Buddhist cosmology

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the world is populated. Human beings who exist at this point have no limit on their lifespan. The second moment is the duration moment, the start of this moment is signified by the first sentient being to enter hell (niraya), the hells and nirayas not existing or being empty prior to this moment. The duration moment consists of twenty "intermediate" moments (antarakappas), which unfold in a drama of the human lifespan descending from 80,000 years to 10, and then back up to 80,000 again. The interval between 2 of these "intermediate" moments is the "seven day purge", in which a variety of humans will kill each other (not knowing or recognizing each other), some humans will go into hiding. At the end of this purge, they will emerge from hiding and repopulate the world. After this purge, the lifespan will increase to 80,000, reach its peak and descend, at which point the purge will happen again.

3906:) – This is the world of humans and human-like beings who live on the surface of the earth. Birth in this plane results from giving and moral discipline of middling quality. This is the realm of moral choice where destiny can be guided. The Khana Sutta mentioned that this plane is a unique balance of pleasure and pain. It facilitates the development of virtue and wisdom to liberate oneself from the entire cycle of rebirths. For this reason rebirth as a human being is considered precious according to the Chiggala Sutta. The mountain-rings that engird Sumeru are surrounded by a vast ocean, which fills most of the world. The ocean is in turn surrounded by a circular mountain wall called 2129:(Vibhajyavāda tradition only) – "Unconscious beings", who have only bodies without consciousness are the devas who have attained a high dhyāna (similar to that of the Formless Realm), and, wishing to avoid the perils of perception, have achieved a state of non-perception in which they endure for a time. Rebirth into this plane results from a meditative practice aimed at the suppression of consciousness. Those who take up this practice assume release from suffering can be achieved by attaining unconsciousness. However, when the life span in this realm ends, perception arises again, the beings pass away and are born in other planes where consciousness returns. 4563: 1719:-hood and who will attain enlightenment directly from the Śuddhāvāsa worlds without being reborn in a lower plane. These Pure Abodes are accessible only to those who have destroyed the lower five fetters, consisting of self-view, sceptical doubt, clinging to rites and ceremonies, sense desires, and ill-will. They will destroy their remaining fetters of craving for fine material existence, craving for immaterial existence, conceit, restlessness and ignorance during their existence in the Pure Abodes. Those who take rebirth here are called "non-returners" because they do not return from that world, but attain final 2863:, the Conqueror, the Unconquered, the All-Seeing, All-Powerful, the Lord, the Maker and Creator, the Ruler, Appointer and Orderer, Father of All That Have Been and Shall Be." According to the Brahmajāla Sutta (DN.1), a Mahābrahmā is a being from the Ābhāsvara worlds who falls into a lower world through exhaustion of his merits and is reborn alone in the Brahma-world; forgetting his former existence, he imagines himself to have come into existence without cause. Note that even such a high-ranking deity has no intrinsic knowledge of the worlds above his own. Mahābrahmā is 1 296: 1014: 1176: 1302:

narrowest sense, to the three lowest worlds of the Rūpadhātu (Plane of Brahma's retinue). A large number of devas use the name "Brahmā", e.g. Brahmā Sahampati (ब्रह्मा सहम्पत्ति), Brahmā Sanatkumāra (ब्रह्मा सनत्कुमारः), Baka Brahmā (बकब्रह्मा), etc. It is not always clear which world they belong to, although it must always be one of the worlds of the Rūpadhātu. According to the Ayacana Sutta, Brahmā Sahampati, who advises the Buddha to teach Dhamma to the world, resides in the Śuddhāvāsa worlds.

3997:) is located in the south and is the dwelling of ordinary human beings. It is said to be shaped "like a cart", or rather a blunt-nosed triangle with the point facing south. (This description probably echoes the shape of the coastline of southern India.) It is 10,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,000 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition) to which can be added the southern coast of only 3.5 yojanas' length. The continent takes its name from a giant Jambu tree ( 3230:) – The heaven of devas "with power over (others') creations". These devas do not create pleasing forms that they desire for themselves, but their desires are fulfilled by the acts of other devas who wish for their favor. The ruler of this world is called Vaśavartin (Pāli: Vasavatti), who has a longer life, greater beauty, more power and happiness and more delightful sense-objects than the other devas of his world. This world is also the home of the devaputra (being of divine race) called 135: 331: 8485: 8496: 1164: 3748:यक्ष (goblins). These devas also inhabit remote areas such as forests, hills, and abandoned caves. Though living in misery they have the potential for awakening and can attain the path and fruits of the spiritual life. The beings of this world are 750 feet (230 m) tall and live for 9,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 90,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The height of this world is from sea level up to 40 yojanas above the Earth. 5894: 5881: 912: 3918: ; Thai: จักรวาล or จกฺกวาฬ) which marks the horizontal limit of the world. In this ocean there are four continents which are, relatively speaking, small islands in it. Because of the immenseness of the ocean, they cannot be reached from each other by ordinary sailing vessels, although in the past, when the cakravartin kings ruled, communication between the continents was possible by means of the treasure called the 77: 36: 5871: 1267:, and if the beings in a world all die or disappear, the world disappears too. Likewise, a world comes into existence when the first being is born into it. The physical separation is not so important as the difference in mental state; humans and animals, though they partially share the same physical environments, still belong to different worlds because their minds perceive and react to those environments differently. 2945:) – the "Ministers of Brahmā" are beings, also originally from the Ābhāsvara worlds, that are born as companions to Mahābrahmā after he has spent some time alone. Since they arise subsequent to his thought of a desire for companions, he believes himself to be their creator, and they likewise believe him to be their creator and lord. They are 1 yojana in height and their lifespan is variously said to be 182: 4203:(Pāli: kapparukkha कप्परुक्ख) or kalpa-tree, because it lasts for the entire kalpa. The inhabitants of Uttarakuru have cities built in the air. They are said to be extraordinarily wealthy, not needing to labor for a living – as their food grows by itself – and having no private property. They are about 48 feet (15 m) tall and live for 1,000 years, and they are under the protection of 4800:

this period, according to the Mahāpadāna-sutta (DN.14) three of the four Buddhas of this antarakalpa lived: Kakusandha Buddha क्रकुच्छन्दः (Pāli: Kakusandha ककुन्ध), at the time when the lifespan was 40,000 years; Kanakamuni कनकमुनिः Buddha (Pāli: Konāgamana कोनागमन) when the lifespan was 30,000 years; and Kāśyapa काश्यपः Buddha (Pāli: Kassapa कस्सप) when the lifespan was 20,000 years.

1589:) or "Form realm" is, as the name implies, the first of the physical realms; its inhabitants all have a location and bodies of a sort, though those bodies are composed of a subtle substance which is of itself invisible to the inhabitants of the Kāmadhātu. According to the Janavasabha Sutta, when a brahma (a being from the Brahma-world of the Rūpadhātu) wishes to visit a deva of the 1610:. However, although the beings of the Rūpadhātu can be divided into four broad grades corresponding to these four dhyānas, each of them is subdivided into further grades, three for each of the four dhyānas and five for the Śuddhāvāsa devas, for a total of seventeen grades (the Theravāda tradition counts one less grade in the highest dhyāna for a total of sixteen). 3728:,also known as Kuvera, who rules as king of the Northern Direction, is lord of the yakkhas, but ultimately all are accountable to Sakra. They are the martial kings who guard the four quarters of the Earth. The Garudas and the devas who guide the Sun and Moon are also considered part of this world, as are the retinues of the four kings, composed of 3234:, who endeavors to keep all beings of the Kāmadhātu in the grip of sensual pleasures. Māra is also sometimes called Vaśavartin, but in general these two dwellers of this world are kept distinct. The beings of this world are 4,500 feet (1,400 m) tall and live for 9,216,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 1,280 3832:

upon a layer of water, which is 8,000,000 yojanas in depth, going down to 8,400,000 yojanas below sea level. Below the layer of water is a "circle of wind", which is 16,000,000 yojanas in depth and also much broader in extent, supporting 1,000 different worlds upon it. Yojanas are equivalent to about 13 km (8 mi).

4399:, and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result, after which he will be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened. The mentality of a being in the hells corresponds to states of extreme fear and helpless anguish in humans. 3154:. Although all of the worlds inhabited by devas (that is, all the worlds down to the Cāturmahārājikakāyika world and sometimes including the Asuras) are sometimes called "heavens". These devas enjoy aesthetic pleasures, long life, beauty, and certain powers. Anyone who has led a wholesome life can be born in them. 3481:) – Sometimes called the "heaven without fighting", because it is the lowest of the heavens to be physically separated from the tumults of the earthly world. These devas live in the air, free of all difficulties. Its ruler is the deva Suyāma; according to some, his wife is the rebirth of Sirimā, a courtesan of 3394:) – The world of the "joyful" devas. This world is best known for being the world in which a Bodhisattva lives before being reborn in the world of humans. Until a few thousand years ago, the Bodhisattva of this world was Śvetaketu (Pāli: Setaketu), who was reborn as Siddhārtha, who would become the Buddha 4599:, if he so wished, could effect his voice and divine power throughout a great trichiliocosm. He does so by suffusing the trichiliocosm with his radiance, at which point the inhabitants of those world-system will perceive this light, and then proceeds to extend his voice and powers throughout that realm. 3519:) is an immense, strangely-shaped peak which arises in the center of the world, and around which the Sun and Moon revolve. Its base rests in a vast ocean, and it is surrounded by several rings of lesser mountain ranges and oceans. The three worlds listed below are all located on, or around, Sumeru: the 4820:

At the end of the war, the survivors will emerge from their hiding places and repent their evil habits. As they begin to do good, their lifespan increases, and the health and welfare of the human race will also increase with it. After a long time, the descendants of those with a 10-year lifespan will

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The Vivartasthāyikalpa begins when the first being is born into Naraka, thus filling the entire universe with beings. During the first antarakalpa of this eon, the duration of human lives declines from a vast but unspecified number of years (but at least several tens of thousands of years) toward the

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After the dissolution moment, this particular world system remains dissolved for a long time, this is called the 'empty' moment, but the more accurate term would be "the state of being dissolved". The beings that inhabited this realm formerly will migrate to other world systems, and perhaps return if

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Buddhist temporal cosmology describes how the universe comes into being and is dissolved. Like other Indian cosmologies, it assumes an infinite span of time and is cyclical. This does not mean that the same events occur in identical form with each cycle, but merely that, as with the cycles of day and

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are reborn here. The height of this world is 5,242,880 yojanas above the Earth. In the Jhana Sutta of the Anguttara Nikaya the Buddha said "The Vehapphala devas, monks, have a life-span of 500 eons. A run-of-the-mill person having stayed there, having used up all the life-span of those devas, goes to

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The Formless Realm would have no place in a purely physical cosmology, as none of the beings inhabiting it has either shape or location; and correspondingly, the realm has no location either. The inhabitants of these realms are possessed entirely of mind. Having no physical form or location, they are

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The human lifespan now quickly decreased from 80,000 to 100 years, apparently decreasing by about half with each generation (this is perhaps not to be taken literally), while with each generation other crimes and evils increased: lying, greed, hatred, sexual misconduct, disrespect for elders. During

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Since these devas rise from lower planes only due to the teaching of a Buddha, they can remain empty for very long periods if no Buddha arises. However, unlike the lower worlds, the Śuddhāvāsa worlds are never destroyed by natural catastrophe. The Śuddhāvāsa devas predict the coming of a Buddha and,

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Physically, the Rūpadhātu consists of a series of planes stacked on top of each other, each one in a series of steps half the size of the previous one as one descends. In part, this reflects the fact that the devas are also thought of as physically larger on the higher planes. The highest planes are

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After the duration 'moment' is the dissolution moment, the hells will gradually be emptied, as well as all coarser forms of existence. The beings will flock to the form realms (rupa dhatu), a destruction of fire occurs, sparing everything from the realms of the 'radiant' gods and above (abha deva).

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below sea level – the same as the height of Sumeru above sea level. Below this is a layer of "golden earth", a substance compact and firm enough to support the weight of Sumeru. It is 320,000 yojanas in depth and so extends to 400,000 yojanas below sea level. The layer of golden earth in turn rests

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The early Buddhist texts too do not state that the Major World-System is all there is, in the universe, for the question as to whether the world is finite or infinite (ananto) in extent is left unanswered (avyakata). The later commentarial tradition however goes a step further. One of the synonyms

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The remainder of the antarakalpa is prophesied to be miserable: lifespans will continue to decrease, and all the evil tendencies of the past will reach their ultimate in destructiveness. People will live no longer than ten years, and will marry at five; foods will be poor and tasteless; no form of

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The word kalpa, means 'moment'. A maha kalpa consists of four moments (kalpa), the first of which is creation. The creation moment consists of the creation of the "receptacle", and the descent of beings from higher realms into more coarse forms of existence. During the rest of the creation moment,

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Over time, they acquire a taste for physical nutriment, and as they consume it, their bodies become heavier and more like human bodies; they lose their ability to shine, and begin to acquire differences in their appearance, and their length of life decreases. They differentiate into two sexes and

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The Vivartakalpa begins with the arising of the primordial wind, which begins the process of building up the structures of the universe that had been destroyed at the end of the last mahākalpa. As the extent of the destruction can vary, the nature of this evolution can vary as well, but it always

2630:) – The world of devas "possessing splendor". The lifespan of the Ābhāsvara devas is 8 mahākalpas (others: 2 mahākalpas). Eight mahākalpas is the interval between destructions of the universe by water, which includes the Ābhāsvara worlds. The height of this world is 81,920 yojanas above the Earth. 3525:

devas live on its peak, the Cāturmahārājikakāyika devas live on its slopes, and the Asuras live in the ocean at its base. Sumeru and its surrounding oceans and mountains are the home not just of these deities, but also vast assemblies of beings of popular mythology who only rarely intrude on the

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is an imprecise term referring to any being living in a longer-lived and generally more blissful state than humans. Most of them are not "gods" in the common sense of the term, having little or no concern with the human world and rarely if ever interacting with it; only the lowest deities of the

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is located in the east, and is shaped like a semicircle with the flat side pointing westward (i.e., towards Sumeru). It is 7,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter of 6,350 yojanas of which the flat side is 2,000 yojanas long (Sarvāstivāda tradition). Its tree is the

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consists of a vertical cosmology, the various planes of beings, into which beings are reborn due to their merits and development; and a horizontal cosmology, the distribution of these world-systems into an infinite sheet of existential dimensions included in the cycle of samsara. The entire

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After 64 of these destructions by fire and water, that is – 56 destructions by fire, and 7 by water – a destruction by wind occurs, this eliminates everything below the realms of the 'fruitful' devas (vehapphala devas, literally of "great fruit"). The pure abodes

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of a kalpa (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or a whole kalpa (Sarvāstivāda tradition). If they are later reborn in a lower world, and come to recall some part of their last existence, they teach the doctrine of Brahmā as creator as a revealed truth. The height of this world is 5,120 yojanas above the

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During the Vivartakalpa the first humans appear; they are not like present-day humans, but are beings shining in their own light, capable of moving through the air without mechanical aid, living for a very long time, and not requiring sustenance; they are more like a type of lower deity than

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is used both as a name and as a generic term for one of the higher devas. In its broadest sense, it can refer to any of the inhabitants of the Ārūpyadhātu and the Rūpadhātu. In more restricted senses, it can refer to an inhabitant of one of the eleven lower worlds of the Rūpadhātu, or in its

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below). One way to rebirth in the Brahma world is mastery over the first jhana. Another is through meditations on loving kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, and equanimity. The Buddha teaches the Brahmin Subha, how to be born in the world of Brahma, in the Subha Sutta, when asked by him.

4647:(suddhavasa, meaning something like pure, unmixed, similar to the connotation of "pure bred German shepherd"), are never destroyed. Although without the appearance of a Buddha, these realms may remain empty for a long time. The inhabitants of these realms have exceedingly long life spans. 4811:

Eventually a great war will ensue, in which the most hostile and aggressive will arm themselves with swords in their hands and go out to kill each other. The less aggressive will hide in forests and other secret places while the war rages. This war marks the end of the first antarakalpa.

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Within the duration 'moment', this purge and repeat cycle seems to happen around 18 times, the first "intermediate" moment consisting only of the descent from 80,000 – the second intermediate moment consisting of a rise and descent, and the last consisting only of an ascent.

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traditions. No single sūtra sets out the entire structure of the universe, but in several sūtras the Buddha describes other worlds and states of being, and other sūtras describe the origin and destruction of the universe. The order of the planes are found in various discourses of

1483:. In this sphere Formless Devas dwell meditating upon space or extension (ākāśa) as infinitely pervasive. Total life span in this realm in human years – 20,000 Maha Kalpa. This realm is placed 5,580,000 yojanas above the Akanittha Brahma Loka – Highest plane of pure abodes. 3818:

where they had formerly lived. The Asuras are always fighting to regain their lost kingdom on the top of Mount Sumeru, but are unable to break the guard of the Four Great Kings. The Asuras are divided into many groups, and have no single ruler, but among their leaders are

1996:) – The world of the "not falling" devas, perhaps the most common destination for reborn Anāgāmins. Many achieve arhatship directly in this world, but some pass away and are reborn in sequentially higher worlds of the Pure Abodes until they are at last reborn in the 4788:) and five of his descendants, who had a lifespan of over 80,000 years. The seventh of this line of cakravartins broke with the traditions of his forefathers, refusing to abdicate his position at a certain age, pass the throne on to his son, and enter the life of a 4003:), 100 yojanas tall, which grows in the middle of the continent. Every continent has one of these giant trees. All Buddhas appear in Jambudvīpa. The people here are five to six feet tall and their length of life varies between 10 and about 10 years (Asankya Aayu). 4402:

Physically, Naraka is thought of as a series of layers extending below Jambudvīpa into the earth. There are several schemes for counting these Narakas and enumerating their torments. One of the more common is that of the Eight Cold Narakas and Eight Hot Narakas.

4333:) – The pretas, or "hungry ghosts", are mostly dwellers on earth, though due to their mental state they perceive it very differently from humans. This is the realm where ghost and unhappy spirits wander in vain, hopelessly in search of sensual fulfillment. 4808:

morality will be acknowledged. The most contemptuous and hateful people will become the rulers. Incest will be rampant. Hatred between people, even members of the same family, will grow until people think of each other as hunters do of their prey.

4395:) is the name given to one of the worlds of greatest suffering, usually translated into English as "hell" or "purgatory". These are realms of extreme sufferings. As with the other realms, a being is born into one of these worlds as a result of his 3137:

and are bound by sensual desire, which causes them suffering. Birth into these planes takes place as a result of our Karma. The Sense-Sphere (Desire) Realm is the lowest of the three realms. The driving force within this realm is sensual desire.

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worlds. The height of this world is 655,360 yojanas above the Earth. The Buddha said, " A run-of-the-mill person having stayed there, having used up all the life-span of those devas, goes to hell, to the animal womb, to the state of the hungry

1433:'s original teachers; he considered it to be equivalent to enlightenment. Total life span in this realm in human years – 60,000 Maha Kalpa. This realm is placed 5,580,000 yojanas above the Plane of Infinite Consciousness (Vijñānānantyāyatana). 1598:

The beings of the Form realm are not subject to the extremes of pleasure and pain, or governed by desires for things pleasing to the senses, as the beings of the Kāmadhātu are. The bodies of Form realm beings do not have sexual distinctions.

4796:. As a result of his subsequent misrule, poverty increased; as a result of poverty, theft began; as a result of theft, capital punishment was instituted; and as a result of this contempt for life, murders and other crimes became rampant. 4776:), who conquer. The Mahāsudassana-sutta (DN.17) tells of the life of a cakravartin king, Mahāsudassana (Sanskrit: Mahāsudarśana) who lived for 336,000 years. The Cakkavatti-sīhanāda-sutta (DN.26) tells of a later dynasty of cakravartins, 3823:वेमचित्री (Pāli: Vepacitti वेपचित्ती) and Rāhu. In later texts, we find the Asura realm as one of the four unhappy states of rebirth, but the Nikāya evidence however does not show that the Asura realm was regarded as a state of suffering. 1083:

The process by which sentient beings migrate from one state of existence to another is dependent on causes and conditions. The three causes are giving or charity, moral conduct, meditative development, and their opposites. Rebirth in the

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or nymphs). Sakka and the devas honor sages and holy men. Many devas dwelling here live in mansions in the air. The beings of this world are 1,500 feet (460 m) tall and live for 36,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition) or 3/4 of a

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Our present time is taken to be toward the end of the first antarakalpa of this Vivartasthāyikalpa, when the lifespan is less than 100 years, after the life of Śākyamuni शाक्यमुनिः Buddha (Pāli: Sakyamuni ), who lived to the age of 80.

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begins when beings cease to be born in Naraka. This cessation of birth then proceeds in reverse order up the vertical cosmology, i.e., pretas then cease to be born, then animals, then humans, and so on up to the realms of the deities.

2404:) – The world of devas of "total beauty". Their lifespan is 64 mahākalpas (some sources: 4 mahākalpas) according to the Vibhajyavāda tradition. 64 mahākalpas is the interval between destructions of the universe by wind, including the 2899:, because that is the total length of time between the rebuilding of the lower world and its destruction. It is unclear what period of time "kalpa" refers to in this case. The height of this world is 10,240 yojanas above the Earth. 2469:) – The world of devas of "limitless beauty". Their lifespan is 32 mahākalpas (Vibhajyavāda tradition). They possess "faith, virtue, learning, munificence and wisdom". The height of this world is 327,680 yojanas above the Earth. 2575:

below), that is, the column of fire does not rise high enough to reach them. After the destruction of the world, at the beginning of the vivartakalpa, the worlds are first populated by beings reborn from the Ābhāsvara worlds.

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Sahasra means "one thousand". All of the planes, from the plane of neither perception nor non-perception (nevasanna-asanna-ayatana) down to the Avīci – the "without interval" niraya – constitutes the single world-system,

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These devas live in four heavens that float in the air, leaving them free from contact with the strife of the lower world. In the Western sense of the word "heaven", the term best applies to the four worlds listed below:

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When these worlds as far as the Brahmaloka are devoid of inhabitants, a great fire consumes the entire physical structure of the world. It burns all the worlds below the Ābhāsvara worlds. When they are destroyed, the

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in the Buddha's time who was generous to the monks. The beings of this world are 2,250 feet (690 m) tall and live for 144,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 160 yojanas above the

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taking the guise of Brahmins, reveal to human beings the signs by which a Buddha can be recognized. They also ensure that a Bodhisattva in his last life will see the four signs that will lead to his renunciation.

1739:, an inhabitant from these worlds, who appealed to the newly enlightened Buddha to teach, was an Anagami under the previous Buddha. Because a Śuddhāvāsa deva will never be reborn outside the Śuddhāvāsa worlds, no 3322:(female lay devotees) of the Buddha. The beings of this world are 3,750 feet (1,140 m) tall and live for 2,304,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 640 yojanas above the Earth. 4623:; Thai: มหากัปป์ or มหากัลป์; Devanagari: महाकल्प / महाकप्प). The length of this time in human years is never defined exactly, but it is meant to be very long, to be measured in billions of years if not longer. 1414:

in a previous life. In this sphere Formless Devas dwell contemplating upon the thought that "there is no thing". This is considered a form of perception, though a very subtle one. This was the sphere reached by

3812:– The world of the Asuras is the space at the foot of Mount Sumeru, much of which is a deep ocean. It is not the Asuras' original home, but the place they found themselves after they were hurled, drunken, from 1096:(formless realm) also requires meditation development. Liberation from all rebirth requires eons upon eons of perfecting charity, moral conduct, and meditative development, in order to achieve Buddhahood. 3700:) – The world "of the Four Great Kings" is found on the lower slopes of Mount Sumeru, though some of its inhabitants live in the air around the mountain. Its rulers are the four Great Kings of the name, 4923:. But every eighth mahākalpa, after seven destructions by fire, there is a destruction by water. This is more devastating, as it eliminates not just the Brahma worlds but also the Ābhāsvara worlds. 1804:) – World of devas "equal in rank" (literally: having no one as the youngest). The highest of all the Rūpadhātu worlds, it is often used to refer to the highest extreme of the universe. The current 1285:), along with the Gods of the Kāmadhātu, notwithstanding the fact that the Deities of the Kāmadhātu differ more from those of the Ārūpyadhātu than they do from humans. It is to be understood that 4650:

The formless realms are never destroyed because they do not consist of form (rupa). The reason the world is destroyed by fire, water and wind, and not earth is because earth is the 'receptacle'.

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modern lifespan of less than 100 years. At the beginning of the antarakalpa, people are still generally happy. They live under the rule of a universal monarch or "wheel-turning king" (Sanskrit:

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Every sixty-fourth mahākalpa, after fifty six destructions by fire and seven destructions by water, there is a destruction by wind. This is the most devastating of all, as it also destroys the

3414:(Pāli: Santusita). The beings of this world are 3,000 feet (910 m) tall and live for 576,000,000 years (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 320 yojanas above the Earth. 4281:) – This world comprises all members of the animal kingdom that are capable of feeling suffering, regardless of size. The animal realm includes animals, insects, fish, birds, worms, etc.. 1466:) as infinitely pervasive. Total life span in this realm in human years – 40,000 Maha Kalpa. This realm is placed 5,580,000 yojanas above the Plane of Infinite Space (Ākāśānantyāyatana). 976:

It consists of a temporal and a spatial cosmology. The temporal cosmology describes the timespan of the creation and dissolvement of alternate universes in different aeons. The spatial

271: 3314:)– The world of devas "delighting in their creations". The devas of this world are capable of making any appearance to please themselves. The lord of this world is called Sunirmita ( 5547: 1595:

heaven (in the Kāmadhātu), he has to assume a "grosser form" in order to be visible to them. There are 16–22 Rūpadhātu in Buddhist texts, the most commonly given number being 18.

1711:", are distinct from the other worlds of the Rūpadhātu in that they do not house beings who have been born there through ordinary merit or meditative attainments, but only those 1377:

in a previous life. In this sphere the Formless Devas have gone beyond a mere negation of perception and have attained a liminal state where they do not engage in "perception" (

4130:) is located in the west, and is shaped like a circle with a circumference of about 7,500 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The tree of this continent is a giant Kadamba tree ( 4742:

begin to become sexually active. Then greed, theft and violence arise among them, and they establish social distinctions and government and elect a king to rule them, called

2688:) – The world of devas of "limitless light", a concept on which they meditate. Their lifespan is 4 mahākalpas. The height of this world is 40,960 yojanas above the Earth. 1906:) – The world of the "beautiful" devas are said to be the place of rebirth for five kinds of anāgāmins. The height of this world is 41,943,040 yojanas above the Earth. 1389:'s original teachers, who considered it equivalent to enlightenment .Total life span in this realm in human years - 84,000 Maha Kalpa . This realm is placed 5,580,000 17: 5322: 1723:

there without coming back. Every Śuddhāvāsa deva is therefore a protector of Buddhism. They guard and protect Buddhism on earth, and will pass into enlightenment as

1385:, recognition of particulars by their marks) but are not wholly unconscious. This was the sphere reached by Udraka Rāmaputra (Pāli: Uddaka Rāmaputta), the second of 2568:("Oh joy!"). These devas have bodies that emit flashing rays of light like lightning. They are said to have similar bodies (to each other) but diverse perceptions. 1005:. As a result, some ages are filled with prosperity and peace due to common goodness, whereas other eras are filled with suffering, dishonesty and short lifespans. 4729:

being the rebirth of a deceased Ābhāsvara deva is just one instance of this, which continues throughout the Vivartakalpa until all the worlds are filled from the

4716:

this division is merely nominal, as nothing changes from one antarakalpa to the next; but for the other three kalpas it marks an interior cycle within the kalpa.

4197:) is located in the north, and is shaped like a square. It has a perimeter of 8,000 yojanas, being 2,000 yojanas on each side. This continent's tree is called a 4643:

After 7 of these destructions by 'fire', a destruction by water occurs, and everything from the realms of the 'pleasant' gods and above is spared (subha deva).

3603:) – The world "of the Thirty-three (devas)" is a wide flat space on the top of Mount Sumeru, filled with the gardens and palaces of the devas. Its ruler is 1624:, a measurement of very uncertain length, but sometimes taken to be about 4,000 times the height of a man, and so approximately 4.54 miles (7.31 km). 6635: 4909:, since nothing happens in it below the Ābhāsvara worlds. It ends when the primordial wind begins to blow and build the structure of the worlds up again. 3014:, but this name can be used for any of the inhabitants of the Brahma-worlds. They are half a yojana in height and their lifespan is variously said to be 283:

shown in the center depicting the terrestrial universe divided into four quadrants each containing oceans and continents with the known world of humans,

4072:(Sukhōthai tradition). The people here are about 12 feet (3.7 m) tall and they live for 700 years. Their main work is trading and buying materials. 7550: 6025: 5612:

But it is impossible to find a realm in the round that I have not already passed through in this long journey, except for the gods of the Pure Abodes;

1947:) – The world of the "untroubled" devas, whose company those of lower realms wish for. The height of this world is 20,971,520 yojanas above the Earth. 1144:

The synthesis of this data into a single comprehensive system must have taken place early in the history of Buddhism, as the system described in the

228: 7554: 7778: 393: 4665:; Thai: กัป; अन्तरकल्प), each distinguished from the others by the stage of evolution of the universe during that kalpa. The four kalpas are: 1240:). The three realms contain together thirty-one planes of existence, each corresponding to a different type of mentality. These three realms ( 1183:

The spatial cosmology displays the various worlds in which beings can be reborn. Spatial cosmology can also be divided into two branches. The

5466: 3526:

human world. They are even more passionate than the higher devas, and do not simply enjoy themselves but also engage in strife and fighting.

5995: 5555: 4579:, but the etymology is uncertain), described above. A collection of one thousand systems are called a "thousandfold minor world-system" ( 2519:) – The world of devas of "limited beauty". Their lifespan is 16 mahākalpas. The height of this world is 163,840 yojanas above the Earth. 1057:

can perceive all beings arising (being born) and passing away (dying) within various worlds; and can tell from what state they have been

5438: 6103: 4850:

After Maitreya's time, the world will again worsen, and the lifespan will gradually decrease from 80,000 years to 10 years again, each

3615:

live in this heaven. Besides the eponymous Thirty-three million gods and goddesses, many other devas and supernatural beings, known as

5838: 2741:) – The world of devas of "limited light". Their lifespan is 2 mahākalpas. The height of this world is 20,480 yojanas above the Earth. 5860: 1171:

temple complex in Java mirrors the three main levels of Buddhist cosmology. The highest point in the center symbolizes Buddhahood.

8370: 7822: 2796:). The Brahmā worlds, together with the other lower worlds of the universe, are destroyed by fire at the end of a mahākalpa (see 1275:

In some instances, all of the beings born in the Ārūpyadhātu and the Rūpadhātu are informally classified as "Gods" or "Deities" (

8025: 6005: 3926:), which a cakravartin king and his retinue could use to fly through the air between the continents. The four continents are: 5812: 4854:

being separated from the next by devastating war, with peaks of high civilization and morality in the middle. After the 19th

4746:, "the great appointed one". Some of them begin to hunt and eat the flesh of animals, which have by now come into existence. 6188: 6030: 5333: 3827:

The foundations of the earth All of the structures of the earth, Sumeru and the rest, extend downward to a depth of 80,000

5462:

Susan Elbaum Jootla "Teacher of the Devas": The Wheel Publication No. 414/416 (Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1997)

4583:) or a small chiliocosm. A collection of a million systems is a "thousandfold to the second power middling world-system" ( 1193:) cosmology describes the arrangement of worlds in a vertical pattern, some being higher and some lower. By contrast, the 8365: 2241:– The world of the devas who are the "offspring of merit". The height of this world is 2,621,440 yojanas above the Earth. 49: 2187: 1712: 8262: 7812: 5907: 5795: 5740: 5579:

Buddhist Cosmology: From Single World System to Pure Land : Science and Theology in the Images of Motion and Light

5535:

for a "world-system" or loka-dhātu is cakkavāḷa, a word of uncertain etymology meaning a "wheel', "circle" or "sphere."

4957: 4136:). The human inhabitants of this continent do not live in houses but sleep on the ground. Their main transportation is 942: 388: 345: 6108: 5766: 5385: 258: 116: 63: 8355: 3632:

tall and live for 30,000,000 years (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The height of this world is 80 yojanas above the Earth.

2571:

The Ābhāsvara worlds form the upper limit to the destruction of the universe by fire at the end of a mahākalpa (see

1151:

tradition (represented by today's Theravādins) agrees, despite some minor inconsistencies of nomenclature, with the

8040: 7785: 3701: 3398:; since then the Bodhisattva has been Nātha (or Nāthadeva) who will be reborn as Ajita and will become the Buddha 1197:(sahasra) cosmology describes the grouping of these vertical worlds into sets of thousands, millions or billions. 8432: 8422: 6251: 4947: 5481:

Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo–Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art by Robert N. Linrothe, Pg.180

1116:

traditions, is the end-product of an analysis and reconciliation of cosmological comments found in the Buddhist

8526: 8377: 8030: 7832: 7723: 7668: 6241: 5518: 8347: 8045: 7728: 6020: 5853: 871: 566: 8531: 7930: 7802: 7773: 7475: 816: 591: 551: 8521: 7621: 7530: 7000: 6645: 6158: 6053: 2014:

is 1,000 kalpas (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The height of this world is 10,485,760 yojanas above the Earth.

7165: 4587:) or a medium dichiliocosm. The largest grouping, which consists of a billion world-systems, is called ( 3010:) – the "Councilors of Brahmā" or the devas "belonging to the assembly of Brahmā". They are also called 2859:

is the world of "Great Brahmā", believed by many to be the creator of the world, and having as his name

8470: 7950: 7426: 6912: 6035: 5868: 5732: 4608:

night or summer and winter, certain natural events occur over and over to give some structure to time.

2341:

worlds form the upper limit to the destruction of the universe by water at the end of a mahākalpa (see

998: 7360: 3708: 2075:

worlds form the upper limit to the destruction of the universe by wind at the end of a mahākalpa (see

1731: 8360: 8173: 8163: 8035: 7018: 6598: 6359: 6334: 5242: 5174: 5107: 5052: 4847:

as a Buddha; and he will then be known by the name of Maitreya (मैत्रेयः, Pāli: Metteyya मेत्तेय्य).

986: 982: 691: 147: 6384: 4678:"Eon of evolution-duration" – during this kalpa the universe remains in existence in a steady state. 2287:– The world of the "cloudless" devas. The height of this world is 1,310,720 yojanas above the Earth. 501: 8465: 7817: 7631: 7609: 7602: 7505: 7038: 6658: 6474: 6419: 6040: 5846: 5777: 5722: 5275: 5207: 5140: 4562: 3842: 2095: 1563: 990: 696: 646: 207: 5463: 1602:

Like the beings of the Ārūpyadhātu, the dwellers in the Rūpadhātu have minds corresponding to the

8402: 8382: 7713: 7693: 7450: 7180: 6424: 5787: 4132: 1263:

A world is not so much a location as it is the beings which compose it; it is sustained by their

994: 856: 156: 55: 1815: 1715:("Non-returners"), the third level on the path of enlightenment, who are already on the path to 8412: 8252: 7920: 7890: 7663: 7614: 7455: 7403: 7398: 7160: 6981: 6878: 6630: 6625: 6374: 4942: 4698:"Eon of dissolution-duration" – during this kalpa the universe remains in a state of emptiness. 3034:

of a kalpa (Sarvāstivāda tradition). The height of this world is 2,560 yojanas above the Earth.

2186:– Devas "having great fruit". Their lifespan is 500 mahākalpas. (Vibhajyavāda tradition). Some 935: 671: 656: 636: 561: 556: 471: 378: 224: 6742: 5596: 5482: 1355:

There are four types of Formless Deva planes corresponding to the four types of arūpadhyānas:

8417: 8387: 7968: 7900: 7733: 7648: 7643: 7567: 7562: 7480: 6010: 5728: 5442: 4725:

takes the form of beings from a higher world being born into a lower world. The example of a

4364: 4302: 4234: 4158: 4091: 4022: 3947: 3859: 3765: 3653: 3556: 3498: 3431: 3347: 3261: 3183: 3079: 2995: 2930: 2883:

kalpas long (Sarvāstivāda tradition), although it would seem that it could be no longer than

2817: 2723: 2673: 2612: 2504: 2454: 2389: 2272: 2226: 2168: 1676: 1530: 876: 866: 821: 287:, located in the south alongside three other continents named Pūrvavideha, Aparagodānīya and 7033: 4835:

heaven will descend and be reborn under the name of Ajita अजित. He will enter the life of a

1603: 1479: 1458: 1410: 1373: 1344:, however, are never born in the Ārūpyadhātu even when they have attained the arūpadhyānas. 1215: 304: 152: 98: 8440: 8407: 8392: 7910: 7807: 7753: 7638: 7577: 7545: 7540: 7525: 7510: 7500: 7465: 7378: 7070: 6993: 6296: 6236: 5985: 5952: 5902: 5493: 5377: 5370: 886: 846: 841: 806: 651: 531: 439: 424: 368: 340: 8280: 6895: 6764: 6690: 6566: 6304: 1088:(desire realm) depends on a person's moral conduct and practice of giving. Rebirth in the 295: 8: 8247: 8126: 7960: 7935: 7925: 7885: 7862: 7745: 7718: 7678: 7597: 7587: 7515: 7442: 6873: 6730: 6511: 6489: 6441: 6261: 6061: 5917: 5897: 5718: 5250: 5182: 5115: 5060: 5004: 4967: 4372: 4310: 4242: 4217: 4166: 4099: 4030: 3958: 3867: 3773: 3661: 3636: 3564: 3504: 3442: 3355: 3275: 3191: 3090: 2971: 2906: 2825: 2757: 2699: 2649: 2588: 2533: 2480: 2430: 2365: 2308: 2248: 2202: 2144: 2106: 2030: 1973: 1932: 1891: 1844: 1781: 1684: 1538: 1371:नेवसञ्ञानासञ्ञायतन ). Rebirth on this plane is a result of attaining the fourth formless 896: 851: 789: 729: 666: 611: 606: 361: 350: 6221: 6148: 4917:

The destruction by fire is the normal type of destruction that occurs at the end of the

3604: 1805: 8310: 8215: 8057: 8020: 8015: 7945: 7895: 7842: 7837: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7688: 7673: 7658: 7653: 7592: 7572: 7535: 7460: 7265: 6966: 6890: 6768: 6710: 6551: 6379: 6354: 6000: 5930: 5646: 5628: 3715: 1058: 881: 861: 801: 796: 684: 586: 579: 496: 403: 233: 8109: 2873:

yojanas tall. His lifespan variously said to be 1 kalpa (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or 1

1326:)) belongs to those Devas who attained and remained in the Four Formless Absorptions ( 8488: 8450: 8146: 8131: 8094: 8079: 7852: 7768: 7683: 7520: 7485: 7470: 7197: 7187: 6868: 6715: 6700: 6571: 6494: 6414: 6349: 6281: 6168: 5925: 5791: 5762: 5736: 5714: 5381: 5349:

I would arise in fellowship with the gods of boundless radiance (appaman'abha deva)!'

5266: 5198: 5131: 5076: 5020: 4997: 4710:; Chn/Jpn: 中劫, "inside eons"; Thai: อันตรกัป) each of about the same length. For the 4396: 4343: 4258: 3974: 3883: 3789: 3677: 3580: 3458: 3371: 3291: 3207: 3106: 2840: 2751: 2086: 2046: 1643: 1554: 1497: 1298: 1264: 1133:

the Buddha mentioned the planes above the human plane in ascending order. In several

1002: 928: 826: 811: 616: 491: 434: 398: 383: 314: 7432: 6226: 6126: 5413: 3611:, शक्रो देवानामिन्द्रः "Śakra, lord of the devas or King of devas". Śakra's consort 8136: 8089: 8084: 7940: 7905: 7880: 7875: 7626: 7582: 7495: 7170: 6826: 6819: 6603: 6593: 6479: 6143: 6015: 5286: 5258: 5218: 5190: 5151: 5123: 5084: 5068: 5028: 5012: 4972: 4576: 4380: 4318: 4266: 4250: 4190: 4174: 4123: 4107: 4054: 4038: 3982: 3966: 3891: 3875: 3797: 3781: 3752: 3739: 3685: 3669: 3588: 3572: 3466: 3450: 3379: 3363: 3299: 3283: 3215: 3199: 3098: 2979: 2914: 2833: 2765: 2707: 2657: 2596: 2541: 2488: 2438: 2373: 2316: 2256: 2210: 2152: 2114: 2038: 1981: 1789: 1736: 1692: 1574: 1546: 1477:आकासानञ्चायतन ). Rebirth on this plane is a result of attaining the first formless 1408:आकिञ्चञ्ञायतन ). Rebirth on this plane is a result of attaining the third formless 1138: 1070: 891: 836: 766: 756: 621: 7215: 5821: 8500: 8445: 8397: 8325: 8195: 7993: 7973: 7915: 7827: 7490: 7388: 7235: 6971: 6954: 6939: 6917: 6469: 6339: 6173: 6153: 5470: 4952: 4068: 1277: 1130: 1013: 916: 831: 631: 541: 486: 7245: 6399: 6389: 3623:

dwell here, including the attendants of the devas and many heavenly courtesans (

1614:

also broader in extent than the ones lower down, as discussed in the section on

1141:, the Buddha described the causes of rebirth in these planes in the same order. 481: 8455: 8158: 8008: 7790: 7370: 7350: 7270: 6959: 6949: 6883: 6720: 6206: 6069: 4962: 4821:

live for 80,000 years, and at that time there will be a cakravartin king named

4356: 4294: 4226: 4150: 4083: 4014: 3939: 3851: 3757: 3645: 3548: 3423: 3395: 3339: 3253: 3175: 3071: 2987: 2922: 2809: 2715: 2665: 2604: 2496: 2446: 2381: 2264: 2218: 2160: 1668: 1522: 1430: 1386: 1175: 1126: 776: 706: 661: 519: 92: 87: 1859:) – The "clear-seeing" devas live in a world similar to and friendly with the 8515: 8225: 8074: 7383: 7285: 7143: 6944: 6922: 6858: 6529: 6324: 6319: 6211: 5880: 5294: 5226: 5159: 5092: 5036: 4388: 4326: 4274: 4182: 4115: 4046: 3990: 3899: 3805: 3693: 3596: 3512: 3474: 3387: 3307: 3223: 3114: 3054: 3003: 2938: 2848: 2773: 2734: 2681: 2623: 2549: 2512: 2462: 2397: 2345:

below), that is, the flood of water does not rise high enough to reach them.

2324: 2280: 2234: 2179: 2122: 2054: 1989: 1797: 1700: 1651: 1582: 1505: 1422: 1042: 601: 596: 536: 197: 6683: 6673: 6045: 3318:: Sunimmita); his wife is the rebirth of Visākhā, formerly the chief of the 741: 546: 284: 8315: 8300: 8270: 8220: 8210: 8052: 7847: 7340: 7175: 7053: 6841: 6836: 6663: 6534: 6409: 5870: 5583:

The divisions of cosmic time outlined in the Kosa are predictably elaborate

4761: 4743: 4137: 3531: 3402:(Pāli Metteyya). While this Bodhisattva is the foremost of the dwellers in 3231: 3134: 3048: 1152: 1148: 1034: 641: 526: 444: 330: 217: 7098: 7083: 7043: 6740: 6404: 5980: 4927: 4918: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4875: 4866: 4858:, the lifespan will increase to 80,000 and then not decrease, because the 4837: 4829: 4822: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4711: 4692: 4682: 4205: 4198: 3913: 3907: 3843: 3813: 3541: 3532: 3520: 3482: 3409: 3403: 3327: 3242: 2960: 2894: 2642: 2634: 2423: 2415: 2405: 2358: 2350: 2336: 2302: 2292: 2195: 2133: 2070: 2063: 2024: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1950: 1909: 1868: 1860: 1821: 1809: 1758: 1590: 1450: 1442: 1416: 1398: 1379: 1361: 1327: 1278: 1188: 1035: 134: 8285: 8114: 7255: 7240: 7023: 6831: 6759: 6539: 6369: 6271: 6118: 5990: 4672:"Eon of evolution" – during this kalpa the universe comes into existence. 1744: 1740: 1708: 1633: 1462:. In this sphere Formless Devas dwell meditating on their consciousness ( 1341: 711: 8275: 6735: 5713: 3721:, king of the Western Direction, is lord of the nagas; and their leader 2780:) corresponds to the first dhyāna, and is characterized by observation ( 2331:) corresponds to the third dhyāna, and is characterized by a quiet joy ( 2061:) corresponds to the fourth dhyāna, and is characterized by equanimity ( 1029:

The Buddhist cosmology is not a literal description of the shape of the

8230: 8188: 8064: 7870: 7795: 7409: 7393: 7355: 7335: 7230: 7205: 7113: 7048: 7028: 6774: 6705: 6576: 6459: 6429: 6364: 6314: 5972: 5962: 5935: 4730: 4204: 4144: 4140:. They are about 24 feet (7.3 m) tall and they live for 500 years. 3930: 3820: 3722: 3130: 2856: 2529: 1333: 1291: 1105: 1050: 970: 716: 476: 373: 288: 280: 7250: 6246: 1865:

world. The height of this world is 83,886,080 yojanas above the Earth.

1814:

is 16,000 kalpas (Vibhajyavāda tradition). The ruler of this realm is

1456:). Rebirth on this plane is a result of attaining the second formless 8205: 8178: 7345: 7220: 6932: 6848: 6725: 6615: 6588: 6581: 6544: 6501: 6464: 6231: 6196: 6163: 6138: 6093: 4977: 4596: 3735: 3729: 1607: 1211: 1168: 1109: 1093: 1089: 1085: 977: 966: 761: 736: 7978: 6814: 6668: 6434: 6216: 6085: 6077: 2564:); the Ābhāsvara devas are said to shout aloud in their joy, crying 1163: 1020:'s pagodas were built and located to simulate the Buddhist Cosmology 8495: 8335: 8290: 8235: 8200: 8104: 7763: 7330: 7325: 7275: 7210: 7128: 7093: 7088: 6749: 6620: 6608: 6519: 6178: 5875: 4836: 4789: 3399: 2556:

corresponds to the second dhyāna, and is characterized by delight (

1315: 1113: 1030: 1017: 963: 959: 771: 751: 746: 626: 322: 7320: 7310: 7295: 7118: 6988: 6256: 4734: 4541: 1818:. The height of this world is 167,772,160 yojanas above the Earth. 300: 8240: 8183: 8168: 7315: 7305: 7280: 7155: 7150: 7108: 7078: 7010: 6976: 6863: 6804: 6799: 6653: 6556: 6394: 6344: 6131: 5957: 4828: 3624: 3326: 3319: 3122: 2781: 1463: 1104:

The Buddhist cosmology as presented in commentaries and works of

451: 276: 6927: 6695: 4688:"Eon of dissolution" – during this kalpa the universe dissolves. 3418: 3315: 2789: 2557: 1323: 1145: 8320: 8305: 8141: 8003: 7983: 7758: 7420: 7300: 7290: 7225: 6853: 6809: 6794: 6784: 6754: 6678: 6561: 6329: 6201: 5945: 5940: 5783: 4726: 4592: 4063: 3998: 3828: 3743: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3235: 3151: 3147: 2860: 2785: 2062: 1606:(Pāli: jhānas). In their case, it is the four lower dhyānas or 1390: 1378: 1337: 1121: 1076: 911: 466: 461: 456: 419: 3121:) differ in degree of happiness, but they are all, other than 8460: 8295: 8153: 8119: 8099: 8069: 7998: 7415: 7260: 7138: 7133: 7103: 7058: 6905: 6900: 6779: 6484: 6309: 6276: 6266: 5597:"Maha-sihanada Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Lion's Roar" 4844: 4285: 3608: 3126: 2793: 2561: 2332: 2191:

hell, to the animal womb, to the state of the hungry shades."

1725: 1716: 1616: 1256:), which consists of sixteen planes; and the Pleasure Realm ( 1134: 1117: 1054: 701: 3714:, king of the Eastern Direction, is lord of the gandhabbas; 3707:, king of the Southern Direction, is lord of the kumbandas; 2335:). These devas have bodies that radiate a steady light. The 2008:, "those whose stream goes upward". The duration of life in 8330: 7123: 6789: 6286: 4557: 4487:; Thai: กาฬสุตตมหานรก/กาลสูตร) – the "black thread" Naraka. 3620: 3146:

The following four worlds are bounded planes, each 80,000

2893:

of a mahākalpa, i.e., all of the mahākalpa except for the

1080:("hungry ghosts"), and as inhabitants of the hell realms. 7988: 6524: 1228:), corresponding to the formless jhanas; the form realm ( 1001:. Buddhist cosmology is also intwined with the belief of 981:

universe is said to be made up of five basic elements of

1396:"Sphere of Nothingness" (literally "lacking anything") ( 1220:

The vertical cosmology is divided into three realms, or

4566:

Buddhist cosmological image of alternate world systems.

4550:;Thai: อเวจีมหานรก/อวิจี) – the "uninterrupted" Naraka. 4517:; Thai: มหาโรรุวมหานรก) – the "great screaming" Naraka. 4497:; Thai: สังฆาฏมหานรก or สํฆาต) – the "crushing" Naraka. 1808:

will eventually be born there. The duration of life in

5280: 5212: 5145: 3150:

square, which float in the air above the top of Mount

2100: 1568: 1448:विञ्ञाणानञ्चायतन or more commonly the contracted form 5394: 958:

is the description of the shape and evolution of the

4537:; Thai: มหาตาปนมหานรก) – the "great heating" Naraka. 3157: 2756:

The mental state of the devas of the Brahmā worlds (

2291: 2018: 1200: 1155:

tradition which is preserved by Mahāyāna Buddhists.

4827:. During his reign, the current bodhisattva in the 3492: 2523: 2079:below), that is, they are spared such destruction. 1359:"Sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" ( 1290:Kāmadhātu correspond to the gods described in many 1129:in the Sutta Pitaka. In the Saleyyaka Sutta of the 1024: 5369: 4661:is divided into four kalpas or "eons" (Chn/Jpn: 劫 4445:– the Naraka of skin becoming blue as a blue lotus 3065: 1967: 1926: 1885: 1838: 1775: 1662: 1516: 1252:), which consists of four planes; the Form Realm ( 4575:(intimating something circular, a "wheel" or one 4457:– the Naraka of total frozen bodies falling apart 3408:, the ruler of this world is another deva called 1393:above the Plane of Nothingness (Ākiṃcanyāyatana). 1033:; rather, it is the universe as seen through the 223:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate 8513: 5548:"Aṅguttara Nikāya 3. Tika Nipāta 8. Anandavaggo" 4702:Each one of these kalpas is divided into twenty 4932:worlds. The higher worlds are never destroyed. 2745: 1305: 4507:; Thai: โรรุวมหานรก) – the "screaming" Naraka. 4477:; Thai: สัญชีวมหานรก) – the "reviving" Naraka. 1627: 1336:in a previous life, and now enjoy the fruits ( 5854: 3601:ดาวดึงส์, ไตรตรึงศ์, ตาวติํสา or ตฺรายสฺตฺริศ 1620:. The height of these planes is expressed in 936: 27:Description of the universe in Buddhist texts 6636:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5820:. Dhammakaya Open University. Archived from 5761:. Macmillan Reference US. pp. 183–187. 5376:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1747:must ultimately be reborn as a human being. 1340:) of the good karma of that accomplishment. 1061:, and into which state they will be reborn. 88:texts from within a religion or faith system 4527:; Thai: ตาปนมหานรก) – the "heating" Naraka. 4406: 3038: 299:The thirty-one planes of existence and the 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5861: 5847: 4611:The basic unit of time measurement is the 4464: 3053:The beings born in the Kāmadhātu कामधातु ( 943: 929: 18:Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school 2201:पुण्यप्रसव (Sarvāstivāda tradition only; 1487: 259:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 5696: 5576: 5400: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5097:เนวสญฺญานาสญฺญายตน or ไนวสํชญานาสํชญายตน 4561: 4558:Horizontal cosmology – Sahasra cosmology 1174: 1162: 1012: 294: 270: 7823:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5775: 5756: 5516: 5414:"Buddhist cosmology – The Zen Universe" 3024:of a kalpa (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or 2797: 2572: 2342: 2076: 14: 8514: 8026:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5594: 5367: 4894: 4511:Mahāraurava/Mahārīrava महारौरव/महारीरव 3698:จาตุมฺมหาราชิกา or จาตุรมหาราชิกกายิกา 5842: 5354: 4912: 4815: 4749: 4602: 3503:The world-mountain of Sumeru सुमेरु ( 2528:The mental state of the devas of the 2301:The mental state of the devas of the 2247:अनभ्रक (Sarvāstivāda tradition only; 2023:The mental state of the devas of the 1260:), which consists of fifteen planes. 1068:(gods and Brahmas), humans, animals, 1008: 5759:Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Cosmology) 5724:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 4754: 4694:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa संवर्तस्थायिकल्प 3228:ปรนิมมิตวสวัตฺติ or ปริเนรมิตวศวรติน 1436:"Sphere of Infinite Consciousness" ( 1158: 175: 128: 70: 29: 5231:วิญญาณานญฺจายตน or วิชญานานนฺตยายตน 4676:Vivartasthāyikalpa विवर्तस्थायिकल्प 1743:is ever born in these worlds, as a 1270: 1205: 24: 7813:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5707: 5043:; Devanagari: आरूप्यधातु / अरूपलोक 4958:Index of Buddhism-related articles 4903:There is nothing to say about the 4337: 394:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 389:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 213:for transliterated languages, and 193:of its non-English content, using 25: 8543: 5595:Thera, Ñanamoli; Bodhi, Bhikkhu. 5464:article link at Access to Insight 5299:อากาสานญฺจายตน or อากาศานนฺตยายตน 3835: 3158:Higher Heavens (Higher Kama Loka) 2019:Bṛhatphala worlds (fourth dhyana) 1201:Vertical cosmology – Three Realms 45:This article has multiple issues. 8494: 8484: 8483: 8041:Thai temple art and architecture 7786:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 6026:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 5892: 5879: 5869: 5757:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). 4865: 4654:their journeys lead here again. 4591:), a great trichiliocosm or The 4439:– the Naraka of chattering teeth 3963:Diêm Phù Đề or Nam Thiệm Bộ Châu 3493:Lower Heavens (Worlds of Sumeru) 2524:Ābhāsvara worlds (second dhyana) 2002:world. These are called in Pāli 1754:The five Śuddhāvāsa worlds are: 1025:Course of rebirth and liberation 910: 329: 180: 133: 75: 34: 5893: 5779:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide 5669: 5653: 5635: 5617: 5588: 5570: 5540: 5510: 5486: 5475: 5456: 5431: 5320: 5164:อากิญฺจญฺญายตน or อากิํจนฺยายตน 4948:Fourteen unanswerable questions 4719: 3569:Trời Đao Lợi/ Trời Tam Thập Tam 3008:พรหฺมปริสัชชา or พรหฺมปาริษัตยา 1049:), the "divine eye" by which a 53:or discuss these issues on the 8031:Japanese Buddhist architecture 7833:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 6913:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6104:Places where the Buddha stayed 5406: 5314: 5235: 5168: 5101: 5046: 4991: 4589:Trisahassi Mahasassi Lokadhātu 4120:อปรโคยานทวีป or อปรโคทานียทวีป 1190:cakravāḍa; Devanagari: चक्रवाड 229:multilingual support templates 13: 1: 8046:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 5307: 4626: 4585:Dvisahassi Majjhima Lokadhātu 4451:– the Naraka of cracking skin 4279:เดรัจฉานภูมิ or ติรยคฺโยนิโลก 4051:ปุพพวิเทหทีป or บูรพวิเทหทวีป 1729:when they pass away from the 95:that critically analyze them. 7803:Buddhism and the Roman world 7779:Decline of Buddhism in India 7774:History of Buddhism in India 5874: Topics in 5523:Buddhist Publication Society 5519:"Facets of Buddhist Thought" 5057:du shes med 'du shes med min 4615:or "Great Eon" (Chinese: 大劫 4421:– the "burst blister" Naraka 2746:Brahmā worlds (first dhyana) 1469:"Sphere of Infinite Space" ( 1329:catuḥ-samāpatti चतुःसमापत्ति 1306:Formless Realm (Ārūpyadhātu) 1294:and monotheistic religions. 592:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 7001:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 6741: 5372:The Foundations of Buddhism 5281: 5213: 5146: 4935: 4928: 4919: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4876: 4867: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4791: 4784: 4778: 4712: 4693: 4683: 4433:– the Naraka of lamentation 4206: 4199: 3914: 3908: 3844: 3814: 3542: 3533: 3521: 3483: 3410: 3404: 3328: 3243: 3066: 2961: 2895: 2643: 2635: 2424: 2416: 2406: 2359: 2351: 2337: 2303: 2293: 2196: 2134: 2101: 2071: 2064: 2025: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1968: 1951: 1927: 1910: 1886: 1869: 1861: 1839: 1822: 1810: 1776: 1759: 1663: 1628:Pure Abodes (non-returners) 1591: 1569: 1517: 1451: 1443: 1417: 1399: 1380: 1362: 1328: 1279: 1189: 1036: 146:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 8548: 7951:The unanswerable questions 5733:Princeton University Press 5689: 5439:"佛教对于彼岸世界的想像及其对中土的影响 – 王青" 5065:Xứ Phi Tưởng Phi Phi Tưởng 4862:will have come to an end. 4341: 3496: 3141: 3133:, under the domination of 3046: 2749: 2467:อัปปมาณสุภา or อัปรมาณศุภา 2323:; Devanagari: शुभकृत्स्न; 2127:อสัญฺญสัตฺตา or อสํชญสตฺวา 1631: 1248:) are the Formless Realm ( 1209: 1099: 8479: 8431: 8346: 8261: 8036:Buddhist temples in Korea 7959: 7861: 7744: 7441: 7369: 7196: 7069: 7009: 6644: 6599:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6510: 6502:Three planes of existence 6450: 6295: 6187: 6117: 6109:Buddha in world religions 5971: 5916: 5888: 5469:February 4, 2013, at the 5298: 5290: 5270: 5262: 5246: 5230: 5222: 5202: 5194: 5178: 5163: 5155: 5135: 5127: 5111: 5096: 5088: 5080: 5072: 5056: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5016: 4772:; Thai: พระเจ้าจักรพรรดิ 4501:Raurava/Rīrava रौरव/रीरव 4427:– the Naraka of shivering 4392: 4384: 4360: 4330: 4322: 4298: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4230: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4154: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4087: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4018: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3943: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3879: 3855: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3785: 3761: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3673: 3649: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3552: 3517:เขาพระสุเมรุ, สิเนรุบรรพต 3516: 3478: 3470: 3462: 3454: 3427: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3367: 3343: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3287: 3257: 3227: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3179: 3118: 3110: 3102: 3075: 3058: 3007: 2991: 2983: 2942: 2926: 2918: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2813: 2777: 2769: 2738: 2719: 2711: 2685: 2669: 2661: 2627: 2608: 2600: 2554:อาภัสสราภูมิ/อาภาสวราธาตุ 2553: 2545: 2516: 2500: 2492: 2466: 2450: 2442: 2401: 2385: 2377: 2328: 2320: 2284: 2268: 2260: 2238: 2222: 2214: 2183: 2164: 2156: 2126: 2118: 2090: 2058: 2050: 2042: 1993: 1985: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1940: 1919: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1878: 1874: 1856: 1852: 1831: 1827: 1801: 1793: 1768: 1764: 1704: 1696: 1672: 1655: 1647: 1586: 1578: 1558: 1550: 1526: 1509: 1501: 1426: 1363:Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana 1046: 7818:Persecution of Buddhists 7039:Four stages of awakening 6420:Three marks of existence 6006:Physical characteristics 5577:Kloetzli, Randy (1983). 4984: 4738:present-day humans are. 4684:Saṃvartakalpa संवर्तकल्प 4407:Eight Great Cold Narakas 2686:อัปปมาณาภา or อัปรมาณาภา 2517:ปริตฺตสุภา or ปรีตฺตศุภา 1367:नैवसंज्ञानासंज्ञायतन or 1236:; and the desire realm ( 1232:), corresponding to the 1179:Aerial view of Borobudur 1064:Beings can be reborn as 159:may contain suggestions. 144:may need to be rewritten 7181:Ten principal disciples 6064:(aunt, adoptive mother) 5788:Oxford University Press 5776:Trainor, Kevin (2004). 5697:Snelling, John (1987), 5680:Cakkavattisīhanādasutta 5664:Cakkavattisīhanādasutta 5581:. Motilal Banarsidass. 5498:Encyclopedia Britannica 5368:Gethin, Rupert (1998). 4670:Vivartakalpa विवर्तकल्प 4465:Eight Great Hot Narakas 4377:Địa Ngục hoặc Na-Lạc-Ca 4133:Anthocephalus chinensis 3392:ดุสิต, ตุสิตา or ตุษิตา 3188:gzhan 'phrul dbang byed 2360:Subhakiṇṇa / Subhakiṇha 612:Philosophical reasoning 303:-relation according to 7891:Buddhism and democracy 7404:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7399:Chinese Buddhist canon 6631:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6626:Early Buddhist schools 5254: 5186: 5119: 5064: 5008: 4943:Buddhism and evolution 4843:and will gain perfect 4704:antarakalpas अन्तरकल्प 4567: 4521:Tāpana/Tapana तापन/तपन 4415:– the "blister" Naraka 4376: 4314: 4246: 4170: 4103: 4034: 3962: 3871: 3777: 3665: 3568: 3508: 3446: 3359: 3312:นิมมานรติ or นิรมาณรติ 3279: 3195: 3168:Parinirmita-vaśavartin 3094: 2975: 2910: 2829: 2788:) as well as delight ( 2761: 2703: 2653: 2592: 2537: 2484: 2434: 2402:สุภกิณหา or ศุภกฤตฺสนา 2369: 2312: 2252: 2206: 2184:เวหัปปผลา or พรฺหตฺผลา 2148: 2110: 2034: 1977: 1936: 1895: 1848: 1785: 1688: 1608:rūpadhyānas (रुपध्यान) 1542: 1488:Form Realm (Rūpadhātu) 1440:विज्ञानानन्त्यायतन or 1369:Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana 1224:: the formless realm ( 1180: 1172: 1047:dibbacakkhu दिब्बचक्खु 1021: 379:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 307: 292: 8527:Religious cosmologies 7901:Eight Consciousnesses 6011:Life of Buddha in art 5729:Princeton, New Jersey 5715:Robert E. Buswell Jr. 5699:The Buddhist handbook 4762:cakravartin चक्रवर्ति 4744:Mahāsammata। महासम्मत 4708:antarakappa अन्तरकप्प 4565: 3904:มนุสสภูมิ or มนุษยโลก 3637:Cāturmahārājikakāyika 3499:Mount Meru (Buddhism) 3172:Paranimmita-vasavatti 3170:परिनिर्मितवशवर्ती or 2739:ปริตฺตาภา or ปรีตตาภา 2297:worlds (third dhyana) 1178: 1166: 1016: 647:Aids to Enlightenment 472:Dependent Origination 298: 274: 91:without referring to 8378:East Asian religions 7808:Buddhism in the West 7379:Early Buddhist texts 6994:Four Right Exertions 6460:Ten spiritual realms 5953:Noble Eightfold Path 5001:gzugs med pa'i khams 4331:เปรตภูมิ or เปตฺตโลก 4200:kalpavṛkṣa कल्पवृक्ष 4080:Aparagoyāna अपरगोयान 4035:Đông Thắng Thần Châu 3734:कुम्भाण्ड (dwarfs), 2628:อาภัสสรา or อาภาสวรา 1473:अाकाशानन्त्यायतन or 1310:The Formless Realm ( 617:Devotional practices 440:Noble Eightfold Path 191:specify the language 189:This article should 99:improve this article 8532:Buddhist philosophy 8501:Religion portal 8248:Temple of the Tooth 8127:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7166:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6659:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6442:Two truths doctrine 6262:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6062:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5719:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 5247:nam mkha' mtha' yas 5179:rnam shes mtha' yas 5041:อารูปยธาตุ/ อรูปโลก 4968:Religious cosmology 4906:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa 4897:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa 4888:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa 4713:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa 3738:गन्धर्व (fairies), 3666:Trời Tứ Thiên Vương 3561:sum cu rtsa gsum pa 3196:Trời Tha Hoá Tự Tại 3180:གཞན་འཕྲུལ་དབང་བྱེད་ 2896:Saṃvartasthāyikalpa 2654:Trời Vô Lượng Quang 2364:सुभकिण्ण/सुभकिण्ह ( 1438:Vijñānānantyāyatana 917:Buddhism portal 790:Buddhism by country 552:Sanskrit literature 8522:Buddhist cosmology 8423:Western philosophy 8021:Dzong architecture 7843:Vipassana movement 7838:Buddhist modernism 7266:Emperor Wen of Sui 7034:Pratyekabuddhayāna 6967:Threefold Training 6769:Vipassana movement 6485:Hungry Ghost realm 6305:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6252:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 6001:Great Renunciation 5996:Eight Great Events 5878: 5814:Buddhist Cosmology 5666:), sections 19–20. 5650:), sections 12–26. 5632:), sections 10–11. 5517:Jayatilleke, K.N. 4913:Other destructions 4860:Vivartasthāyikalpa 4816:Second antarakalpa 4774:Phracêā cạkrphrrdi 4770:Zhuǎnlún Shèngwáng 4750:Vivartasthāyikalpa 4603:Temporal cosmology 4581:Culanika Lokadhātu 4568: 4531:Mahātāpana महातापन 4481:Kālasūtra कालसूत्र 4419:Nirarbuda निरर्बुद 4221:तिर्यग्योनिलोक or 3742:नाग (dragons) and 3640:चातुर्महाराजिक or 3174:परनिम्मितवसवत्ति ( 2966:ब्रह्मपारिषद्य or 2822:tshangs pa chen po 2798:Temporal cosmology 2784:) and reflection ( 2573:Temporal cosmology 2560:) as well as joy ( 2435:Trời Vô Lượng Tịnh 2343:Temporal cosmology 2077:Temporal cosmology 1857:สุทัสสี, สุทารฺศฺน 1444:Viññāṇānañcāyatana 1216:Dhyāna in Buddhism 1181: 1173: 1022: 1009:Meaning and origin 956:Buddhist cosmology 404:Buddhist modernism 308: 305:Theravāda Buddhism 293: 8509: 8508: 8147:Om mani padme hum 7853:Women in Buddhism 7769:Buddhist councils 7639:Western countries 7427:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7188:Shaolin Monastery 6765:Samatha-vipassanā 6375:Pratītyasamutpāda 6179:Metteyya/Maitreya 6097: 6089: 6081: 6073: 6065: 6057: 6049: 5926:Four Noble Truths 5601:Access to Insight 5494:"Saturn | planet" 5339:on 19 August 2017 5323:"Saleyyaka Sutta" 5279: 5211: 5144: 4755:First antarakalpa 4455:Mahāpadma महापद्म 4344:Naraka (Buddhism) 4104:Tây Ngưu Hoá Châu 3915:Cakkavāḷa चक्कवाळ 3553:སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གསུམ་པ་ 3539:त्रायस्त्रिंश or 3511:; Sineru सिनेरु; 3064: 2752:Brahma (Buddhism) 2099: 1966: 1925: 1884: 1837: 1802:อกนิฏฺฐา, อกนิษฐา 1786:Trời Sắc Cứu Cánh 1774: 1661: 1617:Sahasra cosmology 1567: 1515: 1471:Ākāśānantyāyatana 1404:आकिंचन्यायतना or 1159:Spatial cosmology 1092:(form realm) and 953: 952: 435:Four Noble Truths 269: 268: 261: 251: 250: 231:may also be used. 174: 173: 148:quality standards 127: 126: 119: 93:secondary sources 68: 16:(Redirected from 8539: 8499: 8498: 8487: 8486: 8326:Sacred languages 8174:Maya Devi Temple 8137:Mahabodhi Temple 7941:Secular Buddhism 7906:Engaged Buddhism 6746: 6594:Tibetan Buddhism 6545:Vietnamese Thiền 6144:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6095: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6047: 5896: 5895: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5772: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5702: 5683: 5673: 5667: 5657: 5651: 5639: 5633: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5554:. Archived from 5552:Mettanet – Lanka 5544: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5490: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5441:. Archived from 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5418:The Zen Universe 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5375: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5332:. Archived from 5330:The Dharmafarers 5327: 5318: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5255:Xứ Không Vô Biên 5248: 5243:Standard Tibetan 5239: 5233: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5180: 5175:Standard Tibetan 5172: 5166: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5113: 5108:Standard Tibetan 5105: 5099: 5098: 5090: 5082: 5074: 5058: 5053:Standard Tibetan 5050: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 4995: 4973:Secular Buddhism 4931: 4922: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4879: 4870: 4841: 4833: 4826: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4715: 4696: 4686: 4577:Planetary system 4394: 4386: 4362: 4332: 4324: 4300: 4280: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4232: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4156: 4129: 4121: 4113: 4089: 4060: 4052: 4044: 4020: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3954: 3945: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3881: 3857: 3847: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3763: 3699: 3691: 3683: 3675: 3651: 3644:चातुम्महाराजिक ( 3602: 3594: 3586: 3578: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3486: 3480: 3472: 3464: 3456: 3438: 3429: 3413: 3407: 3393: 3385: 3377: 3369: 3345: 3331: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3246: 3238:above the Earth. 3229: 3221: 3220:ပရနိမ္မိတဝသဝတ္တီ 3213: 3205: 3181: 3120: 3112: 3104: 3086: 3077: 3069: 3063:romanized: 3062: 3060: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 2993: 2985: 2970:ब्रह्मपारिसज्ज ( 2964: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2928: 2920: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2854: 2846: 2839: 2815: 2779: 2771: 2740: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2704:Trời Thiểu Quang 2687: 2671: 2663: 2646: 2638: 2629: 2619: 2610: 2602: 2555: 2547: 2532:आभास्वर worlds ( 2518: 2502: 2494: 2468: 2452: 2444: 2427: 2419: 2409: 2403: 2387: 2379: 2362: 2354: 2340: 2330: 2322: 2306: 2296: 2286: 2270: 2262: 2240: 2224: 2216: 2199: 2185: 2175: 2166: 2158: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2044: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1987: 1971: 1965:romanized: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1942: 1930: 1924:romanized: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1904:สุทัสสา, สุทรรศา 1901: 1889: 1883:romanized: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1842: 1836:romanized: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1813: 1803: 1795: 1779: 1773:romanized: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1737:Brahma Sahampati 1706: 1698: 1674: 1666: 1660:romanized: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1594: 1588: 1587:รูปโลก / รูปธาตุ 1580: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1528: 1520: 1514:romanized: 1513: 1511: 1503: 1475:Ākāsānañcāyatana 1454: 1452:Viññāṇañcāyatana 1446: 1429:), the first of 1428: 1420: 1402: 1383: 1365: 1331: 1282: 1271:Devas and Brahma 1206:The three realms 1192: 1167:The plan of the 1139:Anguttara Nikaya 1048: 1039: 945: 938: 931: 915: 914: 642:Sublime abidings 333: 310: 309: 264: 257: 246: 243: 237: 222: 216: 212: 206: 202: 196: 184: 183: 176: 169: 166: 160: 137: 129: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8493: 8475: 8427: 8342: 8257: 7994:Ordination hall 7955: 7857: 7828:Buddhist crisis 7740: 7437: 7389:Mahayana sutras 7365: 7361:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7192: 7065: 7005: 6955:Bodhisattva vow 6640: 6506: 6446: 6405:Taṇhā (Craving) 6340:Five hindrances 6291: 6183: 6113: 5967: 5912: 5884: 5867: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5811: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5769: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5710: 5708:Further reading 5705: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5682:), sections 21. 5674: 5670: 5658: 5654: 5640: 5636: 5622: 5618: 5605: 5603: 5593: 5589: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5558:on 29 July 2020 5546: 5545: 5541: 5527: 5525: 5515: 5511: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5471:Wayback Machine 5461: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5423: 5421: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5366: 5355: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5240: 5236: 5214:shiki mu hen jo 5187:Xứ Thức Vô Biên 5173: 5169: 5106: 5102: 5089:နေဝသညာ နာသညာယတန 5051: 5047: 5025:無色界 Mushiki-kai 4996: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4953:Hindu cosmology 4938: 4915: 4901: 4872: 4818: 4757: 4752: 4722: 4629: 4605: 4560: 4554: 4467: 4461: 4409: 4346: 4340: 4338:Hells (Narakas) 4223:Tiracchāna-yoni 4218:Tiryagyoni-loka 4171:Bắc Câu Lư Châu 4069:Albizia lebbeck 4000:Syzygium cumini 3952: 3912:चक्रवाड (Pāli: 3838: 3658:rgyal chen bzhi 3642:Cātummahārājika 3501: 3495: 3436: 3270: 3266: 3160: 3144: 3084: 3051: 3045: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3015: 2976:Trời Phạm Chúng 2968:Brahmapārisajja 2962:Brahmapāriṣadya 2951: 2947: 2946: 2905:ब्रह्मपुरोहित ( 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2754: 2748: 2728: 2617: 2526: 2485:Trời Thiểu Tịnh 2299: 2231:bsod nams skyes 2223:བསོད་ནམས་སྐྱེས་ 2207:Trời Phước Sanh 2173: 2021: 1939:; Chinese: 1898:; Chinese: 1896:Trời Thiện Hiện 1851:; Chinese: 1849:Trời Thiện Kiến 1636: 1630: 1535:gzugs kyi khams 1490: 1406:Ākiñcaññāyatana 1400:Ākiṃcanyāyatana 1348:unable to hear 1308: 1273: 1218: 1208: 1203: 1161: 1131:Majjhima Nikaya 1102: 1027: 1011: 949: 909: 902: 901: 792: 782: 781: 732: 722: 721: 687: 677: 676: 582: 572: 571: 542:Mahayana Sutras 522: 512: 511: 452:Five Aggregates 430: 429: 409: 408: 399:Later Buddhists 364: 265: 254: 253: 252: 247: 241: 238: 232: 220: 214: 210: 208:transliteration 204: 200: 194: 185: 181: 170: 164: 161: 151: 138: 123: 112: 106: 103: 96: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8545: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8491: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8437: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8058:Greco-Buddhist 8050: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8009:Burmese pagoda 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7791:Greco-Buddhism 7788: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7724:United Kingdom 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7669:Czech Republic 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7558: 7548: 7543: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7433:Abhidharmadīpa 7430: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7351:B. R. Ambedkar 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7271:Songtsen Gampo 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7013: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6950:Eight precepts 6947: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6738: 6728: 6723: 6721:Five Strengths 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6516: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6360:Mental factors 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6212:Mahamoggallāna 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6127:Avalokiteśvara 6123: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5866: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5809: 5797:978-0195173987 5796: 5773: 5767: 5754: 5742:978-1400848058 5741: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5668: 5652: 5634: 5616: 5587: 5569: 5539: 5509: 5485: 5474: 5455: 5430: 5405: 5393: 5386: 5353: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5291:အာကာသာနဉ္စာယတန 5234: 5167: 5100: 5045: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4963:Jain cosmology 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4914: 4911: 4900: 4893: 4871: 4864: 4817: 4814: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4721: 4718: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4628: 4625: 4619:/Japanese: 大劫 4604: 4601: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4538: 4528: 4518: 4508: 4498: 4491:Saṃghāta संघात 4488: 4478: 4471:Sañjīva सञ्जीव 4466: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4405: 4342:Main article: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4282: 4225:तिरच्छानयोनि ( 4214: 4213: 4212: 4141: 4078:अपरगोदानीय or 4073: 4009:पूर्वविदेह or 4004: 3944:འཛམ་བུའི་གླིང་ 3934:जम्वुद्वीप or 3837: 3836:Earthly realms 3834: 3825: 3824: 3749: 3682:Shidaiōshu-ten 3633: 3497:Main article: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3415: 3323: 3296:化楽天 Keraku-ten 3248:निर्माणरति or 3239: 3159: 3156: 3143: 3140: 3087:dod pa'i khams 3047:Main article: 3044: 3039:Desire Realm ( 3037: 3036: 3035: 2957: 2903:Brahmapurohita 2900: 2750:Main article: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2689: 2631: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2470: 2421:अप्रमाणशुभ or 2412: 2370:Trời Biến Tịnh 2356:शुभकृत्स्न or 2329:ศุภกฤตฺสนาภูมิ 2298: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2242: 2192: 2149:Trời Quảng Quả 2130: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 1948: 1907: 1866: 1819: 1707:) worlds, or " 1705:สุทฺธาวสฺสภูมิ 1681:gnas gtsang ma 1632:Main article: 1629: 1626: 1527:གཟུགས་ཀྱི་ཁམས་ 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1467: 1434: 1394: 1307: 1304: 1272: 1269: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1160: 1157: 1127:Gautama Buddha 1101: 1098: 1026: 1023: 1010: 1007: 951: 950: 948: 947: 940: 933: 925: 922: 921: 920: 919: 904: 903: 900: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 793: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 733: 728: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 714: 709: 707:Pratyekabuddha 704: 699: 694: 688: 683: 682: 679: 678: 675: 674: 669: 664: 662:Buddhist chant 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 523: 520:Buddhist texts 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 437: 431: 428: 427: 422: 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 365: 360: 359: 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 335: 334: 326: 325: 319: 318: 267: 266: 249: 248: 227:. Knowledge's 188: 186: 179: 172: 171: 141: 139: 132: 125: 124: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8544: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8263:Miscellaneous 8260: 8254: 8253:Vegetarianism 8251: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8075:Buddha in art 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7729:United States 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7286:Padmasambhava 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7198:Major figures 7195: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7144:Western tulku 7142: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7002: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6945:Five precepts 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923:Dhamma vicaya 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6691:Buddhābhiṣeka 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Enlightenment 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Dhamma theory 6323: 6321: 6320:Buddha-nature 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:Samantabhadra 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5827:on 2020-01-18 5823: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5768:0-02-865718-7 5764: 5760: 5755: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5681: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5648: 5647:Aggañña Sutta 5643: 5638: 5631: 5630: 5629:Aggañña Sutta 5625: 5620: 5613: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5445:on 2011-07-25 5444: 5440: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5403:, p. 43. 5402: 5401:Snelling 1987 5397: 5389: 5387:0-19-289223-1 5383: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5296: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5228: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5104: 5094: 5086: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4933: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4920:Saṃvartakalpa 4910: 4907: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4882: 4878: 4877:Saṃvartakalpa 4869: 4868:Saṃvartakalpa 4863: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4845:enlightenment 4842: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4825: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4792:śramaṇa श्रमण 4786: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4747: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4515:မဟာရောရုဝ ငရဲ 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4413:Arbuda अर्बुद 4411: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:sgra mi snyan 4160: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4125: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096:ba lang spyod 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076:Aparagodānīya 4074: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4056: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4027:lus 'phags po 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3992: 3984: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3955:dzam bu gling 3949: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3901: 3893: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650:རྒྱལ་ཆེན་བཞི་ 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3485: 3476: 3468: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3381: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3360:Trời Đâu Suất 3357: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3212:Takejizai-ten 3209: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3076:འདོད་པའི་ཁམས་ 3073: 3068: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2943:พรหฺมปุโรหิตา 2940: 2936: 2935:tshangs 'khor 2932: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2911:Trời Phạm Phụ 2908: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2830:Trời Đại Phạm 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814:ཚངས་པ་ཆེན་པོ་ 2811: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2678:tshad med 'od 2675: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2640:अप्रमाणाभ or 2639: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2593:Trời Quang Âm 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2475:परीत्तशुभ or 2474: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2459:tshad med dge 2456: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2425:Appamāṇasubha 2420: 2418: 2417:Apramāṇaśubha 2413: 2408: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2295: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2111:Trời Vô Tưởng 2108: 2103: 2102:Asaṃjñasattva 2097: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994:อวิหา, อวรรหา 1991: 1983: 1979: 1978:Trời Vô Phiền 1975: 1970: 1953: 1949: 1938: 1937:Trời Vô Nhiệt 1934: 1929: 1912: 1908: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1689:Tịnh Cư Thiên 1686: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1665: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1019: 1015: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 974: 972: 968: 965: 962:according to 961: 957: 946: 941: 939: 934: 932: 927: 926: 924: 923: 918: 913: 908: 907: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 791: 786: 785: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 731: 726: 725: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 689: 686: 681: 680: 673: 672:Vegetarianism 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 627:Recollections 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Five precepts 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 581: 576: 575: 568: 565: 563: 562:Chinese canon 560: 558: 557:Tibetan canon 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 521: 516: 515: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 363: 358: 357: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 336: 332: 328: 327: 324: 321: 320: 316: 312: 311: 306: 302: 297: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 263: 260: 245: 235: 230: 226: 219: 209: 199: 192: 187: 178: 177: 168: 158: 154: 149: 145: 142:This article 140: 136: 131: 130: 121: 118: 110: 107:December 2013 100: 94: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 8441:Bodhisattvas 8361:Christianity 8356:Baháʼí Faith 8221:Dharmachakra 8211:Prayer wheel 8201:Prayer beads 7969:Architecture 7848:969 Movement 7632:Saudi Arabia 7610:Central Asia 7603:South Africa 7425: 7408: 7341:Panchen Lama 7246:Buddhapālita 6842:Satipatthana 6837:Mindful Yoga 6750:Recollection 6664:Brahmavihara 6535:Japanese Zen 6530:Chinese Chan 6490:Animal realm 6451: 6297:Key concepts 6119:Bodhisattvas 5931:Three Jewels 5829:. Retrieved 5822:the original 5813: 5801:. Retrieved 5778: 5758: 5746:. Retrieved 5723: 5698: 5679: 5678:, Sutta 26 ( 5675: 5671: 5663: 5662:, Sutta 26 ( 5659: 5655: 5645: 5644:, Sutta 27 ( 5641: 5637: 5627: 5626:, Sutta 27 ( 5623: 5619: 5611: 5604:. Retrieved 5600: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5556:the original 5551: 5542: 5533: 5526:. Retrieved 5522: 5512: 5501:. Retrieved 5497: 5488: 5477: 5458: 5447:. Retrieved 5443:the original 5433: 5422:. Retrieved 5420:. 2016-11-01 5417: 5408: 5396: 5371: 5348: 5341:. Retrieved 5334:the original 5329: 5316: 5282:kū mu hen jo 5237: 5223:ဝိညာဏဉ္စာယတန 5170: 5156:အာကိဉ္စညာယတန 5147:mu sho u sho 5120:Xứ Vô Sở Hữu 5103: 5048: 5000: 4993: 4925: 4916: 4902: 4883: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4819: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4773: 4769: 4768:; Chn: 轉輪聖王 4765: 4764:; Jpn: 転輪聖王 4758: 4740: 4723: 4720:Vivartakalpa 4707: 4703: 4701: 4691: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4569: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4480: 4475:သိဉ္ဇိုး ငရဲ 4474: 4470: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4443:Utpala उत्पल 4442: 4437:Huhuva हुहुव 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4401: 4368: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4306: 4290: 4289:प्रेतलोक or 4284: 4271:တိရစ္ဆာန်ဘုံ 4238: 4222: 4216: 4187:อุตรกุรุทวีป 4162: 4143: 4138:Bullock cart 4131: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4026: 4019:ལུས་འཕགས་པོ་ 4013:पुब्बविदेह ( 4010: 4006: 3999: 3951: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3863: 3841: 3826: 3815:Trāyastriṃśa 3769: 3751: 3744: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3657: 3641: 3635: 3560: 3540: 3534:Trāyastriṃśa 3530: 3522:Trāyastriṃśa 3502: 3435: 3417: 3351: 3335: 3325: 3280:Trời Hoá Lạc 3265: 3252:निम्माणरती ( 3249: 3241: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3145: 3083: 3052: 3049:Desire realm 3040: 3012:Brahmakāyika 3011: 2999: 2967: 2959: 2934: 2902: 2821: 2808:महाब्रह्मा ( 2805: 2755: 2727: 2695: 2694:परीत्ताभ or 2691: 2677: 2641: 2633: 2616: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2565: 2527: 2508: 2477:Parittasubha 2476: 2473:Parīttaśubha 2472: 2458: 2429:अप्पमाणसुभ ( 2422: 2414: 2393: 2357: 2349: 2300: 2276: 2244: 2230: 2197:Puṇyaprasava 2194: 2172: 2140: 2132: 2083: 2022: 1945:อตัปปา, อตปา 1753: 1749: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1680: 1639: 1637: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1601: 1597: 1592:Trāyastriṃśa 1579:ရူပဗြဟ္မာဘုံ 1534: 1493: 1491: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1457: 1449: 1441: 1437: 1427:Āḷāra Kālāma 1418:Ārāḍa Kālāma 1409: 1405: 1397: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1342:Bodhisattvas 1334:arūpadhyānas 1319: 1311: 1309: 1296: 1292:polytheistic 1286: 1276: 1274: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1153:Sarvāstivāda 1149:Vibhajyavāda 1143: 1103: 1082: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1028: 975: 971:commentaries 955: 954: 622:Merit making 587:Three Jewels 527:Buddhavacana 506: 457:Impermanence 445:Dharma wheel 255: 239: 225:ISO 639 code 221:}} 215:{{ 211:}} 205:{{ 201:}} 195:{{ 190: 162: 153:You can help 143: 113: 104: 97:Please help 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 8286:Dharma talk 8115:Asalha Puja 7911:Eschatology 7714:Switzerland 7694:New Zealand 7622:Middle East 7531:Philippines 7451:Afghanistan 7256:Bodhidharma 7241:Buddhaghosa 7161:Householder 7071:Monasticism 7024:Bodhisattva 6879:Prostration 6832:Mindfulness 6760:Anapanasati 6743:Kammaṭṭhāna 6540:Korean Seon 6480:Asura realm 6475:Human realm 6415:Ten Fetters 6370:Parinirvana 6272:Uppalavanna 6237:Mahākaccana 6222:Mahākassapa 6154:Kṣitigarbha 6149:Ākāśagarbha 6046:Suddhodāna 5991:Four sights 5918:Foundations 5676:Dīghanikāya 5660:Dīghanikāya 5642:Dīghanikāya 5624:Dīghanikāya 5321:Tan, Piya. 5112:ci yang med 5009:Giới Vô Sắc 4929:Śubhakṛtsna 4856:antarakalpa 4852:antarakalpa 4782:(Sanskrit: 4766:Tenrin Jō-ō 4535:မဟာတာပန ငရဲ 4495:သင်္ဃာတ ငရဲ 4485:ကာဠသုတ် ငရဲ 4353:Niraya निरय 4155:སྒྲ་མི་སྙན་ 4088:བ་ལང་སྤྱོད་ 4011:Pubbavideha 4007:Pūrvavideha 3924:cakkaratana 3850:मनुष्यलोक ( 3845:Manuṣyaloka 3712:धृतराष्ट्रः 3710:Dhṛtarāṣṭra 3613:Shachi devi 3376:Tosotsu-ten 3250:Nimmānaratī 3244:Nirmāṇarati 3000:tshangs ris 2792:) and joy ( 2670:ཚད་མེད་འོད་ 2648:अप्पमाणाभ ( 2644:Appamāṇābha 2636:Apramāṇābha 2583:आभास्वर or 2566:aho sukham! 2479:परित्तसुभ ( 2451:ཚད་མེད་དགེ་ 2407:Śubhakṛtsna 2352:Śubhakṛtsna 2338:Śubhakṛtsna 2304:Śubhakṛtsna 2294:Śubhakṛtsna 2253:Trời Vô Vân 2176:bras bu che 2165:འབྲས་བུ་ཆེ་ 2139:बृहत्फल or 2084:Asaññasatta 2005:uddhaṃsotas 1955:(Sanskrit: 1914:(Sanskrit: 1873:(Sanskrit: 1826:(Sanskrit: 1763:(Sanskrit: 1745:Bodhisattva 1741:Bodhisattva 1709:Pure Abodes 1634:Pure Abodes 1352:teachings. 1312:Ārūpyadhātu 1250:Ārūpyadhātu 1234:rūpa jhānas 1226:Ārūpyadhātu 1037:divyacakṣus 857:New Zealand 712:Bodhisattva 697:Four Stages 652:Monasticism 632:Mindfulness 602:Perfections 532:Early Texts 165:August 2020 8516:Categories 8403:Psychology 8383:Gnosticism 8371:Comparison 8366:Influences 8348:Comparison 8231:Bhavacakra 8189:Kushinagar 8164:Pilgrimage 8110:Māgha Pūjā 8065:Bodhi Tree 7881:Buddhology 7871:Abhidharma 7863:Philosophy 7796:Menander I 7664:Costa Rica 7615:Uzbekistan 7456:Bangladesh 7410:Dhammapada 7394:Pali Canon 7356:Ajahn Chah 7336:Dalai Lama 7236:Kumārajīva 7231:Vasubandhu 7206:The Buddha 7114:Zen master 7049:Sakadagami 7029:Buddhahood 6960:Pratimokṣa 6775:Shikantaza 6731:Meditation 6706:Deity yoga 6577:Madhyamaka 6470:Deva realm 6365:Mindstream 6315:Bodhicitta 6227:Aṅgulimāla 6094:Devadatta 6070:Yaśodharā 5973:The Buddha 5963:Middle Way 5831:2018-09-02 5503:2017-06-08 5449:2009-11-28 5424:2018-10-24 5308:References 5251:Vietnamese 5183:Vietnamese 5116:Vietnamese 5061:Vietnamese 5005:Vietnamese 4824:Saṅkha शंख 4735:Avīci Hell 4731:Brahmaloka 4727:Mahābrahmā 4627:Maha Kalpa 4546:(Burmese: 4533:(Burmese: 4523:(Burmese: 4513:(Burmese: 4505:ရောရုဝ ငရဲ 4503:(Burmese: 4493:(Burmese: 4483:(Burmese: 4473:(Burmese: 4449:Padma पद्म 4431:Hahava हहव 4373:Vietnamese 4349:Naraka नरक 4311:Vietnamese 4243:Vietnamese 4207:Vaiśravaṇa 4167:Vietnamese 4145:Uttarakuru 4100:Vietnamese 4043:ပုဗ္ဗဝိဒေဟ 4031:Vietnamese 3971:閻浮提 or 贍部洲 3959:Vietnamese 3938:जम्बुदीप ( 3931:Jambudvīpa 3920:cakraratna 3868:Vietnamese 3821:Vemacitrin 3774:Vietnamese 3770:lha ma yin 3736:Gandharvas 3731:Kumbhāṇḍas 3724:Vaiśravaṇa 3719:विरूपाक्षः 3690:စတုမဟာရာဇ် 3662:Vietnamese 3565:Vietnamese 3505:Vietnamese 3447:Trời Dạ Ma 3443:Vietnamese 3356:Vietnamese 3304:နိမ္မာနရတိ 3276:Vietnamese 3258:འཕྲུལ་དགའ་ 3192:Vietnamese 3091:Vietnamese 2972:Vietnamese 2907:Vietnamese 2861:Mahābrahmā 2857:Brahmaloka 2853:มหาพรหฺมฺา 2845:'Daibonten 2826:Vietnamese 2806:Mahābrahmā 2758:Vietnamese 2700:Vietnamese 2698:परित्ताभ ( 2696:Parittābha 2692:Parīttābha 2650:Vietnamese 2589:Vietnamese 2581:Ābhāsvara 2534:Vietnamese 2481:Vietnamese 2431:Vietnamese 2366:Vietnamese 2309:Vietnamese 2269:སྤྲིན་མེད་ 2249:Vietnamese 2239:ปณฺยปรัสวา 2203:Vietnamese 2145:Vietnamese 2141:Vehapphala 2135:Bṛhatphala 2107:Vietnamese 2072:Bṛhatphala 2031:Vietnamese 2026:Bṛhatphala 1974:Vietnamese 1933:Vietnamese 1892:Vietnamese 1845:Vietnamese 1782:Vietnamese 1732:Suddhavasa 1685:Vietnamese 1673:གནས་གཙང་མ་ 1664:suddhāvāsa 1640:Śuddhāvāsa 1539:Vietnamese 1431:the Buddha 1387:the Buddha 1210:See also: 1195:horizontal 1106:Abhidharma 1094:Arupa-loka 1074:(demons), 967:scriptures 730:Traditions 667:Pilgrimage 607:Meditation 567:Post-canon 547:Pāli Canon 477:Middle Way 374:The Buddha 289:Uttarakuru 285:Jambudvīpa 281:Mount Meru 242:March 2022 50:improve it 8471:Festivals 8451:Buddhists 8413:Theosophy 8216:Symbolism 8206:Hama yumi 8179:Bodh Gaya 7946:Socialism 7921:Evolution 7896:Economics 7734:Venezuela 7649:Australia 7644:Argentina 7568:Sri Lanka 7563:Singapore 7481:Indonesia 7443:Countries 7384:Tripiṭaka 7346:Ajahn Mun 7221:Nagarjuna 7216:Aśvaghoṣa 7099:Anagārika 7094:Śrāmaṇerī 7089:Śrāmaṇera 7084:Bhikkhunī 7044:Sotāpanna 6933:Passaddhi 6874:Offerings 6849:Nekkhamma 6726:Iddhipada 6646:Practices 6616:Theravada 6589:Vajrayana 6582:Yogachara 6552:Pure Land 6465:Six Paths 6452:Cosmology 6232:Anuruddha 6207:Sāriputta 6197:Kaundinya 6189:Disciples 6164:Vajrapāṇi 6016:Footprint 5981:Tathāgata 5378:Chapter 5 5276:romanized 5263:空无边处/空無邊處 5208:romanized 5195:识无边处/識無邊處 5141:romanized 5128:无所有处/無所有處 4978:Six Paths 4785:Dṛḍhanemi 4779:Daḷhanemi 4659:mahākalpa 4613:mahākalpa 4597:Tathagata 4573:Cakkavāla 4548:အဝီစိ ငရဲ 4425:Ataṭa अतट 4286:Pretaloka 4231:དུད་འགྲོ་ 4179:ဥတ္တရကုရု 4147:उत्तरकुरु 4112:အပရဂေါယာန 3936:Jambudīpa 3909:Cakravāḍa 3762:ལྷ་མ་ཡིན་ 3717:Virūpākṣa 3703:Virūḍhaka 3547:तावतिंस ( 3543:Tāvatiṃsa 3439:thab bral 3411:Santuṣita 3396:Śākyamuni 3352:dga' ldan 3334:तुषित or 3269:phrul dga 3041:Kāmadhātu 2927:ཚངས་འཁོར་ 2585:Ābhassara 2538:Nhị Thiền 2530:Ābhāsvara 2509:dge chung 2394:dge rgyas 2386:དགེ་རྒྱས་ 2313:Tam Thiền 2277:sprin med 2245:Anabhraka 2188:Anāgāmins 2143:वेहप्फल ( 2096:romanized 2091:असञ्ञसत्त 2059:เวหปฺปผลา 2043:四禅九天/四禪九天 1999:Akaniṣṭha 1862:Akaniṣṭha 1823:Sudarśana 1816:Maheśvara 1811:Akaniṣṭha 1777:akaniṭṭha 1760:Akaniṣṭha 1713:Anāgāmins 1656:सुद्धावास 1648:शुद्धावास 1570:shiki-kai 1564:romanized 1494:Rūpadhātu 1332:) of the 1320:Arūpaloka 1297:The term 1258:Kāmadhātu 1254:Rūpadhātu 1246:trailokya 1238:Kamadhātu 1230:Rūpadhātu 1212:Trailokya 1169:Borobudur 1110:Theravāda 1090:Rupa-loka 1086:Kama-loka 978:cosmology 877:Sri Lanka 867:Singapore 822:Indonesia 762:Vajrayāna 737:Theravāda 692:Awakening 580:Practices 537:Tripiṭaka 507:Cosmology 482:Emptiness 462:Suffering 275:Buddhist 157:talk page 56:talk page 8489:Category 8418:Violence 8388:Hinduism 8336:Sanskrit 8291:Hinayana 8276:Amitābha 8236:Swastika 8105:Uposatha 8095:Holidays 8080:Calendar 7926:Humanism 7764:Kanishka 7754:Timeline 7578:Thailand 7546:Kalmykia 7541:Buryatia 7526:Pakistan 7511:Mongolia 7506:Maldives 7501:Malaysia 7466:Cambodia 7331:Shamarpa 7326:Nichiren 7276:Xuanzang 7211:Nagasena 7129:Rinpoche 6859:Pāramitā 6701:Devotion 6621:Navayana 6609:Dzogchen 6572:Nichiren 6520:Mahayana 6512:Branches 6390:Saṅkhāra 6139:Mañjuśrī 6096:(cousin) 6088:(cousin) 6056:(mother) 6048:(father) 6036:Miracles 5986:Birthday 5903:Glossary 5876:Buddhism 5721:(2013). 5467:Archived 5267:Japanese 5199:Japanese 5132:Japanese 5077:Japanese 5033:အရူပလောက 5021:Japanese 4936:See also 4891:begins. 4733:down to 4525:တာပန ငရဲ 4369:dmyal ba 4307:yi dwags 4299:ཡི་དྭགས་ 4293:पेतलोक ( 4291:Petaloka 4263:chikushō 4259:Japanese 4247:Súc Sanh 4239:dud 'gro 3995:ชมพูทวีป 3987:ဇမ္ဗုဒီပ 3975:Japanese 3884:Japanese 3790:Japanese 3726:वैश्रवणः 3678:Japanese 3607:devānām 3593:တာဝတိံသာ 3585:Tōri-ten 3581:Japanese 3577:忉利天/三十三天 3484:Rājagṛha 3463:Yama-ten 3459:Japanese 3428:འཐབ་བྲལ་ 3400:Maitreya 3372:Japanese 3344:དགའ་ལྡན་ 3320:upāsikās 3292:Japanese 3208:Japanese 3123:Anagamis 3111:Yoku-kai 3107:Japanese 3095:Giới Dục 3067:Kāmaloka 2992:ཚངས་རིས་ 2841:Japanese 2778:พรหมภูมิ 2762:Sơ Thiền 2731:od chung 2720:འོད་ཆུང་ 2609:འོད་གསལ་ 2587:आभस्सर ( 2501:དགེ་ཆུང་ 2411:shades." 2307:worlds ( 2087:Sanskrit 2047:Japanese 2035:Tứ Thiền 2029:worlds ( 1959:; Pali: 1943:; Thai: 1918:; Pali: 1902:; Thai: 1877:; Pali: 1855:; Thai: 1830:; Pali: 1767:; Pali: 1735:worlds. 1644:Sanskrit 1555:Japanese 1543:Giới Sắc 1518:rūpaloka 1498:Sanskrit 1316:Sanskrit 1242:tridhātu 1185:vertical 1114:Mahāyāna 1108:in both 1031:universe 1018:Wat Arun 964:Buddhist 960:Universe 887:Thailand 847:Mongolia 842:Malaysia 807:Cambodia 772:Navayana 752:Hinayana 747:Mahāyāna 657:Lay life 487:Morality 467:Not-self 425:Concepts 384:Councils 369:Timeline 341:Glossary 323:Buddhism 315:a series 313:Part of 8466:Temples 8446:Buddhas 8408:Science 8398:Judaism 8393:Jainism 8311:Lineage 8271:Abhijñā 8241:Thangka 8184:Sarnath 8169:Lumbini 8090:Funeral 8085:Cuisine 7961:Culture 7936:Reality 7886:Creator 7876:Atomism 7746:History 7719:Ukraine 7679:Germany 7598:Senegal 7588:Vietnam 7516:Myanmar 7316:Shinran 7306:Karmapa 7281:Shandao 7251:Dignāga 7176:Śrāvaka 7156:Donchee 7151:Kappiya 7109:Sayadaw 7079:Bhikkhu 7054:Anāgāmi 7011:Nirvana 6977:Samadhi 6864:Paritta 6805:Tonglen 6800:Mandala 6755:Smarana 6736:Mantras 6684:Upekkha 6654:Bhavana 6604:Shingon 6557:Tiantai 6410:Tathātā 6400:Śūnyatā 6395:Skandha 6385:Saṃsāra 6380:Rebirth 6355:Kleshas 6345:Indriya 6247:Subhūti 6132:Guanyin 6086:Ānanda 6078:Rāhula 5958:Nirvana 5898:Outline 5803:22 June 5748:22 June 5701:, Rider 5690:Sources 5287:Burmese 5278:: 5259:Chinese 5219:Burmese 5210:: 5191:Chinese 5152:Burmese 5143:: 5124:Chinese 5085:Burmese 5081:非有想非無想処 5073:非有想非无想処 5069:Chinese 5029:Burmese 5017:无色界/無色界 5013:Chinese 4839:śramaṇa 4706:(Pāli: 4381:Burmese 4361:དམྱལ་བ་ 4357:Tibetan 4323:ပြိတ္တာ 4319:Burmese 4315:Ngạ Quỷ 4295:Tibetan 4267:Burmese 4251:Chinese 4227:Tibetan 4191:Chinese 4175:Burmese 4151:Tibetan 4124:Chinese 4108:Burmese 4084:Tibetan 4055:Chinese 4039:Burmese 4015:Tibetan 3983:Burmese 3979:Enbudai 3967:Chinese 3940:Tibetan 3896:မနုဿဘုံ 3892:Burmese 3876:Chinese 3852:Tibetan 3829:yojanas 3810:อสุรกาย 3798:Burmese 3782:Chinese 3778:A Tu La 3758:Tibetan 3705:विरूढकः 3686:Burmese 3670:Chinese 3646:Tibetan 3625:apsaras 3589:Burmese 3573:Chinese 3549:Tibetan 3467:Burmese 3451:Chinese 3424:Tibetan 3380:Burmese 3364:Chinese 3340:Tibetan 3338:तुसित ( 3300:Burmese 3288:化乐天/化樂天 3284:Chinese 3254:Tibetan 3236:yojanas 3216:Burmese 3200:Chinese 3176:Tibetan 3148:yojanas 3142:Heavens 3131:Buddhas 3119:กามภูมิ 3099:Chinese 3072:Tibetan 3029:⁄ 3019:⁄ 2988:Tibetan 2980:Chinese 2950:⁄ 2923:Tibetan 2915:Chinese 2888:⁄ 2878:⁄ 2868:⁄ 2834:Chinese 2810:Tibetan 2782:vitarka 2766:Chinese 2716:Tibetan 2708:Chinese 2666:Tibetan 2658:Chinese 2620:od gsal 2605:Tibetan 2597:Chinese 2542:Chinese 2497:Tibetan 2489:Chinese 2447:Tibetan 2439:Chinese 2382:Tibetan 2374:Chinese 2317:Chinese 2285:อนภร๎กา 2265:Tibetan 2257:Chinese 2219:Tibetan 2211:Chinese 2161:Tibetan 2153:Chinese 2115:Chinese 2098:: 2069:). The 2039:Chinese 1982:Chinese 1887:sudassa 1840:sudassī 1832:सुदस्सी 1828:सुदर्शन 1790:Chinese 1769:अकनिठ्ठ 1765:अकनिष्ठ 1721:nibbana 1697:净居天/凈居天 1693:Chinese 1669:Tibetan 1622:yojanas 1604:dhyānas 1575:Burmese 1566:: 1547:Chinese 1523:Tibetan 1502:रूपधातु 1464:vijñāna 1391:Yojanas 1137:in the 1100:Origins 897:Vietnam 852:Myanmar 767:Tibetan 757:Chinese 685:Nirvāṇa 502:Saṃsāra 497:Rebirth 362:History 351:Outline 277:mandala 234:See why 8461:Sutras 8456:Suttas 8321:Siddhi 8306:Koliya 8281:Brahmā 8196:Poetry 8142:Mantra 8132:Kasaya 8004:Pagoda 7984:Kyaung 7979:Vihāra 7974:Temple 7916:Ethics 7759:Ashoka 7709:Sweden 7704:Poland 7699:Norway 7689:Mexico 7674:France 7659:Canada 7654:Brazil 7593:Africa 7573:Taiwan 7536:Russia 7461:Bhutan 7421:Vinaya 7301:Naropa 7291:Saraha 7226:Asanga 6982:Prajñā 6891:Refuge 6854:Nianfo 6815:Tertön 6810:Tantra 6795:Ganana 6785:Tukdam 6711:Dhyāna 6679:Mudita 6674:Karuṇā 6567:Risshū 6562:Huayan 6495:Naraka 6435:Anattā 6430:Dukkha 6425:Anicca 6330:Dharma 6282:Channa 6217:Ānanda 6202:Assaji 6169:Skanda 6072:(wife) 6041:Family 6021:Relics 5946:Sangha 5941:Dharma 5936:Buddha 5794: 5784:Oxford 5765: 5739: 5384: 5261:: 5193:: 5126:: 5071:: 5015:: 4831:Tuṣita 4595:. The 4593:Galaxy 4253:: 4193:: 4126:: 4064:acacia 4057:: 3969:: 3922:(Pāli 3878:: 3794:Ashura 3784:: 3756:असुर ( 3745:Yakṣas 3672:: 3630:yojana 3617:Varuna 3575:: 3488:Earth. 3453:: 3405:Tuṣita 3384:တုသိတာ 3366:: 3336:Tusita 3329:Tuṣita 3286:: 3202:: 3152:Sumeru 3127:Arhats 3101:: 3059:कामलोक 2982:: 2956:Earth. 2917:: 2836:: 2786:vicāra 2768:: 2710:: 2660:: 2599:: 2544:: 2491:: 2441:: 2376:: 2319:: 2259:: 2213:: 2155:: 2117:: 2065:upekṣā 2041:: 1984:: 1928:atappa 1879:सुदस्स 1870:Sudṛśa 1792:: 1726:Arhats 1695:: 1549:: 1510:रूपलोक 1381:saṃjñā 1350:Dhamma 1338:vipāka 1299:Brahmā 1222:dhātus 1135:suttas 1122:vinaya 1077:pretas 1071:asuras 1059:reborn 1053:or an 1051:Buddha 882:Taiwan 862:Russia 802:Brazil 797:Bhutan 717:Buddha 637:Wisdom 420:Dharma 301:Jhānic 155:. The 8433:Lists 8301:Kalpa 8296:Iddhi 8159:Music 8154:Mudra 8120:Vassa 8100:Vesak 8070:Budai 8016:Candi 7999:Stupa 7931:Logic 7684:Italy 7583:Tibet 7521:Nepal 7491:Korea 7486:Japan 7476:India 7471:China 7416:Sutra 7371:Texts 7321:Dōgen 7311:Hōnen 7296:Atiśa 7261:Zhiyi 7171:Achar 7139:Tulku 7134:Geshe 7119:Rōshi 7104:Ajahn 7059:Arhat 7019:Bodhi 6989:Vīrya 6906:Sacca 6901:Satya 6896:Sādhu 6884:Music 6827:Merit 6820:Terma 6780:Zazen 6716:Faith 6669:Mettā 6350:Karma 6310:Bardo 6277:Asita 6267:Khema 6257:Upāli 6242:Nanda 6080:(son) 6054:Māyā 6031:Films 5908:Index 5825:(PDF) 5818:(PDF) 5606:7 May 5562:7 May 5528:7 May 5343:7 May 5337:(PDF) 5326:(PDF) 4985:Notes 4621:daigō 4617:dàjié 4544:अवीचि 4542:Avīci 4397:karma 4365:Wylie 4303:Wylie 4235:Wylie 4159:Wylie 4092:Wylie 4066:, or 4023:Wylie 3953:' 3948:Wylie 3872:Người 3860:Wylie 3802:အသူရာ 3766:Wylie 3753:Asura 3740:Nāgas 3654:Wylie 3609:indra 3605:Śakro 3557:Wylie 3509:Tu Di 3437:' 3432:Wylie 3422:याम ( 3348:Wylie 3271:' 3267:' 3262:Wylie 3204:他化自在天 3184:Wylie 3085:' 3080:Wylie 2996:Wylie 2931:Wylie 2818:Wylie 2794:sukha 2790:prīti 2729:' 2724:Wylie 2674:Wylie 2618:' 2613:Wylie 2562:sukha 2558:prīti 2505:Wylie 2455:Wylie 2390:Wylie 2333:sukha 2273:Wylie 2227:Wylie 2174:' 2169:Wylie 2011:Avṛha 1969:aviha 1952:Avṛha 1920:अतप्प 1911:Atapa 1875:सुदृश 1806:Śakra 1717:Arhat 1677:Wylie 1531:Wylie 1480:jhana 1459:jhana 1411:jhana 1374:jhana 1318:) or 1280:devāḥ 1265:karma 1118:sūtra 1066:devas 1055:arhat 1003:Karma 999:Space 987:Water 983:Earth 892:Tibet 832:Korea 827:Japan 817:India 812:China 777:Newar 702:Arhat 492:Karma 346:Index 279:with 86:uses 8331:Pāḷi 8316:Māra 8226:Flag 7627:Iran 7551:Tuva 7496:Laos 7124:Lama 6972:Śīla 6940:Śīla 6928:Pīti 6918:Sati 6869:Puja 6790:Koan 6696:Dāna 6287:Yasa 6174:Tārā 5805:2015 5792:ISBN 5763:ISBN 5750:2015 5737:ISBN 5608:2015 5564:2015 5530:2015 5382:ISBN 5345:2015 5295:Thai 5271:空無辺処 5227:Thai 5203:識無辺処 5160:Thai 5136:無所有処 5093:Thai 5037:Thai 4998:Tib: 4874:The 4389:Thai 4327:Thai 4275:Thai 4183:Thai 4116:Thai 4047:Thai 3991:Thai 3900:Thai 3806:Thai 3694:Thai 3674:四大天王 3621:Vayu 3619:and 3597:Thai 3513:Thai 3479:ยามา 3475:Thai 3471:ယာမာ 3419:Yāma 3388:Thai 3316:Pāli 3308:Thai 3232:Māra 3224:Thai 3135:Māra 3129:and 3115:Thai 3055:Pali 3004:Thai 2939:Thai 2855:) – 2849:Thai 2774:Thai 2770:初禅三天 2735:Thai 2682:Thai 2662:无量光天 2624:Thai 2550:Thai 2546:二禅三天 2513:Thai 2463:Thai 2443:无量净天 2398:Thai 2325:Thai 2321:三禅三天 2281:Thai 2235:Thai 2180:Thai 2123:Thai 2055:Thai 2051:四禅九天 1990:Thai 1961:अविह 1957:अवृह 1798:Thai 1794:色究竟天 1701:Thai 1652:Pali 1638:The 1583:Thai 1506:Pali 1492:The 1423:Pali 1324:Pāli 1287:deva 1214:and 1187:(or 1146:Pāli 1120:and 1112:and 1043:Pali 997:and 991:Fire 969:and 837:Laos 742:Pāli 198:lang 8053:Art 7989:Wat 6525:Zen 4393:นรก 4385:ငရဲ 4351:or 4195:俱盧州 4128:牛貨洲 4059:勝身洲 3888:nin 3856:མི་ 3786:阿修羅 3455:夜摩天 3368:兜率天 2984:梵众天 2919:梵辅天 2838:大梵天 2712:少光天 2601:光音天 2493:少净天 2378:遍净天 2261:无云天 2215:福生天 2157:广果天 2119:无想天 1986:无烦天 1941:无热天 1916:अतप 1900:善现天 1853:善见天 1796:; 1683:; 995:Air 973:. 218:IPA 8518:: 7555:ru 5790:. 5786:: 5782:. 5735:. 5731:: 5727:. 5717:; 5610:. 5599:. 5550:. 5532:. 5521:. 5496:. 5416:. 5380:. 5356:^ 5347:. 5328:. 5297:: 5293:; 5289:: 5285:; 5273:, 5269:: 5265:; 5257:; 5253:: 5249:; 5245:: 5229:: 5225:; 5221:: 5217:; 5205:, 5201:: 5197:; 5189:; 5185:: 5181:; 5177:: 5162:: 5158:; 5154:: 5150:; 5138:, 5134:: 5130:; 5122:; 5118:: 5114:; 5110:: 5095:: 5091:; 5087:: 5083:; 5079:: 5075:; 5067:; 5063:: 5059:; 5055:: 5039:: 5035:; 5031:: 5027:; 5023:: 5019:; 5011:; 5007:: 5003:; 4663:kō 4657:A 4391:: 4387:; 4383:: 4379:; 4375:: 4371:; 4367:: 4363:, 4359:: 4329:: 4325:; 4321:: 4317:; 4313:: 4309:; 4305:: 4301:, 4297:: 4277:: 4273:; 4269:: 4265:; 4261:: 4257:; 4255:畜生 4249:; 4245:: 4241:; 4237:: 4233:, 4229:: 4189:; 4185:: 4181:; 4177:: 4173:; 4169:: 4165:; 4161:: 4157:, 4153:: 4122:; 4118:: 4114:; 4110:: 4106:; 4102:: 4098:; 4094:: 4090:, 4086:: 4053:; 4049:: 4045:; 4041:: 4037:; 4033:: 4029:; 4025:: 4021:, 4017:: 3993:: 3989:; 3985:: 3981:; 3977:: 3973:; 3965:; 3961:: 3957:; 3950:: 3946:, 3942:: 3902:: 3898:; 3894:: 3890:; 3886:: 3882:; 3874:; 3870:: 3866:; 3864:mi 3862:: 3858:, 3854:: 3808:: 3804:; 3800:: 3796:; 3792:: 3788:; 3780:; 3776:: 3772:; 3768:: 3764:, 3760:: 3696:: 3692:; 3688:: 3684:; 3680:: 3676:; 3668:; 3664:: 3660:; 3656:: 3652:, 3648:: 3599:: 3595:; 3591:: 3587:; 3583:: 3579:; 3571:; 3567:: 3563:; 3559:: 3555:, 3551:: 3515:: 3507:: 3477:: 3473:; 3469:: 3465:; 3461:: 3457:; 3449:; 3445:: 3441:; 3434:: 3430:, 3426:: 3390:: 3386:; 3382:: 3378:; 3374:: 3370:; 3362:; 3358:: 3354:; 3350:: 3346:, 3342:: 3310:: 3306:; 3302:: 3298:; 3294:: 3290:; 3282:; 3278:: 3274:; 3264:: 3260:, 3256:: 3226:: 3222:; 3218:: 3214:; 3210:: 3206:; 3198:; 3194:: 3190:; 3186:: 3182:, 3178:: 3125:, 3117:: 3113:; 3109:: 3105:; 3103:欲界 3097:; 3093:: 3089:; 3082:: 3078:, 3074:: 3070:; 3061:, 3057:: 3006:: 3002:; 2998:: 2994:, 2990:: 2986:; 2978:; 2974:: 2941:: 2937:; 2933:: 2929:, 2925:: 2921:; 2913:; 2909:: 2851:: 2847:; 2843:: 2832:; 2828:: 2824:; 2820:: 2816:, 2812:: 2776:: 2772:; 2764:; 2760:: 2737:: 2733:; 2726:: 2722:, 2718:: 2714:; 2706:; 2702:: 2684:: 2680:; 2676:: 2672:, 2668:: 2664:; 2656:; 2652:: 2626:: 2622:; 2615:: 2611:, 2607:: 2603:; 2595:; 2591:: 2552:: 2548:; 2540:; 2536:: 2515:: 2511:; 2507:: 2503:, 2499:: 2495:; 2487:; 2483:: 2465:: 2461:; 2457:: 2453:, 2449:: 2445:; 2437:; 2433:: 2400:: 2396:; 2392:: 2388:, 2384:: 2380:; 2372:; 2368:: 2327:: 2315:; 2311:: 2283:: 2279:; 2275:: 2271:, 2267:: 2263:; 2255:; 2251:: 2237:: 2233:; 2229:: 2225:, 2221:: 2217:; 2209:; 2205:: 2182:: 2178:; 2171:: 2167:, 2163:: 2159:; 2151:; 2147:: 2125:: 2121:; 2109:: 2105:; 2093:, 2089:: 2057:: 2053:; 2049:: 2045:; 2037:; 2033:: 1992:: 1988:; 1980:; 1976:: 1972:; 1963:, 1935:: 1931:; 1922:, 1894:: 1890:; 1881:, 1847:: 1843:; 1834:, 1800:: 1788:; 1784:: 1780:; 1771:, 1703:: 1699:; 1691:; 1687:: 1679:: 1675:, 1671:: 1667:; 1658:, 1654:: 1650:; 1646:: 1585:: 1581:; 1577:: 1573:; 1561:, 1559:色界 1557:: 1553:; 1551:色界 1545:; 1541:: 1537:; 1533:: 1529:, 1525:: 1521:; 1512:, 1508:: 1504:; 1500:: 1425:: 1244:, 1045:: 993:, 989:, 985:, 872:US 317:on 203:, 59:. 7557:) 7553:( 6771:) 6767:( 5862:e 5855:t 5848:v 5834:. 5807:. 5771:. 5752:. 5566:. 5506:. 5452:. 5427:. 5390:. 5241:( 4355:( 4211:. 4149:( 4082:( 3880:人 3043:) 3031:2 3027:1 3021:3 3017:1 2952:2 2948:1 2890:4 2886:3 2880:2 2876:1 2870:2 2866:1 2113:; 1642:( 1496:( 1421:( 1322:( 1314:( 1041:( 944:e 937:t 930:v 291:. 262:) 256:( 244:) 240:( 236:. 167:) 163:( 150:. 120:) 114:( 109:) 105:( 101:. 66:) 62:( 20:)

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