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Work Act. The remaining three, Hertfordshire Oil
Storage Ltd, TAV Engineering Ltd and Motherwell Control Systems were found guilty in June 2010. TAV Engineering Ltd and Motherwell Control Systems were found guilty of failing to protect their employees. Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd was found guilty of failing to prevent major accidents and limit their effects and then pleaded guilty to causing pollution to enter controlled waters underlying the vicinity around the site, contrary to the
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the explosion, but refused to admit either civil or criminal liability for the incident. Total UK argued that it should not be liable for damages because it could not reasonably have foreseen that it would cause the destruction it did. On 20 March 2009 the High Court found Total liable for the blast, saying that it was satisfied that Total had control of tank filling operations at the
Buncefield depot. The judgement left the company facing damage claims of around £700 million.
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fuel was being pumped into the tank increased dramatically. Initially the fuel was pumped in at 550 cubic metres (19,423 cu ft) per hour, but it increased to about 890 cubic metres (31,430 cu ft) per hour. By 06:01, when the first explosion occurred, the cloud which was initially about 1 metre (3 ft) deep, thickened to 2 metres (7 ft) and had spread beyond the boundaries of the site.
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the site, and has indicated a number of priorities, including the reopening of the fuel pipelines to
Heathrow. It is considering using its section to store aviation fuel and as a distribution centre for motor fuel, but at a much-reduced level. In late 2009, Total UK submitted plans for the reconstruction of the oil depot. The reconstruction of the site has been taking place since March 2013.
877:(meant to trap the petrol in a retaining wall around the tank) failed and allowed petrol to flow out. Tertiary containment (drains and catchment areas to prevent release of spilled chemicals to the environment) also failed, and fuel and firefighting foam entered groundwater supplies. The investigation found secondary and tertiary containment to be inadequately designed and poorly maintained.
626:(PFOS) – which is used in fire fighting foam – in a ground water bore hole close to the Buncefield site. It stated that no water from this well entered the public water supply and that a nearby well and pumping station had been closed since the fire as a precaution. The chemical is a known health risk and the UK government had been about to ban its use.
869:(MIIB) was written in 2008 and released in February 2011. The investigation found that Tank 912 at the Buncefield oil storage depot was being filled with petrol. The tank had a level gauge that employees used to monitor the level manually, and an independent high-level switch which would shut off inflow if the level got above a certain setpoint.
814:(HOSL – Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd), generally known as the Buncefield complex, was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the UK, with a capacity of about 60,000,000 imperial gallons (270 ML) of fuel, although it was not always full. This was about 8% of UK oil storage capacity.
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The investigation found that the level gauge had stuck at random times after a tank service in August 2005, but it did not concern maintenance contractors or site management. The independent shut-off switch was not fitted with a critical padlock to allow its check lever to work. Secondary containment
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Sentencing took place in July 2010. Total UK was fined £3.6 m, plus £2.6 m in costs. Hertfordshire Oil
Storage Limited was fined £1.45 m and £1 m in costs. The British Pipeline Agency was fined £300,000 plus £480,000 costs. Motherwell Control Systems and TAV Engineering were fined
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An initial trial concluded on 23 May 2008 when Mr
Justice David Steel issued a summary judgment after hearing that both Total and Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd (HOSL) had agreed that negligence was the cause. In the main trial, Total UK claimed that the duty supervisor at the time was responsible for
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An overflow such as this results in the rapid formation of a rich fuel and air vapour. CCTV footage showed such a vapour flowing out the bund wall from around 05:38. By 05:50 the vapour started flowing off the site, near the junction of Cherry Tree and
Buncefield Lane. Around 05:50 the rate at which
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An initial progress report by the Major
Incident Investigation Board on 21 February 2006 did not go into the causes of the explosion, but summed up the event and the immediate reaction from the emergency services. A second progress report, published on 11 April 2006, looked at the environmental
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A further fire broke out during the early morning of 14 December. Firefighters were of the view that extinguishing it would leave the risk of petroleum vapour re-igniting or exploding, so it would be better to allow the fire, which was well contained, to burn itself out. Hertfordshire Fire
Service's
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Firefighters were confident that the remaining fires could be extinguished during the day on
Tuesday, 13 December. The smoke plume had been considerably reduced and was more grey, indicating the amount of vapourised water now combining with the smoke. It was reported at 16:45 that all tank fires had
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Several nearby office blocks were hit so badly that almost every window, front and back, was blown in as the explosion ripped through them. The timing of the explosion before work hours possibly prevented additional casualties. Reports also indicated that cars in nearby streets caught fire. The roof
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To rebuild the damaged parts of the site, the relevant approval from
Dacorum Borough Council would be needed. The BP section of the site is a good way from the explosion and survived with very little damage, but it was inoperative as of 2009. BP is exploring plans for the future use of this part of
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A total of 2,700 claims were filed by residents, businesses and insurers. A group of 146 claimants were hoping to bring a class action against Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd. On 17 March 2006 a High Court official, Senior Master Turner, adjourned a hearing on whether to permit the class action until
670:, an authority on fire safety; and Dr Peter Baxter, a medical expert. Environment Agency and HSE staff were also on the board. Its aim was to identify the immediate causes of the explosion, rather than consider who was to blame for any deficiencies, so as not to prejudice further legal proceedings.
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A number of companies were affected by inability to reach their premises even where the premises themselves were largely unaffected by the blast. Criticism was expressed by local citizens and the local MP as originally the depot had been constructed away from other buildings, but that developmental
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highly buoyant; this, together with settled weather conditions, allowed the plume to rise to a great height with little cross-mixing. When the fire was reduced in intensity it was reported to be possible that the plume would be less buoyant and that ground-level smoke concentrations could then rise
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Around 150 firefighters were called immediately to the incident, and began tackling the blaze at 08:20 on the morning of 11 December, putting in containment measures before applying a large quantity of foam. The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway, which led to its closure
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and the Major Incident Investigation Board provided advice to prevent incidents such as these in the future. The primary need is for safety measures to be in place to prevent fuel escaping the tanks in which it is stored. Added safety measures are needed for when fuel does escape, mainly to prevent
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On Tank 912, the manual gauge was stuck and the independent shut-off switch was inoperative, meaning that the tank was being "filled blind" with petrol (i.e., being filled without a clear indication of the level). Eventually Tank 912 filled up completely, the petrol overflowed through vents at the
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In April 2010, the five companies accused of causing the explosion faced a criminal prosecution brought by the Health and Safety Executive and the Environment Agency. Two defendants, Total UK and British Pipeline Agency Limited, had already pleaded guilty to offences under the Health and Safety at
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The extent of the damage meant it was not possible to determine the exact source of ignition, but possibilities include an emergency generator and the depot's fire pump system. The investigators did not believe that it was caused either by the driver of a fuel tanker, as had been speculated, or by
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Calculations show that the tank would have begun to overflow at about 05:20. There is evidence suggesting that a high-level switch, which should have detected that the tank was full and shut off the supply, failed to operate. The switch failure should have triggered an alarm, but it too appears to
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building. These buildings were so badly damaged they were rendered completely unusable. Demolition of the Fujifilm building began soon afterwards, and by June 2006 it had been completely removed from the site. Although the Northgate and Fujifilm buildings were closest to the blast, the surrounding
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on Sunday, 10 December 2006, at which the Bishop of St Albans spoke, calling again for a full public inquiry, for assurances that the local hospital would maintain its accident and emergency department, and for the community to continue to build on good and new relationships formed because of the
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Wider management failings were found by the investigation to have contributed to the explosion: management safety checks at the site were found to be deficient and not properly followed. Site staff did not have control over the flow rates and timing of two of the three inlet sources, meaning that
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Several court cases resulted from the explosion, although the main trial to determine who was liable for the damage commenced at the High Court in October 2008. The BBC quoted Cheetah Couriers – which suffered a 20% drop in turnover because of the explosions, resulting in losses of
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The fire resulted in 244 people requiring medical aid – mainly on the first day of the fire. From those 117 had symptoms attributable to the incident, of whom 38 were members of the public. The majority of those visiting hospitals were from the rescue services and attended for
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located in Essex, England. At midnight the terminal closed, and a check was made of the contents of tanks, which found everything normal. Normally the gauges monitor the level of the fuel in the tank as it fills from the particular pipeline. From about 03:00 the level gauge for Tank 912 began to
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Firefighting operations were resumed at about 20:00, and it was anticipated that all fires could be extinguished during the night. Further damage occurred to one of the storage tanks in the early hours of Tuesday morning, causing firefighters to be withdrawn once again, but operations resumed at
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By 16:30 on Monday 12 December, it was reported that a further two tank fires had been extinguished, but that one of the tanks extinguished earlier had ruptured and re-ignited, and was now threatening to cause the explosion of an adjacent tank. This led to the M1 motorway being closed again; the
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Hertfordshire Constabulary advised people who had houses with smashed windows to seek refuge with friends or family nearby if possible. Some people whose homes were damaged by the blast were placed in hotels, while others stayed in a nearby shopping centre. Total, the operator of the Buncefield
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or other European airports to refuel, while short-haul operators were asked to fuel their aircraft for the round trip before flying to Heathrow. Some aircraft were only allowed 40% of the fuel they would normally take on board. Fuel shortages continued for months after the explosion.
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airports. About half of the complex is dedicated to the storage of aviation fuel. The remainder of the complex stores oil, kerosene, petrol and diesel fuel for petrol stations across much of the South-East of England. The terminal is owned by TOTAL UK Limited (60%) and Texaco 40%.
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announced that it was increasing the safe level of the chemical in drinking water. Hemel Hempstead MP, Mike Penning accused the government of changing the rules to suit the situation in which PFOS levels in drinking water in the area may rise in the future. Most of the fuel burned
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been extinguished, although some smaller fires persisted. 75% of firefighters for Hertfordshire were involved in fighting the fire, supported by 16 other brigades. The entire gold command operation, involving many agencies as well as all the emergency services, was run from
524:, on the advice of Hertfordshire's Health Protection Agency that all schools within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of the incident site should be closed because of concerns surrounding the effect of the smoke plume on children's health. Schools reopened as normal on 14 December.
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Plans had been in place to start using foam at midnight on 11 December, but were delayed by last-minute concerns over possible pollution of local rivers and underlying water sources. Six high volume pumps were used to extract 25,000 litres (5,499 imp gal) of water per
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The first and largest explosion occurred near tank 912, which led to further explosions which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks. The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a firefighting effort began. The cause of the explosion was a
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minute – 417 litres (92 imp gal) per second – from a reservoir 1.5 miles (2 km) from the fire, with six more high-volume pumps deployed at various locations to serve as boosters. Thirty-two thousand litres (7,039 imp gal) of
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A further announcement was made on 9 May 2006 about the sequence of events which caused the explosion. Starting at 19:00 on the evening of 10 December 2005, Tank 912, towards the north west of the main depot, was filled with unleaded petrol – from the
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The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway. The motorway was shut between junctions 12 and 6a – about 18 miles (29 km) – shortly after the incident. Other roads in the vicinity, including the short
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Hundreds of homes in the Hemel Hempstead area were evacuated, and about 2,000 people had to find alternative accommodation; emergency services asked residents of the smoke-affected areas to close their windows and doors and to stay inside.
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and the setting up of a public exclusion area. It was estimated that this incident would be the largest "single-seat" fire in the world ever to be fought by a fire brigade, and foam supplies from sites all over the UK were drawn upon.
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of at least one house was blown off. Buildings in the vicinity were evacuated by police, not only because of the smoke and possibility of more explosions, but because of the danger of structural damage making the buildings unstable.
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The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a tremendous firefighting effort began. At peak times this effort consisted of 25 fire engines, 20 support vehicles and 180 fire fighters.
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they did not have enough information to properly manage the storage of incoming fuel. Further, overall throughput had increased, reducing wait times further and shifting the emphasis to process operations instead of
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Soon after the incident the Health Protection Agency was stripped of its remit to provide air quality data and it was passed on to the Environment Agency which forms part of the Major Accident Investigation Board.
297:, although they were not in a life-threatening condition. Some early media reports spoke of eight fatalities, but these may have been persons missing. All members of staff from the terminal were accounted for.
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This satellite photo shows black smoke from the explosion spreading in two main streams from the explosion site shown by the orange dot. By the time the fire had been extinguished the smoke had reached the
175:, England. The terminal was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the United Kingdom, with a capacity of about 60 million Imperial gallons (273 million litres) of fuel. The terminal is owned by
203:. The flames had been extinguished by the afternoon of 13 December 2005. However, one storage tank reignited that evening, which firefighters left to burn rather than attempting to extinguish it again.
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October 2006. Claimants including insurance companies, small businesses and about 280 families whose properties were damaged or destroyed were claiming up to £1 billion in damages.
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which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks. From all accounts, it seems to have been an unconfined vapour cloud explosion of unusually high strength – also known as a
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per minute were directed against the fire for just over four hours, after which the pumping rate was reduced. Half of the 20 individual fires were reported extinguished by midday.
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On the roundabout at the entrance to Hemel, the "Phoenix Gateway" sculpture was designed by Jose Zavala to symbolize the recovery of the town from the Buncefield oil depot explosion.
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have failed. Forty-one minutes later, an estimated 300 tonnes (330 short tons) of petrol would have spilled down the side of the tank through the roof vents onto the ground inside a
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555:'s fuel, and because of the fire, the airport had to start rationing fuel. Some long-haul flights to Australia, the Far East, and South Africa had to make an intermediate stop at
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The British Geological Survey monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the Richter scale. It was reported that people were woken in south London, and as far west as
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School, blown-in or warped front doors, and an entire wall being removed from a warehouse more than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) from the site. Buildings in neighbouring
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As a result of the destruction of the equipment in the Northgate building several websites hosted there were inaccessible – including that of the
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significantly. By 12 December, it was reported that the smoke cloud had reached northern France; it was expected to arrive in northern Spain by the weekend.
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precautionary check ups. Most of them had no symptoms, except for 63 emergency workers who suffered respiratory complaints, of which half were sore throats.
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and the Met Office, made two flights on 12 and 13 December. In the first flight the edge of the plume was followed along the south coast of England.
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being the major component in the cloud. The second flight went into the centre of the plume to obtain data to help forecasting and emergency teams.
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The seat of the fire, and the worst damaged section, was "HOSL West", used by Total and Texaco to store a variety of fuels, and the neighbouring
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which is formed of the Environment Agency and the Health and Safety Executive. They carried out an investigation during and following the fire.
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266:(about 70 miles (110 km) away). Damage from the blasts included broken windows at various buildings including the Holy Trinity church and
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Witnesses many miles from the terminal observed flames hundreds of feet high; the smoke cloud was visible from space, and from as far north as
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public exclusion area was widened, and firefighters were temporarily withdrawn until the risk posed by the threatened tank could be assessed.
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in Cambridge was also affected; its IT system dealing with admissions and discharges had to be replaced for several days by a manual system.
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The Buncefield depot is behind the Northgate building (at the right of this photo). The building lost the glass from all of its windows.
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top, and formed a vapour cloud near ground level, which ignited and exploded. The fires from the explosion then lasted for five days.
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around £300,000 to £400,000. The company was located in offices on an industrial estate 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the depot.
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depot, set up a helpline for people whose properties had been damaged by the explosion, and called in local authorities and the
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Concerns for public safety resulted in about 227 schools, libraries, and other public buildings across Hertfordshire and
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anyone using a mobile phone. It was felt unlikely that the explosion had a widespread effect on air quality at ground level.
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out – rather than spilling into the soil, so the impact on surrounding land and the water table was limited.
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deputy chief Mark Yates stated that escaping petroleum vapour was the most likely cause of the original explosion and fire.
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589:. In all, six buildings were designated for demolition and 30 more required major repairs before they could be reoccupied.
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There were 43 reported injuries; two people were deemed to be seriously injured enough to be kept in hospital, one in
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1592:"Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board Publish Recommendations on the Design and Operation of Fuel Storage Sites"
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08:30. By midday on 13 December, all but three fires had been extinguished, although the largest tank was still burning.
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and is an important fuel source to the British aviation industry, providing aircraft fuel for local airports including
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indicate an unchanging level reading, despite it being filled at 550 cubic metres (19,423 cu ft) per hour.
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issued warnings that the smoke in the atmosphere could come down in rainfall during the night of 11 December.
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The first and largest explosion occurred at 06:01 UTC on Sunday, 11 December 2005 near container 912.
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Some local petrol stations reported long queues as people started panic buying. A spokesman for the
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The fire ten minutes after the explosion as seen from Hunters Oak, 0.59 miles (0.95 km) away.
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regulations. The Control of Major Accidents and Hazards Regulations are jointly enforced by the
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closing on 12 and 13 December. Police and local authorities advised residents to consult the
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Total appealed the judgement, but the appeal was dismissed in a hearing on 4 March 2010.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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432:, Buckinghamshire, about 18 miles (29 km) away, nearly 38 hours after the explosion
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buildings. Note the broken windscreen and rear window on the vehicle in the foreground.
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pressures had led to both houses and commercial premises being built near the depot.
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was started, but calls for a full public inquiry were declined. The Board included
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Hertfordshire police and fire services and the member of parliament for the area,
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it forming a flammable vapour and stop pollutants from poisoning the environment.
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The smoke plume from 3.75 miles (6.04 km) away, the day after the explosion
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gave assurances that no petrol shortage was likely to result from the incident.
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Buncefield: Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service's review of the fire response
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Catherine House (to the north), Keystone Distribution building (to the west),
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borough were closed on 13 December, along with a limited number of schools in
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2644:. Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. 13 July 2006. Archived from
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wall – a semi-enclosed compound surrounding several tanks.
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796:£1,000 each. Local MP Mike Penning called the modest fines "insulting".
650:, London, about 18 miles (29 km) away, 10 hours after the explosion
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2519:"Buncefield investigation – Frequently Asked Questions"
1682:"Hemeltoday reports on the Buncefield Investigation reports of May 06"
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In the Maylands industrial area the worst affected buildings were the
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For the first two days of the fire, the high thermal energy made the
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2147:"The Fluorochemical Dilemma: What the PFOS/PFOA fuss is all about"
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was a major fire at an oil storage facility that started at 06:01
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1972:"Buncefield Depot Explosion – services affected"
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2005 oil storage fire and explosion in Hemel Hempstead, England
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Great Britain: Hertfordshire Fire and Rescue Service (2006).
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1405:. British Geological Survey. 11 December 2005. Archived from
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255:(about 28 miles (45 km)), where in its southern suburb,
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The fire seen from a vantage point between the Northgate and
2173:. WATFORD, England.: PR Newswire Europe Ltd. 12 January 2006
2116:. Hertfordshire County Council. January 2006. Archived from
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lost £5 million of inventory and could not sell during the
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2490:"Buncefield Anniversary Service, Sunday 10 December 2006"
2373:"Firm in Buncefield court case guilty of safety breaches"
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had serious blast damage, and a window was blown out of
2433:"Buncefield companies fined £5.35m for oil depot blaze"
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An anniversary service was held in Holy Trinity Church
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Industrial fires and explosions in the United Kingdom
2404:"Three companies guilty in Buncefield oil depot case"
1565:. HPA Press Office. 11 September 2006. Archived from
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Aerial photo (January 2006) of aftermath of the fire
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in a vapour cloud of evaporated leaking petrol. The
2431:Wearden, Graeme; MacAlister, Terry (16 July 2010).
2317:"Herbert Smith achieves appeal victory for Chevron"
2230:"Oil company Total admits Buncefield fire failings"
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1335:"Trial starts for Buncefield compensation claims"
2762:
2684:Prosecution resulting from Buncefield explosion.
2398:
2396:
2283:
2281:
1855:"Questions still unanswered in Buncefield probe"
1790:"Smoke of British Oil Depot Fire Reaches France"
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1511:"Buncefield 16 years on: A firefighter's story"
195:monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the
2826:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom
2708:Coverage of the High Court compensation trial.
2567:"BPA kicks off the Buncefield Rebuild Project"
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2216:
1962:
1960:
1884:"Fire at Hertfordshire oil depot is contained"
446:Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements
293:, with breathing difficulties, and another in
2393:
2278:
2256:"Total found liable for Buncefield explosion"
2513:
2511:
1643:
1298:. Sky News. 11 December 2005. Archived from
2696:Aerial photographs of the fire in progress.
2443:
1957:
1751:Alex Spence; Michael Herman (23 May 2008).
476:
409:The small particles in the smoke contained
2856:December 2005 events in the United Kingdom
1753:"Total negligent over blast at Buncefield"
629:However just before the announcement, the
448:, a research aircraft operated jointly by
2508:
2085:"Growing Business Success Stories – ASOS"
1825:"Buncefield oil depot fires extinguished"
654:A government inquiry held jointly by the
471:
464:concentrations were found to be low with
2547:. forecourttrader.co.uk. 2 November 2009
1586:
1584:
959:
856:
747:
641:
607:
502:to provide accommodation or other help.
480:
423:
377:
311:
223:
2786:Building and structure fires in England
2171:"Buncefield Victims Criticise Cover Up"
1360:
1358:
1356:
527:
127:
2763:
2227:
1296:"Fire Rages After Blasts at Oil Depot"
664:Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree
618:persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic
563:
2144:
1594:. MIIB. 29 March 2007. Archived from
1581:
771:
307:
219:
2806:2005 disasters in the United Kingdom
2458:"Official accident report from MIIB"
2228:Taylor, Matthew (13 November 2009).
1935:Natural Environment Research Council
1852:
1353:
1083:"Can sound really travel 200 miles?"
892:
711:
513:website for up-to-date information.
2492:. St Albans Diocese. Archived from
1625:"Buncefield parallels drawn abroad"
1485:"Five firms charged over oil blast"
1183:"Total liable for Buncefield blast"
1140:"Massive blaze rages at fuel depot"
1050:"Buncefield tank 'was overflowing'"
616:announced that it had detected the
485:Smoke from the blast, visible from
444:To investigate the smoke cloud the
402:, and could be seen across much of
13:
2719:of the Buncefield terminal. Other
2592:
2347:"Buncefield firms appear in court"
2289:"Oil giant guilty over Buncefield"
2087:. Growing Business. Archived from
2029:"Oil fire leads to plane pitstops"
1909:"Smoke cloud spreading over South"
1717:"Buncefield victims in court move"
1563:"Lessons from the Buncefield Fire"
964:Phoenix Gateway sculpture in Hemel
867:Major Incident Investigation Board
812:Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal
806:Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal
707:
282:(about 5 miles (8 km) away).
161:Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal
159:on Sunday 11 December 2005 at the
14:
2877:
2791:2000s fires in the United Kingdom
2675:
2656:Sceptre Fundraising Team (2006).
2198:"Delayed Buncefield findings due"
2058:"Oil blaze hits hospital systems"
1539:. Hertsdirect.org. Archived from
1246:
946:
551:The oil terminal supplied 30% of
2682:Buncefield explosion prosecution
2349:. 6 October 2009. Archived from
2082:
1684:. Hemelhempstead Today. May 2006
994:2021 Balongan refinery explosion
978:
955:
897:
716:
546:Department of Trade and Industry
126:
119:
43:
2573:. 20 March 2013. Archived from
2571:Oil and gas pipeline consultant
2559:
2537:
2482:
2424:
2365:
2339:
2309:
2262:. 20 March 2009. Archived from
2248:
2103:
2076:
1990:
1927:
1555:
1529:
1503:
817:The HOSL is a major hub on the
799:
702:
570:Northgate Information Solutions
366:, some distance from the fire.
2323:. 4 March 2010. Archived from
1853:Bond, Sam (22 February 2006).
1446:"How Buncefield fire unfolded"
933:
373:
1:
1023:
999:2009 Cataño oil refinery fire
821:(UKOP) with pipelines to the
2722:map and aerial photo sources
2700:Buncefield Terminal Incident
2690:Official government enquiry.
2688:The Buncefield Investigation
2145:Ullah, Aziz (October 2006).
2111:"Multi-Agency Recovery Plan"
1968:Hertfordshire County Council
1886:. RTÉ News. 11 December 2005
1827:. RTÉ News. 13 December 2005
1249:"Buncefield: One Year Later"
888:
7:
971:
776:The site is covered by the
656:Health and Safety Executive
631:Drinking Water Inspectorate
238:Further explosions followed
214:
10:
2882:
2841:Disasters in Hertfordshire
2702:Pages on the HOSL website.
2694:Hertfordshire Constabulary
2154:Cleaning & Restoration
803:
637:
428:The smoke plume seen from
382:The smoke plume seen from
360:Hertfordshire Constabulary
58:11 December 2005
2801:2005 industrial disasters
2623:. The Stationery Office.
906:This section needs to be
852:
819:UK's oil pipeline network
725:This section needs to be
646:Smoke from the fire over
624:perfluorooctane sulfonate
587:Christmas shopping season
516:Seventy-eight schools in
384:Dunsmore, Buckinghamshire
193:British Geological Survey
110:
105:
100:
95:
91:, England, United Kingdom
80:
69:
54:
42:
2776:History of Hertfordshire
2658:The Buncefield Explosion
2600:"Buncefield in Pictures"
1759:. London. Archived from
865:The final report of the
477:Evacuations and closures
295:Hemel Hempstead Hospital
291:Watford General Hospital
208:Health Protection Agency
2321:Herbert Smith Freehills
2260:Hemel Hempstead Gazette
1998:"Luton schools re-open"
1368:. Total. Archived from
847:British Pipeline Agency
20:
2816:2000s in Hertfordshire
2545:"Plans for Buncefield"
2521:. BIIM. Archived from
1403:"Hemel Hempstead Area"
1017:Milford Haven Refinery
965:
862:
753:
651:
598:Addenbrooke's Hospital
490:
472:Reactions and response
433:
387:
322:
233:
32:considered for merging
2781:Explosions in England
2660:. Sceptre Education.
2002:Luton Borough Council
1939:"Oil depot explosion"
1253:Industrial Fire World
963:
860:
751:
645:
608:Groundwater pollution
572:headquarters and the
541:), were also closed.
484:
427:
381:
315:
227:
2821:Engineering failures
2796:2005 fires in Europe
2747:51.76361°N 0.42389°W
2327:on 24 September 2015
1263:on 30 November 2009.
1010:Grangemouth Refinery
823:Lindsey Oil Refinery
668:Prof Dougal Drysdale
528:Transport disruption
511:Hertfordshire Direct
201:Flixborough disaster
137:class=notpageimage|
2743: /
2091:on 27 December 2010
1569:on 11 December 2009
1537:"Buncefield report"
1372:on 28 February 2009
1259:(6). Archived from
790:Water Resources Act
782:competent authority
614:Three Valleys Water
564:Business disruption
362:'s headquarters in
352:Bishop of St Albans
163:, located near the
39:
2771:Explosions in 2005
2752:51.76361; -0.42389
2651:on 2 October 2006.
2606:. 14 December 2006
2353:on 11 October 2009
2297:. 13 November 2009
2204:. 21 February 2006
2064:. 12 December 2005
2035:. 16 December 2005
2004:. 13 December 2005
1978:on 6 December 2000
1915:. 11 December 2005
1796:. 12 December 2005
1631:. 14 February 2006
1543:on 4 November 2007
1517:. 11 December 2021
1409:on 26 January 2011
1146:. 12 December 2005
1089:. 13 December 2005
1012:explosion and fire
966:
863:
772:Criminal liability
754:
660:Environment Agency
652:
491:
434:
404:South East England
388:
364:Welwyn Garden City
336:fire fighting foam
323:
308:Tackling the blaze
242:fuel-air explosion
234:
220:Explosion and fire
189:fuel-air explosion
106:2 serious injuries
37:
2577:on 3 October 2017
1366:"Buncefield Fire"
927:
926:
746:
745:
537:(now part of the
115:
114:
2873:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2671:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2639:"Initial Report"
2634:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2463:. Archived from
2462:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2266:on 28 March 2009
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2225:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:. Archived from
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1748:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1515:Watford Observer
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:. 1 October 2008
1339:Watford Observer
1331:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1136:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:
1004:2009 Jaipur fire
988:
983:
982:
981:
940:Leverstock Green
922:
919:
913:
901:
900:
893:
827:Stanlow Refinery
741:
738:
732:
720:
719:
712:
680:Coryton Refinery
621:fluorosurfactant
579:3Com Corporation
557:Stansted Airport
553:Heathrow Airport
268:Leverstock Green
244:. Because of an
230:3Com Corporation
177:Total UK Limited
130:
129:
123:
65:
63:
47:
40:
36:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2851:Hemel Hempstead
2811:2005 in England
2761:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2678:
2668:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2595:
2593:Further reading
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2525:on 4 April 2008
2517:
2516:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2470:on 18 July 2015
2467:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2384:
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2371:
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2366:
2356:
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2344:
2340:
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2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
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2298:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1965:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1763:on 12 June 2011
1749:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1723:. 17 March 2006
1715:
1714:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1598:on 18 July 2009
1590:
1589:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
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1544:
1535:
1534:
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1518:
1509:
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1465:
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1422:
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1410:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1302:on 4 March 2010
1294:
1293:
1268:
1245:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1189:. 20 March 2009
1181:
1180:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1059:
1057:
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984:
979:
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958:
949:
936:
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911:
902:
898:
891:
855:
808:
802:
774:
742:
736:
733:
730:
721:
717:
710:
708:Civil liability
705:
648:Hampstead Heath
640:
610:
566:
530:
507:Buckinghamshire
487:Hemel Hempstead
479:
474:
458:nitrogen oxides
454:Carbon monoxide
376:
319:English Channel
310:
280:St Albans Abbey
276:Townsend School
274:also suffered;
246:inversion layer
222:
217:
169:Hemel Hempstead
153:Buncefield fire
149:
148:
147:
141:Hemel Hempstead
139:
133:
132:
131:
85:Hemel Hempstead
61:
59:
50:
38:Buncefield fire
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Gas explosions
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2676:External links
2674:
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2635:
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2616:
2594:
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2589:
2588:
2558:
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2496:on 7 June 2011
2481:
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2412:. 18 June 2010
2392:
2381:. 16 June 2010
2364:
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2247:
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2159:
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2123:on 9 June 2011
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1989:
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1945:on 9 July 2009
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1452:. 13 July 2006
1420:
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1313:
1266:
1247:White, David.
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986:England portal
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947:Reconstruction
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883:process safety
854:
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804:Main article:
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658:(HSE) and the
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500:Salvation Army
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466:soot particles
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2846:TotalEnergies
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27:Infobox event
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2728:
2717:Aerial photo
2657:
2646:the original
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1857:. Edie Daily
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1491:. 8 May 2009
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1086:
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1056:. 9 May 2006
1053:
967:
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928:
918:January 2018
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737:January 2011
734:
726:
703:Legal action
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685:
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653:
628:
612:In May 2006
611:
602:
594:Labour Party
591:
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550:
543:
535:M10 motorway
531:
522:Bedfordshire
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419:
411:hydrocarbons
408:
389:
368:
356:
344:
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324:
302:Mike Penning
299:
288:
284:
264:Lincolnshire
261:
250:
235:
205:
185:
152:
150:
111:0 fatalities
25:
18:
2750: /
2706:Hemel Today
2610:31 December
2551:15 November
2529:11 December
2500:20 November
2301:13 November
2240:11 December
2095:23 February
2083:Card, Jon.
1982:13 December
1602:11 December
1573:11 December
1521:11 December
1456:11 December
1376:11 December
934:Remembrance
392:smoke cloud
374:Smoke cloud
165:M1 motorway
101:43 injuries
21:‹ The
2765:Categories
2735:51°45′49″N
2357:6 November
2208:18 October
2177:18 October
2068:17 October
2039:17 October
1949:17 October
1919:17 October
1890:19 October
1861:18 October
1831:19 October
1800:17 October
1767:18 October
1727:18 October
1688:18 October
1635:19 October
1547:17 October
1495:18 October
1413:19 October
1345:18 October
1306:19 October
1193:18 October
1150:19 October
1093:17 October
1060:17 October
1024:References
415:Met Office
390:The black
179:(60%) and
96:Casualties
62:2005-12-11
2738:0°25′26″W
2581:3 October
2474:17 August
2439:. London.
1757:The Times
889:Aftermath
539:A414 road
272:St Albans
253:Wokingham
30:is being
2604:BBC News
2409:BBC News
2378:BBC News
2331:11 March
2294:BBC News
2270:20 March
2236:. London
2202:BBC News
2062:BBC News
2033:BBC News
1913:BBC News
1721:BBC News
1629:BBC News
1489:BBC News
1450:BBC News
1187:BBC News
1144:BBC News
1087:BBC News
1054:BBC News
972:See also
835:Heathrow
674:impact.
574:Fujifilm
215:Incident
81:Location
34:. ›
23:template
2836:Dacorum
2416:18 June
2385:17 June
2127:1 April
943:blast.
908:updated
831:Gatwick
727:updated
638:Inquiry
400:Swindon
396:Reading
183:(40%).
60: (
2664:
2627:
2008:16 May
853:Causes
849:area.
181:Texaco
73:06:01
2649:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
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2150:(PDF)
2121:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
1015:1983
1008:1987
839:Luton
778:COMAH
518:Luton
462:ozone
438:plume
171:, in
2662:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2612:2009
2583:2017
2553:2009
2531:2009
2502:2009
2476:2015
2418:2010
2387:2010
2359:2009
2333:2015
2303:2009
2272:2009
2242:2009
2210:2009
2179:2009
2129:2010
2097:2014
2070:2009
2041:2009
2010:2007
1984:2005
1951:2009
1921:2009
1892:2009
1863:2009
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1769:2009
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1690:2009
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1523:2021
1497:2009
1458:2009
1415:2009
1378:2009
1347:2009
1308:2009
1195:2009
1152:2009
1095:2009
1062:2009
1019:fire
837:and
825:and
810:The
689:bund
583:ASOS
460:and
450:NERC
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206:The
151:The
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157:UTC
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