Knowledge

The Buffalo News

Source đź“ť

244: 938: 199: 258: 38: 356: 945: 747: 369:
had published three morning editions (Western New York, Final and Niagara) that appeared online at BuffaloNews.com, reaching over 400,000 readers, across eight counties each day. These separate editions were eliminated in 2018 and consolidated into a single Final edition, in response to a newsprint
379:
Designated Market Area had the largest adult population in upstate New York. Counties in total circulation area: New York - Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Steuben, Wyoming; Pennsylvania - Cameron, Erie, McKean, Potter, Warren.
47: 437:, an Iowa-based owner of 50 newspapers that has had significant ties to Berkshire Hathaway since 2012 and had operated Berkshire Hathaway's newspapers since 2018. In September 2024, ten jobs were eliminated from the newsroom which has an estimated 55 positions. 278:. On October 11, 1880, it began publishing daily editions as well, and in 1914, it became an inversion of its original existence by publishing Monday to Saturday, with no publication on Sunday. During most of its life, the 634: 243: 1669: 1291: 1186: 520:
won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for using, in the committee's citation, "strong images to connect with readers while conveying layers of meaning in few words".
1431: 1333: 1536: 1459: 1121: 1627: 1221: 1739: 513:
its second Editorial Cartooning award, for his work throughout the year (although his piece "First Amendment" has been cited as the work that merited the award).
1375: 1107: 1093: 1051: 446: 1734: 1508: 1754: 1620: 399:(102.5), respectively. The radio stations are now owned by other companies, but in 2014, WIVB came back under partial co-ownership with the 688: 850: 217: 1744: 542: 535: 782: 999: 1749: 472: 433:
reported it was being sold along – with the rest of Berkshire Hathaway's newspaper portfolio – to
1729: 967: 1759: 1382: 1158: 1193: 901: 476: 317:
until 1974, when longtime owner and publisher Katherine Butler, granddaughter of the founder, died and left no heirs. The
876: 487: 949: 761: 1641: 1566: 1417: 333:
in 1977. The new owners began publishing on Saturday and Sunday mornings. After a period of financial decline, the
1207: 1606: 1114: 660: 992: 974:
online on a paid subscription basis. Some public and academic libraries offer Newspapers.com to their users.
1249: 720: 310:
did not publish on Sundays because of the agreement, and its weekend edition appeared on Saturday evening.
17: 1545: 1480: 1179: 1703: 1319: 560: 275: 93: 985: 566: 635:"Sheila Rayam named executive editor of The Buffalo News; first Black journalist to lead newsroom" 1662: 1580: 1522: 1228: 1135: 495: 294: 167: 1592: 1466: 1151: 1072: 1023: 1708: 1655: 1515: 1403: 1347: 1214: 1142: 1044: 693: 150: 779: 1494: 1396: 1368: 1340: 1263: 1065: 606: 8: 1693: 1634: 1445: 1277: 1165: 1100: 937: 198: 1599: 1552: 1501: 1438: 1424: 1270: 1256: 1172: 1030: 330: 228: 85: 799: 383:
The newspaper founded and owned the WBEN television and radio stations, which are now
1648: 1529: 1389: 1354: 1312: 1284: 1128: 1086: 956: 757: 221: 174: 162: 1410: 1058: 753: 527:
journalists have been finalists for four other Pulitzer Prizes, but did not win:
1676: 1573: 1487: 1326: 1235: 1037: 1008: 786: 434: 232: 77: 257: 1698: 1452: 499: 491: 460: 822: 1723: 1473: 1242: 423: 404: 355: 345:
and became an all-day newspaper, publishing two editions seven days a week.
37: 1305: 1200: 468: 823:"Mrs. Edward H. Butler, News Publisher, is Dead; a Civic, Cultural Leader" 1613: 1559: 1298: 517: 322: 800:"About Buffalo Evening News. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1880-1982" 490:
for his series, "Our Costly Dilemma," concerning the need for reform of
180: 1361: 977: 67: 652: 506: 483: 408: 388: 250: 213: 57: 231:. On January 29, 2020, the paper reported that it was being sold to 689:"EXCLUSIVE: Warren Buffett — Newspaper Industry Got Too Complacent" 426:-related content, branded as "BN Blitz", is behind a hard paywall. 46: 227:
It was for decades the only paper fully owned by Warren Buffett's
419: 352:
announced it would abandon its evening edition later that month.
944: 931: 396: 392: 384: 191: 749:
From Butler to Buffett: The Story Behind the Buffalo News
422:
allowing a limited number of page views per week. All
963:
online for free, full-text access, with more to come.
575:
Kate M. Robinson Butler, 1971–1974: wife of Butler Jr
531:
Toles (1985 and 1996, for Editorial Cartooning) and,
337:
published its last issue on September 19, 1982. The
721:"The Buffalo News is being sold to Lee Enterprises" 447:
List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The Buffalo News
821: 719: 713: 711: 1721: 851:"Nine Buffalo News staffers take buyout offers" 1740:Daily newspapers published in New York (state) 877:"Buffalo News is eliminating 10 newsroom jobs" 708: 993: 775: 773: 498:system. The series touched off debates about 268:was founded as a Sunday paper with the name 902:"Sarasota editor named Buffalo News editor" 658: 1000: 986: 936: 848: 770: 197: 45: 1735:Newspapers published in Buffalo, New York 549: 1007: 900:Gee, Denise Jewell (18 September 2012). 717: 354: 256: 242: 27:Daily newspaper in Buffalo, New York, US 1755:1880 establishments in New York (state) 1670:Woodford County Journal / Woodford Star 683: 681: 473:Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning 306:would be morning-only. Until 1977, the 218:Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area 14: 1722: 874: 632: 288:. A gentleman's agreement between the 981: 745: 407:merged with the WIVB parent company, 1194:The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus 718:Robinson, David (January 29, 2020). 678: 957:New York State Historic Newspapers 899: 24: 488:Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting 440: 25: 1771: 1745:Pulitzer Prize-winning newspapers 1567:Statesville Record & Landmark 923: 1642:The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier 943: 475:for his August 10, 1957 piece, " 36: 1292:Journal Gazette / Times-Courier 893: 868: 597:Alfred H. Kirchhofer, 1956–1966 302:would be evening-only, and the 271:The Buffalo Sunday Morning News 1750:Newspapers established in 1880 1607:The Times of Northwest Indiana 842: 814: 792: 739: 626: 612:Michael K. Connelly, 2012–2022 479:", detailing union corruption. 157:89,694 Sunday (as of 2023) 13: 1: 1730:1977 mergers and acquisitions 1187:Denison Bulletin & Review 619: 584:Warren T. Colville, 2013–2020 569:, 1914–1956: son of Butler Sr 1760:Lee Enterprises publications 1250:The Grand Island Independent 970:has 1881-2022 issues of the 959:has 1881-1905 issues of the 633:Harris, Jon (26 July 2022). 321:properties were placed in a 313:The Butler family owned the 7: 1180:Danville Register & Bee 849:James Fink (May 23, 2018). 838:– via Newspapers.com. 572:James H. Righter, 1956–1971 341:then shortened its name to 10: 1776: 1481:The Press of Atlantic City 1432:The North Platte Telegraph 875:Heaney, Jim (2024-09-27). 780:Frequently Asked Questions 603:Murray B. Light, 1979–1999 600:Paul E. Neville, 1966–1969 581:Stanford Lipsey, 1983–2013 444: 238: 1704:Scripps League Newspapers 1686: 1320:Lake Geneva Regional News 1015: 746:Light, Murray B. (2011). 578:Henry Z. Urban, 1974–1983 563:, 1880–1914: also founder 561:Edward Hubert Butler, Sr. 429:On January 29, 2020, the 276:Edward Hubert Butler, Sr. 186: 173: 161: 149: 141: 119: 111: 103: 73: 63: 53: 44: 35: 1334:Lexington Clipper-Herald 567:Edward Hubert Butler Jr. 534:James Heaney (1993, for 457:The Buffalo Evening News 348:On October 1, 2006, the 285:The Buffalo Evening News 1663:Wisconsin State Journal 1581:St. Louis Post-Dispatch 1523:Richmond Times-Dispatch 1460:The Plattsmouth Journal 1136:Corvallis Gazette-Times 1122:Clarinda Herald-Journal 543:Breaking News Reporting 536:Investigative Reporting 295:Buffalo Courier-Express 125:; 143 years ago 1593:The Times and Democrat 1467:Portage Daily Register 1404:The News & Advance 1222:The Franklin News-Post 1159:The Daily News (Wash.) 1152:Culpeper Star-Exponent 1073:Bristol Herald Courier 1024:Albany Democrat-Herald 955:As of September 2022, 855:Buffalo Business First 694:Editor & Publisher 550:Publishers and editors 418:operates under a soft 414:The online version of 363: 262: 254: 220:, located in downtown 1656:Winston-Salem Journal 1516:The Reidsville Review 1348:Martinsville Bulletin 1215:Elko Daily Free Press 1143:The Philomath Express 1045:Baraboo News Republic 966:As of October 2022, 802:. Library of Congress 789:, www.buffalonews.com 358: 260: 246: 123:October 11, 1880 1495:Racine Journal Times 1397:Napa Valley Register 1369:The Montana Standard 1341:Lincoln Journal Star 1264:Hickory Daily Record 1066:The Bismarck Tribune 1009:Lee Enterprises Inc. 961:Buffalo Evening News 952:at Wikimedia Commons 828:Buffalo Evening News 607:Margaret M. Sullivan 248:Buffalo Evening News 136:Buffalo Evening News 1694:Howard Publications 1635:Waco Tribune-Herald 1446:Opelika-Auburn News 1376:Mooresville Tribune 1278:Independent Tribune 1257:Herald & Review 1229:The Free Lance–Star 1166:The Daily Nonpareil 1108:The Chippewa Herald 1101:Casper Star-Tribune 697:. December 14, 2009 615:Sheila Rayam, 2022– 32: 1553:Sioux City Journal 1502:Rapid City Journal 1439:Omaha World-Herald 1425:The News Virginian 1271:Independent Record 1173:The Daily Progress 1094:The Casper Journal 1052:Beatrice Daily Sun 1031:Arizona Daily Star 881:Investigative Post 785:2011-03-28 at the 364: 331:Berkshire Hathaway 263: 255: 229:Berkshire Hathaway 86:Berkshire Hathaway 30: 1717: 1716: 1649:Winona Daily News 1530:The Roanoke Times 1411:News & Record 1390:Muscatine Journal 1355:The McDowell News 1313:La Crosse Tribune 1285:Iowa Farmer Today 1129:Columbus Telegram 1087:The Capital Times 948:Media related to 665:investors.lee.net 659:Lee Enterprises. 541:Staff (2015, for 325:, which sold the 222:Buffalo, New York 205: 204: 99: 90: 82: 16:(Redirected from 1767: 1509:Ravalli Republic 1383:The Morning News 1080:The Buffalo News 1059:Billings Gazette 1002: 995: 988: 979: 978: 950:The Buffalo News 947: 940: 935: 934: 932:Official website 917: 916: 914: 912: 906:The Buffalo News 897: 891: 890: 888: 887: 872: 866: 865: 863: 861: 846: 840: 839: 837: 835: 825: 818: 812: 811: 809: 807: 796: 790: 777: 768: 767: 754:Prometheus Books 743: 737: 736: 734: 732: 726:The Buffalo News 723: 715: 706: 705: 703: 702: 685: 676: 675: 673: 671: 656: 650: 649: 647: 645: 639:The Buffalo News 630: 587:Tom Wiley, 2020– 453:The Buffalo News 451:Journalists for 416:The Buffalo News 378: 367:The Buffalo News 343:The Buffalo News 266:The Buffalo News 253:in February 1910 209:The Buffalo News 201: 196: 193: 133: 131: 126: 97: 88: 80: 49: 40: 33: 31:The Buffalo News 29: 21: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1682: 1677:York News-Times 1628:The Valley News 1574:St. Helena Star 1488:Quad-City Times 1418:The News Herald 1327:Lebanon Express 1236:Fremont Tribune 1038:Ashland Gazette 1011: 1006: 930: 929: 926: 921: 920: 910: 908: 898: 894: 885: 883: 873: 869: 859: 857: 847: 843: 833: 831: 830:. 5 August 1974 820: 819: 815: 805: 803: 798: 797: 793: 787:Wayback Machine 778: 771: 764: 744: 740: 730: 728: 716: 709: 700: 698: 687: 686: 679: 669: 667: 657: 653: 643: 641: 631: 627: 622: 552: 461:Pulitzer Prizes 449: 443: 441:Pulitzer Prizes 435:Lee Enterprises 403:when Buffett's 376: 362:building (2011) 335:Courier-Express 304:Courier-Express 298:meant that the 241: 233:Lee Enterprises 190: 156: 129: 127: 124: 91: 83: 78:Lee Enterprises 58:Daily newspaper 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1773: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1711: 1709:BH Media Group 1706: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1453:The Pantagraph 1449: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1027: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1005: 1004: 997: 990: 982: 976: 975: 968:Newspapers.com 964: 953: 941: 925: 924:External links 922: 919: 918: 892: 867: 841: 813: 791: 769: 762: 756:. p. 39. 738: 707: 677: 651: 624: 623: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 610: 604: 601: 598: 594: 593: 589: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 564: 557: 556: 551: 548: 547: 546: 539: 532: 522: 521: 514: 503: 500:welfare reform 492:New York State 480: 459:have won four 442: 439: 240: 237: 203: 202: 188: 184: 183: 178: 171: 170: 165: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 81:(2020–present) 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1772: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1621:Twiner-Herald 1618: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1474:The Post-Star 1471: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1243:Globe Gazette 1240: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1003: 998: 996: 991: 989: 984: 983: 980: 973: 969: 965: 962: 958: 954: 951: 946: 942: 939: 933: 928: 927: 907: 903: 896: 882: 878: 871: 856: 852: 845: 829: 824: 817: 801: 795: 788: 784: 781: 776: 774: 765: 763:9781615924790 759: 755: 751: 750: 742: 727: 722: 714: 712: 696: 695: 690: 684: 682: 666: 662: 655: 640: 636: 629: 625: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 559: 558: 554: 553: 544: 540: 537: 533: 530: 529: 528: 526: 519: 515: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486:received the 485: 481: 478: 474: 471:received the 470: 466: 465: 464: 462: 458: 454: 448: 438: 436: 432: 427: 425: 424:Buffalo Bills 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 405:Media General 402: 398: 394: 390: 387:(Channel 4), 386: 381: 375: 371: 368: 361: 357: 353: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 282:was known as 281: 277: 273: 272: 267: 259: 252: 249: 245: 236: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 212:is the daily 211: 210: 200: 195: 189: 185: 182: 179: 176: 172: 169: 166: 164: 160: 155:69,842 Daily 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 137: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 95: 92: 87: 79: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 1687:Acquisitions 1675: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1546:The Sentinel 1544: 1537:Laker Weekly 1535: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1306:Kenosha News 1304: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1201:Dothan Eagle 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1141: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 972:Buffalo News 971: 960: 911:18 September 909:. Retrieved 905: 895: 884:. Retrieved 880: 870: 858:. Retrieved 854: 844: 832:. Retrieved 827: 816: 804:. Retrieved 794: 748: 741: 729:. Retrieved 725: 699:. Retrieved 692: 670:February 29, 668:. Retrieved 664: 654: 642:. Retrieved 638: 628: 524: 523: 510: 509:brought the 469:Bruce Shanks 456: 452: 450: 430: 428: 415: 413: 400: 395:(106.5) and 382: 373: 372: 366: 365: 360:Buffalo News 359: 349: 347: 342: 339:Evening News 338: 334: 327:Evening News 326: 319:Evening News 318: 315:Evening News 314: 312: 307: 303: 300:Evening News 299: 293: 290:Evening News 289: 284: 283: 279: 270: 269: 265: 264: 261:Logo in 2003 247: 226: 208: 207: 206: 142:Headquarters 135: 115:Sheila Rayam 84: 18:Buffalo News 1614:Tulsa World 1560:Star-Herald 1299:Kearney Hub 1115:The Citizen 661:"Form 10-K" 609:, 1999—2012 518:Adam Zyglis 502:nationwide. 477:The Thinker 323:blind trust 274:in 1873 by 192:buffalonews 151:Circulation 98:(1873–1977) 89:(1977–2020) 1724:Categories 1600:Times-News 1587:SWVA Today 1362:Missoulian 1016:Newspapers 886:2024-09-27 806:16 October 701:2009-12-14 620:References 555:Publishers 445:See also: 370:shortage. 251:paper boys 130:1880-10-11 68:Broadsheet 1208:The Eagle 516:In 2015, 507:Tom Toles 505:In 1990, 484:Edgar May 482:In 1961, 467:In 1958, 409:LIN Media 214:newspaper 168:0745-2691 107:Tom Wiley 104:Publisher 1699:Pulitzer 860:July 12, 834:16 March 783:Archived 731:July 12, 374:The News 292:and the 181:8882862 74:Owner(s) 644:26 July 592:Editors 496:welfare 420:paywall 391:(930), 239:History 216:of the 187:Website 145:Buffalo 134:as the 128: ( 120:Founded 96:family 760:  538:) and, 177:number 112:Editor 94:Butler 64:Format 377:' 913:2012 862:2021 836:2023 808:2020 758:ISBN 733:2021 672:2024 646:2022 525:News 511:News 455:and 431:News 401:News 397:WBKV 393:WYRK 389:WBEN 385:WIVB 350:News 308:News 280:News 194:.com 175:OCLC 163:ISSN 54:Type 494:'s 329:to 224:. 1726:: 904:. 879:. 853:. 826:. 772:^ 752:. 724:. 710:^ 691:. 680:^ 663:. 637:. 545:). 463:: 411:. 235:. 1001:e 994:t 987:v 915:. 889:. 864:. 810:. 766:. 735:. 704:. 674:. 648:. 132:) 20:)

Index

Buffalo News


Daily newspaper
Broadsheet
Lee Enterprises
Berkshire Hathaway
Butler
Circulation
ISSN
0745-2691
OCLC
8882862
buffalonews.com
Edit this at Wikidata
newspaper
Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area
Buffalo, New York
Berkshire Hathaway
Lee Enterprises

paper boys

Edward Hubert Butler, Sr.
Buffalo Courier-Express
blind trust
Berkshire Hathaway

WIVB
WBEN

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑