3229:"Let us consider the case of a country composed of several national groups, e.g. Poles, Lithuanians and Jews. Each national group would create a separate movement. All citizens belonging to a given national group would join a special organisation that would hold cultural assemblies in each region and a general cultural assembly for the whole country. The assemblies would be given financial powers of their own: either each national group would be entitled to raise taxes on its members, or the state would allocate a proportion of its overall budget to each of them. Every citizen of the state would belong to one of the national groups, but the question of which national movement to join would be a matter of personal choice and no authority would have any control over his decision. The national movements would be subject to the general legislation of the state, but in their own areas of responsibility they would be autonomous and none of them would have the right to interfere in the affairs of the others".
4643:
95:
4631:
4152:
culture and the
Yiddish language. The activity of those with this new interest, sometimes called "neo-Bundism," alongside those with unbroken links to prewar Bundists, has led to a new visibility of interest in Bundist ideas in both political and cultural circles. And because Bundism offers an alternate historical vision of Jewish identity to Zionism, this development is sometimes a controversial one.
25:
3185:'hereness', from ××Ö¸ do 'here' plus Öž×ק -ik adjectival suffix plus ֞ק××× -kayt '-ness' suffix), is and was central to the Bundist ideology, expressing its focus on solving the challenges confronting Jews in the country in which they lived, versus the "thereness" of the Zionist movement, which posited the necessity of an independent Jewish polity in its ancestral homeland, i.e., the
3302:, which even took part in the 1959 Knesset elections, with a very low electoral result. Its publication, Lebns Fregyn, remained in publication until June 2014. It was one of the last surviving left-wing Yiddish-language publications. The organisation dissolved in 2019, with its assets being transferred to the Zionist-Yiddishist organisation Beit Shalom Aleichem.
4151:
Today we are witnessing a revival of the ideas of the Jewish Labor Bund, an organization which had been a powerful force in
Russian and Polish Jewish communities during the first half of the 20th century. The Bund focused on doikayt ("hereness"), libertarian socialism, and support for secular Jewish
3294:
and reaffirmed its support for a country under the control of superpowers and the UN. The 1948 New York Second World
Conference of the International Jewish Labor Bund condemned the proclamation of the Zionist state. The conference was in favour of a two nationsâ state built on the base of national
3435:
in
October 2023. The group published a manifesto in November of that year seeking to gain international support and cooperation, centreing Bundism as an alternative to Zionism within the modern Jewish diaspora. The group has drawn criticism from the aforementioned groups however, for its focus on
3205:
The Jewish Labour Bund did not advocate ethnic or religious separatism, but focused on culture, not a state or a place, as the glue of Jewish nationhood, within the context of a world of multi-cultural and multi-ethnic countries. In this the
Bundists borrowed extensively from the
3805:
3054:
While the Jewish Labour Bund was a trade union as well as a political party, its initial purpose was the organisation of the Jewish proletariat in
Belarus, Russia, Poland and Lithuania. It was criticised however by individuals like
3813:
3309:
decided that the creation of the Jewish state was an important event in Jewish history that might play a positive role in Jewish life, but felt that a few necessary changes were needed. The conference participants demanded that:
3404:
184:
4192:
143:
4306:
Jack Lester Jacobs (ed.), Jewish
Politics in Eastern Europe : The Bund at 100, Zydowski Instytut HistorycznyâInstytut Naukowo-Badawczy, New York, New York University Press, May 2001,
138:
3130:
as a Jewish national language in its own right; to some extent, the promotion of
Yiddish was part and parcel of the Bund's opposition to the Zionist movement and its project of reviving
3584:
3461:
133:
4367:
Antony
Polonsky, "The Bund in Polish Political Life, 1935-1939", in: Ezra Mendelsohn (ed.), Essential Papers on Jews and the Left, New York, New York University Press, 1997
1574:
219:
3399:
3332:
The World
Coordinating Council of the Jewish Labour Bund was quietly disbanded by a number of Bundists and representatives of related organizations, including
2152:
4347:
N. Levin, Jewish socialist movements, 1871â1917 : while Messiah tarried, London, Routledge & K. Paul (Distributed by Oxford University Press), 1978,
4357:
Y. Peled, Class and ethnicity in the pale: the political economy of Jewish workers' nationalism in late Imperial Russia, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1989,
1807:
1502:
1694:
5107:
4620:
3419:
away from support for Israel and posits that Antisemitism is "firmly anchored in the centre of German society". The organisation regularly takes part in
3107:
and the reduced political authority of religious institutions over Jewish life, some modern Bundist organizations do not consider this a primary focus.
2902:
4552:
3744:
666:
4948:
4877:
1689:
1937:
3037:
Though extant after the war and undergoing a revival in the 21st century, according to David Kranzler, the movement and its relatives (e.g. the
2191:
5008:
2985:
555:
3384:
3352:(founded in 1929) is considered the largest and most active existent organisation of the Bund. It organises a mix of events highlighting
3299:
3291:
3023:
3018:, more properly the "World Coordinating Council of the Jewish Labor Bund", was founded in New York, with affiliated groups in Argentina,
1176:
1139:
231:
4592:
3324:
d) Israel should foster peace with the Arabs. This required halting territorial expansion and resolving the Palestinian refugee problem.
3162:
as an explicit project (e.g., Bundist organisations in Australia sponsoring non-political Yiddish cultural centres for this purpose).
3878:
4483:, Les cosmopolites - Socialisme et judĂŠitĂŠ en Russie (1897â1917), Paris, Ăditions Syllpse, Collection "Utopie critique", fĂŠvr. 2004,
2115:
128:
123:
2138:
4429:
4383:
4167:
4897:
4613:
3387:. It does not consider itself Anti-Zionist, and has not participated in either pro-Israel or pro-Palestine rallies in Australia.
3383:, and has campaigned in favour of progressive social issues such as the rights of migrants, and in favour of a "Yes" vote in the
1488:
4382:, From Moses to Marx - The Marxists and the Jewish question: History of a debate 1843-1943, New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1996 (
3571:
3372:
2895:
2065:
2000:
1882:
503:
498:
4823:
4574:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4301:
4281:
4231:
3982:
3762:
3728:
3651:
1186:
174:
4598:
4770:
4765:
4662:
3416:
3000:
1624:
169:
4193:"German courts rule against criminalisation of solidarity with Palestine in two rulings, pressure on journalists persists"
43:
35:
4642:
3516:(1895â1943), member of the National Council of the Polish government-in-exile (March 1942 until his suicide in May, 1943)
2989:
1892:
1709:
1699:
939:
4373:
Henry Tobias, The origins and evolution of the Jewish Bund until 1901, Ann Arbor (Michigan), University Microfilms, 1958
4370:
C. Belazel Sherman, Bund, Galuth nationalism, Yiddishism, Herzl Institute Pamphlet no.6, New York, 1958, ASIN B0006AVR6U
4247:
4606:
4330:
Bernard K. Johnpoll, The politics of futility. The General Jewish Workers Bund of Poland, 1917â1943, Ithaca, New York,
3390:
The early 21st-century has witnessed a revival in the ideas of the Bund (sometimes called "neo-Bundism"). As such some
2288:
2238:
2203:
1897:
1762:
1629:
3318:
b) but it would mean that the affairs of the Jewish community in Israel should be subordinate to those of world Jewry.
3075:. Many modern iterations of the Bund have divested from explicit Marxism but retain a public stance of advocating for
4651:
4588:
4542:
4528:
4488:
4475:
4444:
4425:
4325:
4311:
3954:
2888:
1980:
1942:
1917:
1837:
1822:
1669:
1609:
1564:
61:
3879:"National-Cultural Autonomy and 'Neutralism': Vladimir Medem's Marxist Analysis of the National Question, 1903-1920"
4021:
3432:
2273:
2255:
2161:
2055:
1907:
1902:
1827:
1792:
1659:
548:
148:
5090:
4463:
Henri Minczeles, "La rĂŠsistance du Bund en France pendant l'occupation", Le Monde juif 51:154 (1995) : 138-53
3103:
students, who would live in poverty off charity and learn Torah instead of work, as "parasites." With the rise of
4694:
3866:. New York: Der Amerikaner Reprezentants fun Algemeynem Yidishn Arbeter-Bund (âBundâ) in Poyln. pp. 173â219.
3535:
3465:
3306:
3031:
3015:
2791:
2690:
2245:
2228:
2181:
2080:
1990:
1927:
1877:
1857:
1852:
1772:
1746:
1721:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1559:
1554:
200:
4535:
Le Pain de misère, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier juif en Europe - L'Europe centrale et occidentale jusqu'en 1945
3835:
4796:
4635:
3567:
3501:
3497:
3349:
3139:
3019:
2264:
2250:
2218:
2198:
2166:
2110:
2085:
2060:
2040:
2030:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1947:
1862:
1847:
1767:
1726:
1679:
1674:
1594:
1539:
214:
4337:
N. Levin, While Messiah tarried : Jewish socialist movements, 1871â1917, New York, Schocken Books, 1977,
3806:"Australian Shtetl: Inside Melbourne's Yiddish culture renaissance - Africa, Asia and Australia - Haaretz.com"
4887:
3321:
c) the policy of the state of Israel would be the same toward all citizens regardless of their nationalities.
3282:
of being responsible for recent anti-Semitic agitation in Poland by their campaign urging Jewish emigration.
2685:
2223:
2208:
2171:
2133:
2105:
2095:
2090:
2075:
2070:
2050:
2035:
2020:
1995:
1961:
1932:
1832:
1817:
1741:
1731:
1649:
1619:
1544:
1530:
445:
338:
3423:
demonstrations and positions itself as Anti-Zionist. In addition, as a result of their protests against the
3415:); an organisation of left-wing German Jews and Israeli immigrants that seeks to redefine the debate around
3214:; this approach alienated the Bolsheviks and Lenin, who was derisive of and politically opposed to Bundism.
5018:
4699:
4684:
4376:
Henry Tobias, The Jewish Bund in Russia from Its Origins to 1905, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1972
4286:
3489:
2293:
2213:
2176:
2100:
2045:
1912:
1887:
1812:
1787:
1777:
1716:
1639:
1634:
1614:
1604:
1584:
1569:
1462:
1166:
930:
925:
224:
4492:
3337:
3027:
2283:
2278:
2233:
2186:
1872:
1842:
1802:
1797:
1654:
960:
541:
484:
236:
5075:
94:
4838:
4742:
4704:
4002:
3527:
3523:
3457:
3453:
3244:
3211:
2926:
2757:
2602:
2310:
1704:
900:
890:
626:
529:
109:
2984:. Split along communist and social democratic lines throughout the Civil War, a faction supported the
5147:
4223:
3038:
2871:
2564:
2415:
2356:
1247:
4289:, Jewish politics and the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tel-Aviv, Tel Aviv University, 1982 (21 pages)
3673:
4937:
4833:
4813:
4709:
4331:
3977:. Studies on Polish Jewry. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University. pp. 200, 220â222, 331.
3883:
2574:
2554:
1664:
1144:
685:
384:
5114:
4863:
4848:
3563:
3551:
3327:
e) Yiddish should be taught at all educational institutions and would be promoted in public life.
3041:) were relatively unsuccessful in accomplishing their goals in Europe, though they were popular.
3003:, becoming a major political force within Polish-Jewish communities. Bundists were active in the
2939:
2715:
2705:
2670:
2549:
2539:
2322:
1493:
1435:
1269:
948:
905:
620:
524:
164:
4514:
3555:
3376:
3357:
3096:
2834:
2569:
2483:
1549:
1101:
720:
690:
179:
4521:
Le Pain de misère, Histoire du mouvement ouvrier juif en Europe - L'empire russe jusqu'en 1914
4400:
4389:
A.K. Wildman, Russian and Jewish social democracy, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973
4217:
3944:
3615:
5080:
4973:
4917:
4902:
4843:
4714:
4628:
3928:
3752:
3718:
3559:
3428:
2725:
2720:
2665:
2453:
1368:
1096:
1083:
978:
695:
4583:, Stuttgart/Munich, DVA, 2001, 445 p. (Schriftenreihe des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts, Leipzig),
4453:, Paris, Cahiers de la quinzaine (6e cahier de la 6e sĂŠrie), 1904, 155 pages ASIN B001C9XEME
3900:
3424:
3391:
2796:
2748:
2488:
2346:
1159:
1024:
1013:
971:
3159:
8:
4092:
3507:
3315:
a) the authorities of Israel should treat the state as property of the Jews of the world;
3279:
3180:
3127:
2977:
2849:
2544:
1222:
1089:
992:
985:
915:
803:
678:
4317:
3099:. The Bundists reviled the religious Jews of the time; even going so far as to refer to
463:
5137:
5044:
4958:
4074:
3661:
3541:
3333:
3142:) was mostly spoken by educated Jewish men; Yiddish was a nearly universal language of
2965:
2961:
2700:
2650:
2597:
2592:
2506:
2376:
1644:
1473:
1232:
1152:
1006:
572:
5085:
4858:
2995:
Bundist movement continued to exist as a political party in independent Poland in the
5070:
4584:
4570:
4538:
4524:
4510:
4484:
4471:
4440:
4421:
4358:
4348:
4338:
4321:
4307:
4297:
4277:
4227:
4078:
4066:
3978:
3950:
3892:
3758:
3724:
3647:
3380:
3368:
3275:
3155:
3104:
2981:
2844:
2786:
2766:
2583:
2143:
1782:
1242:
1113:
1043:
920:
833:
700:
4118:
3126:, soon saw the language and the larger Yiddish culture as valuable and promoted the
5142:
4968:
4922:
4907:
4853:
4777:
4581:"Gegen den Strom". Der Allgemeine JĂźdische Arbeiterbund, "Bund" in Polen, 1918-1939
4569:, Wien : Europaverlag, 1982 (Materialien zur Arbeiterbewegung ; Nr. 26),
4058:
3531:
3513:
3263:
3171:
3092:
3004:
2957:
2930:
2814:
2695:
2655:
2619:
2317:
1867:
1378:
1134:
1038:
953:
843:
635:
519:
458:
307:
78:
4998:
4978:
5049:
4293:
4273:
3923:
3519:
3437:
3408:
3131:
2996:
2776:
2735:
2730:
2710:
2632:
2626:
2559:
2511:
2351:
2332:
1483:
1212:
1124:
1107:
651:
391:
324:
4993:
4988:
4418:
Notre libertĂŠ et La VĂ´tre - Le Mouvement ouvrier juif Bund en Pologne, 1939-1949
4927:
4892:
4677:
4413:
3859:
3267:
3243:
The Jewish Labour Bund, as an organization, was formed at the same time as the
3222:
3186:
3143:
3135:
3123:
3080:
3072:
3060:
2973:
2950:
2876:
2675:
2530:
2410:
2389:
2366:
2361:
2339:
2327:
1922:
1403:
1337:
1302:
1280:
1217:
1055:
1033:
895:
874:
850:
616:
598:
405:
398:
331:
287:
267:
262:
5039:
4294:
Prophecy and politics: socialism, nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917
4062:
3778:
3692:
3360:), concern for Jewish rights in Australia and abroad, and the preservation of
5131:
5054:
4963:
4912:
4507:
100 anniversaire du Bund. Actes du Colloque, MinoritĂŠs, DĂŠmocratie, Diasporas
4480:
4379:
4070:
3896:
3748:
3714:
3398:
thought as an adaptation of Doikayt. One example of this is the Berlin-based
3395:
3207:
3147:
3068:
3056:
3008:
2824:
2819:
2025:
1952:
1478:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1307:
1285:
1237:
999:
838:
743:
705:
656:
345:
302:
282:
272:
257:
4046:
4983:
4274:
Converging alternatives: the Bund and the Zionist Labor Movement, 1897-1985
3998:
3924:"Choose Your Own Nationality or The Forgotten History of Cultural Autonomy"
3616:"In the story of two Jewish Bunds, a stark generational divide over Israel"
3485:
3449:
3194:
2854:
2680:
2521:
2516:
2474:
2427:
1521:
1388:
1373:
1332:
1297:
910:
752:
352:
297:
252:
4732:
4017:
3371:. The Melbourne Bund also maintains the only existing wing of the Bundist
3122:
as anything more than a vehicle to exhort the masses of Jewish workers in
3493:
3471:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3190:
2839:
2781:
2446:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1312:
479:
439:
434:
359:
292:
277:
5023:
4760:
3479:
3151:
2497:
1511:
1440:
1398:
1227:
1207:
766:
673:
593:
429:
3298:
A branch of the Jewish Labour Bund was created in Israel in 1951, the
4672:
3431:
formed the "New Yiddish Bund of Binghamton" in coordination with the
3420:
3076:
3064:
2922:
2660:
2645:
1735:
1683:
1445:
1393:
1383:
1064:
1060:
1050:
965:
725:
412:
1413:
3394:
have adopted the aesthetics and ideology of the Bund; often adding
3256:
3189:, to secure Jewish life. Today this often manifests in the form of
2829:
2439:
2371:
1202:
710:
661:
453:
377:
4142:
3271:
3248:
3116:
3100:
2805:
2640:
2434:
1423:
1418:
1290:
1181:
1076:
1072:
1068:
817:
812:
789:
771:
646:
641:
631:
609:
584:
4630:
3443:
3134:. This preference for Yiddish over Hebrew also had an aspect of
2935:×Öˇ××ע××˛Öˇ× ×˘×¨ ××Ö´××׊ער ×֡ר×ע×ער֞××× × ××× ×××ע, פ××××× ××× ×¨×ץ××Öˇ× ×
4782:
4689:
3475:
3260:
3252:
3091:
A staunchly secular party, the Jewish Labour Bund took part in
2969:
2919:
2465:
2460:
2420:
2405:
1516:
1408:
828:
794:
780:
715:
4451:
Juifs russes : le Bund et le sionisme. Un voyage d'ĂŠtude.
4401:
The resolution of the tenth conference of the Bund, April 1917
4135:
3238:
1428:
857:
761:
730:
4567:
Der jĂźdische Arbeiter-Bund Russlands im Revolutionsjahr 1917
4468:
Histoire gĂŠnĂŠrale du Bund, Un mouvement rĂŠvolutionnaire juif
4219:
The Bolshevik revolution, 1917-1918: documents and materials
3545:
580:
3115:
The Jewish Labour Bund, while not initially interested in
2946:
Algemeyner yidisher arbeter-bund in Lite, Poyln un Rusland
2925:
movement whose first organizational manifestation was the
3862:(1943) . "Di sotsial-demokratie un di natsionale frage".
2956:
The Jewish Labour Bund was an important component of the
3492:
and also of the Central Council of Ukraine; member, as
3836:"How the Jewish Labor Bund Changed After World War II"
3585:
Jewish Social Democratic Workers Association "Zukunft"
2944:
4500:
De MoĂŻse Ă Marx - Les marxistes et la question juive
2444:
2425:
848:
5109:
Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus
4460:, Paris, Champion, 1969 (Memories of a Bund leader)
3154:adopted Russian as their main language. With the
5129:
3375:The Australian Bund today has ties to both the
3200:
3007:, and many of its members were murdered during
3743:
3723:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 49.
3305:The 1955 Montreal 3rd World Conference of the
3247:. The Bund eventually came to strongly oppose
2960:movement in the Russian empire until the 1917
4614:
4047:"The Bund Abroad in the Postwar Jewish World"
3444:Bundist members of parliaments or governments
2896:
549:
4216:Bunyan, James; Fisher, Harold Henry (1934).
4215:
4168:"Pro-Palästina-Demos: Diese Gruppen gibt es"
3343:
3148:Russification policies of the Russian Empire
3146:. It was also promoted in opposition to the
3067:"; a claim rejected by Bundist leaders like
3921:
3613:
3292:the UNGA vote on the partition of Palestine
2929:in Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, and Russia (
1140:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4621:
4607:
4505:Union progressiste des Juifs de Belgique,
4018:"The Anti-Zionism of the Bund (1947-1972)"
3864:Vladimir Medem: Tsum tsvantsikstn yortsayt
3239:Before the creation of the State of Israel
3219:Social democracy and the national question
2903:
2889:
556:
542:
4318:Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland
4248:"General Secretariat of the Central Rada"
3478:between 1922 and 1931 (twice reelected);
3436:Anti-Zionism and a lack of discussion of
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
3949:. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 273.
3876:
3427:a group of Jewish Students based out of
3233:
4523:, Paris, La DĂŠcouverte, 2002, (Vol. I)
4015:
4009:
3942:
3833:
3713:
3300:Arbeter-ring in Yisroel â Brith Haavoda
3156:decline of Yiddish as a spoken language
5130:
4637:History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus
4044:
3707:
3694:An Introduction to Bundism (1897-1903)
3510:(1879â1938), successor of Moisei Rafes
4602:
4162:
4160:
4040:
4038:
3969:
3858:
3534:'s suicide; secretary general of the
3504:from 28 June 1917 to 22 January 1918)
3225:exposed his version of this concept:
3150:; once again with a class element as
2964:; the Bundists initially opposed the
5086:Minsk Ghetto resistance organization
4296:, Cambridge University Press, 1984,
3800:
3798:
3796:
3757:. Schreiber Publishing. p. 56.
3687:
3685:
3683:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3566:(2019âpresent), former Chair of the
3295:equality and democratic federalism.
3001:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland
2968:, but ended up supporting it due to
18:
4551:, 1983, Kuiv productions & A2 (
4549:Les RĂŠvolutionnaires du Yiddishland
4320:, Syracuse University Press, 2009,
3991:
3936:
3175:
2988:and eventually was absorbed by the
2934:
13:
4537:, Paris, La DĂŠcouverte, (Vol. II)
4261:
4157:
4147:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4110:
4035:
4016:Grabsky, August (10 August 2005).
3974:Agudat Yisrael in Poland 1916-1939
3780:The Revival of Hebrew? (1879-1908)
3737:
3720:The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture
3614:Silverstein, Andrew (2024-02-21).
3152:upwardly-mobile, middle class Jews
34:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
5159:
5033:Extermination sites and massacres
3793:
3680:
3632:
3596:
3500:(the chief executive body of the
3413:JĂźdischer antifaschistischer Bund
931:Historical population comparisons
16:Secular Jewish socialist movement
4641:
4629:
4470:, Ăditions DenoĂŤl, Paris, 1999,
4116:
3877:Gechtman, Roni (December 2008).
3754:The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia
3488:(1883â1942), member of the 1917
3433:Democratic Socialists of America
3369:Jewish organisation in Australia
3158:, many Bundists now support the
1575:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1489:Historical population by country
93:
44:guide to writing better articles
23:
4240:
4209:
4185:
4085:
3963:
3915:
3870:
3536:International Jewish Labor Bund
3307:International Jewish Labor Bund
3197:and a focus on local politics.
3016:International Jewish Labor Bund
201:International Jewish Labor Bund
157:Interwar years and World War II
4547:movie: Nat Lilenstein (Dir.),
4437:Le Yiddishland rĂŠvolutionnaire
4093:"Jewish Labour Bund Melbourne"
3922:Plassereaud, Yves (May 2000).
3852:
3827:
3771:
3498:General Secretariat of Ukraine
3460:in the short-lived autonomous
1:
4266:
3834:Metraux, Julia (2022-11-17).
3590:
3285:
3110:
3086:
1146:Christianity and Judaism
5019:Davidovka concentration camp
4559:
4407:
3812:. 2022-07-17. Archived from
3490:Russian Constituent Assembly
3466:Belarusian People's Republic
3201:National-cultural autonomism
7:
5081:SĹonim Ghetto Jewish revolt
4143:"Bundism's Influence Today"
4119:"Bund Membership 2022â2023"
3972:The politics of tradition.
3578:
3544:(1887â1965), member of the
3522:(1901â1977), member of the
3502:Ukrainian People's Republic
3462:Belarusian National Council
3338:Congress for Jewish Culture
3044:
2945:
2445:
2426:
2153:Latin America and Caribbean
849:
485:General Jewish Labour Party
10:
5164:
4928:Tomchei Tmimim â Lubavitch
4839:Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)
4743:General Jewish Labour Bund
4003:National Library of Israel
3999:"â¨â¨Lebns-fragn (Tel Aviv)"
3970:Bacon, Gershon C. (1996).
3528:Polish government-in-exile
3474:(1891â1956) member of the
3458:minister without portfolio
3454:Central Council of Ukraine
3245:World Zionist Organization
3212:national personal autonomy
3165:
3049:
2927:General Jewish Labour Bund
2758:Jewish political movements
2455:Conversion to Judaism
110:General Jewish Labour Bund
5103:
5063:
5032:
5007:
4947:
4936:
4876:
4822:
4806:
4795:
4753:
4725:
4661:
4650:
4509:, Bruxelles, UPJB, 1997,
4224:Stanford University Press
4063:10.2979/jss.2009.16.1.111
3644:Secular Jewish Ideologies
3344:Contemporary developments
3160:revitalisation of Yiddish
1161:Hinduism and Judaism
4834:Choral Synagogue (Brest)
4814:Great Synagogue (Grodno)
4332:Cornell University Press
3943:Laqueur, Walter (2003).
3373:SKIF Youth Organisation.
3253:immigration to Palestine
3170:The concept of Doikayt (
3034:, and other countries.
987:Temple in Jerusalem
680:Bar and bat mitzvah
422:Associated organisations
5116:List of Belarusian Jews
4864:Zaniomanskaja Synagogue
4849:Cold Synagogue, Mogilev
4439:, Paris, Balland, 1983
4252:Encyclopedia of Ukraine
4174:(in German). 2023-11-13
3646:. Feldheim Publishers.
3564:Parliament of Australia
3417:Antisemitism in Germany
3400:Jewish Antifascist Bund
3138:: Hebrew (prior to its
3039:Gordonia youth movement
949:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5076:Ĺachwa Ghetto uprising
4771:Jewish Communist Party
4045:Slucki, David (2009).
3412:
3377:Australian Labor Party
3330:
3231:
3097:Second Polish Republic
2976:of the anti-communist
4918:Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva
4844:Cold Synagogue, Minsk
4051:Jewish Social Studies
3929:Le Monde diplomatique
3429:Binghamton University
3312:
3290:The Bund was against
3234:Opposition to Zionism
3227:
1695:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1690:Republic of the Congo
1084:Second Temple Judaism
955:Kingdom of Judah
926:Modern historiography
446:Sotsyalistishe Kinder
339:Der yidisher arbeyter
4316:Jack Lester Jacobs,
4276:, SUNY Press, 2006,
3946:A History of Zionism
3392:new social movements
3364:. It is the largest
3348:The Melbourne-based
3340:in the early 2000s.
2797:World Agudath Israel
1938:United Arab Emirates
1025:Second Temple period
1015:Babylonian captivity
102:1890s to World War I
5010:Concentration camps
4502:, Paris, KimĂŠ, 1997
3903:on 27 February 2012
3508:Aleksandr Zolotarev
3482:city council member
3014:After the war, the
1090:Hellenistic Judaism
668:Land of Israel
627:Principles of faith
5045:Dzyatlava massacre
4888:Baranovich Yeshiva
4533:Nathan Weinstock,
4519:Nathan Weinstock,
4292:Jonathan Frankel,
4117:Bund, SKIF &.
3783:, 17 February 2023
3542:Michal Shuldenfrei
3494:General controller
3350:Jewish Labour Bund
3334:The Workers Circle
3140:successful revival
3028:the United Kingdom
3022:, Canada, France,
3005:anti-Nazi struggle
2966:October Revolution
2962:Russian Revolution
2949:), founded in the
2651:Jewish Koine Greek
2193:Dominican Republic
1474:Judaism by country
1153:Jews and Christmas
1008:Assyrian captivity
185:Argentina (Second)
5125:
5124:
5099:
5098:
5091:Zhetler Battalion
5071:Bielski partisans
4872:
4871:
4791:
4790:
4579:Gertrud Pickhan,
4575:978-3-203-50824-5
4466:Henri Minczeles,
4363:978-0-333-41255-8
4353:978-0-7100-8913-7
4343:978-0-8052-0616-6
4302:978-0-521-26919-3
4282:978-0-7914-6659-9
4233:978-0-8047-0344-4
4149:. New York City.
3984:978-965-223-962-4
3884:Socialist Studies
3764:978-1-887563-77-2
3730:978-0-8229-4272-6
3697:, 27 January 2023
3653:978-1-59826-962-8
3642:Kranzler, David.
3568:Australian Bund's
3381:Australian Greens
3276:Yitzhak Gruenbaum
3259:. After the 1936
3184:
3105:Jewish secularism
3095:elections in the
3032:the United States
2986:Soviet government
2982:Russian Civil War
2972:committed by the
2958:social democratic
2943:
2913:
2912:
2862:
2861:
2610:
2609:
2357:Reconstructionist
2301:
2300:
1453:
1452:
1260:
1259:
1097:JewishâRoman wars
1045:Hasmonean dynasty
961:Kingdom of Israel
865:
864:
566:
565:
530:Socialist parties
139:Argentina (First)
72:
71:
64:
38:used on Knowledge
36:encyclopedic tone
5155:
5148:Jewish socialism
5117:
5110:
5011:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4923:Volozhin Yeshiva
4908:Novardok Yeshiva
4898:Kaminetz Yeshiva
4880:
4854:Slonim Synagogue
4826:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4778:Hashomer Hatzair
4690:Chabad-Lubavitch
4665:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4645:
4638:
4633:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4456:Vladimir Medem,
4287:Jonathan Frankel
4256:
4255:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4164:
4155:
4154:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4022:Workers' Liberty
4013:
4007:
4006:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3899:. Archived from
3874:
3868:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3745:Schiff, Alvin I.
3741:
3735:
3734:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3689:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3532:Szmul Zygielbojm
3524:National Council
3514:Szmul Zygielbojm
3464:(1917â1918) and
3452:, member of the
3425:Israel-Hamas War
3407:
3385:Voice Referendum
3354:left-wing ideals
3280:Ze'ev Jabotinsky
3217:In a 1904 text,
3179:
3177:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2754:
2753:
2635:
2456:
2450:
2431:
2395:
2394:
2342:
2289:New Zealand
2241:
2204:El Salvador
2194:
2126:Northern America
2118:
1712:
1468:
1467:
1379:Crimean Karaites
1275:
1274:
1253:
1251:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1147:
1135:Rabbinic Judaism
1116:
1110:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1046:
1039:Maccabean Revolt
1016:
1009:
1003:
995:
988:
982:
974:
956:
880:
879:
854:
749:
748:
681:
669:
568:
567:
558:
551:
544:
464:Jutrzenka KrakĂłw
459:Tsukunft shturem
308:Szmul Zygielbojm
228:
97:
74:
73:
67:
60:
56:
53:
47:
46:for suggestions.
42:See Knowledge's
27:
26:
19:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5108:
5095:
5059:
5050:Maly Trostenets
5028:
5009:
5003:
4949:
4938:
4932:
4878:
4868:
4859:WoĹpa Synagogue
4824:
4818:
4797:
4787:
4749:
4721:
4663:
4652:
4646:
4636:
4627:
4562:
4498:Enzo Traverso,
4435:Alain Brossat,
4410:
4269:
4264:
4262:Further reading
4259:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4226:. p. 735.
4214:
4210:
4201:
4199:
4197:Civicus Monitor
4191:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4158:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4125:
4123:SKIF & Bund
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4097:Aleph Melbourne
4091:
4090:
4086:
4043:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3875:
3871:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3842:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3520:Emanuel Scherer
3446:
3403:
3362:Yiddish culture
3356:(especially in
3346:
3288:
3251:, arguing that
3241:
3236:
3203:
3168:
3113:
3089:
3052:
3047:
2997:interwar period
2990:Communist Party
2909:
2864:
2863:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2731:Judeo-Malayalam
2711:Judaeo-Georgian
2631:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2512:Yiddish theatre
2454:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2340:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2239:
2192:
2116:
1710:
1494:Genetic studies
1465:
1455:
1454:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1248:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1145:
1127:and Middle Ages
1125:Rabbinic period
1112:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1058:
1044:
1014:
1007:
998:
990:
986:
977:
972:in Judaism
969:
954:
877:
867:
866:
746:
736:
735:
679:
667:
612:
562:
472:Splinter groups
450:
447:
392:In Zaltsikn Yam
325:Arbeiter Fragen
222:
68:
57:
51:
48:
41:
32:This article's
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5161:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4893:Grodno Yeshiva
4890:
4884:
4882:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4678:Musar Movement
4669:
4667:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4626:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4577:
4565:Arye Gelbard,
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4545:
4531:
4517:
4503:
4496:
4478:
4464:
4461:
4454:
4449:Ălie Eberlin,
4447:
4433:
4414:Daniel Blatman
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4355:
4345:
4335:
4328:
4314:
4304:
4290:
4284:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4239:
4232:
4208:
4184:
4156:
4134:
4109:
4084:
4057:(1): 111â144.
4034:
4008:
3990:
3983:
3962:
3955:
3935:
3914:
3869:
3851:
3826:
3792:
3770:
3763:
3749:Klenicki, Leon
3736:
3729:
3715:Fishman, David
3706:
3679:
3652:
3631:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3549:
3539:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3483:
3469:
3456:in 1917, then
3445:
3442:
3345:
3342:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3287:
3284:
3268:Henryk Ehrlich
3255:was a form of
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3223:Vladimir Medem
3208:Austro-Marxist
3202:
3199:
3187:Land of Israel
3167:
3164:
3144:Ashkenazi Jews
3136:class struggle
3128:use of Yiddish
3124:Eastern Europe
3112:
3109:
3088:
3085:
3081:social justice
3073:Vladimir Medem
3061:Vladimir Lenin
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
2978:White movement
2974:Volunteer Army
2951:Russian Empire
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2792:Territorialism
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Judaeo-Spanish
2673:
2671:Judaeo-Iranian
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:United Kingdom
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Bilad-el-Sudan
1547:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1503:Land of Israel
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1361:Related groups
1358:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Jewish atheism
1215:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:IslamicâJewish
1164:
1157:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1094:
1081:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1034:Yehud Medinata
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1004:
996:
983:
975:
963:
958:
951:
943:
942:
940:Ancient Israel
936:
935:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
896:Land of Israel
893:
885:
884:
878:
873:
872:
869:
868:
863:
862:
861:
860:
855:
851:Shulchan Aruch
846:
841:
836:
831:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
807:
806:
800:
799:
798:
797:
792:
784:
783:
777:
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
756:
755:
747:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
676:
671:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
629:
624:
617:God in Judaism
613:
608:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
596:
588:
587:
577:
576:
564:
563:
561:
560:
553:
546:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
525:Jewish history
522:
514:
513:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
492:Communist Bund
488:
487:
482:
474:
473:
469:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
448:Farband (SKIF)
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
424:
423:
419:
418:
417:
416:
409:
406:Arbeter Froyen
402:
399:Daloy Politsey
395:
388:
381:
371:
370:
366:
365:
364:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
332:Arbeiterstimme
328:
318:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Vladimir Medem
285:
280:
275:
270:
268:Esther Frumkin
265:
263:Henryk Ehrlich
260:
255:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
237:United Kingdom
234:
229:
217:
211:
210:
204:
203:
195:
194:
190:
189:
188:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
159:
158:
154:
153:
152:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
120:
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
83:
82:
70:
69:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5160:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5055:Slutsk affair
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4939:The Holocaust
4935:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Radin Yeshiva
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4594:
4593:French review
4590:
4589:3-421-05477-0
4586:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4554:
4553:French review
4550:
4546:
4544:
4543:2-7071-3811-8
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4529:2-7071-3810-X
4526:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4489:2-84797-080-0
4486:
4482:
4481:Claudie Weill
4479:
4477:
4476:2-207-24820-8
4473:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4445:2-7158-0433-4
4442:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:French review
4427:
4426:2-204-06981-7
4423:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4380:Enzo Traverso
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:0-8156-3226-6
4323:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4312:0-8147-4258-0
4309:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4272:Yosef Gorni,
4271:
4270:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3956:9781860649325
3952:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3816:on 2022-07-17
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3755:
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3732:
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3716:
3710:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3663:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
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3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3573:
3569:
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3561:
3557:
3553:
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3540:
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3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3438:labour issues
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:Arkadi Kremer
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:Julius Martov
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3009:the Holocaust
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:is a secular
2917:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Judeo-Aramaic
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Judeo-Italian
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:Denominations
2307:
2306:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:United States
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:Guinea-Bissau
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Lists of Jews
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:The Holocaust
1236:
1234:
1231:
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1226:
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1216:
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1005:
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845:
842:
840:
839:Mishneh Torah
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
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824:
819:
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811:
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618:
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614:
611:
606:
605:
600:
599:Who is a Jew?
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
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569:
559:
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348:
347:
346:Folkstsaytung
343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
319:
315:
314:
309:
306:
304:
303:Anna Rozental
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Mikhail Liber
281:
279:
276:
274:
273:Arkadi Kremer
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Marek Edelman
256:
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186:
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181:
180:Soviet Russia
178:
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144:United States
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76:
75:
66:
63:
55:
52:December 2023
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
4737:
4640:
4634:
4580:
4566:
4548:
4534:
4520:
4506:
4499:
4493:presentation
4467:
4457:
4450:
4436:
4417:
4251:
4242:
4218:
4211:
4200:. Retrieved
4196:
4187:
4176:. Retrieved
4171:
4150:
4146:
4137:
4126:. Retrieved
4122:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4099:. 2020-07-30
4096:
4087:
4054:
4050:
4025:. Retrieved
4011:
3993:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3945:
3938:
3927:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3888:
3882:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:
3829:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:the original
3809:
3785:, retrieved
3779:
3773:
3753:
3739:
3719:
3709:
3699:, retrieved
3693:
3643:
3623:. Retrieved
3619:
3548:in 1947-1948
3486:Moisei Rafes
3450:Moshe Gutman
3389:
3347:
3331:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3242:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3204:
3195:Anti-Zionism
3169:
3119:
3114:
3090:
3053:
3036:
3013:
2994:
2955:
2915:
2914:
2855:Post-Zionism
2771:
2726:Judeo-Berber
2721:Judeo-Arabic
2681:Judeo-Gascon
2428:Pidyon haben
2347:Conservative
1893:Saudi Arabia
1711:South Africa
1700:Sierra Leone
1522:Israeli Jews
1436:Mosaic Arabs
1389:Kaifeng Jews
1250:ArabâIsraeli
1223:Emancipation
1102:Great Revolt
911:Anti-Judaism
906:Antisemitism
901:Name "Judea"
696:Baal teshuva
491:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
358:
353:Lodzer veker
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
298:Moisei Rafes
253:Victor Alter
207:
149:Thessaloniki
116:
86:
58:
49:
33:
5040:Bronna GĂłra
4903:Mir Yeshiva
4027:10 November
3840:JSTOR Daily
3670:|work=
3620:The Forward
3570:youth wing
3558:member for
3554:(b. 1987),
3538:(1961â1977)
3472:Noah Meisel
3468:(1918â1919)
3366:Non-Zionist
3266:elections,
3210:concept of
3191:Non-Zionism
2980:during the
2850:Revisionist
2840:Neo-Zionism
2447:Zeved habat
2240:Puerto Rico
2066:Netherlands
1898:South Korea
1883:Philippines
1763:Afghanistan
1630:Ivory Coast
1404:Crypto-Jews
1369:Bnei Anusim
1348:Bene Israel
1313:Beta Israel
1270:Communities
1177:Middle Ages
916:Persecution
691:Bereavement
480:Komtsukunft
440:Morgnshtern
435:Kultur Lige
360:Lebns Fragn
293:Noah Meisel
278:Pati Kremer
223: [
5132:Categories
5064:Resistance
5024:Koldichevo
4798:Synagogues
4766:Komverband
4761:Poale Zion
4700:Lechovitch
4267:In English
4202:2024-01-31
4178:2024-01-31
4128:2023-06-28
4103:2023-06-25
3907:2 December
3845:2023-06-30
3820:2023-06-30
3787:2023-06-30
3701:2023-06-30
3625:2024-02-25
3591:References
3552:Josh Burns
3480:Daugavpils
3396:decolonial
3286:After 1947
3111:Yiddishism
3087:Secularism
3026:, Mexico,
2835:Maximalism
2787:Secularism
2767:Autonomism
2584:Literature
2377:Humanistic
1981:Azerbaijan
1943:Uzbekistan
1918:Tajikistan
1838:Kyrgyzstan
1823:Kazakhstan
1670:Mozambique
1645:Madagascar
1565:Cape Verde
1517:New Yishuv
1512:Old Yishuv
1463:Population
1441:Subbotniks
1399:Samaritans
1338:Romanyotim
1281:Ashkenazim
1228:Old Yishuv
1208:Sabbateans
1195:Modern era
1187:Golden Age
1114:Bar Kokhba
834:Beit Yosef
701:Philosophy
512:Categories
430:Klain Bund
193:After 1945
5138:Communism
4969:Dzyatlava
4673:Misnagdim
4560:In German
4515:0770-5476
4408:In French
4394:Documents
4079:162240406
4071:1527-2028
3897:1918-2821
3860:Medem, V.
3672:ignored (
3662:cite book
3560:Macnamara
3496:, of the
3421:Nakba Day
3405:âšSee Tfdâş
3358:Australia
3176:××Ö¸×ִק×××
3077:socialism
3065:Economism
3020:Australia
2953:in 1897.
2940:romanized
2923:socialist
2845:Religious
2701:Zarphatic
2691:Bukharian
2661:Judeo-Tat
2646:Yeshivish
2620:Languages
2575:Sephardic
2565:Israelite
2555:Ethiopian
2545:Ashkenazi
2484:Religious
2274:Australia
2256:Venezuela
2162:Argentina
2144:Greenland
2056:Lithuania
1908:Sri Lanka
1903:Singapore
1828:Kurdistan
1793:Indonesia
1783:Hong Kong
1736:Abayudaya
1660:Mauritius
1394:Igbo Jews
1384:Krymchaks
1303:Sephardim
1171:relations
1065:Sadducees
1061:Pharisees
1051:Sanhedrin
966:Jerusalem
726:Synagogue
594:Etymology
413:Vakht Oyf
215:Australia
117:Offshoots
4879:Yeshivas
4733:Haskalah
4705:Koidanov
4664:Orthodox
4420:, 2002,
4172:ZDFheute
3751:(2003).
3717:(2005).
3579:See also
3336:and the
3274:leaders
3270:accused
3257:escapism
3093:kehillot
3045:Ideology
2872:Category
2830:Kahanism
2777:Feminism
2749:Politics
2633:Biblical
2603:American
2550:Bukharan
2540:American
2440:Shidduch
2416:Clothing
2372:Haymanot
2318:Orthodox
2246:Suriname
2229:Paraguay
2182:Colombia
2081:Portugal
1991:Bulgaria
1928:Thailand
1878:Pakistan
1858:Mongolia
1853:Malaysia
1773:Cambodia
1747:Zimbabwe
1722:Tanzania
1600:Eswatini
1590:Ethiopia
1580:Djibouti
1560:Cameroon
1555:Botswana
1484:Diaspora
1446:Noahides
1419:Marranos
1343:Cochinim
1328:Bukharim
1318:Gruzinim
1308:Teimanim
1298:Mizrahim
1286:Galician
1252:conflict
1213:Hasidism
1203:Haskalah
1108:Diaspora
979:timeline
891:Timeline
804:Rabbinic
711:Kabbalah
686:Marriage
662:Tzedakah
652:Holidays
610:Religion
573:a series
571:Part of
454:Tsukunft
385:Barikadn
378:Di Shvue
208:Branches
124:Bukovina
79:a series
77:Part of
5143:Bundism
4950:Ghettos
4807:Current
4754:Zionist
4738:Bundism
4726:Secular
4685:Hasidim
3810:Haaretz
3562:in the
3526:of the
3272:Zionist
3264:kehilla
3249:Zionism
3183:
3172:Yiddish
3166:Doikayt
3117:Yiddish
3101:Yeshiva
3079:and/or
3050:Marxism
2999:as the
2970:pogroms
2942::
2931:Yiddish
2916:Bundism
2815:General
2806:Zionism
2782:Leftism
2772:Bundism
2696:Knaanic
2656:Yevanic
2641:Yiddish
2598:Yiddish
2593:Israeli
2570:Mizrahi
2560:Israeli
2531:Cuisine
2507:Ancient
2489:Secular
2435:Kashrut
2411:Wedding
2398:Customs
2390:Culture
2367:Science
2362:Renewal
2352:Karaite
2333:Hasidic
2265:Oceania
2251:Uruguay
2219:Jamaica
2199:Ecuador
2167:Bolivia
2111:Ukraine
2086:Romania
2061:Moldova
2041:Hungary
2031:Germany
2026:Georgia
2016:Finland
2011:Estonia
2006:Denmark
2001:Czechia
1986:Belarus
1976:Austria
1971:Armenia
1948:Vietnam
1863:Myanmar
1848:Lebanon
1768:Bahrain
1727:Tunisia
1705:Somalia
1680:Nigeria
1675:Namibia
1665:Morocco
1595:Eritrea
1540:Algeria
1424:Neofiti
1333:Italkim
1323:Juhurim
1233:Zionism
1182:Khazars
1077:Sicarii
1073:Zealots
1069:Essenes
1056:Schisms
921:Leaders
883:General
875:History
818:Tosefta
813:Midrash
790:Mishnah
772:Ketuvim
767:Nevi'im
716:Customs
647:Shabbat
642:Halakha
634: (
632:Mitzvot
619: (
585:Judaism
520:Bundism
504:Ukraine
175:Romania
129:Galicia
87:Bundism
4999:Slonim
4979:Lakhva
4974:Kobryn
4964:Grodno
4825:Former
4783:Tarbut
4710:Slonim
4695:Karlin
4653:Groups
4587:
4573:
4541:
4527:
4513:
4487:
4474:
4458:Ma vie
4443:
4424:
4384:review
4361:
4351:
4341:
4334:, 1967
4324:
4310:
4300:
4280:
4230:
4077:
4069:
3981:
3953:
3895:
3761:
3727:
3650:
3530:after
3476:Saeima
3409:German
3261:Warsaw
3132:Hebrew
3120:per se
3024:Israel
2920:Jewish
2877:Portal
2736:Domari
2666:Shassi
2627:Hebrew
2522:Humour
2466:Hiloni
2461:Aliyah
2421:Niddah
2406:Minyan
2341:Reform
2328:Haredi
2323:Modern
2224:Mexico
2209:Guyana
2172:Brazil
2134:Canada
2106:Sweden
2096:Serbia
2091:Russia
2076:Poland
2071:Norway
2051:Latvia
2036:Greece
2021:France
1996:Cyprus
1962:Europe
1933:Turkey
1923:Taiwan
1833:Kuwait
1818:Jordan
1808:Israel
1742:Zambia
1732:Uganda
1650:Malawi
1620:Guinea
1610:Gambia
1545:Angola
1531:Africa
1414:DĂśnmeh
1409:Anusim
1353:Berber
1291:Litvak
1243:Israel
1149:
1086:
1000:Second
968:
829:Targum
795:Gemara
781:Talmud
753:Tanakh
706:Ethics
657:Prayer
499:Poland
245:People
232:Israel
220:France
170:Poland
165:Latvia
134:Sweden
4994:Pinsk
4989:RakaĹ
4984:Minsk
4959:Brest
4715:Amdur
4075:S2CID
3891:(1).
3556:Labor
3063:for "
2825:Labor
2820:Green
2517:Dance
2475:Music
2294:Palau
2214:Haiti
2177:Chile
2101:Spain
2046:Italy
1953:Yemen
1913:Syria
1888:Qatar
1868:Nepal
1813:Japan
1788:India
1778:China
1717:Sudan
1640:Libya
1635:Kenya
1615:Ghana
1605:Gabon
1585:Egypt
1570:Benin
1429:Xueta
1374:Lemba
993:First
858:Zohar
762:Torah
744:Texts
731:Rabbi
721:Rites
621:names
369:Songs
316:Press
227:]
4585:ISBN
4571:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4511:ISSN
4485:ISBN
4472:ISBN
4441:ISBN
4422:ISBN
4359:ISBN
4349:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4322:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4278:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4067:ISSN
4029:2009
3979:ISBN
3951:ISBN
3909:2009
3893:ISSN
3759:ISBN
3725:ISBN
3674:help
3648:ISBN
3572:SKIF
3546:Sejm
3379:and
3278:and
3181:lit.
3071:and
3059:and
2284:Guam
2279:Fiji
2234:Peru
2187:Cuba
1873:Oman
1843:Laos
1803:Iraq
1798:Iran
1755:Asia
1684:Igbo
1655:Mali
674:Brit
583:and
581:Jews
4059:doi
3889:III
3193:or
2498:Art
844:Tur
636:613
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