288:. In short, kingship in traditional Buddhist societies was connected with the Sangha as a field of merit: the king took an exemplary role as a donor to the Sangha, and the Sangha legitimated the king as a leader of the state. The monarchy facilitated the Sangha, and was needed to legitimise and strengthen their right to rule. In times of famine or other hardship, it was traditionally believed that the king was failing, and the king would typically perform meritorious activities on a grand scale. In this way the king would be able to improve the kingdom's conditions, through his "overflow karma" (Walters).
3889:
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1285:
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208:) in a previous life. Moreover, the Emperor Aśoka is featured in the later Pāli works as an important patron supporting the Sangha. In traditional chronicles, many of the kings mentioned in later Pāli works were considered part of the same dynasty. This dynasty of meritorious kings stretched back until the beginning of the current
232:), and in vernacular Pāli works and pre-modern traditions, the kings of Buddhist societies were linked to the same dynasty, through "ties of incarnation" (Jory). Kings in Buddhist societies identified themselves with traditional kings in Buddhist texts, and this identification was expressed through discourse and ritual.
251:
for previously committed wrongdoings. Because of these traditions, kings have had an important role in maintaining the Sangha, and publicly performed grand acts of merit, as is testified by epigraphic evidence from South and South-East Asia. In Sri Lanka, from the tenth century CE onward, kings have
333:, the festival was dismissed as not reflecting true Buddhism. Its popularity has greatly diminished ever since. Nevertheless, the use of merit-making by the Thai monarchy and government to solidify their position and create unity in society has continued until the twenty-first century.
246:
In South and South-East Asia, kingship and merit-making went together. Merit-making was not only a practice for the mass, but was also practiced by kings and queens. In vernacular Pāli works, examples are given of royalty performing meritorious acts, sometimes as a form of
284:; literally, 'a person who has merit'), who possessed the greatest merit of all people in the kingdom, and whose happiness was connected with that of the kingdom. As of the 1960s, this belief was still common among Thai farmers with regard to
192:
must be a moral example to the people and possess enough spiritual merit and wisdom. It is through this that he earns his sovereignty, as opposed to merely inheriting it. Moreover, he is described to significantly affect society's morals.
1148:
775:
523:
345:, who ordained twenty-seven years before becoming king. King Mongkut emphasized a rational approach of Buddhism, which could be reconciled with science. This approach helped him to legitimate his position as a king. Part of the
152:). Many of these beliefs and practices continue to inspire and inform current kingship in contemporary Buddhist countries. Since the 2000s, studies have also began to focus on the role of Buddhist queens in
329:
to legitimate itself, as
Vessantara was the model prince who became king through the power of his merits and sacrifice. During the reform period of Rama IV, however, as Thai Buddhism was
1173:
798:
542:
1097:
Salguero, C. Pierce (November 2013), "Fields of Merit, Harvests of Health: Some Notes on the Role of
Medical Karma in the Popularization of Buddhism in Early Medieval China",
22:
refers to the beliefs and practices with regard to kings and queens in traditional
Buddhist societies, as informed by Buddhist teachings. This is expressed and developed in
291:
A similar role was played by queens. Besides the role of a meritorious person being similar to that of kings, Buddhist kings and queens also had mutually dependent
295:
roles. The queen was considered to be subservient as a good wife to the king, but the king was also dependent on the queen's wisdom and spiritual attainment.
2039:
1224:
2954:
1429:
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were greatly emphasized in this festival, through the story about Prince
Vessantara's generosity. Initially, the festival was an important way for the
341:
Some kings' role as exemplary
Buddhist was exemplified by their ordination prior to being enthroned. A well-known example of this was the Thai king
2958:
3182:
1399:
1507:
1242:
1264:
260:(fourteenth until eighteenth centuries). In fact, a number of kings in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma have described themselves as
965:
Jory, Patrick (2002), "The
Vessantara Jataka, barami and the bodhisatta kings: The origin and spread of a Thai concept of power",
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3226:
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1409:
188:. His roles and duties are discussed extensively, especially in the Mahasudassana Sutta and the Cakkavatti-sihanada Sutta. The
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In a traditional
Buddhist society such as Thailand, the king's role in society and position in the hierarchy was defined by
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have contributed to ideas of
Buddhist kingship. Also, the Buddha himself was born as a prince, and was also a king (
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38:
findings. Forms of kingship that could be described as
Buddhist kingship existed at least from the time of Emperor
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1655:
168:, which considered someone's role and position the result of karma accumulated throughout many lifetimes. In the
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1193:(December 2018), "Buddhist Constitutionalism in Thailand: When Rājadhammā Supersedes the Constitution",
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2422:
2002:
1763:
1738:
269:
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572:
495:
Moore, Matthew J. (2016). "Buddhism and
International Law". In Kapust, D.J.; Kinsella, H.M. (eds.).
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2909:
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Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia
1147:
Walters, Jonathan S. (2003), Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.),
879:
777:
Constituting communities Theravada Buddhism and the religious cultures of South and Southeast Asia
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309:
In the last seven centuries in Thailand, the Vessantara Jātaka has played a significant role in
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Gandhara : geography, antiquity, art & personalities, illustrious heritage of Pakistan
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31:
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1414:
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Strong, John S. (2003). Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (eds.).
2437:
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kingship in Thailand, through a yearly festival known as the 'Preaching of the Great Life' (
180:; Buddhist scriptures), ideas about good governance are framed in terms of the ideal of the
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1018:
Keyes, Charles F. (1 January 1977), "Millennialism, Theravada Buddhism, and Thai Society",
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1970:
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8:
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27:
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3102:
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1404:
1334:
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1045:
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974:
560:
330:
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165:
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1127:
Nirvana for Sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple in Contemporary Thailand
416:
353:) to vow to be a "Defender of the Faith" in front of a chapter of monks including the
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62:
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Thailand's Theory of Monarchy: The Vessantara Jataka and the Idea of the Perfect Man
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3279:
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2899:
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2230:
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2007:
1997:
1883:
1547:
1419:
1237:
Royal religious beneficence in pre-modern India: social and political implications.
1202:
1106:
1057:
1029:
421:. Internet Archive. Mirpur, Azad Kashmir : Ashiq Hussain Chaudry. p. 44.
396:
365:
The Buddha discouraged monks from conversation about kings and ministers of state.
257:
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56:
2619:
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1557:
1110:
1074:
986:
920:
835:
459:
451:
433:
The emperors like, Ashoka the great and Kanishka then patronized Buddhist faith..
23:
2649:
1803:
1793:
252:
taken a role of lay protector of the Sangha, and so have Thai kings, during the
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118:
105:
97:
72:
43:
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1449:
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2579:
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2240:
2067:
1938:
1813:
1274:
209:
201:
169:
2502:
2487:
2447:
2144:
1808:
1384:
1207:
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3518:
2659:
2644:
2427:
2235:
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1943:
1773:
1675:
1522:
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113:
82:
54:. Important concepts that were used with regard to Buddhist kingship are
3679:
2139:
978:
3634:
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3468:
3274:
3199:
2813:
2797:
2759:
2739:
2634:
2609:
2517:
2452:
2432:
2178:
2109:
1980:
1863:
1833:
1768:
1718:
1376:
1366:
1339:
1041:
992:
922:
A History of Myanmar since Ancient Times Traditions and Transformations
248:
138:
35:
2654:
1650:
3609:
3582:
2749:
2624:
2336:
2252:
2129:
2019:
1992:
1985:
1948:
1905:
1868:
1635:
1600:
1567:
1542:
1497:
875:
841:
774:
Holt, John Clifford; Kinnard, Jacob N.; Walters, Jonathan S. (2003).
637:
635:
454:. In Banerjee, Milinda; Backerra, Charlotte; Sarti, Cathleen (eds.).
292:
272:
were established accordingly. In Thailand, the king was considered a
197:
3382:
2218:
2072:
1838:
1620:
1489:
1481:
1033:
3899:
3739:
3694:
3639:
3604:
3508:
3167:
2734:
2729:
2679:
2614:
2532:
2497:
2492:
2153:
2024:
2012:
1923:
1582:
1279:
1149:"Communal Karma and Karmic Community in Theravada Buddhist History"
967:
Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
904:
https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.070.than.html
731:
391:
265:
51:
2724:
2714:
2699:
2522:
2392:
1660:
945:
An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics Foundations, Values and Issues.
632:
39:
3644:
3587:
3572:
2719:
2709:
2684:
2559:
2554:
2512:
2482:
2414:
2380:
2267:
2208:
2203:
2057:
1960:
1798:
1748:
1535:
1361:
342:
2331:
2099:
184:, the king who rules righteously and non-violently according to
3724:
3709:
3545:
3407:
3387:
3162:
2824:
2704:
2694:
2629:
2257:
2213:
2198:
2188:
2158:
2082:
1965:
1733:
1605:
1349:
1344:
374:
185:
1231:(in French). Information Agency for Foreign Missions of Paris.
3864:
3699:
3557:
3523:
3503:
3473:
3402:
2819:
2664:
2542:
2537:
2507:
2462:
2309:
2304:
2183:
1888:
1713:
1680:
1670:
1076:
Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism
3734:
2527:
2193:
1690:
1013:, Bangkok: The Buddhist Association of Thailand, p. 96
531:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 47.
3392:
1928:
647:
815:
1225:"Pour approfondir-Bouddhisme et politique en Thaïlande"
659:
1227:[In depth-Buddhism and politics in Thailand].
695:
608:
586:
584:
582:
476:
349:
includes the king proceeding to the chapel royal (the
755:
707:
196:
Apart from the Tipitaka, Pāli chronicles such as the
1239:
International Journal of Dharma Studies, 4(1), 1-14.
918:
871:
Siamese State Ceremonies: Their History and Function
737:
671:
641:
620:
503:
579:
773:
743:
719:
683:
919:Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2013),
34:, later, as well as vernacular, and evidenced in
3917:
1009:Keyes, Charles F. (1973), "The power of merit",
596:
864:
497:Comparative Political Theory in Time and Place
1258:
456:Transnational Histories of the "Royal Nation"
445:
443:
441:
360:
16:Buddhist beliefs and practices about kingship
2040:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
235:
1265:
1251:
1055:
837:The King and the Making of Modern Thailand
653:
438:
415:Khan, M. Ashraf (Muhammad Ashraf) (2004).
336:
1206:
1083:, Moral economies and market moralities,
767:
1096:
614:
3227:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1189:
1146:
761:
3918:
3430:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1072:
991:(revised and published Ph.D. thesis),
942:
749:
713:
521:
509:
482:
449:
1246:
1222:
1124:
1017:
1008:
833:
701:
677:
665:
590:
525:Toward a Theory of Buddhist Queenship
494:
1056:Marasinghe, MMJ (2003), "Puñña", in
984:
964:
821:
725:
689:
626:
602:
414:
298:
13:
3217:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1223:Dubus, Arnaud (11 November 2014).
1216:
1160:State University of New York Press
1131:State University of New York Press
785:State University of New York Press
14:
3942:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3445:Thai temple art and architecture
3190:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1430:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1296:
1283:
1273:
1195:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
738:Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2013
642:Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2013
1297:
896:
858:
827:
3435:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3237:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2317:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1508:Places where the Buddha stayed
515:
488:
408:
347:Coronation of the Thai monarch
1:
3450:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
911:
355:Supreme Patriarch of Thailand
3207:Buddhism and the Roman world
3183:Decline of Buddhism in India
3178:History of Buddhism in India
1278: Topics in
1111:10.1080/09552367.2013.831537
1021:The Journal of Asian Studies
902:Kathavatthu Sutta, AN 10.70
402:
7:
2405:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2145:
1125:Scott, Rachelle M. (2009),
452:"The Monarch's New Clothes"
368:
10:
3947:
3355:The unanswerable questions
1064:, vol. 7, Sri Lanka:
949:Cambridge University Press
874:. London, United Kingdom:
834:Rappa, Antonio L. (2017).
361:As a topic of conversation
302:
239:
159:
3883:
3835:
3750:
3665:
3440:Buddhist temples in Korea
3363:
3265:
3148:
2845:
2773:
2600:
2473:
2413:
2048:
2003:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1914:
1906:Three planes of existence
1854:
1699:
1591:
1521:
1513:Buddha in world religions
1375:
1320:
1292:
1062:Encyclopaedia of Buddhism
1060:; Weeraratne, WG (eds.),
318:
281:
236:Kingship and merit-making
228:
218:
177:
148:
132:
122:
109:
101:
92:
76:
66:
47:
3222:Persecution of Buddhists
2443:Four stages of awakening
1824:Three marks of existence
1410:Physical characteristics
2585:Ten principal disciples
1468:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1081:Oxford University Press
337:Kingship and ordination
3295:Buddhism and democracy
2808:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2803:Chinese Buddhist canon
2035:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2030:Early Buddhist schools
985:Jory, Patrick (2016),
943:Harvey, Peter (2000),
925:(2 ed.), London:
104:), 'person of merit' (
3305:Eight Consciousnesses
1415:Life of Buddha in art
1208:10.1017/asjcl.2018.16
1073:Rotman, Andy (2008),
866:Quaritch Wales, H. G.
114:wheel-turning monarch
3782:East Asian religions
3212:Buddhism in the West
2783:Early Buddhist texts
2398:Four Right Exertions
1864:Ten spiritual realms
1357:Noble Eightfold Path
1066:Government of Ceylon
387:Dasavidha-rājadhamma
321:). Merit-making and
254:periods of Sukhothai
166:Buddhist cosmography
3905:Religion portal
3652:Temple of the Tooth
3531:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2570:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2063:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1846:Two truths doctrine
1666:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1466:Mahapajapati Gotamī
824:, p. 20,181–2.
450:Malitz, D. (2017).
28:Sanskrit literature
3926:Buddhist practices
3827:Western philosophy
3425:Dzong architecture
3247:Vipassana movement
3242:Buddhist modernism
2670:Emperor Wen of Sui
2438:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2371:Threefold Training
2173:Vipassana movement
1889:Hungry Ghost realm
1709:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1656:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1405:Great Renunciation
1400:Eight Great Events
1282:
1011:Annual Publication
3931:Buddhist monarchs
3913:
3912:
3551:Om mani padme hum
3257:Women in Buddhism
3173:Buddhist councils
3043:Western countries
2831:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2592:Shaolin Monastery
2169:Samatha-vipassanā
1779:Pratītyasamutpāda
1583:Metteyya/Maitreya
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1330:Four Noble Truths
1169:978-0-7914-5691-0
1140:978-1-4416-2410-9
1090:978-0-19-045117-2
1068:, pp. 458–72
1002:978-1-4384-6090-1
958:978-0-511-07584-1
936:978-1-86189-939-2
889:978-0-85388-007-3
851:978-1-315-41131-6
794:978-0-7914-5691-0
668:, p. 98–102.
538:978-0-7914-5691-0
469:978-3-319-50523-7
428:978-969-8832-00-1
305:Vessantara Jataka
299:Vessantara Jātaka
20:Buddhist kingship
3938:
3903:
3902:
3891:
3890:
3730:Sacred languages
3578:Maya Devi Temple
3541:Mahabodhi Temple
3345:Secular Buddhism
3310:Engaged Buddhism
2150:
1998:Tibetan Buddhism
1949:Vietnamese Thiền
1548:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1235:Rao, N. (2016).
1232:
1211:
1210:
1191:Mérieau, Eugenie
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1172:, archived from
1153:
1143:
1121:
1099:Asian Philosophy
1093:
1069:
1058:Malalasekera, GP
1052:
1014:
1005:
981:
961:
939:
906:
900:
894:
893:
862:
856:
855:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
803:
797:. Archived from
782:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
704:, p. 104–5.
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
577:
576:
570:
566:
564:
556:
554:
553:
547:
541:. Archived from
530:
519:
513:
507:
501:
500:
492:
486:
485:, p. 114–5.
480:
474:
473:
447:
436:
435:
412:
397:Philosopher king
331:being modernized
320:
283:
242:Merit (Buddhism)
230:
220:
179:
150:
134:
124:
111:
103:
94:
78:
68:
49:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3897:
3879:
3831:
3746:
3661:
3398:Ordination hall
3359:
3261:
3232:Buddhist crisis
3144:
2841:
2793:Mahayana sutras
2769:
2765:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2596:
2469:
2409:
2359:Bodhisattva vow
2044:
1910:
1850:
1809:Taṇhā (Craving)
1744:Five hindrances
1695:
1587:
1517:
1371:
1316:
1288:
1271:
1219:
1217:Further reading
1214:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1151:
1141:
1091:
1034:10.2307/2053724
1003:
959:
937:
914:
909:
901:
897:
890:
863:
859:
852:
832:
828:
820:
816:
807:
805:
801:
795:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
654:Marasinghe 2003
652:
648:
640:
633:
629:, p. 42–4.
625:
621:
613:
609:
601:
597:
589:
580:
568:
567:
558:
557:
551:
549:
545:
539:
528:
520:
516:
508:
504:
493:
489:
481:
477:
470:
462:. p. 159.
460:Springer Nature
448:
439:
429:
413:
409:
405:
371:
363:
339:
307:
301:
244:
238:
162:
40:Aśoka the Great
17:
12:
11:
5:
3944:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3462:Greco-Buddhist
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:Burmese pagoda
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3195:Greco-Buddhism
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:United Kingdom
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Czech Republic
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2837:Abhidharmadīpa
2834:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2755:B. R. Ambedkar
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Songtsen Gampo
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Eight precepts
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2125:Five Strengths
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Mental factors
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:Mahamoggallāna
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1531:Avalokiteśvara
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1229:Églises d'Asie
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1201:(2): 283–305,
1187:
1168:
1144:
1139:
1122:
1105:(4): 341–349,
1094:
1089:
1070:
1053:
1028:(2): 283–302,
1015:
1006:
1001:
982:
962:
957:
940:
935:
927:Reaktion Books
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:
895:
888:
857:
850:
826:
814:
793:
766:
754:
742:
740:, p. 183.
730:
718:
716:, p. 117.
706:
694:
682:
680:, p. 288.
670:
658:
656:, p. 472.
646:
631:
619:
617:, p. 346.
607:
595:
593:, p. 287.
578:
537:
514:
512:, p. 115.
502:
487:
475:
468:
437:
427:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
377:
370:
367:
362:
359:
338:
335:
327:Chakri dynasty
303:Main article:
300:
297:
270:royal language
237:
234:
161:
158:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3943:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3667:Miscellaneous
3664:
3658:
3657:Vegetarianism
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Buddha in art
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:United States
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Padmasambhava
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2602:Major figures
2599:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:Western tulku
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Five precepts
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Dhamma vicaya
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Buddhābhiṣeka
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
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316:
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311:legitimating
306:
296:
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286:King Bhumibol
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41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3845:Bodhisattvas
3765:Christianity
3760:Baháʼí Faith
3625:Dharmachakra
3615:Prayer wheel
3605:Prayer beads
3373:Architecture
3252:969 Movement
3036:Saudi Arabia
3014:Central Asia
3007:South Africa
2829:
2812:
2745:Panchen Lama
2650:Buddhapālita
2246:Satipatthana
2241:Mindful Yoga
2154:Recollection
2068:Brahmavihara
1939:Japanese Zen
1934:Chinese Chan
1894:Animal realm
1701:Key concepts
1523:Bodhisattvas
1335:Three Jewels
1228:
1198:
1194:
1181:, retrieved
1174:the original
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987:
973:(2): 36–78,
970:
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944:
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836:
829:
817:
806:. Retrieved
799:the original
776:
769:
762:Walters 2003
757:
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673:
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649:
622:
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550:. Retrieved
543:the original
524:
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379:
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322:
319:เทศน์มหาชาติ
308:
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202:Jinakālamālī
195:
189:
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143:
137:
127:
117:
87:
81:
71:
61:
55:
19:
18:
3690:Dharma talk
3519:Asalha Puja
3315:Eschatology
3118:Switzerland
3098:New Zealand
3026:Middle East
2935:Philippines
2855:Afghanistan
2660:Bodhidharma
2645:Buddhaghosa
2565:Householder
2475:Monasticism
2428:Bodhisattva
2283:Prostration
2236:Mindfulness
2164:Anapanasati
2147:Kammaṭṭhāna
1944:Korean Seon
1884:Asura realm
1879:Human realm
1819:Ten Fetters
1774:Parinirvana
1676:Uppalavanna
1641:Mahākaccana
1626:Mahākassapa
1558:Kṣitigarbha
1553:Ākāśagarbha
1450:Suddhodāna
1395:Four sights
1322:Foundations
878:. pp.
750:Rotman 2008
714:Harvey 2000
569:|work=
510:Harvey 2000
483:Harvey 2000
381:Chakravarti
262:Bodhisattas
149:Bodhisattva
133:Cakravartin
3920:Categories
3807:Psychology
3787:Gnosticism
3775:Comparison
3770:Influences
3752:Comparison
3635:Bhavacakra
3593:Kushinagar
3568:Pilgrimage
3514:Māgha Pūjā
3469:Bodhi Tree
3285:Buddhology
3275:Abhidharma
3267:Philosophy
3200:Menander I
3068:Costa Rica
3019:Uzbekistan
2860:Bangladesh
2814:Dhammapada
2798:Pali Canon
2760:Ajahn Chah
2740:Dalai Lama
2640:Kumārajīva
2635:Vasubandhu
2610:The Buddha
2518:Zen master
2453:Sakadagami
2433:Buddhahood
2364:Pratimokṣa
2179:Shikantaza
2135:Meditation
2110:Deity yoga
1981:Madhyamaka
1874:Deva realm
1769:Mindstream
1719:Bodhicitta
1631:Aṅgulimāla
1498:Devadatta
1474:Yaśodharā
1377:The Buddha
1367:Middle Way
1183:2016-10-15
1158:, Albany:
1129:, Albany:
993:SUNY Press
912:References
808:2016-10-15
783:. Albany:
702:Keyes 1973
678:Keyes 1977
666:Scott 2009
591:Keyes 1977
552:2016-10-15
274:Phu Mi Bun
249:repentance
240:See also:
206:Vessantara
190:Cakkavatti
139:Bodhisatta
123:Cakkavatti
36:epigraphic
3875:Festivals
3855:Buddhists
3817:Theosophy
3620:Symbolism
3610:Hama yumi
3583:Bodh Gaya
3350:Socialism
3325:Evolution
3300:Economics
3138:Venezuela
3053:Australia
3048:Argentina
2972:Sri Lanka
2967:Singapore
2885:Indonesia
2847:Countries
2788:Tripiṭaka
2750:Ajahn Mun
2625:Nagarjuna
2620:Aśvaghoṣa
2503:Anagārika
2498:Śrāmaṇerī
2493:Śrāmaṇera
2488:Bhikkhunī
2448:Sotāpanna
2337:Passaddhi
2278:Offerings
2253:Nekkhamma
2130:Iddhipada
2050:Practices
2020:Theravada
1993:Vajrayana
1986:Yogachara
1956:Pure Land
1869:Six Paths
1856:Cosmology
1636:Anuruddha
1611:Sāriputta
1601:Kaundinya
1593:Disciples
1568:Vajrapāṇi
1420:Footprint
1385:Tathāgata
1119:143624541
1050:162764851
876:Routledge
842:Routledge
822:Jory 2016
726:Jory 2002
690:Jory 2002
627:Jory 2002
603:Jory 2002
571:ignored (
561:cite book
403:Citations
293:symbiotic
258:Ayutthaya
198:Mahāvaṃsa
182:Cakkavati
178:Tripitaka
3893:Category
3822:Violence
3792:Hinduism
3740:Sanskrit
3695:Hinayana
3680:Amitābha
3640:Swastika
3509:Uposatha
3499:Holidays
3484:Calendar
3330:Humanism
3168:Kanishka
3158:Timeline
2982:Thailand
2950:Kalmykia
2945:Buryatia
2930:Pakistan
2915:Mongolia
2910:Maldives
2905:Malaysia
2870:Cambodia
2735:Shamarpa
2730:Nichiren
2680:Xuanzang
2615:Nagasena
2533:Rinpoche
2263:Pāramitā
2105:Devotion
2025:Navayana
2013:Dzogchen
1976:Nichiren
1924:Mahayana
1916:Branches
1794:Saṅkhāra
1543:Mañjuśrī
1500:(cousin)
1492:(cousin)
1460:(mother)
1452:(father)
1440:Miracles
1390:Birthday
1307:Glossary
1280:Buddhism
979:40860799
868:(1931).
392:Devaraja
369:See also
282:ผู้มีบุญ
266:epithets
225:Sanskrit
200:and the
174:Sanskrit
170:Tipiṭaka
145:Sanskrit
129:Sanskrit
110:ผู้มีบุญ
93:pāramitā
89:Sanskrit
63:Sanskrit
52:Kanishka
3870:Temples
3850:Buddhas
3812:Science
3802:Judaism
3797:Jainism
3715:Lineage
3675:Abhijñā
3645:Thangka
3588:Sarnath
3573:Lumbini
3494:Funeral
3489:Cuisine
3365:Culture
3340:Reality
3290:Creator
3280:Atomism
3150:History
3123:Ukraine
3083:Germany
3002:Senegal
2992:Vietnam
2920:Myanmar
2720:Shinran
2710:Karmapa
2685:Shandao
2655:Dignāga
2580:Śrāvaka
2560:Donchee
2555:Kappiya
2513:Sayadaw
2483:Bhikkhu
2458:Anāgāmi
2415:Nirvana
2381:Samadhi
2268:Paritta
2209:Tonglen
2204:Mandala
2159:Smarana
2140:Mantras
2088:Upekkha
2058:Bhavana
2008:Shingon
1961:Tiantai
1814:Tathātā
1804:Śūnyatā
1799:Skandha
1789:Saṃsāra
1784:Rebirth
1759:Kleshas
1749:Indriya
1651:Subhūti
1536:Guanyin
1490:Ānanda
1482:Rāhula
1362:Nirvana
1302:Outline
1042:2053724
343:Mongkut
323:pāramīs
160:Origins
136:), and
3865:Sutras
3860:Suttas
3725:Siddhi
3710:Koliya
3685:Brahmā
3600:Poetry
3546:Mantra
3536:Kasaya
3408:Pagoda
3388:Kyaung
3383:Vihāra
3378:Temple
3320:Ethics
3163:Ashoka
3113:Sweden
3108:Poland
3103:Norway
3093:Mexico
3078:France
3063:Canada
3058:Brazil
2997:Africa
2977:Taiwan
2940:Russia
2865:Bhutan
2825:Vinaya
2705:Naropa
2695:Saraha
2630:Asanga
2386:Prajñā
2295:Refuge
2258:Nianfo
2219:Tertön
2214:Tantra
2199:Ganana
2189:Tukdam
2115:Dhyāna
2083:Mudita
2078:Karuṇā
1971:Risshū
1966:Huayan
1899:Naraka
1839:Anattā
1834:Dukkha
1829:Anicca
1734:Dharma
1686:Channa
1621:Ānanda
1606:Assaji
1573:Skanda
1476:(wife)
1445:Family
1425:Relics
1350:Sangha
1345:Dharma
1340:Buddha
1166:
1137:
1117:
1087:
1048:
1040:
999:
977:
955:
933:
886:
848:
791:
535:
466:
425:
375:Ashoka
186:Dharma
83:pāramī
50:) and
3837:Lists
3705:Kalpa
3700:Iddhi
3563:Music
3558:Mudra
3524:Vassa
3504:Vesak
3474:Budai
3420:Candi
3403:Stupa
3335:Logic
3088:Italy
2987:Tibet
2925:Nepal
2895:Korea
2890:Japan
2880:India
2875:China
2820:Sutra
2775:Texts
2725:Dōgen
2715:Hōnen
2700:Atiśa
2665:Zhiyi
2575:Achar
2543:Tulku
2538:Geshe
2523:Rōshi
2508:Ajahn
2463:Arhat
2423:Bodhi
2393:Vīrya
2310:Sacca
2305:Satya
2300:Sādhu
2288:Music
2231:Merit
2224:Terma
2184:Zazen
2120:Faith
2073:Mettā
1754:Karma
1714:Bardo
1681:Asita
1671:Khema
1661:Upāli
1646:Nanda
1484:(son)
1458:Māyā
1435:Films
1312:Index
1177:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1115:S2CID
1046:S2CID
1038:JSTOR
975:JSTOR
882:–90.
802:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
546:(PDF)
529:(PDF)
264:, as
229:kalpa
219:kappa
102:บารมี
77:puñña
67:puṇya
57:merit
48:Asoka
32:early
3735:Pāḷi
3720:Māra
3630:Flag
3031:Iran
2955:Tuva
2900:Laos
2528:Lama
2376:Śīla
2344:Śīla
2332:Pīti
2322:Sati
2273:Puja
2194:Koan
2100:Dāna
1691:Yasa
1578:Tārā
1164:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1085:ISBN
997:ISBN
953:ISBN
931:ISBN
884:ISBN
846:ISBN
789:ISBN
573:help
533:ISBN
464:ISBN
423:ISBN
315:Thai
278:Thai
268:and
256:and
215:Pali
210:aeon
119:Pali
106:Thai
98:Thai
73:Pali
44:Pali
26:and
24:Pāli
3457:Art
3393:Wat
1929:Zen
1203:doi
1107:doi
1030:doi
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