648:
9642:
9636:
9630:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9620:
9613:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9570:. Archived from
9559:
9550:
9544:
9538:
9532:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9446:
9440:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9410:
9404:
9398:
9392:
9386:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9322:
9311:
9305:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9272:
9270:
9250:
9244:
9238:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9214:
9208:
9202:
9196:
9190:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9096:
9090:
9084:
9078:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8914:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8810:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8760:
8751:
8745:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8698:(2–3): 287–310.
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8659:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8596:
8590:, Dhamma talks,
8589:
8578:
8572:
8565:
8559:
8546:
8540:
8534:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8484:
8478:
8467:
8466:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8412:
8406:
8400:
8394:
8388:
8377:
8371:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8329:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8241:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8179:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8122:
8094:
8069:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8045:
8039:
8033:
8006:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7985:
7979:
7976:
7970:
7967:
7961:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7936:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7905:
7899:
7879:
7873:
7853:Richard Gombrich
7845:
7839:
7822:
7794:
7788:
7786:
7774:
7769:Anālayo (2014).
7765:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7673:
7667:
7663:
7657:
7638:
7632:
7606:
7600:
7586:Gombrich (2006a)
7559:
7553:
7525:
7519:
7512:
7506:
7495:Ekottarika-āgama
7483:
7477:
7468:
7451:
7428:
7422:
7414:
7408:
7386:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7349:
7343:
7337:
7331:
7305:
7299:
7282:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7222:
7216:
7203:
7197:
7187:
7179:
7167:
7137:
7134:
7119:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
7092:
7089:
7084:Edicts of Ashoka
7057:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
6991:
6985:
6980:Buddhadasa (2017
6934:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6803:
6797:
6782:
6776:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6723:
6712:
6577:
6562:
6521:
6332:and narrated by
6188:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6104:
6101:
6091:
6079:
6068:Shwedagon pagoda
6063:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5979:
5963:
5950:
5947:
5934:
5918:
5902:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5859:
5831:
5821:
5818:
5808:
5792:
5778:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5737:
5721:
5709:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5674:
5662:
5650:
5634:
5622:
5607:
5587:
5574:, discovered in
5565:
5553:
5533:
5521:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5415:
5208:by the minority
5129:Islamic prophet
5091:
5088:
5035:
4910:Sigālovāda Sutta
4784:animal sacrifice
4633:Richard Gombrich
4625:Richard Gombrich
4591:Mulasarvastivada
4576:
4573:
4481:Uddaka Rāmaputta
4118:
4110:
4102:
4095:), perceptions (
4094:
4086:
4015:
3996:("formations"),
3950:Śālistamba Sūtra
3923:
3907:
3236:
3214:Vinaya, and the
3207:Ekottarika-āgama
3159:Ekottarika-āgama
3153:Brahmā Sahampati
3072:River Nairañjanā
2950:
2941:Udraka Rāmaputra
2935:
2864:Mahabodhi Temple
2549:Vedic Brahmanism
2537:
2526:
2186:, Bihar, India.
2086:Uddaka Rāmaputta
2038:Brahmajala Sutta
1974:
1971:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1785:. Of these, the
1750:Mahāpadāna Sutta
1734:Mahapadana Sutta
1675:
1672:
1635:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1615:Edicts of Ashoka
1598:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1587:
1584:
1568:
1557:
1514:On the basis of
1453:in the religion
1363:A list of other
1330:
1325:
1302:
1296:
1279:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻
1272:
1257:
1254:
1249:Edicts of Ashoka
1221:
1078:ethical training
946:
939:
932:
916:
915:
643:Sublime abidings
334:
311:
310:
297:
278:
217:Other names
130:
127:
106:
103:
78:
75:
59:
45:
44:
21:
22006:
22005:
22001:
22000:
21999:
21997:
21996:
21995:
21936:Miracle workers
21861:
21860:
21859:
21854:
21826:
21612:
21602:
21572:
21567:
21555:
21537:
21489:
21404:
21319:
21056:Ordination hall
21017:
20919:
20890:Buddhist crisis
20802:
20499:
20451:Mahayana sutras
20427:
20423:Thích Nhất Hạnh
20254:
20127:
20067:
20017:Bodhisattva vow
19702:
19568:
19508:
19467:Taṇhā (Craving)
19402:Five hindrances
19353:
19245:
19175:
19029:
18974:
18946:
18929:
18899:
18894:
18884:
18878:
18865:
18717:
18712:
18678:
18665:
18664:
18657:
18642:
18640:Maitreya Buddha
18629:
18618:Buddhist titles
18563:Works by Buddha
18559:
18549:
18529:
18517:
18501:
18489:Rahula, Walpola
18487:
18474:
18459:
18453:
18438:
18428:Ñāṇamoli Bhikku
18426:
18414:
18385:
18362:
18342:
18297:
18282:
18222:
18165:
18163:Further reading
18160:
18151:
18149:
18122:Islamic Studies
18107:
18105:
18101:
18095:
18084:
18062:
18034:
18033:
18028:
18022:
18011:
17997:
17991:
17980:
17968:
17950:
17866:
17864:
17856:Indian Buddhism
17846:Indian Buddhism
17837:
17785:
17783:
17748:
17730:
17710:
17699:
17684:
17682:
17678:
17667:
17655:
17640:
17630:
17610:
17574:
17543:
17487:
17485:
17446:
17444:
17422:
17420:
17394:
17392:
17388:
17357:
17338:
17301:
17300:
17271:
17270:
17230:Sahni, Daya Ram
17194:10.1.1.132.6107
17148:
17125:
17112:
17110:
17103:
17078:
17002:10.2307/3518337
16981:
16960:
16958:
16935:
16923:Narada (1992),
16917:
16894:
16856:
16854:
16850:
16843:
16826:
16811:
16798:
16796:
16792:
16765:
16745:
16744:
16709:
16686:
16684:
16638:
16607:
16586:
16584:
16577:
16548:
16529:
16490:
16488:
16484:
16469:
16412:
16410:
16403:
16377:
16362:
16338:
16336:
16329:
16294:
16292:
16285:
16240:
16209:
16207:
16176:
16174:
16167:
16143:
16141:
16134:
16076:
16048:
16047:
16013:
16011:
16004:
15983:
15950:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15889:
15857:
15828:
15809:
15788:
15770:
15742:
15741:
15719:
15717:
15652:
15651:
15636:
15614:
15612:
15605:
15573:
15571:
15564:
15544:
15526:
15496:
15494:
15451:
15428:
15426:
15390:on 9 April 2015
15387:
15372:
15358:
15356:
15352:
15346:
15331:
15265:
15263:
15256:
15207:
15176:
15174:
15170:
15164:
15153:
15140:
15121:
15020:
15018:
14968:
14963:
14953:
14951:
14944:
14928:
14913:
14897:
14896:
14892:
14885:
14869:
14865:
14859:Marshall (1960)
14857:
14853:
14845:
14841:
14833:
14829:
14821:
14817:
14801:
14800:
14792:"Chaubis Avtar"
14790:
14789:
14785:
14776:
14772:
14764:
14760:
14754:Mershman (1907)
14752:
14748:
14740:
14736:
14727:
14725:
14723:
14707:
14703:
14678:
14674:
14670:, pp. 376.
14666:
14662:
14654:
14650:
14640:
14638:
14631:
14615:
14611:
14601:
14599:
14586:Ambedkar, B.R.
14584:
14580:
14565:
14548:
14544:
14527:
14523:
14506:
14502:
14488:The Hindu World
14485:
14481:
14471:
14469:
14456:
14455:
14451:
14441:
14439:
14432:
14416:
14412:
14398:
14384:
14380:
14366:
14364:
14349:
14345:
14337:
14333:
14325:
14321:
14315:Vijay Nath 2001
14313:
14309:
14301:
14297:
14289:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14264:Anālayo (2017b)
14262:
14258:
14252:Dhammika (n.d.)
14250:
14246:
14240:Wayback Machine
14229:
14225:
14216:
14212:
14204:
14200:
14192:
14188:
14180:
14176:
14168:
14164:
14156:
14152:
14144:
14140:
14136:Wissenschaften.
14134:
14130:
14125:
14121:
14113:
14109:
14101:
14097:
14087:
14085:
14050:
14037:
14030:
14016:
14012:
14004:Kancha Ilaiah,
14003:
13999:
13994:
13990:
13971:
13967:
13959:
13955:
13947:
13943:
13935:
13931:
13922:
13905:
13897:
13893:
13885:
13881:
13876:
13872:
13864:
13860:
13852:
13845:
13837:
13833:
13828:
13824:
13816:
13812:
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12465:Lopez, Donald.
12463:
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12015:Schumann (2003)
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11967:Anālayo (2013b)
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11535:
11531:, pp. 8–9.
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11204:
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11192:
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11050:Analayo (2013c)
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10714:
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10314:. 13 March 2015
10312:British Library
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9535:Schumann (2003)
9533:
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9447:
9443:
9435:
9431:
9425:Gombrich (2000)
9423:
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9413:Gombrich (1992)
9411:
9407:
9399:
9395:
9387:
9380:
9372:
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9360:
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9350:Schumann (2003)
9348:
9344:
9340:, p. 1061.
9336:
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9303:Wayback Machine
9282:
9278:
9268:
9266:
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9239:
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9219:, pp. 1–5.
9217:Schumann (2003)
9215:
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9203:
9199:
9191:
9187:
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9175:
9169:Karetzky (2000)
9167:
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9129:Willemen (2009)
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9010:
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8933:Dhammika (1993)
8931:
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8684:Witzel, Michael
8681:
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8557:Wayback Machine
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8510:Hultzsch (1925)
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7955:
7947:
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7933:
7927:
7923:
7906:
7902:
7880:
7876:
7860:Indian Buddhism
7846:
7842:
7795:
7791:
7776:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7752:
7738:Mo-ho chih-kuan
7732:, Kamalasila's
7723:
7709:
7705:
7700:
7696:
7692:consciousness!"
7690:
7686:
7674:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7646:suukara-paadika
7639:
7635:
7607:
7603:
7598:Anderson (1999)
7595:
7589:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7560:
7556:
7526:
7522:
7513:
7509:
7484:
7480:
7469:
7454:
7432:Geoffrey Samuel
7429:
7425:
7415:
7411:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7373:
7350:
7346:
7338:
7334:
7320:Geoffrey Samuel
7318:
7316:
7306:
7302:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7268:
7263:Rummindei Edict
7256:
7252:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7204:
7200:
7181:
7142:, p. 164))
7135:
7130:Rummindei Edict
7090:
7050:
7037:
7013:
7009:
6992:
6988:
6935:
6928:
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6895:
6877:
6865:
6841:
6833:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6783:
6779:
6759:
6752:
6724:
6715:
6699:Huntington 1986
6691:Huntington 1986
6679:Srivastava 1980
6675:Srivastava 1979
6622:, p. 114;
6609:
6608:
6603:), was born." (
6578:
6565:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6482:
6448:
6359:
6306:
6184:Daibutsu Kaigen
6174:
6128:
6122:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6092:
6083:
6080:
6071:
6064:
6055:
6052:
6043:
6040:
6031:
6028:
6019:
6016:
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6004:
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5992:
5983:
5980:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5948:
5935:
5926:
5919:
5910:
5903:
5894:
5887:
5878:
5874:
5860:
5851:
5840:Avalokiteshvara
5832:
5823:
5819:
5809:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5776:
5770:
5761:
5754:
5745:
5738:
5729:
5724:Seated Buddha,
5722:
5713:
5710:
5701:
5697:
5691:
5682:
5675:
5666:
5663:
5654:
5651:
5642:
5635:
5626:
5623:
5614:
5608:
5599:
5588:
5579:
5571:Berenike Buddha
5566:
5557:
5554:
5545:
5534:
5525:
5522:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5491:
5488:
5479:
5476:
5467:
5464:
5455:
5452:
5443:
5440:
5431:
5428:
5419:
5416:
5407:
5391:Hellenistic art
5348:
5336:Main articles:
5334:
5301:In the ancient
5277:
5275:Other religions
5232:
5220:Main articles:
5218:
5127:
5089:
5083:Hindu synthesis
5079:
5054:
5049:
5043:
4988:
4982:
4963:Saleyyaka Sutta
4933:Dīghajāṇu Sutta
4919:Dīghajāṇu Sutta
4894:
4839:
4823:contract theory
4798:Vasettha sutta
4736:Majjhima Nikaya
4732:Samyutta Nikaya
4715:
4710:
4681:
4574:
4556:
4550:
4487:. According to
4457:
4419:and awareness (
4317:
4309:Main articles:
4280:
4177:
4125:
4065:
4050:is dictated by
3986:
3974:Richard Salomon
3960:Majjhima Nikaya
3955:Bhikkhu Analayo
3916:five aggregates
3912:six sense bases
3878:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3803:
3793:
3746:Mahaparinibbana
3666:Mahaparinirvana
3650:Mahaparinibbana
3645:Mahaparinibbana
3601:
3512:
3473:
3406:chief disciples
3297:
3179:Udaka Ramaputta
3123:
3082:and suffering (
3025:self-indulgence
2986:is the path to
2949:Udaka Ramaputta
2899:Miracle of the
2837:
2827:
2701:Vinaya and the
2651:
2645:
2383:Mayadevi Temple
2360:
2342:Jātakaṭṭhakathā
2287:
2275:Karen Armstrong
2267:Jain scriptures
2219:Mahayana sutras
2215:Bhikkhu Analayo
2141:
2136:
2103:
2101:Greater Magadha
2097:
2052:Makkhali Gosāla
2013:
2001:Greater Magadha
1972:
1962:
1957:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1886:
1850:
1845:
1710:
1690:
1673:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1600:, "Sage of the
1585:
1571:
1570:
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1559:
1558:
1547:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1376:The Blessed one
1361:
1323:
1313:
1270:
1255:
1219:
1203:
1182:
1159:Mahayana sutras
1090:sense restraint
1019:in what is now
950:
910:
903:
902:
793:
783:
782:
733:
723:
722:
688:
678:
677:
583:
573:
572:
543:Mahayana Sutras
523:
513:
512:
453:Five Aggregates
431:
430:
410:
409:
400:Later Buddhists
365:
221:
220:Gautama Buddha
201:
178:
142:
132:
128:
117:
114:Shakya Republic
107:
104:
100:
99:
84:
76:
50:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22004:
21994:
21993:
21988:
21986:Indian princes
21983:
21978:
21973:
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21928:
21923:
21918:
21913:
21908:
21903:
21898:
21893:
21888:
21883:
21878:
21873:
21871:Gautama Buddha
21856:
21855:
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21842:
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21633:
21626:Core teachings
21623:
21617:
21614:
21613:
21609:Gautama Buddha
21601:
21600:
21593:
21586:
21578:
21569:
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21565:
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21487:
21482:
21477:
21472:
21467:
21462:
21457:
21452:
21447:
21442:
21437:
21436:
21435:
21430:
21420:
21414:
21412:
21406:
21405:
21403:
21402:
21401:
21400:
21395:
21385:
21380:
21375:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21355:
21350:
21345:
21340:
21335:
21329:
21327:
21321:
21320:
21318:
21317:
21312:
21307:
21306:
21305:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21285:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21254:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21238:
21233:
21223:
21218:
21213:
21212:
21211:
21201:
21196:
21191:
21186:
21185:
21184:
21179:
21174:
21169:
21164:
21154:
21149:
21144:
21139:
21134:
21129:
21124:
21123:
21122:
21120:Greco-Buddhist
21112:
21111:
21110:
21105:
21100:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21074:
21073:
21071:Burmese pagoda
21063:
21058:
21053:
21048:
21043:
21038:
21027:
21025:
21019:
21018:
21016:
21015:
21010:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20929:
20927:
20921:
20920:
20918:
20917:
20912:
20907:
20902:
20897:
20892:
20887:
20882:
20877:
20872:
20867:
20862:
20861:
20860:
20853:Greco-Buddhism
20850:
20845:
20844:
20843:
20833:
20828:
20823:
20818:
20812:
20810:
20804:
20803:
20801:
20800:
20799:
20798:
20793:
20788:
20786:United Kingdom
20783:
20778:
20773:
20768:
20763:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20733:
20731:Czech Republic
20728:
20723:
20718:
20713:
20708:
20698:
20697:
20696:
20691:
20681:
20680:
20679:
20669:
20668:
20667:
20662:
20652:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20627:
20622:
20621:
20620:
20610:
20605:
20595:
20590:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20565:
20560:
20555:
20550:
20545:
20540:
20535:
20530:
20525:
20520:
20515:
20509:
20507:
20501:
20500:
20498:
20497:
20495:Abhidharmadīpa
20492:
20485:
20480:
20475:
20468:
20463:
20458:
20453:
20448:
20443:
20437:
20435:
20429:
20428:
20426:
20425:
20420:
20415:
20413:B. R. Ambedkar
20410:
20405:
20400:
20395:
20390:
20385:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20365:
20360:
20355:
20350:
20345:
20340:
20335:
20333:Songtsen Gampo
20330:
20325:
20320:
20315:
20310:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20285:
20280:
20275:
20270:
20264:
20262:
20256:
20255:
20253:
20252:
20247:
20246:
20245:
20235:
20230:
20225:
20220:
20215:
20210:
20209:
20208:
20198:
20193:
20188:
20183:
20178:
20173:
20168:
20163:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20137:
20135:
20129:
20128:
20126:
20125:
20124:
20123:
20118:
20113:
20108:
20098:
20093:
20088:
20083:
20077:
20075:
20069:
20068:
20066:
20065:
20060:
20059:
20058:
20048:
20047:
20046:
20041:
20036:
20026:
20025:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20012:Eight precepts
20009:
19999:
19998:
19997:
19992:
19987:
19982:
19972:
19971:
19970:
19960:
19955:
19950:
19949:
19948:
19943:
19938:
19928:
19923:
19918:
19913:
19908:
19907:
19906:
19901:
19891:
19886:
19885:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19824:
19819:
19814:
19809:
19800:
19790:
19785:
19783:Five Strengths
19780:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19749:
19748:
19743:
19738:
19733:
19723:
19718:
19712:
19710:
19704:
19703:
19701:
19700:
19695:
19690:
19685:
19680:
19675:
19674:
19673:
19668:
19663:
19658:
19648:
19647:
19646:
19641:
19636:
19631:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19610:
19609:
19604:
19599:
19594:
19578:
19576:
19570:
19569:
19567:
19566:
19561:
19560:
19559:
19554:
19549:
19544:
19539:
19534:
19524:
19518:
19516:
19510:
19509:
19507:
19506:
19501:
19500:
19499:
19494:
19489:
19479:
19474:
19469:
19464:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19444:
19439:
19434:
19429:
19424:
19422:Mental factors
19419:
19414:
19409:
19404:
19399:
19394:
19389:
19384:
19379:
19374:
19369:
19363:
19361:
19355:
19354:
19352:
19351:
19346:
19341:
19336:
19331:
19326:
19321:
19316:
19311:
19306:
19301:
19296:
19291:
19286:
19281:
19276:
19274:Mahamoggallāna
19271:
19266:
19261:
19255:
19253:
19247:
19246:
19244:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19198:
19197:
19196:
19189:Avalokiteśvara
19185:
19183:
19177:
19176:
19174:
19173:
19168:
19163:
19162:
19161:
19153:
19145:
19137:
19129:
19121:
19113:
19100:
19095:
19090:
19085:
19080:
19075:
19070:
19065:
19060:
19055:
19050:
19045:
19039:
19037:
19031:
19030:
19028:
19027:
19022:
19017:
19012:
19011:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18990:
18984:
18982:
18976:
18975:
18973:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18951:
18948:
18947:
18928:
18927:
18920:
18913:
18905:
18896:
18895:
18883:
18880:
18879:
18870:
18867:
18866:
18864:
18863:
18858:
18853:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18768:
18763:
18758:
18753:
18748:
18743:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18722:
18719:
18718:
18711:
18710:
18703:
18696:
18688:
18680:
18679:
18674:
18671:
18658:
18653:
18649:
18648:
18647:Regnal titles
18644:
18643:
18638:
18635:
18630:
18627:Kassapa Buddha
18625:
18621:
18620:
18612:
18611:
18596:
18587:
18578:
18569:
18558:
18557:External links
18555:
18554:
18553:
18547:
18527:
18509:
18508:
18499:
18482:Early Buddhism
18479:
18478:
18472:
18457:
18451:
18436:
18424:
18418:, ed. (1996).
18416:Bechert, Heinz
18406:
18405:
18388:
18383:
18366:
18360:
18345:
18340:
18322:Singh, Upinder
18318:
18309:
18295:
18286:
18280:
18265:
18256:
18245:
18234:
18225:
18220:
18207:
18187:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18158:
18128:(3): 367–394.
18113:
18093:
18075:
18066:
18060:
18047:
18020:
18002:
17989:
17971:
17966:
17953:
17948:
17933:
17921:
17909:
17890:10.1086/462628
17884:(3): 185–203,
17873:
17850:
17841:
17835:
17818:
17809:
17807:on 3 June 2011
17792:
17778:(2): 193–210.
17760:
17751:
17746:
17733:
17728:
17715:
17690:
17660:
17633:
17628:
17613:
17608:
17595:
17586:
17577:
17572:
17555:
17546:
17541:
17521:
17519:, Oxford-Wiley
17512:
17501:
17493:
17480:(1): 103–110,
17465:
17452:
17428:
17400:
17368:(2): 297–317,
17350:
17341:
17336:
17323:
17314:
17284:
17257:
17245:
17226:
17198:
17180:
17171:
17162:
17153:
17118:
17101:
17082:
17076:
17056:
17043:
17031:
17022:
17013:
16996:(3/4): 19–50,
16985:
16979:
16966:
16953:(1): 187–201,
16938:
16933:
16920:
16915:
16897:
16892:
16879:
16862:
16831:
16804:
16778:(1): 131–151,
16758:
16735:
16725:Marshall, John
16721:
16712:
16707:
16692:
16670:
16649:
16641:
16636:
16619:
16610:
16605:
16592:
16575:
16569:, SUNY Press,
16560:
16551:
16546:
16533:
16527:
16514:
16505:
16496:
16462:
16449:
16438:
16427:
16418:
16401:
16382:
16355:
16344:
16327:
16300:
16283:
16265:
16261:Bechert (1991)
16252:
16243:
16238:
16225:
16216:
16191:
16182:
16165:
16150:
16132:
16117:
16107:
16098:
16093:Bechert (1992)
16088:
16079:
16074:
16061:
16038:
16029:
16020:
16002:
15987:
15981:
15964:
15953:
15948:
15932:
15923:
15911:
15892:
15887:
15871:, ed. (1993),
15869:Doniger, Wendy
15865:
15855:
15840:
15826:
15813:
15807:
15791:
15786:
15773:
15768:
15755:
15726:
15665:
15639:
15634:
15621:
15603:
15588:
15579:
15562:
15547:
15542:
15529:
15524:
15511:
15502:
15478:
15466:
15454:
15449:
15434:
15410:
15401:
15392:
15365:
15344:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15307:
15290:Bechert, Heinz
15286:
15272:
15254:
15239:
15230:
15221:
15210:
15205:
15192:
15183:
15162:
15144:
15138:
15125:
15119:
15106:
15079:
15066:
15057:
15036:
15027:
15004:
14988:
14979:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14961:
14942:
14911:
14890:
14883:
14863:
14851:
14839:
14827:
14815:
14783:
14770:
14758:
14746:
14734:
14721:
14701:
14672:
14660:
14648:
14629:
14609:
14578:
14563:
14542:
14521:
14500:
14479:
14449:
14430:
14410:
14396:
14378:
14343:
14341:, p. 243.
14339:Doniger (1993)
14331:
14319:
14307:
14295:
14280:
14268:
14256:
14244:
14223:
14210:
14198:
14196:, p. 263.
14194:Anālayo (2011)
14186:
14174:
14162:
14160:, p. 110.
14150:
14148:, p. 124.
14138:
14128:
14119:
14117:, p. 109.
14107:
14095:
14035:
14028:
14010:
13997:
13988:
13965:
13953:
13941:
13929:
13903:
13901:, p. 119.
13891:
13879:
13870:
13858:
13843:
13831:
13822:
13820:, p. 107.
13810:
13798:
13796:, p. xxx.
13786:
13774:
13762:
13747:
13728:
13715:
13699:
13687:
13675:
13663:
13661:, p. 147.
13651:
13649:, inside flap.
13634:
13632:, p. vii.
13619:
13600:
13588:
13573:
13558:
13555:. p. 267.
13539:
13527:
13512:
13495:
13483:
13471:
13459:
13447:
13435:
13423:
13411:
13399:
13397:, p. 157.
13387:
13365:
13363:, p. 165.
13353:
13349:Anālayo (2015)
13341:
13339:, p. 189.
13337:Anālayo (2011)
13329:
13314:
13302:
13290:
13288:, p. 164.
13278:
13266:
13254:
13242:
13240:, p. 229.
13230:
13218:
13206:
13194:
13182:
13180:, p. 139.
13170:
13158:
13156:, p. 148.
13146:
13134:
13122:
13110:
13097:
13084:
13072:
13060:
13048:
13046:, p. 138.
13031:
13019:
13007:
12995:
12988:
12968:
12956:
12954:, p. 256.
12944:
12932:
12920:
12907:
12895:
12880:
12878:, p. 131.
12863:
12848:
12815:
12796:
12777:
12757:
12755:, p. 114.
12745:
12743:, p. 135.
12733:
12721:
12709:
12697:
12685:
12673:
12661:
12649:
12618:
12606:
12594:
12582:
12551:
12549:, p. 891.
12547:Anālayo (2011)
12539:
12524:
12500:
12488:
12457:
12455:, p. 331.
12445:
12443:, p. 330.
12433:
12431:, p. 327.
12421:
12419:, p. 324.
12409:
12397:
12395:, p. 183.
12385:
12383:, p. 112.
12373:
12371:, p. 250.
12361:
12359:, p. 178.
12346:
12344:, p. 249.
12331:
12329:, p. 176.
12319:
12307:
12276:
12264:
12233:
12231:, p. 246.
12221:
12219:, p. 244.
12209:
12197:
12185:
12181:Anālayo (2014)
12173:
12171:, p. 165.
12161:
12159:, p. 239.
12149:
12147:, p. 280.
12137:
12118:
12116:, p. 237.
12106:
12104:, p. 236.
12094:
12092:, p. 257.
12082:
12080:, p. 198.
12078:Anālayo (2011)
12070:
12068:, p. 232.
12058:
12056:, p. 215.
12046:
12031:
12019:
12007:
12005:, p. 134.
11995:
11993:, p. 127.
11991:Anālayo (2016)
11983:
11979:Anālayo (2016)
11971:
11959:
11955:Anālayo (2016)
11947:
11943:Anālayo (2016)
11935:
11931:Anālayo (2016)
11923:
11921:, p. 136.
11908:
11896:
11894:, p. 122.
11884:
11872:
11860:
11858:, p. 119.
11848:
11836:
11824:
11801:
11799:, p. 132.
11789:
11787:, p. 231.
11774:
11772:, p. 131.
11762:
11750:
11748:, p. 115.
11738:
11726:
11714:
11702:
11700:, p. 113.
11690:
11688:, p. 110.
11678:
11666:
11664:, p. 185.
11662:Anālayo (2011)
11651:
11636:
11605:
11603:, p. 183.
11601:Anālayo (2011)
11593:
11591:, p. 182.
11589:Anālayo (2011)
11581:
11569:
11557:
11545:
11533:
11521:
11519:, p. 178.
11517:Anālayo (2011)
11506:
11476:
11443:
11412:
11400:
11388:
11386:, p. 243.
11384:Anālayo (2011)
11376:
11342:
11312:
11310:, p. 240.
11308:Anālayo (2011)
11297:
11295:, p. 236.
11293:Anālayo (2011)
11282:
11278:Anālayo (2011)
11270:
11258:
11246:
11234:
11222:
11220:, p. 175.
11218:Anālayo (2011)
11210:
11198:
11186:
11174:
11162:
11150:
11138:
11126:
11114:
11102:
11090:
11078:
11066:
11054:
11042:
11030:
11018:
11003:
11001:, p. 322.
10991:
10976:
10964:
10952:
10940:
10938:, p. 173.
10936:Anālayo (2011)
10928:
10916:
10904:
10882:
10880:, p. 170.
10878:Anālayo (2011)
10870:
10855:
10843:
10831:
10829:, p. 139.
10819:
10807:
10795:
10783:
10768:
10756:
10754:, p. 146.
10744:
10732:
10720:
10708:
10693:
10681:
10669:
10657:
10638:
10626:
10614:
10602:
10590:
10578:
10563:
10551:
10547:Trainor (2010)
10539:
10524:
10522:, p. 436.
10512:
10483:
10469:
10444:
10409:
10397:
10385:
10373:
10361:
10349:
10337:
10325:
10299:
10287:
10275:
10273:, p. xii.
10263:
10251:
10247:Skilton (2004)
10239:
10227:
10197:
10188:
10148:
10144:Anālayo (2006)
10133:
10114:
10094:
10076:
10064:
10049:
10034:
10019:
10004:
10002:, p. 169.
9989:
9977:
9965:
9953:
9941:
9929:
9917:
9890:
9886:Collins (2009)
9878:
9876:, p. 268.
9866:
9843:(1): 100–114.
9823:
9811:
9795:
9772:(2): 145–180.
9747:
9732:
9694:
9679:
9667:
9655:
9643:
9631:
9597:
9585:
9551:
9539:
9527:
9492:
9441:
9429:
9417:
9405:
9401:Prebish (2008)
9393:
9378:
9366:
9354:
9342:
9323:
9306:
9276:
9245:
9233:
9231:, p. 352.
9229:Buswell (2003)
9221:
9209:
9197:
9195:, p. 177.
9193:Swearer (2004)
9185:
9173:
9171:, p. xxi.
9158:
9151:
9133:
9121:
9109:
9097:
9085:
9081:Schober (2002)
9073:
9062:on 27 May 2017
9047:
9028:
9008:
8989:
8969:
8937:
8920:
8903:Dictionary.com
8890:
8883:
8863:
8844:
8824:
8815:|journal=
8785:
8752:
8737:
8725:
8675:
8663:
8654:
8634:
8607:
8573:
8567:Peter Harvey,
8560:
8541:
8526:
8524:, p. 230.
8514:
8512:, p. 164.
8502:
8498:Fogelin (2015)
8485:
8468:
8453:
8438:
8407:
8405:, p. 817.
8395:
8378:
8363:
8344:
8321:
8319:, p. 398.
8309:
8296:
8294:, p. 1–7.
8284:
8272:
8260:
8248:
8231:
8219:
8207:
8195:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8140:
8123:
8110:
8095:
8086:
8064:
8060:Prebish (2008)
8052:
8040:
8036:Cousins (1996)
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8007:
7998:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7962:
7953:
7941:
7931:
7921:
7919:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7874:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7840:
7838:
7837:
7825:
7809:
7789:
7760:
7750:
7730:Abhidharmakosa
7720:Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra
7703:
7694:
7684:
7668:
7658:
7654:suukaramaddava
7644:, "pig-bulb";
7633:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7601:
7554:
7520:
7507:
7478:
7452:
7423:
7409:
7397:Mohāpātra 2000
7394:Mahāpātra 1977
7381:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7344:
7332:
7300:
7277:
7275:, p. 164)
7273:Hultzsch (1925
7269: 260 BCE
7250:
7234:
7217:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7140:Hultzsch (1925
7136: 260 BCE
7099:Fogelin (2015)
7097:, p. 8),
7080:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6977:
6965:
6959:
6926:
6798:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6771:Michael Witzel
6767:
6742:
6735:
6732:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6673:, p. 18;
6659:
6649:
6642:, p. 436
6620:Mohāpātra 2000
6616:Mahāpātra 1977
6563:
6561:
6560:
6554:
6548:
6525:lotus position
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6461:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6430:
6418:
6406:
6391:
6382:
6380:B. R. Ambedkar
6371:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6337:
6321:
6320:as the Buddha.
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6287:B. R. Ambedkar
6278:
6270:
6267:Gautama Buddha
6263:Allani Sridhar
6254:
6242:
6234:
6218:
6202:
6190:
6167:
6147:
6124:Main article:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:In other media
6113:
6112:
6111:
6105:–6th century.
6093:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6005:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5956:
5949: 1100 CE
5936:
5929:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5861:
5854:
5852:
5834:Seated Buddha
5833:
5826:
5824:
5810:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5785:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5704:
5702:
5692:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5639:Kushan dynasty
5636:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5602:
5600:
5589:
5582:
5580:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5548:
5546:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5516:
5514:
5511:Art of Mathura
5501:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5333:
5330:
5276:
5273:
5217:
5214:
5183:al-Shahrastani
5126:
5123:
5075:Main article:
5053:
5050:
5045:Main article:
5042:
5039:
5033:Lakkhaṇa Sutta
4984:Main article:
4981:
4978:
4893:
4890:
4838:
4835:
4780:ritual bathing
4748:Gayatri mantra
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4680:
4677:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4552:Main article:
4549:
4546:
4456:
4453:
4395:indriyasamvara
4279:
4276:
4176:
4173:
4136:Ye Dharma Hetu
4124:
4121:
4064:
4061:
3985:
3982:
3969:Madhyama Agama
3874:Main article:
3860:
3859:Core teachings
3857:
3849:
3846:
3792:
3789:
3634:Vajjika League
3600:
3596:Last days and
3594:
3511:
3508:
3472:
3469:
3450:stream-enterer
3414:Mahāmoggallāna
3317:Gangetic Plain
3296:
3293:
3200:, also called
3122:
3119:
3048:sammā-sambodhi
2957:breath control
2826:
2823:
2644:
2641:
2472:white elephant
2450:, his mother,
2435:), was born."
2366:A map showing
2359:
2356:
2286:
2285:Previous lives
2283:
2271:Indian history
2161:British Museum
2157:Bimaran Casket
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2111:egalitarianism
2096:
2093:
2048:Pūraṇa Kassapa
2012:
2009:
1973: 500 BCE
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:K. T. S. Sarao
1945: 380 BCE
1938: 400 BCE
1931: 460 BCE
1920: 492 BCE
1885:
1882:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1709:
1706:
1689:
1686:
1674: 100 BCE
1586: 250 BCE
1573:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1508:Main article:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1459:
1458:
1442:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1385:Sammasambuddho
1382:
1360:
1359:Other epithets
1357:
1312:
1309:
1202:
1199:
1181:
1178:
1143:oral tradition
1076:that includes
1029:monastic order
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
923:
922:
921:
920:
905:
904:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
708:Pratyekabuddha
705:
700:
695:
689:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
663:Buddhist chant
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
584:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
521:Buddhist texts
519:
518:
515:
514:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
449:
448:
438:
432:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
336:
335:
327:
326:
320:
319:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
280:
279:
272:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
243:
242:
240:Kassapa Buddha
237:
233:
232:
231:Senior posting
228:
227:
218:
214:
213:
207:
206:Known for
203:
202:
200:
199:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
139:Malla republic
133:
123:
119:
118:
108:
97:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
60:
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22003:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21962:
21959:
21957:
21954:
21952:
21949:
21947:
21944:
21942:
21939:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21868:
21866:
21851:
21843:
21841:
21833:
21832:
21829:
21821:
21818:
21817:
21816:
21813:
21811:
21808:
21806:
21803:
21799:
21796:
21795:
21794:
21793:Buddha in art
21791:
21787:
21784:
21782:
21779:
21777:
21774:
21773:
21772:
21769:
21767:
21764:
21762:
21759:
21757:
21754:
21752:
21749:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21739:
21735:
21732:
21730:
21726:
21722:
21718:
21715:
21714:
21713:
21710:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21682:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21659:
21656:
21655:
21654:
21651:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21639:
21637:
21634:
21632:
21629:
21628:
21627:
21624:
21622:
21619:
21618:
21615:
21610:
21606:
21599:
21594:
21592:
21587:
21585:
21580:
21579:
21576:
21564:
21559:
21554:
21552:
21544:
21543:
21540:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21524:
21521:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21500:
21498:
21496:
21492:
21486:
21483:
21481:
21478:
21476:
21473:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21425:
21424:
21421:
21419:
21416:
21415:
21413:
21411:
21407:
21399:
21396:
21394:
21391:
21390:
21389:
21386:
21384:
21381:
21379:
21376:
21374:
21371:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21331:
21330:
21328:
21326:
21325:Miscellaneous
21322:
21316:
21315:Vegetarianism
21313:
21311:
21308:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21280:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21237:
21234:
21232:
21229:
21228:
21227:
21224:
21222:
21219:
21217:
21214:
21210:
21207:
21206:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21183:
21180:
21178:
21175:
21173:
21170:
21168:
21165:
21163:
21160:
21159:
21158:
21155:
21153:
21150:
21148:
21145:
21143:
21140:
21138:
21137:Buddha in art
21135:
21133:
21130:
21128:
21125:
21121:
21118:
21117:
21116:
21113:
21109:
21106:
21104:
21101:
21099:
21096:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21072:
21069:
21068:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21054:
21052:
21049:
21047:
21044:
21042:
21039:
21037:
21034:
21033:
21032:
21029:
21028:
21026:
21024:
21020:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20930:
20928:
20926:
20922:
20916:
20913:
20911:
20908:
20906:
20903:
20901:
20898:
20896:
20893:
20891:
20888:
20886:
20883:
20881:
20878:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20859:
20856:
20855:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20842:
20839:
20838:
20837:
20834:
20832:
20829:
20827:
20824:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20813:
20811:
20809:
20805:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20791:United States
20789:
20787:
20784:
20782:
20779:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20724:
20722:
20719:
20717:
20714:
20712:
20709:
20707:
20704:
20703:
20702:
20699:
20695:
20692:
20690:
20687:
20686:
20685:
20682:
20678:
20675:
20674:
20673:
20670:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20657:
20656:
20653:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20628:
20626:
20623:
20618:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20600:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20510:
20508:
20506:
20502:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20490:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20473:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20438:
20436:
20434:
20430:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20384:
20381:
20379:
20376:
20374:
20371:
20369:
20366:
20364:
20361:
20359:
20356:
20354:
20351:
20349:
20348:Padmasambhava
20346:
20344:
20341:
20339:
20336:
20334:
20331:
20329:
20326:
20324:
20321:
20319:
20316:
20314:
20311:
20309:
20306:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20269:
20266:
20265:
20263:
20261:
20260:Major figures
20257:
20251:
20248:
20244:
20241:
20240:
20239:
20236:
20234:
20231:
20229:
20226:
20224:
20221:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20207:
20206:Western tulku
20204:
20203:
20202:
20199:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20187:
20184:
20182:
20179:
20177:
20174:
20172:
20169:
20167:
20164:
20162:
20159:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20138:
20136:
20134:
20130:
20122:
20119:
20117:
20114:
20112:
20109:
20107:
20104:
20103:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20082:
20079:
20078:
20076:
20074:
20070:
20064:
20061:
20057:
20054:
20053:
20052:
20049:
20045:
20042:
20040:
20037:
20035:
20032:
20031:
20030:
20027:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20007:Five precepts
20005:
20004:
20003:
20000:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19985:Dhamma vicaya
19983:
19981:
19978:
19977:
19976:
19973:
19969:
19966:
19965:
19964:
19961:
19959:
19956:
19954:
19951:
19947:
19944:
19942:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19933:
19932:
19929:
19927:
19924:
19922:
19919:
19917:
19914:
19912:
19909:
19905:
19902:
19900:
19897:
19896:
19895:
19892:
19890:
19887:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19832:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19807:
19806:
19801:
19799:
19796:
19795:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19784:
19781:
19779:
19776:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19753:Buddhābhiṣeka
19751:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19728:
19727:
19724:
19722:
19719:
19717:
19714:
19713:
19711:
19709:
19705:
19699:
19696:
19694:
19691:
19689:
19686:
19684:
19681:
19679:
19676:
19672:
19669:
19667:
19664:
19662:
19659:
19657:
19654:
19653:
19652:
19649:
19645:
19642:
19640:
19637:
19635:
19632:
19630:
19627:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19589:
19588:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19580:
19579:
19577:
19575:
19571:
19565:
19562:
19558:
19555:
19553:
19550:
19548:
19545:
19543:
19540:
19538:
19535:
19533:
19530:
19529:
19528:
19525:
19523:
19520:
19519:
19517:
19515:
19511:
19505:
19502:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19488:
19485:
19484:
19483:
19480:
19478:
19475:
19473:
19470:
19468:
19465:
19463:
19460:
19458:
19455:
19453:
19450:
19448:
19445:
19443:
19440:
19438:
19435:
19433:
19430:
19428:
19425:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19403:
19400:
19398:
19397:Enlightenment
19395:
19393:
19390:
19388:
19387:Dhamma theory
19385:
19383:
19382:Buddha-nature
19380:
19378:
19375:
19373:
19370:
19368:
19365:
19364:
19362:
19360:
19356:
19350:
19347:
19345:
19342:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19305:
19302:
19300:
19297:
19295:
19292:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19275:
19272:
19270:
19267:
19265:
19262:
19260:
19257:
19256:
19254:
19252:
19248:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19221:Samantabhadra
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19199:
19195:
19192:
19191:
19190:
19187:
19186:
19184:
19182:
19178:
19172:
19169:
19167:
19164:
19160:
19154:
19152:
19146:
19144:
19138:
19136:
19130:
19128:
19122:
19120:
19114:
19112:
19106:
19105:
19104:
19101:
19099:
19096:
19094:
19091:
19089:
19086:
19084:
19081:
19079:
19076:
19074:
19071:
19069:
19066:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19054:
19051:
19049:
19046:
19044:
19041:
19040:
19038:
19036:
19032:
19026:
19023:
19021:
19018:
19016:
19013:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18995:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18985:
18983:
18981:
18977:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18953:
18952:
18949:
18944:
18939:
18934:
18926:
18921:
18919:
18914:
18912:
18907:
18906:
18903:
18893:
18888:
18881:
18877:
18873:
18868:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18787:
18784:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18772:
18769:
18767:
18764:
18762:
18759:
18757:
18754:
18752:
18749:
18747:
18744:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18724:
18723:
18720:
18716:
18709:
18704:
18702:
18697:
18695:
18690:
18689:
18686:
18677:
18670:
18668:
18663:
18656:
18650:
18645:
18641:
18634:
18628:
18622:
18619:
18615:
18610:
18606:
18605:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18564:
18561:
18560:
18550:
18544:
18539:
18538:
18532:
18528:
18524:
18520:
18516:
18515:
18514:
18513:
18505:
18500:
18496:
18495:
18490:
18486:
18485:
18484:
18483:
18475:
18469:
18465:
18464:
18458:
18454:
18448:
18444:
18443:
18437:
18433:
18429:
18425:
18421:
18417:
18413:
18412:
18411:
18410:
18402:
18398:
18394:
18389:
18386:
18380:
18375:
18374:
18367:
18363:
18357:
18353:
18352:
18346:
18343:
18337:
18333:
18329:
18328:
18323:
18319:
18315:
18310:
18306:
18302:
18301:
18296:
18292:
18287:
18283:
18277:
18273:
18272:
18266:
18262:
18257:
18253:
18252:
18246:
18242:
18241:
18240:The Mahāvastu
18235:
18231:
18226:
18223:
18217:
18213:
18208:
18205:
18201:
18197:
18194:(in French),
18193:
18188:
18185:
18181:
18177:
18174:(in French),
18173:
18167:
18166:
18147:
18143:
18139:
18135:
18131:
18127:
18123:
18119:
18114:
18100:
18096:
18090:
18087:, Routledge,
18083:
18082:
18076:
18072:
18067:
18063:
18057:
18054:. Routledge.
18053:
18048:
18044:
18038:
18027:
18023:
18017:
18010:
18009:
18003:
17996:
17992:
17986:
17979:
17978:
17972:
17969:
17963:
17959:
17954:
17951:
17945:
17941:
17940:
17934:
17932:
17931:Wayman (1984)
17927:
17922:
17920:
17919:Wayman (1984)
17915:
17910:
17907:
17903:
17899:
17895:
17891:
17887:
17883:
17879:
17874:
17862:
17858:
17857:
17851:
17847:
17842:
17838:
17832:
17828:
17824:
17819:
17815:
17810:
17806:
17802:
17798:
17793:
17781:
17777:
17773:
17769:
17765:
17761:
17757:
17752:
17749:
17743:
17739:
17734:
17731:
17725:
17721:
17716:
17709:
17705:
17698:
17697:
17691:
17677:
17673:
17672:Ancient Nepal
17666:
17661:
17654:
17650:
17646:
17639:
17634:
17631:
17625:
17621:
17620:
17614:
17611:
17609:0-520-24225-4
17605:
17601:
17596:
17592:
17587:
17583:
17578:
17575:
17569:
17565:
17561:
17556:
17552:
17547:
17544:
17538:
17534:
17530:
17526:
17522:
17518:
17513:
17509:
17508:
17502:
17499:
17494:
17483:
17479:
17475:
17471:
17466:
17462:
17458:
17457:East and West
17453:
17442:
17438:
17434:
17429:
17418:
17414:
17410:
17406:
17401:
17387:
17383:
17379:
17375:
17371:
17367:
17363:
17356:
17351:
17347:
17342:
17339:
17333:
17329:
17324:
17320:
17315:
17311:
17305:
17298:
17294:
17290:
17285:
17281:
17275:
17267:
17263:
17258:
17254:
17250:
17246:
17243:
17239:
17235:
17231:
17227:
17224:
17220:
17216:
17212:
17208:
17204:
17199:
17195:
17190:
17186:
17181:
17177:
17172:
17168:
17163:
17159:
17154:
17147:
17143:
17139:
17135:
17131:
17124:
17119:
17108:
17104:
17098:
17094:
17090:
17089:
17083:
17079:
17073:
17068:
17067:
17061:
17057:
17053:
17049:
17044:
17040:
17036:
17032:
17028:
17023:
17019:
17014:
17011:
17007:
17003:
16999:
16995:
16991:
16986:
16982:
16976:
16972:
16967:
16956:
16952:
16948:
16944:
16939:
16936:
16930:
16926:
16921:
16918:
16912:
16908:
16907:
16902:
16898:
16895:
16893:0-7007-1548-7
16889:
16885:
16880:
16876:
16875:
16869:
16863:
16849:
16842:
16841:
16836:
16832:
16825:
16821:
16817:
16810:
16805:
16791:
16786:
16781:
16777:
16773:
16772:
16764:
16759:
16755:
16749:
16741:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16726:
16722:
16718:
16713:
16710:
16708:9788120618237
16704:
16700:
16699:
16693:
16682:
16678:
16677:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16659:
16654:
16650:
16647:
16642:
16639:
16633:
16628:
16627:
16620:
16616:
16611:
16608:
16602:
16598:
16593:
16582:
16578:
16572:
16568:
16567:
16561:
16557:
16552:
16549:
16547:0-19-860560-9
16543:
16539:
16534:
16530:
16524:
16520:
16515:
16511:
16506:
16502:
16497:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16468:
16463:
16459:
16455:
16450:
16446:
16445:
16444:The Mahāvastu
16439:
16435:
16434:
16433:The Mahāvastu
16428:
16424:
16419:
16408:
16404:
16398:
16394:
16390:
16389:
16383:
16376:
16372:
16368:
16361:
16356:
16352:
16351:
16345:
16334:
16330:
16328:0-8248-1203-4
16324:
16320:
16316:
16312:
16308:
16307:
16301:
16290:
16286:
16280:
16277:, Routledge,
16276:
16275:
16270:
16266:
16262:
16258:
16253:
16249:
16244:
16241:
16235:
16231:
16226:
16222:
16217:
16205:
16201:
16197:
16192:
16188:
16183:
16172:
16168:
16162:
16158:
16157:
16151:
16139:
16135:
16129:
16126:. Routledge.
16125:
16124:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16104:
16099:
16094:
16089:
16085:
16080:
16077:
16071:
16067:
16062:
16058:
16052:
16044:
16039:
16035:
16030:
16026:
16021:
16009:
16005:
15999:
15995:
15994:
15988:
15984:
15978:
15973:
15972:
15965:
15961:
15960:
15954:
15951:
15949:0-394-51971-X
15945:
15941:
15937:
15936:Eck, Diana L.
15933:
15929:
15924:
15914:
15908:
15904:
15900:
15899:
15893:
15890:
15888:0-7914-1381-0
15884:
15880:
15876:
15875:
15870:
15866:
15862:
15858:
15852:
15848:
15847:
15841:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15827:981-00-4525-5
15823:
15819:
15814:
15810:
15808:0-394-71696-5
15804:
15800:
15796:
15792:
15789:
15783:
15779:
15774:
15771:
15765:
15761:
15756:
15752:
15746:
15738:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15715:
15711:
15707:
15703:
15699:
15695:
15691:
15687:
15683:
15679:
15675:
15671:
15666:
15662:
15656:
15648:
15644:
15640:
15637:
15631:
15627:
15622:
15610:
15606:
15600:
15596:
15595:
15589:
15585:
15580:
15569:
15565:
15559:
15555:
15554:
15548:
15545:
15539:
15535:
15530:
15527:
15521:
15517:
15512:
15508:
15503:
15492:
15488:
15484:
15479:
15475:
15471:
15467:
15463:
15459:
15455:
15452:
15446:
15442:
15441:
15435:
15424:
15420:
15416:
15411:
15407:
15402:
15398:
15393:
15386:
15382:
15378:
15371:
15366:
15351:
15347:
15345:9781400866328
15341:
15337:
15330:
15329:
15323:
15317:
15313:
15308:
15304:
15299:
15298:
15295:
15291:
15287:
15283:
15282:
15277:
15273:
15261:
15257:
15251:
15247:
15246:
15240:
15236:
15231:
15227:
15222:
15218:
15217:
15211:
15208:
15202:
15198:
15193:
15189:
15184:
15169:
15165:
15159:
15152:
15151:
15145:
15141:
15135:
15131:
15126:
15122:
15116:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15093:
15089:
15085:
15080:
15076:
15072:
15067:
15063:
15058:
15054:
15050:
15046:
15042:
15037:
15033:
15028:
15016:
15012:
15011:
15005:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14980:
14977:
14971:
14970:
14949:
14945:
14943:9789004194045
14939:
14935:
14934:
14926:
14924:
14922:
14920:
14918:
14916:
14907:
14905:
14900:
14894:
14886:
14884:9789004155374
14880:
14876:
14875:
14867:
14860:
14855:
14849:, p. 31.
14848:
14843:
14837:, p. 19.
14836:
14831:
14825:, p. 15.
14824:
14819:
14811:
14805:
14797:
14793:
14787:
14780:
14774:
14767:
14762:
14755:
14750:
14743:
14738:
14724:
14718:
14714:
14713:
14705:
14696:
14691:
14687:
14683:
14676:
14669:
14664:
14657:
14652:
14636:
14632:
14630:0-203-18593-5
14626:
14622:
14621:
14613:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14582:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14546:
14539:
14535:
14531:
14525:
14518:
14514:
14510:
14504:
14498:, pp. 729–730
14497:
14493:
14490:, Routledge,
14489:
14483:
14467:
14463:
14459:
14453:
14437:
14433:
14427:
14423:
14422:
14414:
14407:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14389:
14382:
14375:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14347:
14340:
14335:
14329:, p. 73.
14328:
14323:
14317:, p. 21.
14316:
14311:
14304:
14299:
14293:, p. 12.
14292:
14287:
14285:
14277:
14276:Walshe (1995)
14272:
14265:
14260:
14253:
14248:
14241:
14237:
14233:
14227:
14220:
14214:
14207:
14202:
14195:
14190:
14183:
14178:
14171:
14166:
14159:
14154:
14147:
14142:
14132:
14123:
14116:
14111:
14104:
14099:
14083:
14079:
14075:
14071:
14067:
14063:
14059:
14055:
14048:
14046:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14031:
14025:
14021:
14014:
14007:
14001:
13992:
13984:
13980:
13976:
13969:
13963:, p. 72.
13962:
13961:Omvedt (2003)
13957:
13951:, p. 76.
13950:
13949:Omvedt (2003)
13945:
13938:
13933:
13926:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13912:
13910:
13908:
13900:
13899:Shults (2014)
13895:
13889:, p. 87.
13888:
13887:Gethin (1998)
13883:
13874:
13868:, p. 85.
13867:
13866:Gethin (1998)
13862:
13856:, p. 28.
13855:
13850:
13848:
13840:
13839:Gethin (1998)
13835:
13826:
13819:
13814:
13807:
13806:Vetter (1988)
13802:
13795:
13794:Vetter (1988)
13790:
13783:
13782:Vetter (1988)
13778:
13771:
13770:Norman (2003)
13766:
13759:
13754:
13752:
13743:
13739:
13732:
13725:
13719:
13712:
13708:
13703:
13696:
13695:Warder (2004)
13691:
13684:
13679:
13673:, p. 25.
13672:
13667:
13660:
13655:
13648:
13647:Warder (2000)
13643:
13641:
13639:
13631:
13626:
13624:
13616:
13611:
13609:
13607:
13605:
13597:
13592:
13585:
13584:Vetter (1988)
13580:
13578:
13569:
13562:
13554:
13550:
13543:
13536:
13535:Warder (2000)
13531:
13525:, p. ix.
13524:
13523:Vetter (1988)
13519:
13517:
13509:
13504:
13502:
13500:
13493:, p. 28.
13492:
13491:Norman (1997)
13487:
13481:, p. 26.
13480:
13479:Norman (1997)
13475:
13469:, p. 48.
13468:
13463:
13456:
13451:
13445:, p. 10.
13444:
13439:
13432:
13427:
13420:
13415:
13408:
13407:Vetter (1988)
13403:
13396:
13395:Gethin (1998)
13391:
13384:
13380:
13377:
13376:
13369:
13362:
13361:Gethin (1998)
13357:
13350:
13345:
13338:
13333:
13326:
13321:
13319:
13311:
13310:Gethin (1998)
13306:
13299:
13298:Gethin (1998)
13294:
13287:
13286:Gethin (1998)
13282:
13276:, p. 81.
13275:
13274:Gethin (1998)
13270:
13263:
13262:Gethin (1998)
13258:
13251:
13246:
13239:
13234:
13227:
13222:
13215:
13210:
13204:, p. 20.
13203:
13198:
13191:
13190:Gethin (1998)
13186:
13179:
13178:Gethin (1998)
13174:
13168:, p. 27.
13167:
13162:
13155:
13154:Gethin (1998)
13150:
13143:
13142:Gethin (1998)
13138:
13131:
13130:Gethin (1998)
13126:
13119:
13114:
13107:
13101:
13094:
13088:
13081:
13076:
13070:, p. 10.
13069:
13064:
13057:
13052:
13045:
13044:Gombrich 2009
13040:
13038:
13036:
13028:
13027:Boisvert 1995
13023:
13016:
13015:Jurewicz 2000
13011:
13004:
13003:Gombrich 2009
12999:
12991:
12985:
12981:
12980:
12972:
12965:
12960:
12953:
12948:
12941:
12936:
12929:
12924:
12917:
12911:
12904:
12899:
12892:
12891:Gethin (1998)
12887:
12885:
12877:
12872:
12870:
12868:
12861:, p. 22.
12860:
12855:
12853:
12843:
12838:
12834:
12830:
12826:
12819:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12800:
12784:
12780:
12774:
12770:
12769:
12761:
12754:
12749:
12742:
12741:Gethin (1998)
12737:
12731:, p. 13.
12730:
12725:
12719:, p. 49.
12718:
12713:
12707:, p. 20.
12706:
12701:
12695:, p. 19.
12694:
12689:
12683:, p. 12.
12682:
12677:
12671:, p. 62.
12670:
12669:Gethin (1998)
12665:
12659:, p. 61.
12658:
12657:Gethin (1998)
12653:
12646:
12641:
12639:
12637:
12635:
12633:
12631:
12629:
12627:
12625:
12623:
12616:, p. 59.
12615:
12614:Gethin (1998)
12610:
12603:
12598:
12592:, p. 39.
12591:
12586:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12555:
12548:
12543:
12535:
12528:
12522:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12504:
12497:
12496:Strong (2007)
12492:
12476:
12472:
12468:
12461:
12454:
12449:
12442:
12437:
12430:
12425:
12418:
12413:
12407:, p. 76.
12406:
12401:
12394:
12393:Strong (2001)
12389:
12382:
12377:
12370:
12365:
12358:
12357:Strong (2001)
12353:
12351:
12343:
12338:
12336:
12328:
12327:Strong (2001)
12323:
12316:
12311:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12280:
12273:
12268:
12253:
12249:
12248:
12243:
12237:
12230:
12225:
12218:
12213:
12206:
12205:Strong (2001)
12201:
12194:
12189:
12182:
12177:
12170:
12169:Strong (2001)
12165:
12158:
12153:
12146:
12141:
12135:
12131:
12128:
12122:
12115:
12110:
12103:
12098:
12091:
12086:
12079:
12074:
12067:
12062:
12055:
12050:
12042:
12041:Ancient India
12035:
12029:, p. 79.
12028:
12023:
12016:
12011:
12004:
12003:Strong (2001)
11999:
11992:
11987:
11980:
11975:
11968:
11963:
11957:, p. 79.
11956:
11951:
11945:, p. 43.
11944:
11939:
11932:
11927:
11920:
11919:Strong (2001)
11915:
11913:
11906:, p. 91.
11905:
11900:
11893:
11892:Strong (2001)
11888:
11881:
11876:
11870:, p. 78.
11869:
11864:
11857:
11856:Strong (2001)
11852:
11846:, p. 70.
11845:
11840:
11834:, p. 68.
11833:
11828:
11822:
11820:
11816:
11813:
11805:
11798:
11797:Strong (2001)
11793:
11786:
11781:
11779:
11771:
11770:Strong (2001)
11766:
11759:
11754:
11747:
11746:Strong (2001)
11742:
11736:, p. 64.
11735:
11730:
11723:
11722:Strong (2001)
11718:
11711:
11706:
11699:
11698:Strong (2001)
11694:
11687:
11686:Strong (2001)
11682:
11675:
11670:
11663:
11658:
11656:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11637:0-8109-2807-8
11633:
11629:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11602:
11597:
11590:
11585:
11579:, p. 94.
11578:
11577:Strong (2001)
11573:
11567:, p. 93.
11566:
11565:Strong (2001)
11561:
11554:
11549:
11543:, p. 30.
11542:
11537:
11530:
11529:Gyatso (2007)
11525:
11518:
11513:
11511:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11480:
11464:
11460:
11456:
11450:
11448:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11416:
11409:
11404:
11397:
11392:
11385:
11380:
11364:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11346:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11316:
11309:
11304:
11302:
11294:
11289:
11287:
11279:
11274:
11268:, p. 26.
11267:
11262:
11255:
11254:Narada (1992)
11250:
11244:, p. 77.
11243:
11238:
11232:, p. 48.
11231:
11226:
11219:
11214:
11208:, p. 47.
11207:
11202:
11195:
11190:
11184:, p. 95.
11183:
11178:
11172:, p. 15.
11171:
11166:
11160:, p. 65.
11159:
11154:
11148:, p. 25.
11147:
11142:
11135:
11134:Strong (2001)
11130:
11124:, p. 28.
11123:
11122:Penner (2009)
11118:
11111:
11110:Strong (2015)
11106:
11099:
11098:Narada (1992)
11094:
11087:
11086:Strong (2015)
11082:
11076:, p. 36.
11075:
11070:
11064:, p. 30.
11063:
11058:
11051:
11046:
11039:
11034:
11027:
11026:Strong (2001)
11022:
11016:, p. 44.
11015:
11010:
11008:
11000:
10999:Warder (2000)
10995:
10988:
10983:
10981:
10974:, p. 20.
10973:
10972:Gethin (1998)
10968:
10962:, p. 63.
10961:
10960:Strong (2001)
10956:
10950:, p. 21.
10949:
10948:Gethin (1998)
10944:
10937:
10932:
10925:
10920:
10914:, p. 45.
10913:
10908:
10900:
10896:
10889:
10887:
10879:
10874:
10868:, p. 15.
10867:
10866:Gethin (1998)
10862:
10860:
10853:, p. 60.
10852:
10851:Strong (2001)
10847:
10841:, p. 23.
10840:
10835:
10828:
10823:
10817:, p. 47.
10816:
10811:
10804:
10803:Narada (1992)
10799:
10793:, p. 55.
10792:
10791:Strong (2001)
10787:
10780:
10779:Narada (1992)
10775:
10773:
10765:
10764:Turpie (2001)
10760:
10753:
10752:Thapar (2002)
10748:
10741:
10736:
10729:
10728:Gethin (1998)
10724:
10717:
10712:
10706:, p. 24.
10705:
10700:
10698:
10691:, p. 51.
10690:
10689:Strong (2001)
10685:
10678:
10673:
10666:
10661:
10654:
10653:Samuel (2010)
10649:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10636:, p. 21.
10635:
10630:
10624:, p. 41.
10623:
10618:
10612:, p. 11.
10611:
10606:
10600:, p. 37.
10599:
10594:
10588:, p. 19.
10587:
10586:Gethin (1998)
10582:
10575:
10570:
10568:
10561:, p. 18.
10560:
10555:
10548:
10543:
10537:, p. 14.
10536:
10535:Gethin (1998)
10531:
10529:
10521:
10516:
10500:
10496:
10490:
10488:
10472:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10451:
10449:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10418:
10416:
10414:
10407:, p. 43.
10406:
10405:Strong (2001)
10401:
10395:, p. 37.
10394:
10393:Strong (2001)
10389:
10383:, p. 25.
10382:
10381:Strong (2001)
10377:
10371:, p. 31.
10370:
10369:Strong (2001)
10365:
10359:, p. 30.
10358:
10357:Strong (2001)
10353:
10347:, p. 24.
10346:
10345:Strong (2001)
10341:
10335:, p. 21.
10334:
10333:Strong (2001)
10329:
10313:
10309:
10303:
10297:, p. 19.
10296:
10295:Strong (2001)
10291:
10284:
10279:
10272:
10267:
10261:, p. 15.
10260:
10255:
10248:
10243:
10236:
10231:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10192:
10173:
10169:
10162:
10158:
10152:
10145:
10140:
10138:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10107:
10106:
10098:
10091:
10087:
10080:
10074:, p. 74.
10073:
10068:
10061:
10056:
10054:
10047:, p. 62.
10046:
10041:
10039:
10031:
10026:
10024:
10016:
10011:
10009:
10001:
9996:
9994:
9987:, p. 65.
9986:
9981:
9974:
9969:
9962:
9957:
9951:, p. 45.
9950:
9949:Warder (1998)
9945:
9938:
9933:
9927:, p. 20.
9926:
9921:
9905:
9901:
9894:
9887:
9882:
9875:
9874:Walshe (1995)
9870:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9815:
9809:
9805:
9799:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9745:, p. 49.
9744:
9739:
9737:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9714:(1–2): 1–12,
9713:
9709:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9686:
9684:
9676:
9671:
9664:
9663:Muller (2001)
9659:
9653:, p. 46.
9652:
9647:
9640:
9639:Samuel (2010)
9635:
9617:
9610:
9609:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9556:
9548:
9547:Wayman (1997)
9543:
9537:, p. xv.
9536:
9531:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9496:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9445:
9439:, p. 39.
9438:
9437:Norman (1997)
9433:
9426:
9421:
9414:
9409:
9402:
9397:
9390:
9389:Narain (1993)
9385:
9383:
9375:
9370:
9363:
9358:
9351:
9346:
9339:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9304:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9292:Bernard Faure
9289:
9285:
9280:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9243:, p. 16.
9242:
9237:
9230:
9225:
9218:
9213:
9206:
9201:
9194:
9189:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9165:
9163:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9125:
9118:
9117:Cowell (1894)
9113:
9106:
9101:
9095:, p. 32.
9094:
9093:Fowler (2005)
9089:
9083:, p. 20.
9082:
9077:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9035:
9031:
9025:
9021:
9020:
9012:
8996:
8992:
8986:
8982:
8981:
8973:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8947:
8941:
8934:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8886:
8880:
8876:
8875:
8867:
8851:
8847:
8841:
8837:
8836:
8828:
8820:
8808:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8757:
8749:
8744:
8742:
8734:
8733:Strong (2001)
8729:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8672:
8667:
8658:
8652:Entry: "Jina"
8641:
8637:
8635:9788184753967
8631:
8627:
8626:Penguin Books
8623:
8622:
8617:
8611:
8593:
8586:
8585:
8577:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8545:
8538:
8533:
8531:
8523:
8522:Baroni (2002)
8518:
8511:
8506:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8482:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8442:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8399:
8392:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8376:, p. 42.
8375:
8370:
8368:
8351:
8347:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8328:
8326:
8318:
8313:
8306:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8281:
8280:Warder (2000)
8276:
8269:
8268:Warder (2000)
8264:
8257:
8256:Gethin (1998)
8252:
8245:
8244:Gethin (1998)
8240:
8238:
8236:
8228:
8223:
8217:, p. 51.
8216:
8211:
8204:
8199:
8193:, p. 45.
8192:
8191:Warder (2000)
8187:
8185:
8177:
8176:Strong (2001)
8172:
8165:
8164:Gethin (1998)
8160:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8137:
8133:
8129:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8096:
8093:
8089:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8061:
8056:
8050:, p. 33.
8049:
8048:Norman (1997)
8044:
8037:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8021:
8002:
7993:
7984:
7975:
7966:
7957:
7950:
7945:
7935:
7925:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7895:
7894:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7793:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7764:
7754:
7747:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7726:Visuddhimagga
7721:
7717:
7716:Tevijja Sutta
7713:
7707:
7698:
7688:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7662:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7642:suukara-kanda
7640:Waley notes:
7637:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7582:
7581:Vetter (1988)
7577:
7576:Norman (2003)
7572:
7567:
7566:Bareau (1963)
7558:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7535:
7530:
7524:
7517:
7511:
7504:
7500:
7499:Lalitavistara
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7475:
7474:
7473:Upaddha Sutta
7467:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7459:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7430:According to
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7405:Hartmann 1991
7402:
7401:Tripathy 2014
7399:, p. 114
7398:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7375:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7310:
7304:
7297:
7296:
7281:
7274:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7247:
7238:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7191:
7188:: "Also with
7185:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7141:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7115:Brahmi script
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7061:
7056:
7046:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6990:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6974:Abrahams 2021
6971:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6956:Gimello (2003
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:Abrahams 2021
6947:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6931:
6923:
6913:
6802:
6795:
6794:Uttar Pradesh
6791:
6787:
6784:According to
6781:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6739:Narain (2003)
6736:
6733:
6730:
6729:Dundas (2002)
6726:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6687:Tuladhar 2002
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6671:Nakamura 1980
6668:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6628:Hartmann 1991
6625:
6624:Tripathy 2014
6621:
6617:
6613:
6607:, p. 19)
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:teaching pose
6536:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6427:Roger Zelazny
6425:, a novel by
6424:
6423:
6422:Lord of Light
6419:
6416:
6415:Hermann Hesse
6412:
6411:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6351:
6350:Himanshu Soni
6347:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6222:Little Buddha
6219:
6216:
6215:Shashi Kapoor
6212:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:Bhaurao Datar
6141:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6108:
6097:
6090:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6057:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6021:
6014:
6009:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5985:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5966:15th century
5962:
5957:
5954:
5943:
5940:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5825:
5820: 774 CE
5815:Cave Buddha,
5814:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5564:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5512:
5498:
5493:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5433:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5342:Buddha in art
5339:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5322:Chaubis Avtar
5319:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5263:and Georgian
5262:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:Sunni scholar
5154:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5090: 300 CE
5084:
5078:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4943:
4942:five precepts
4939:
4935:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4898:Bhikkhu Bodhi
4889:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4854:
4853:Aggañña Sutta
4850:
4849:
4848:Aggañña Sutta
4843:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:Kancha Ilaiah
4816:
4812:
4811:
4810:Aggañña Sutta
4805:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4724:
4719:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4679:Homeless life
4676:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4599:Dharmaguptaka
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4541:Brahma-vihara
4537:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4377:Upanisa sutta
4374:
4373:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4236:Rupert Gethin
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:consciousness
4215:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4073:five skandhas
4070:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4007:
4003:
4002:three poisons
3999:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3894:three poisons
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3834:Mauryan realm
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3785:
3784:Brahmi script
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:Anāthapiṇḍika
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:, capital of
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3321:Uttar Pradesh
3318:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:Mahākhandhaka
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3168:Lalitavistara
3166:, and in the
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:earth goddess
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:Lalitavistara
3098:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:(SN 56), the
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:) to beg for
2808:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2761:enlightenment
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2720:, 8th century
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:Dharmaguptaka
2696:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2672:
2671:Kushan period
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:Lalitavistara
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:countries as
2557:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:and Buddhist
2542:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2447:Lalitavistara
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:Sandaka Sutta
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2131:
2128:
2127:Aryan society
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1966:
1952:
1950:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:Dharmaguptaka
1818:
1817:Lokottaravāda
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1758:Tuṣita Heaven
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:(MN 36), the
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:Brahmi script
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1606:Brahmi script
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1275:Brahmi script
1269:
1265:
1261:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1192:monastery in
1191:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:five skandhas
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
787:
786:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
732:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
682:
681:
674:
673:Vegetarianism
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Recollections
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Five precepts
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
582:
577:
576:
569:
566:
564:
563:Chinese canon
561:
559:
558:Tibetan canon
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
522:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
364:
359:
358:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
321:
317:
313:
312:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:Sanskrit name
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
185:
181:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:Resting place
145:
140:
136:
124:
120:
115:
111:
96:
92:
87:
82:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
46:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
21608:
21604:
21503:Bodhisattvas
21423:Christianity
21418:Baháʼí Faith
21283:Dharmachakra
21273:Prayer wheel
21263:Prayer beads
21031:Architecture
20910:969 Movement
20694:Saudi Arabia
20672:Central Asia
20665:South Africa
20487:
20470:
20403:Panchen Lama
20308:Buddhapālita
20267:
19904:Satipatthana
19899:Mindful Yoga
19812:Recollection
19726:Brahmavihara
19597:Japanese Zen
19592:Chinese Chan
19552:Animal realm
19359:Key concepts
19181:Bodhisattvas
19034:
18997:
18993:Three Jewels
18871:
18860:
18821:Tissa Buddha
18811:Dharmadarśin
18660:
18632:
18603:
18536:
18522:
18511:
18510:
18503:
18493:
18481:
18480:
18462:
18441:
18431:
18419:
18408:
18407:
18400:
18396:
18372:
18350:
18326:
18313:
18299:
18290:
18270:
18260:
18250:
18239:
18229:
18211:
18195:
18191:
18175:
18171:
18150:. Retrieved
18125:
18121:
18106:, retrieved
18080:
18070:
18051:
18026:the original
18007:
17995:the original
17976:
17957:
17938:
17925:
17913:
17881:
17877:
17865:. Retrieved
17855:
17845:
17826:
17813:
17805:the original
17800:
17784:. Retrieved
17775:
17771:
17755:
17737:
17719:
17708:the original
17695:
17683:, retrieved
17674:(151): 1–7,
17671:
17653:the original
17648:
17644:
17618:
17599:
17590:
17581:
17559:
17550:
17528:
17525:Strong, J.S.
17516:
17506:
17497:
17486:, retrieved
17477:
17473:
17463:(1/4): 61–74
17460:
17456:
17445:, retrieved
17436:
17421:, retrieved
17412:
17408:
17393:, retrieved
17386:the original
17365:
17361:
17345:
17327:
17318:
17288:
17265:
17261:
17252:
17233:
17209:(1): 82–87,
17206:
17202:
17184:
17175:
17166:
17157:
17146:the original
17133:
17129:
17111:, retrieved
17087:
17065:
17060:Omvedt, Gail
17051:
17048:"Buddha, n."
17046:OED (2013),
17038:
17026:
17017:
16993:
16989:
16970:
16959:, retrieved
16950:
16946:
16924:
16905:
16883:
16872:
16855:, retrieved
16839:
16824:the original
16819:
16815:
16797:, retrieved
16775:
16769:
16739:
16729:
16716:
16697:
16685:, retrieved
16675:
16665:
16645:
16625:
16614:
16596:
16585:, retrieved
16565:
16555:
16537:
16518:
16509:
16500:
16489:, retrieved
16477:
16473:
16457:
16453:
16443:
16432:
16422:
16411:, retrieved
16387:
16373:(9): 46–58,
16370:
16367:Orientations
16366:
16349:
16337:, retrieved
16305:
16293:, retrieved
16273:
16247:
16229:
16220:
16208:. Retrieved
16199:
16186:
16175:, retrieved
16155:
16142:. Retrieved
16122:
16111:
16102:
16083:
16065:
16042:
16033:
16024:
16012:. Retrieved
15992:
15970:
15958:
15939:
15927:
15916:, retrieved
15897:
15873:
15861:the original
15845:
15817:
15798:
15777:
15759:
15735:
15718:. Retrieved
15714:the original
15680:(1): 57–63.
15677:
15673:
15646:
15625:
15613:, retrieved
15593:
15583:
15572:, retrieved
15552:
15533:
15515:
15506:
15495:, retrieved
15486:
15473:
15461:
15439:
15427:, retrieved
15418:
15405:
15396:
15385:the original
15380:
15376:
15357:. Retrieved
15327:
15315:
15311:
15302:
15293:
15280:
15276:Beal, Samuel
15264:. Retrieved
15244:
15234:
15225:
15215:
15196:
15187:
15175:. Retrieved
15149:
15129:
15110:
15091:
15087:
15074:
15070:
15061:
15044:
15040:
15031:
15019:. Retrieved
15009:
14999:
14995:
14983:
14975:
14952:. Retrieved
14932:
14902:
14893:
14873:
14866:
14854:
14847:Leidy (2008)
14842:
14835:Leidy (2008)
14830:
14823:Leidy (2008)
14818:
14795:
14786:
14778:
14773:
14761:
14749:
14737:
14726:, retrieved
14711:
14704:
14685:
14681:
14675:
14668:Yusuf (2009)
14663:
14656:Flood (1996)
14651:
14639:. Retrieved
14619:
14612:
14600:. Retrieved
14591:
14581:
14554:
14551:Ghurye, G.S.
14545:
14524:
14508:
14503:
14487:
14482:
14470:. Retrieved
14461:
14452:
14440:. Retrieved
14420:
14413:
14403:
14401:
14387:
14381:
14372:
14365:, retrieved
14356:
14346:
14334:
14327:Gopal (1990)
14322:
14310:
14298:
14271:
14259:
14247:
14242:New Mandala.
14226:
14218:
14213:
14206:Bodhi (2005)
14201:
14189:
14182:Bodhi (2005)
14177:
14170:Bodhi (2005)
14165:
14158:Bodhi (2005)
14153:
14146:Bodhi (2005)
14141:
14131:
14122:
14115:Bodhi (2005)
14110:
14103:Bodhi (2005)
14098:
14086:. Retrieved
14064:(1): 36–64.
14061:
14057:
14019:
14013:
14005:
14000:
13991:
13974:
13968:
13956:
13944:
13937:Bodhi (2005)
13932:
13924:
13894:
13882:
13873:
13861:
13834:
13825:
13813:
13801:
13789:
13777:
13765:
13741:
13737:
13731:
13723:
13718:
13702:
13690:
13685:, p. 4.
13683:Lopez (1995)
13678:
13666:
13654:
13591:
13567:
13561:
13552:
13542:
13530:
13486:
13474:
13462:
13450:
13438:
13431:Wynne (2004)
13426:
13414:
13409:, p. 5.
13402:
13390:
13374:
13368:
13356:
13344:
13332:
13305:
13293:
13281:
13269:
13257:
13245:
13238:Bodhi (2005)
13233:
13221:
13209:
13197:
13185:
13173:
13161:
13149:
13137:
13125:
13113:
13105:
13100:
13095:, pp. 5, 15.
13092:
13087:
13075:
13063:
13051:
13022:
13010:
12998:
12978:
12971:
12959:
12952:Wayman 1984b
12947:
12940:Wayman 1984a
12935:
12928:Shulman 2008
12923:
12915:
12910:
12898:
12832:
12828:
12818:
12799:
12787:. Retrieved
12767:
12760:
12748:
12736:
12724:
12712:
12700:
12688:
12676:
12664:
12652:
12609:
12602:Bodhi (2005)
12597:
12590:Bodhi (2005)
12585:
12573:. Retrieved
12564:
12554:
12542:
12533:
12527:
12508:
12503:
12491:
12479:. Retrieved
12470:
12460:
12448:
12436:
12424:
12412:
12400:
12388:
12381:Wynne (2007)
12376:
12364:
12322:
12315:Waley (1932)
12310:
12298:. Retrieved
12294:the original
12290:Bangkok Post
12289:
12279:
12267:
12256:, retrieved
12247:Digha Nikaya
12246:
12236:
12224:
12212:
12200:
12188:
12176:
12164:
12152:
12140:
12121:
12109:
12097:
12085:
12073:
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12040:
12034:
12022:
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11986:
11974:
11962:
11950:
11938:
11926:
11899:
11887:
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11863:
11851:
11839:
11827:
11809:
11804:
11792:
11765:
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11741:
11729:
11717:
11705:
11693:
11681:
11669:
11627:
11596:
11584:
11572:
11560:
11548:
11536:
11524:
11497:. Retrieved
11488:
11479:
11467:. Retrieved
11458:
11434:. Retrieved
11425:
11415:
11403:
11391:
11379:
11367:. Retrieved
11354:
11345:
11333:. Retrieved
11324:
11315:
11273:
11261:
11249:
11237:
11225:
11213:
11201:
11196:, p. 8.
11189:
11177:
11165:
11153:
11141:
11129:
11117:
11105:
11093:
11081:
11069:
11057:
11045:
11033:
11021:
10994:
10987:Conze (1959)
10967:
10955:
10943:
10931:
10919:
10907:
10898:
10894:
10873:
10846:
10834:
10827:Meeks (2016)
10822:
10810:
10798:
10786:
10766:, p. 3.
10759:
10747:
10735:
10723:
10711:
10684:
10679:, p. 8.
10672:
10660:
10629:
10617:
10610:Jones (1952)
10605:
10593:
10581:
10554:
10542:
10515:
10503:. Retrieved
10499:the original
10474:. Retrieved
10460:
10435:. Retrieved
10426:
10400:
10388:
10376:
10364:
10352:
10340:
10328:
10316:. Retrieved
10311:
10302:
10290:
10278:
10266:
10254:
10242:
10235:Jones (1956)
10230:
10220:24 September
10218:. Retrieved
10209:
10200:
10191:
10181:24 September
10179:. Retrieved
10172:the original
10167:
10151:
10124:. Retrieved
10104:
10097:
10089:
10085:
10079:
10072:Fogelin 2015
10067:
10062:, p. 1.
9980:
9975:, p. 7.
9968:
9963:, p. 1.
9956:
9944:
9937:Wynne (2007)
9932:
9920:
9908:. Retrieved
9893:
9881:
9869:
9857:. Retrieved
9840:
9836:
9826:
9821:, chpt. 1–3.
9814:
9798:
9786:. Retrieved
9782:the original
9769:
9765:
9711:
9707:
9697:
9670:
9658:
9646:
9634:
9623:, retrieved
9616:the original
9607:
9600:
9588:
9576:. Retrieved
9572:the original
9542:
9530:
9518:. Retrieved
9509:
9505:
9495:
9454:
9450:
9444:
9432:
9420:
9408:
9403:, p. 2.
9396:
9374:Ruegg (1999)
9369:
9357:
9345:
9318:
9314:
9309:
9296:google books
9287:
9284:Strong, John
9279:
9267:. Retrieved
9258:
9248:
9241:Lopez (1995)
9236:
9224:
9212:
9205:Smith (1924)
9200:
9188:
9176:
9142:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9100:
9088:
9076:
9064:. Retrieved
9060:the original
9050:
9038:. Retrieved
9018:
9011:
8999:. Retrieved
8979:
8972:
8960:. Retrieved
8949:
8940:
8911:. Retrieved
8902:
8893:
8873:
8866:
8854:. Retrieved
8834:
8827:
8795:. Retrieved
8768:
8748:Weise (2013)
8735:, p. 5.
8728:
8695:
8691:
8678:
8666:
8657:
8644:. Retrieved
8620:
8616:Roshen Dalal
8610:
8599:, retrieved
8583:
8576:
8568:
8563:
8544:
8517:
8505:
8483:, p. 8.
8462:
8456:
8447:
8441:
8429:. Retrieved
8420:
8410:
8398:
8374:Keown (2003)
8354:. Retrieved
8334:
8312:
8304:
8299:
8287:
8282:, p. 4.
8275:
8263:
8251:
8246:, p. 8.
8229:, p. 4.
8222:
8210:
8198:
8178:, p. 1.
8171:
8159:
8147:
8145:
8131:
8117:
8115:
8100:
8091:
8076:
8067:
8055:
8043:
8001:
7992:
7983:
7974:
7965:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7903:
7891:
7885:
7877:
7863:
7859:
7843:
7833:
7827:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7782:
7778:
7770:
7763:
7753:
7746:Tsong-kha-pa
7734:Bhavanakrama
7719:
7715:
7711:
7706:
7697:
7687:
7680:
7676:
7671:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7604:
7557:
7547:
7540:dibba-cakkhu
7539:
7532:
7528:
7523:
7515:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7486:
7481:
7472:
7426:
7418:
7412:
7384:
7374:
7364:
7347:
7335:
7308:
7303:
7294:
7280:
7253:
7237:
7232:, p. 76
7220:
7201:
7189:
7169:
7121:
7110:
6989:
6962:Norman (1997
6801:
6780:
6746:K. R. Norman
6655:
6652:Walshe (1995
6646:Warder (2000
6631:
6600:
6589:Jataka tales
6580:
6530:dharmachakra
6528:
6519:
6465:Karuna Nadee
6463:
6451:
6432:
6420:
6408:
6404:Osamu Tezuka
6393:
6384:
6373:
6369:Edwin Arnold
6362:
6339:
6334:Richard Gere
6330:David Grubin
6323:
6309:
6294:
6280:
6272:
6266:
6256:
6244:
6236:
6231:Keanu Reeves
6220:
6211:Conrad Rooks
6204:
6192:
6169:
6155:
6149:
6135:
6131:
5907:Heian period
5744:, Sri Lanka.
5726:Gupta period
5679:Ajanta Caves
5569:
5507: 15 CE
5376:
5372:Jataka tales
5360:Dharma wheel
5349:
5315:
5300:
5289:
5281:Baháʼí Faith
5278:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5216:Christianity
5203:
5151:
5142:
5137:95:1 of the
5128:
5116:
5102:
5080:
5037:(D, I:142).
5030:
5027:Digha Nikaya
5024:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4929:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4896:As noted by
4895:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4773:
4766:
4756:
4730:example, in
4728:
4702:
4695:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4673:Edward Conze
4671:
4662:
4655:
4650:
4647:
4642:A. K. Warder
4638:Peter Harvey
4622:
4587:Sarvastivada
4580:
4540:
4533:
4523:
4517:
4516:. Likewise,
4511:
4493:
4477:Āḷāra Kālāma
4474:
4465:Alara Kalama
4446:
4440:
4434:
4430:satipatthana
4428:
4420:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4349:
4340:
4336:
4320:
4318:
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4247:
4245:
4241:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4211:
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4180:
4178:
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4160:
4156:
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4055:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4023:
3987:
3967:
3965:Sarvastivada
3958:
3949:
3945:Mahasamghika
3942:
3879:
3838:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3779:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3700:
3682:
3678:Ajanta caves
3655:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3597:
3590:
3586:Mahāsaṅghika
3579:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3504:
3500:
3489:
3482:
3464:
3461:Jeta's grove
3454:
3403:
3384:
3376:
3365:
3314:
3289:
3282:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3215:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3175:Alara Kalama
3172:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3145:
3143:
3130:Dhamek Stupa
3100:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3068:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3037:yatha-bhutam
3036:
3032:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2966:rice pudding
2960:
2953:
2938:
2934:Alara Kalama
2926:Ārāḍa Kālāma
2921:
2914:
2878:
2804:
2798:
2794:monk's robes
2775:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2749:Digha Nikaya
2748:
2730:
2723:
2694:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2643:Renunciation
2634:
2632:
2612:
2591:chakravartin
2589:
2579:
2571:
2553:
2528:
2511:
2490:
2480:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2407:
2385:marking the
2349:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2325:past Buddhas
2322:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:Alara Kalama
2238:
2230:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2116:
2104:
2090:
2082:Alara Kalama
2072:
2036:
2014:
2005:
1978:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1854:Mahajanapada
1851:
1831:is from the
1828:
1824:
1814:Mahāsāṃghika
1809:
1807:
1803:Sarvāstivāda
1794:
1787:Buddhacarita
1786:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1766:Buddhacarita
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1742:Jātaka tales
1737:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1691:
1681:
1660:
1645:
1637:
1626:
1612:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1516:philological
1513:
1487:
1484:Maha sramana
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1444:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1362:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1281:
1267:
1246:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1188:The Buddha,
1163:
1154:Jataka tales
1152:
1146:
1135:Sutta Piṭaka
1124:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1043:
1036:
1035:and reached
960:
956:
955:
623:Merit making
588:Three Jewels
528:Buddhavacana
458:Impermanence
446:Dharma wheel
374:
70:Gupta period
42:
29:
21976:Deified men
21805:Iconography
21798:life in art
21665:Four sights
21348:Dharma talk
21177:Asalha Puja
20973:Eschatology
20776:Switzerland
20756:New Zealand
20684:Middle East
20593:Philippines
20513:Afghanistan
20318:Bodhidharma
20303:Buddhaghosa
20223:Householder
20133:Monasticism
20086:Bodhisattva
19941:Prostration
19894:Mindfulness
19822:Anapanasati
19805:Kammaṭṭhāna
19602:Korean Seon
19542:Asura realm
19537:Human realm
19477:Ten Fetters
19432:Parinirvana
19334:Uppalavanna
19299:Mahākaccana
19284:Mahākassapa
19216:Kṣitigarbha
19211:Ākāśagarbha
19108:Suddhodāna
19053:Four sights
18980:Foundations
18806:Arthadarśin
18801:Priyadarśin
18736:Saraṇaṅkara
18662:Dashavatara
18604:In Our Time
18073:, Routledge
17786:15 November
17415:: 106–140,
17178:, MacMillan
16857:13 November
16799:14 November
16558:, Routledge
16319:10125/23030
16250:, Routledge
15918:25 December
15615:13 February
15586:, Routledge
15359:13 November
15190:, Routledge
15094:(4): 1–27.
14954:17 November
14728:15 November
14540:, Chapter 9
14303:Larson 1995
13697:, p. .
13671:Jong (1993)
13537:, p. .
12964:Wayman 1971
12565:Lion's Roar
12405:Gethin 1998
12300:25 December
12027:Jain (1991)
11469:25 December
11335:25 December
10718:, p. .
10622:Beal (1875)
10598:Beal (1875)
10505:25 December
10285:, p. .
10237:, p. .
10030:Ludden 1985
10000:Thapar 2004
9788:23 February
9690:Keay (2011)
9675:Sharma 2006
9578:26 November
9520:26 December
9181:Beal (1875)
9105:Beal (1883)
9066:4 September
8481:Bary (2011)
8215:Bodhi 2005a
7929:Bronkhorst.
7864:parinirvana
7849:A.K. Warder
7832:(Sanskrit:
7816:(Sanskrit:
7804:(Sanskrit:
7650:sukaresh.ta
7594:, Chapter 7
7588:, Chapter 4
7549:āsavakkhaya
7361:Walshe 1995
7355:Warder 2000
7230:Gethin 1998
7157:Keown (2003
7149:The Buddha:
7069:Shakyamuni:
6769:Indologist
6636:Gethin 1998
6605:Gethin 1998
6581:Nidanakatha
6545:Sahni (1914
6458:Dudley Buck
6316:. It stars
6164:Himansu Rai
6160:Franz Osten
6151:Prem Sanyas
5838:flanked by
5307:Manichaeism
5259:via Arabic
5256:Bodhisattva
5243:Paul Ranson
5163:Afghanistan
5147:Kapilavastu
5131:Dhu al-Kifl
4629:A.K. Warder
4530:K.R. Norman
4508:Brahmanical
4442:Anapanasati
4425:mindfulness
4335:and attain
4185:ucchedavada
4181:sassatavada
3932:, with the
3811:Mahākassapa
3767:(Kushinara)
3742:parinirvana
3717:As per the
3598:parinirvana
3544:Ajatashatru
3510:Later years
3202:Rishipatana
3096:Nidanakatha
2759:during his
2745:four sights
2732:Nidanakatha
2519:Suryavansha
2503:Shakya clan
2414:Kapilavastu
2317:asamkheyyas
2312:Buddhavaṃsa
2301:bodhisattva
2292:Buddhavaṃsa
2203:omniscience
2188:Pāla period
2151:(left) and
2123:Pataliputra
1874:tirthankara
1872:, the Jain
1866:Ajatashatru
1837:Buddhaghoṣa
1829:Nidānakathā
1783:Nidānakathā
1746:bodhisattva
1696:, found in
1669:, dated to
1663:in a relief
1531:hagiography
1504:Pali suttas
1441:knowledge".
1430:and humans.
1412:many worlds
1345:tathā-agata
1341:tathā-āgata
1190:Tapa Shotor
1094:mindfulness
1038:parinirvana
858:New Zealand
713:Bodhisattva
698:Four Stages
653:Monasticism
633:Mindfulness
603:Perfections
533:Early Texts
236:Predecessor
83:(B(b) 181).
21865:Categories
21725:Bodhi Tree
21690:Śuddhodana
21641:Middle Way
21605:The Buddha
21465:Psychology
21445:Gnosticism
21433:Comparison
21428:Influences
21410:Comparison
21293:Bhavacakra
21251:Kushinagar
21226:Pilgrimage
21172:Māgha Pūjā
21127:Bodhi Tree
20943:Buddhology
20933:Abhidharma
20925:Philosophy
20858:Menander I
20726:Costa Rica
20677:Uzbekistan
20518:Bangladesh
20472:Dhammapada
20456:Pali Canon
20418:Ajahn Chah
20398:Dalai Lama
20298:Kumārajīva
20293:Vasubandhu
20268:The Buddha
20176:Zen master
20111:Sakadagami
20091:Buddhahood
20022:Pratimokṣa
19837:Shikantaza
19793:Meditation
19768:Deity yoga
19639:Madhyamaka
19532:Deva realm
19427:Mindstream
19377:Bodhicitta
19289:Aṅgulimāla
19156:Devadatta
19132:Yaśodharā
19035:The Buddha
19025:Middle Way
18851:Koṇāgamana
18846:Kakusandha
18816:Siddhārtha
18786:Padmottara
18771:Anomadassi
18731:Medhaṃkara
18726:Taṇhaṅkara
18715:28 Buddhas
18466:. UNESCO.
18409:The Buddha
17867:13 October
17447:24 January
17395:23 October
16980:8176463531
16961:21 October
16480:: 77–103,
16339:17 January
16295:7 November
16232:, Tharpa,
16144:30 October
15769:0028657187
15620:, 1120 pp.
15497:23 October
15034:(5): 9–41.
15021:13 October
14986:, Springer
14088:9 February
13709:, p.
12789:23 October
12575:21 January
11499:22 October
10429:. UNESCO.
10015:Dyson 2019
9973:Roy (1984)
9961:Roy (1984)
9625:22 October
8913:27 October
8356:23 October
8292:Cox (2003)
8012:References
7911:formulas."
7742:sGam-po-pa
7226:aggregates
7186:required.)
7095:Bary (2011
7091: 269
6970:Bodhi 2020
6946:Bodhi 2020
6942:Cohen 2006
6938:Max Muller
6760: 445
6753: 480
6683:Tilaurakot
6557:Mani (2012
6439:Gore Vidal
6410:Siddhartha
6357:Literature
6325:The Buddha
6318:Arun Govil
6304:Television
6206:Siddhartha
6132:Buddha Dev
6103: 5th
5875: 825
5777: 609
5742:Gal Vihara
5379:Lotus Pose
5364:Bodhi tree
4958:kammapatha
4886:republican
4869:Cakkavatti
4740:Pali Canon
4595:Mahisasaka
4583:Pali Canon
4575: 130
4568:Kanishka I
4485:Upanishads
4417:equanimity
4406:sampajañña
4360:hindrances
4345:Middle Way
4303:Gal Vihara
4291:full lotus
4220:and will (
3930:Middle Way
3896:, and the
3852:See also:
3795:See also:
3765:Kushinagar
3723:Kushinagar
3696:infarction
3693:mesenteric
3536:Pratimoksa
3325:Angulimala
3255:"not-self"
3243:Mahāvastu,
3212:Mahīśāsaka
3074:, such as
3060:Bodhi tree
3021:Middle Way
2988:liberation
2853:asceticism
2845:Wat Suthat
2829:See also:
2647:See also:
2570:is called
2535:gaṇasaṅgha
2499:Śuddhodana
2422:Tilaurakot
2346:Jātakamālā
2330:pranidhana
2297:Jātakamālā
2221:and later
2099:See also:
2078:Moggallāna
1929: – c.
1927: 492
1918: – c.
1916: 558
1891:Kalachakra
1781:, and the
1678:Bodhi tree
1656:Pāli Canon
1652:Maurya era
1604:") in the
1468:Dharmaraja
1463:Pali Canon
1451:liberation
1337:tathā-gata
1333:Pāli Canon
1256: 269
1148:Abhidharma
1046:Middle Way
1033:Kushinagar
1009:asceticism
1005:mendicancy
995:clan, but
969:South Asia
961:the Buddha
731:Traditions
668:Pilgrimage
608:Meditation
568:Post-canon
548:Pāli Canon
478:Middle Way
375:The Buddha
190:Śuddhodana
161:Yashodhara
135:Kushinagar
49:The Buddha
21850:Wikiquote
21786:footprint
21721:Bodh Gaya
21700:Yaśodharā
21653:Disciples
21533:Festivals
21513:Buddhists
21475:Theosophy
21278:Symbolism
21268:Hama yumi
21241:Bodh Gaya
21008:Socialism
20983:Evolution
20958:Economics
20796:Venezuela
20711:Australia
20706:Argentina
20630:Sri Lanka
20625:Singapore
20543:Indonesia
20505:Countries
20446:Tripiṭaka
20408:Ajahn Mun
20283:Nagarjuna
20278:Aśvaghoṣa
20161:Anagārika
20156:Śrāmaṇerī
20151:Śrāmaṇera
20146:Bhikkhunī
20106:Sotāpanna
19995:Passaddhi
19936:Offerings
19911:Nekkhamma
19788:Iddhipada
19708:Practices
19678:Theravada
19651:Vajrayana
19644:Yogachara
19614:Pure Land
19527:Six Paths
19514:Cosmology
19294:Anuruddha
19269:Sāriputta
19259:Kaundinya
19251:Disciples
19226:Vajrapāṇi
19078:Footprint
19043:Tathāgata
18746:Kauṇḍinya
18741:Dīpaṃkara
18667:Kali Yuga
18134:0578-8072
18108:2 January
17906:161507469
17593:, Penguin
17297:697272229
17291:, Tokyo,
17242:173481241
17223:162902049
17189:CiteSeerX
17142:1076-9005
16748:cite book
16655:(1900), "
16189:, Equinox
15903:Routledge
15898:The Jains
15836:173196980
15710:162929573
15694:1356-1863
15574:1 October
15199:, Orion,
15053:1076-9005
14353:"Balaram"
14078:143618675
12829:SAGE Open
12515:, p. 88,
11485:"nirvana"
10901:: 98–148.
9849:1011-7601
9778:1747-9681
9728:141897826
9487:195804491
9471:0973-7138
9457:(3): 58.
9040:5 October
8962:8 January
8817:ignored (
8807:cite book
8720:154283219
8712:0019-7246
8431:18 August
8017:Citations
7503:Mahāvastu
7340:Keay 2011
7328:Vajrapani
7309:Bodhigara
7117:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
7086:(reigned
7051:Sanskrit:
6918:Sanskrit:
6727:411–400:
6704:See also
6601:Śākyamuni
6551:Eck (1982
6468:, a 2010
6413:novel by
6348:starring
6199:Bimal Roy
6070:, Yangon.
5968:Sukhothai
5939:Mucalinda
5891:Srivijaya
5868:Borobudur
5844:Vajrapani
5836:Vairocana
5813:Seokguram
5797:Srivijaya
5592:Vajrapani
5538:Amaravati
5210:Ahmadiyya
5191:Ibn Nadim
5175:Al-Biruni
5153:Classical
4831:svadharma
4744:Agnihotra
4469:Borobudur
4325:samyojana
4287:Gandharan
4142:teaches."
3994:sankharas
3990:samyojana
3947:school's
3886:sankharas
3882:samyojana
3728:saṅkhāras
3703:Theravada
3575:Devadatta
3548:Bimbisara
3485:bhikkhunī
3446:Devadatta
3434:Anuruddha
3410:Sāriputta
3399:Bimbisara
3345:Gorakhpur
3341:Bhagalpur
3337:Allahabad
3216:Mahāvastu
3198:Mrigadāva
3092:Mahavastu
3066:, Bihar.
3064:Bodh Gaya
3017:Tathagata
2905:aniconism
2885:Bodh Gaya
2868:Bodh Gaya
2815:Bimbisara
2786:Yaśodhara
2727:suffering
2718:Borobudur
2703:Mahāvastu
2624:Yasodhara
2556:Theravada
2487:Kshatriya
2441:Mahavastu
2433:Śākyamuni
2259:Mahāvastu
2255:lokottara
2229:. In the
2227:Mahāvastu
2211:lokottara
2155:(right).
2074:Śāriputra
2011:Shramanas
1997:Aryavarta
1993:Brahminic
1985:oligarchy
1858:Bimbisara
1833:Theravada
1812:from the
1810:Mahāvastu
1791:Aśvaghoṣa
1778:Mahāvastu
1728:16), the
1720:26), the
1633:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
1486:, "great
1480:Varapañña
1474:), Lion (
1472:Lokanatha
1380:tathāgata
1353:tathāgata
1316:Tathāgata
1311:Tathāgata
1294:शाक्यमुनि
1277:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥
1251:(reigned
1242:Kshatriya
1054:ignorance
1017:Bodh Gaya
1001:home life
997:renounced
878:Sri Lanka
868:Singapore
823:Indonesia
763:Vajrayāna
738:Theravāda
693:Awakening
581:Practices
538:Tripiṭaka
508:Cosmology
483:Emptiness
463:Suffering
283:Pali name
246:Successor
209:Founding
131:(aged 80)
21956:Ascetics
21820:Hinduism
21756:Prophecy
21746:Birthday
21741:Miracles
21621:Buddhism
21551:Category
21480:Violence
21450:Hinduism
21398:Sanskrit
21353:Hinayana
21338:Amitābha
21298:Swastika
21167:Uposatha
21157:Holidays
21142:Calendar
20988:Humanism
20826:Kanishka
20816:Timeline
20640:Thailand
20608:Kalmykia
20603:Buryatia
20588:Pakistan
20573:Mongolia
20568:Maldives
20563:Malaysia
20528:Cambodia
20393:Shamarpa
20388:Nichiren
20338:Xuanzang
20273:Nagasena
20191:Rinpoche
19921:Pāramitā
19763:Devotion
19683:Navayana
19671:Dzogchen
19634:Nichiren
19582:Mahayana
19574:Branches
19452:Saṅkhāra
19201:Mañjuśrī
19158:(cousin)
19150:(cousin)
19118:(mother)
19110:(father)
19098:Miracles
19048:Birthday
18965:Glossary
18938:Buddhism
18876:Maitreya
18841:Vessabhū
18521:(1994),
18491:(1974).
18430:(1992).
18403:: 33–66.
18324:(2016),
18146:Archived
18142:20839172
18099:archived
18037:citation
17861:Archived
17780:Archived
17766:(2008).
17685:15 April
17676:archived
17527:(2001),
17488:15 April
17482:archived
17441:archived
17433:"Buddha"
17423:22 April
17417:archived
17382:59132368
17304:citation
17274:citation
17251:(2010),
17136:: 1–21,
17107:archived
17070:. SAGE.
17062:(2003).
17037:(1992),
16955:archived
16903:(1980),
16848:archived
16837:(1899),
16790:archived
16727:(1918).
16681:archived
16581:archived
16482:archived
16413:22 April
16407:archived
16375:archived
16333:archived
16289:archived
16210:13 March
16204:Archived
16200:Tricycle
16177:14 March
16171:archived
16138:Archived
16051:citation
16008:Archived
15938:(1982),
15797:(1969).
15745:citation
15702:25183119
15655:citation
15645:(1959),
15609:archived
15568:archived
15491:archived
15472:(2011),
15460:(1993),
15423:archived
15350:Archived
15278:(1875),
15260:Archived
15177:13 March
15168:Archived
15015:Archived
14976:TriCycle
14948:Archived
14804:cite web
14635:Archived
14596:Archived
14573:38215769
14466:Archived
14458:"Buddha"
14442:16 April
14436:Archived
14367:17 April
14361:archived
14236:Archived
14221:, p. 19.
14082:Archived
13744:: 35–70.
13551:(eds.).
13379:Archived
12807:Archived
12783:Archived
12569:Archived
12475:Archived
12252:archived
12130:Archived
11815:Archived
11646:31489012
11493:Archived
11463:Archived
11430:Archived
11363:Archived
11329:Archived
10476:16 April
10431:Archived
10214:Archived
10212:. 2005.
10159:(2010).
10120:Archived
9904:Archived
9853:Archived
9514:Archived
9506:Antiqvvs
9479:31389347
9299:Archived
9263:Archived
9034:Archived
8995:Archived
8956:Archived
8907:Archived
8850:Archived
8791:Archived
8686:(2009).
8640:Archived
8618:(2014).
8592:archived
8553:Archived
8450:. Brill.
8425:Archived
8350:Archived
7531:and the
7501:and the
7470:See the
7444:Panchala
7351:Shakya:
6796:, India.
6667:Piprahwa
6535:couchant
6480:See also
6470:oratorio
6434:Creation
6291:Navayana
6289:'s 1957
6251:Tipitaka
5953:Cambodia
5923:Dunhuang
5783:, Japan.
5756:Chinese
5596:Herakles
5576:Berenice
5305:sect of
5265:Iodasaph
5261:Būdhasaf
5251:Josaphat
5052:Hinduism
5014:" (Skt.
4862:and the
4790:secret.
4690:bhikkhus
4107:sankhara
3936:and the
3914:and the
3776:Piprahwa
3734:appamāda
3707:Mahayana
3582:Sthavira
3465:Jetavana
3391:Rajagaha
3387:Varanasi
3361:Rajagaha
3357:Savatthi
3265:arahant.
3220:Koṇḍañña
3183:Vārānasī
3099:and the
2778:Kanthaka
2737:Chandaka
2667:Gandhara
2600:Kondañña
2529:khattiya
2491:khattiya
2483:sal tree
2444:and the
2418:Piprahwa
2351:pāramitā
2207:sabbaññu
2176:Sanskrit
2044:Mahavira
1870:Mahavira
1799:Mahāyāna
1702:Gāndhārī
1698:Gandhara
1408:Lokavidu
1387: –
1374: –
1365:epithets
1289:Sanskrit
1174:aniconic
1166:Hinduism
1119:svabhava
1088:such as
1068:and the
981:Buddhism
888:Thailand
848:Mongolia
843:Malaysia
808:Cambodia
773:Navayana
753:Hinayana
748:Mahāyāna
658:Lay life
488:Morality
468:Not-self
426:Concepts
385:Councils
370:Timeline
342:Glossary
324:Buddhism
316:a series
314:Part of
270:Sanskrit
250:Maitreya
211:Buddhism
198:(mother)
192:(father)
167:Children
89:Personal
21981:Shakyas
21906:Buddhas
21840:Commons
21717:Lumbini
21646:Sayings
21528:Temples
21508:Buddhas
21470:Science
21460:Judaism
21455:Jainism
21373:Lineage
21333:Abhijñā
21303:Thangka
21246:Sarnath
21231:Lumbini
21152:Funeral
21147:Cuisine
21023:Culture
20998:Reality
20948:Creator
20938:Atomism
20808:History
20781:Ukraine
20741:Germany
20660:Senegal
20650:Vietnam
20578:Myanmar
20378:Shinran
20368:Karmapa
20343:Shandao
20313:Dignāga
20238:Śrāvaka
20218:Donchee
20213:Kappiya
20171:Sayadaw
20141:Bhikkhu
20116:Anāgāmi
20073:Nirvana
20039:Samadhi
19926:Paritta
19867:Tonglen
19862:Mandala
19817:Smarana
19798:Mantras
19746:Upekkha
19716:Bhavana
19666:Shingon
19619:Tiantai
19472:Tathātā
19462:Śūnyatā
19457:Skandha
19447:Saṃsāra
19442:Rebirth
19417:Kleshas
19407:Indriya
19309:Subhūti
19194:Guanyin
19148:Ānanda
19140:Rāhula
19020:Nirvana
18960:Outline
18856:Kāśyapa
18831:Vipassī
18791:Sumedha
18766:Śobhita
18761:Raivata
18756:Sumanas
18751:Maṃgala
18655:Krishna
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2017:śramaṇa
1960:Shakyas
1862:Magadha
1667:Bharhut
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1494:Sources
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1110:dharmas
1058:craving
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1013:nirvana
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898:Vietnam
853:Myanmar
768:Tibetan
758:Chinese
686:Nirvāṇa
503:Saṃsāra
498:Rebirth
363:History
352:Outline
224:Shakyas
183:Parents
110:Lumbini
66:Sarnath
21776:Cetiya
21771:Relics
21712:Places
21705:Rāhula
21680:Family
21523:Sutras
21518:Suttas
21383:Siddhi
21368:Koliya
21343:Brahmā
21258:Poetry
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20978:Ethics
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20766:Poland
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20736:France
20721:Canada
20716:Brazil
20655:Africa
20635:Taiwan
20598:Russia
20523:Bhutan
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20353:Saraha
20288:Asanga
20044:Prajñā
19953:Refuge
19916:Nianfo
19877:Tertön
19872:Tantra
19857:Ganana
19847:Tukdam
19773:Dhyāna
19741:Mudita
19736:Karuṇā
19629:Risshū
19624:Huayan
19557:Naraka
19497:Anattā
19492:Dukkha
19487:Anicca
19392:Dharma
19344:Channa
19279:Ānanda
19264:Assaji
19231:Skanda
19134:(wife)
19103:Family
19083:Relics
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6612:Odisha
6597:Ashoka
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6346:Zee TV
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4262:) and
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2766:dukkha
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2628:Rāhula
2608:Buddha
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2235:Ananda
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1434:Araham
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1210:Buddha
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1127:Buddha
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883:Taiwan
863:Russia
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718:Buddha
638:Wisdom
421:Dharma
174:Rāhula
157:Spouse
21810:Films
21781:tooth
21766:Death
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21495:Lists
21363:Kalpa
21358:Iddhi
21221:Music
21216:Mudra
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21132:Budai
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20746:Italy
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19958:Sādhu
19946:Music
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19882:Terma
19842:Zazen
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19372:Bardo
19339:Asita
19329:Khema
19319:Upāli
19304:Nanda
19142:(son)
19116:Māyā
19093:Films
18970:Index
18836:Sikhī
18776:Padma
18676:Kalki
18138:JSTOR
18102:(PDF)
18085:(PDF)
18029:(PDF)
18012:(PDF)
17998:(PDF)
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17149:(PDF)
17126:(PDF)
17113:6 May
17006:JSTOR
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16844:(PDF)
16827:(PDF)
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4228:atman
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493:Karma
347:Index
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21393:Pāḷi
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