4936:
4690:
4578:
614:
596:
584:
572:
186:
4267:
263:
248:
4088:
210:
4372:
3648:
evacuate wounded. The campaign was also politically complex, with the
British, the United States and the Chinese all having different strategic priorities. It was also the only land campaign by the Western Allies in the Pacific Theatre which proceeded continuously from the start of hostilities to the end of the war. This was due to its geographical location. By extending from South East Asia to India, its area included some lands which the British lost at the outset of the war, but also included areas of India wherein the Japanese advance was eventually stopped. The climate of the region is dominated by the seasonal
67:
757:
198:
884:
541:
529:
318:
277:
4868:
4756:
235:
900:
811:
780:
384:
223:
331:
748:
703:
4002:
290:
363:
4998:
838:
517:
505:
493:
306:
4535:
4905:'s Twenty-Eighth Army was not ready to start the break-out until 17 July. The break-out was a disaster. The British had placed ambushes or artillery concentrations on the routes the Japanese were to use. Hundreds of men drowned trying to cross the swollen Sittang on improvised bamboo floats and rafts. Burmese guerrillas and bandits killed stragglers east of the river. The break-out cost the Japanese nearly 10,000 men, half the strength of Twenty-Eighth Army. British and Indian casualties were minimal.
732:
712:
4898:, a range of low jungle-covered hills between the Irrawaddy and Sittang rivers. They planned to break out and rejoin Burma Area Army. To cover this break-out, Kimura ordered Thirty-Third Army to mount a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a regiment. On 3 July, they attacked British positions in the "Sittang Bend". On 10 July, after a battle for country which was almost entirely flooded, both the Japanese and the Allies withdrew.
4984:
739:
719:
863:
481:
469:
457:
445:
156:
172:
606:
4064:
ability to overcome strongly constructed
Japanese bunkers. Repeated British and Indian attacks failed with heavy casualties. Japanese reinforcements arrived from Central Burma and crossed rivers and mountain ranges which the Allies had declared to be impassable, to hit the Allies' exposed left flank and overrun several units. The exhausted British were unable to hold any defensive lines and were forced to abandon much equipment and fall back almost to the Indian frontier.
798:
639:
626:
399:
933:
820:
653:
411:
6707:
789:
766:
553:
343:
4079:. Some 3,000 men entered Burma in many columns. They damaged communications of the Japanese in northern Burma, cutting the railway for possibly two weeks but they suffered heavy casualties. Though the results were questioned the operation was used to propaganda effect, particularly to insist that British and Indian soldiers could live, move and fight as effectively as the Japanese in the jungle, doing much to restore morale among Allied troops.
921:
677:
665:
423:
4052:, which may have led to 3 million deaths through starvation, disease and exposure. In such conditions of chaos, it was difficult to improve the inadequate lines of communication to the front line in Assam or make use of local industries for the war effort. Efforts to improve the training of Allied troops took time and in forward areas poor morale and endemic disease combined to reduce the strength and effectiveness of the fighting units.
4180:
4970:
3640:, and British Empire forces peaked at around 1 million land and air forces. These forces were drawn primarily from British India, with British Army forces (equivalent to eight regular infantry divisions and six tank regiments), 100,000 East and West African colonial troops, and smaller numbers of land and air forces from several other Dominions and Colonies. These additional forces allowed the
4715:, now consisting of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps, made the main offensive effort into Burma. Although the Japanese retreat over the Irrawaddy forced the Allies to completely change their plans, such was the Allies' material superiority that this was done. IV Corps was switched in secret from the right to the left flank of the army and aimed to cross the Irrawaddy near
4449:
3660:, prolonged the campaign and divided it into four phases: the Japanese invasion, which led to the expulsion of British, Indian and Chinese forces in 1942; failed attempts by the Allies to mount offensives into Burma, from late 1942 to early 1944; the 1944 Japanese invasion of India, which ultimately failed following the battles
3987:. The Chinese troops could not retreat because the routes to Yunnan were controlled by Axis forces and many Chinese soldiers were captured. The Thais remained in control of the Shan States for the remainder of the war. Their troops suffered from supply shortages and disease, but were not subjected to Allied attacks.
4464:. There were indications that a major Japanese offensive was building. Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw and force the Japanese to fight with their logistics stretched beyond the limit. However, they misjudged the date on which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives.
4946:
The attempted
Japanese invasion of India in 1944 was launched on unrealistic premises as after the Singapore debacle and the loss of Burma in 1942, the British were bound to defend India at all costs. A successful invasion by Japanese Imperial forces would have been disastrous. The defence operations
4104:
From
December 1943 to November 1944 the strategic balance of the Burma campaign shifted decisively. Improvements in Allied leadership, training and logistics, together with greater firepower and growing Allied air superiority, gave Allied forces a confidence they had previously lacked. In the Arakan,
3901:
and the
Chinese force. The Allies were also faced with growing numbers of Burmese insurgents and the civil administration broke down in the areas they still held. With their forces cut off from almost all sources of supply, the Allied commanders finally decided to evacuate their forces from Burma. On
4957:
American goals in Burma had been to aid the
Nationalist Chinese regime. Apart from the "Hump" airlift, these bore no fruit until so near the end of the war that they made little contribution to the defeat of Japan. These efforts have also been criticised as fruitless because of the self-interest and
4849:
landed by ship the next day. When they arrived they discovered that Kimura had ordered
Rangoon to be evacuated, starting on 22 April. After the Japanese withdrawal, Yangon had experienced an orgy of looting and lawlessness similar to the last days of the British in the city in 1942. On the afternoon
4739:
The
Japanese tried first to relieve the garrison at Meiktila and then to recapture the town and destroy its defenders. Their attacks were not properly coordinated and were repulsed. By the end of March the Japanese had suffered heavy casualties and lost most of their artillery, their chief anti-tank
4546:
Mutaguchi (and Kawabe) continued to order renewed attacks. 33rd
Division and Yamamoto Force made repeated efforts, but by the end of June they had suffered so many casualties both from battle and disease that they were unable to make any progress. The Imphal operation was finally broken off early in
4507:
By the end of the first week in April, IV Corps had concentrated in the Imphal plain. The
Japanese launched several offensives during the month, which were repulsed. At the start of May, Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division north of Imphal. Progress was slow,
4779:
XXXIII Corps mounted Fourteenth Army's secondary drive down the Irrawaddy River valley against stiff resistance from the Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army. IV Corps made the main attack down the "Railway Valley", which was also followed by the Sittaung River. They began by striking at a Japanese delaying
4614:
In Arakan, XV Corps resumed its advance on Akyab Island for the third year in succession. This time the Japanese were far weaker, and retreated before the steady Allied advance. They evacuated Akyab Island on 31 December 1944. It was occupied by XV Corps without resistance on 3 January 1945 as part
4467:
The Japanese Fifteenth Army consisted of three infantry divisions and a brigade-sized detachment ("Yamamoto Force"), and initially a regiment from the Indian National Army. Mutaguchi, the Army commander, planned to cut off and destroy the forward divisions of IV Corps before capturing Imphal, while
4550:
It was the greatest defeat to that date in Japanese history. They had suffered 50–60,000 dead, and 100,000 or more casualties. Most of these losses were the result of disease, malnutrition and exhaustion. The Allies suffered 12,500 casualties, including 2,269 killed. Mutaguchi had already relieved
4542:
By now, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Their troops (particularly 15th and 31st Divisions) were starving, and during the monsoon, disease spread rapidly among them. Lieutenant-General Sato had notified Mutaguchi that his division would withdraw from Kohima at the end of May if it
4063:
intended to reoccupy the Mayu peninsula and Akyab Island, which had an important airfield. A division advanced to Donbaik, only a few miles from the end of the peninsula but was halted by a small but well entrenched Japanese force. At this stage of the war, the Allies lacked the means and tactical
3918:
in India, just before the monsoon broke in May 1942, having lost most of their equipment and transport. There, they found themselves living out in the open under torrential rains in extremely unhealthy circumstances. The army and civil authorities in India were very slow to respond to the needs of
3811:
In the face of the Japanese advances, huge numbers of Indians, Anglo-Indians, and Anglo-Burmese fled Burma, around 600,000 by the autumn of 1942, which was until then the largest mass migration in history. Perhaps 80,000 of those in flight would die from starvation, exhaustion and disease. Some of
4837:
Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon to the last man through the monsoon, which would put Fourteenth Army in a disastrous supply situation. He therefore asked for Operation Dracula to be re-mounted at short notice. The naval forces for the attack on Phuket were diverted to Operation
4730:
During January and February 1945, XXXIII Corps seized crossings over the Irrawaddy River near Mandalay. There was heavy fighting, which attracted Japanese reserves and fixed their attention. Late in February, the 7th Indian Division leading IV Corps, seized crossings at Nyaungu near Pakokku. 17th
4829:
The original conception of the plan to re-take Burma had envisaged XV Corps making an amphibious assault on Rangoon well before Fourteenth Army reached the capital, in order to ease supply problems. This operation, codenamed Operation Dracula, was postponed several times as the necessary landing
4339:
Also on 17 May, a force of two Chinese regiments, Unit Galahad (Merrill's Marauders) and Kachin guerrillas captured the airfield at Myitkyina. The Allies did not immediately follow up this success and the Japanese were able to reinforce the town, which fell only after a siege that lasted until 3
3647:
The campaign had a number of notable features. The geographical characteristics of the region meant that weather, disease and terrain had a major effect on operations. The lack of transport infrastructure placed an emphasis on military engineering and air transport to move and supply troops, and
4335:
On 17 May, control of the Chindits passed from Slim to Stilwell. The Chindits now moved from the Japanese rear areas to new bases closer to Stilwell's front, and were given additional tasks by Stilwell for which they were not equipped. They achieved several objectives, but at the cost of heavy
4160:. Orde Wingate had controversially gained approval for a greatly expanded Chindit force, which was given the task of assisting Stilwell by disrupting the Japanese lines of supply to the northern front. Chiang Kai-shek had also agreed reluctantly to mount an offensive from the Yunnan.
4767:
Though the Allied force had advanced successfully into central Burma, it was vital to capture the port of Rangoon before the monsoon to avoid a logistics crisis. In the spring of 1945, the other factor in the race for Rangoon was the years of preparation by the liaison organisation,
4503:
from the north but because the diversionary attack launched by Japanese in Arakan had already been defeated, Slim was able to move the 5th Indian Division by air to the Central Front. Two brigades went to Imphal, the other went to Dimapur from where it sent a detachment to Kohima.
4422:
to relieve the defenders of the box. Although battle casualties were approximately equal, the result was a heavy Japanese defeat. Their infiltration and encirclement tactics had failed to panic Allied troops and as the Japanese were unable to capture enemy supplies, they starved.
3707:
who commanded the army stationed in the country, ultimately doomed the co-prosperity sphere as a whole, leading to local hopes for real independence fading and a revolt by the Burma National Army in 1945. On the Allied side, political relations were mixed for much of the war. The
4953:
After the war ended, a combination of the pre-war agitation among the Bamar population for independence and the economic ruin of Burma during the four-year campaign made it impossible for the former regime to be resumed. Within three years both Burma and India were independent.
4144:
SEAC had to accommodate several rival plans, many of which had to be dropped for lack of resources. Amphibious landings on the Andaman Islands (Operation "Pigstick") and in Arakan were abandoned when the landing craft assigned were recalled to Europe in preparation for the
4417:
from 5 to 23 February, the Japanese concentrated on XV Corps' Administrative Area, defended mainly by line of communication troops but they were unable to deal with tanks supporting the defenders, while troops from 5th Indian Division broke through the
3804:, initially consisting of only two infantry divisions, moved into northern Thailand (which had signed a treaty of friendship with Japan), and launched an attack over jungle-clad mountain ranges into the southern Burmese province of Tenasserim (now
4689:
3909:
The retreat was conducted in very difficult circumstances. Starving refugees, disorganised stragglers, and the sick and wounded clogged the primitive roads and tracks leading to India. Burma Corps managed to make it most of the way to
4669:, commanding NCAC, to halt his advance at Lashio, which was captured on 7 March. This was a blow to British plans as it endangered the prospects of reaching Yangon before the onset of the monsoon, expected at the beginning of May.
4735:
followed them across and struck for Meiktila. In the open terrain of Central Burma, this force outmanoeuvred the Japanese and fell on Meiktila on 1 March. The town was captured in four days, despite resistance to the last man.
4594:
and NCAC and XV Corps were placed directly under this new headquarters. Although the Allies were still attempting to complete the Ledo Road, it was apparent that it would not materially affect the course of the war in China.
4543:
were not supplied. In spite of orders to hold on, Sato did indeed retreat. The leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109 on the Dimapur-Imphal road on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised.
4328:) mounted an attack starting in the second half of April, with nearly 75,000 troops crossing the Salween river on a 300-kilometre (190 mi) front. Soon some twelve Chinese divisions of 175,000 men, under General
4236:("March on Delhi"). Both Bose and Mutaguchi emphasised the advantages which would be gained by a successful attack into India. With misgivings on the part of several of Mutaguchi's superiors and subordinates,
3934:. After recuperating they were re-equipped and retrained by American instructors. The rest of the Chinese troops tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and of these, at least half died.
4664:
NCAC made contact with Chiang's Yunnan armies on 21 January 1945, and the Ledo road could finally be completed, although by this point in the war its value was uncertain. Chiang ordered the American General
3846:, nevertheless ordered Rangoon to be held as he was expecting substantial reinforcements from the Middle East. Although some units arrived, counterattacks failed and the new commander of Burma Army (General
4589:
The Allies launched a series of offensive operations into Burma during late 1944 and the first half of 1945. The command on the front was rearranged in November 1944. Eleventh Army Group HQ was replaced by
4562:
from Tamu, the 5th Indian Division advanced along the mountainous Tiddim road. By the end of November, Kalewa had been recaptured, and several bridgeheads were established on the east bank of the Chindwin.
4028:
On the Allied side, operations in Burma over the remainder of 1942 and in 1943 were a study of military frustration. Britain could only maintain three active campaigns, and immediate offensives in both the
4935:
4788:. The attackers were initially halted by a strong defensive position behind a dry waterway, but a flanking move by tanks and mechanised infantry struck the Japanese from the rear and shattered them.
4602:. Kimura threw Allied plans into confusion by refusing to fight at the Chindwin River. Recognising that most of his formations were weak and short of equipment, he withdrew his forces behind the
4531:
began a counter-offensive and by 15 May, they had prised the Japanese off Kohima Ridge itself. After a pause during which more Allied reinforcements arrived, XXXIII Corps renewed its offensive.
4033:
and Far East proved impossible through lack of resources. The Middle East was accorded priority, being closer to home and in accordance with the "Germany First" policy in London and Washington.
3922:
Due to lack of communication, when the British retreated from Burma, almost none of the Chinese knew about the retreat. Realising that they could not win without British support, some of the
5439:
Combined Arms Research Library, Department of the Army. 25 June 1953. P. 76. Includes 1,466 "battle deaths" (1,121 killed in action) and 123 who died of wounds, for a total of 1,589 killed.
4677:
for the transport aircraft which had been assigned to NCAC to remain in Burma. From 1 April, NCAC's operations stopped, and its units returned to China and India. A US-led guerrilla force,
3835:, but Japanese parties reached the vital bridge before they did. On 22 February, the bridge was demolished to prevent its capture, a decision that has since been extremely contentious.
5150:
3850:), ordered the city to be evacuated on 7 March after its port and oil refinery had been destroyed. The remnants of Burma Army broke out to the north, narrowly escaping encirclement.
4950:
The American historian Raymond Callahan concluded "Slim's great victory ... helped the British, unlike the French, Dutch or, later, the Americans, to leave Asia with some dignity".
3040:
4075:
infiltrated through the Japanese front lines and marched deep into Burma, with the initial aim of cutting the main north–south railway in Burma in an operation codenamed Operation
3967:
crossed the border into the Shan States on 10 May 1942. Three Thai infantry division and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the
7347:
7317:
4808:
4657:
on NCAC's right flank made contact with units of Fourteenth Army near Indaw in Northern Burma. Five days later, Chinese troops on the command's left flank captured the city of
4109:
withstood, and then broke, a Japanese counterstrike, while the Japanese invasion of India resulted in unbearably heavy losses and the ejection of the Japanese back beyond the
1904:
1339:
4426:
Over the next few weeks, XV Corps' offensive ended as the Allies concentrated on the Central Front. After capturing the railway tunnels, XV Corps halted during the monsoon.
4943:
Generally, the recovery of Burma is reckoned as a triumph for the British Indian Army and resulted in the greatest defeat the Japanese armies had suffered to that date.
6429:
5053:
3952:
In accordance with the Thai military alliance with Japan that was signed on 21 December 1941, on 21 March, the Thais and Japanese also agreed that the Karenni State and
3788:(now known as Yangon), the capital and principal seaport. This would close the overland supply line to China and provide a strategic bulwark to defend Japanese gains in
3983:
later in the war, ordered the 3rd Division of the Phayap Army from the southern part of the Shan State to occupy Karenni State and expel the Chinese 55th Division from
3652:
rains, which allowed effective campaigning for only just over half of each year. This, together with other factors such as famine and disorder in British India and the
6574:
7337:
4743:
XXXIII Corps had renewed its attack on Mandalay. It fell to 19th Indian Division on 20 March, though the Japanese held the former citadel which the British called
4484:
valley. If this could be achieved, the lines of communication to General Stilwell's forces and the airbases used to supply the Chinese over the Hump would be cut.
7332:
2932:
4413:
Unlike previous occasions on which this had happened, the Allied forces stood firm against the attack and supplies were dropped to them by parachute. In the
4030:
3390:
3033:
4390:
renewed the advance on the Mayu peninsula. Ranges of steep hills channelled the advance into three attacks each by an Indian or West African division. The
1080:
125:
4850:
of 2 May 1945, the monsoon rains began in full force. The Allied drive to liberate Rangoon before the rains had succeeded with only a few hours to spare.
4213:
HQ in Singapore were keen on it. When the staff at Southern Expeditionary Army were persuaded that the plan was inherently risky, they in turn found that
2847:
7040:
5741:
3671:
The campaign was also strongly affected from the political atmosphere which erupted in the South-East Asian regions occupied by Japan, who pursued the
3192:
3125:
1897:
1864:
1332:
3812:
the worst massacres in Burma during World War II would be perpetrated not by the Japanese but by Burmese gangs linked to the Burma Independence Army.
7342:
7268:
3893:
After the fall of Rangoon in March 1942, the Allies attempted to make a stand in the north of the country (Upper Burma), having been reinforced by a
3700:
2519:
993:
They were drawn primarily from British India. Most of them stayed and defended in India, and did not participate in the counter-offensives in Burma.
6469:
6092:
4126:
4091:
3026:
461:
5432:
4927:. The surrender of Japan forestalled this operation, but it was undertaken post-war as the quickest way of getting occupation troops into Malaya.
7074:
4499:
was defeated at Sangshak by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. Imphal was thus left vulnerable to an attack by the
4355:
By the end of May, the Yunnan offensive, though hampered by the monsoon rains and lack of air support, succeeded in annihilating the garrison of
2454:
1274:
6463:
4515:
reached Kohima. Instead of isolating the small British garrison there and pressing on with his main force to Dimapur, Sato chose to capture the
6886:
5332:
4138:
3885:. With the effective collapse of the entire defensive line, there was little choice left other than an overland retreat to India or to Yunnan.
2903:
5379:
5188:
3562:
2692:
1952:
6365:
6272:
6266:
6245:
4233:
3847:
1890:
1325:
4947:
at Kohima and Imphal in 1944 have since taken on huge symbolic value as the turning of the tide in British fortunes in the war in the East.
6359:
5147:
4626:
to cut off the retreating Japanese. There was severe fighting until the end of the month, in which the Japanese suffered heavy casualties.
3858:
4487:
The Japanese troops crossed the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones (and Slim) were slow to order their forward troops to withdraw and the
3897:. The Japanese had also been reinforced by two divisions made available by the capture of Singapore and defeated both the newly organised
2915:
1792:
1248:
6995:
6239:
3344:
3272:
2764:
2614:
2214:
6444:
4894:
The Japanese Twenty-Eighth Army, after withdrawing from Arakan and resisting XXXIII Corps in the Irrawaddy valley, retreated into the
4598:
The Japanese also made major changes in their command. The most important was the replacement of General Kawabe at Burma Area Army by
4376:
3843:
2908:
1419:
5483:
4013:
The Japanese did not renew their offensive after the monsoon ended. They installed a nominally independent Burmese government under
3827:
after overcoming stiff resistance. They then advanced northwards, outflanking successive British defensive positions. Troops of the
6606:
6533:"Operations in the Indo-Burma Theatre Based on India from 21 June 1943 to 15 November 1943" official despatch by Field Marshal Sir
4171:
launched a tentative advance from Imphal in the centre of the long front to distract Japanese attention from the other offensives.
3590:
3383:
3356:
2803:
2728:
2655:
1914:
1073:
46:
6326:
4637:
to construct airfields which would support the Allies' operations in Central Burma. Most of the Japanese garrison died during the
4055:
Nevertheless, the Allies mounted two operations during the 1942–1943 dry season. The first was a small offensive into the coastal
6166:
4654:
4332:, were attacking the Japanese 56th Division. The Japanese forces in the North were now fighting on two fronts in northern Burma.
3486:
5567:
Micheal Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd ed. 2002
6689:
6538:
6293:
4872:
4500:
4403:
4295:
3866:
3676:
3185:
2002:
5050:
4209:
was keen to mount an offensive against India. Burma Area Army originally quashed this idea, but found that their superiors at
6695:
6336:
6303:
6228:
5972:
5941:
5893:
5874:
5797:
5753:
5677:
5672:(First Cooper Square press edition 2000 ed.). New York, NY: First Cooper Square Press. pp. 329–340 (Chapter XIII).
5539:
5288:
4313:
mountains on 5 February 1944. In early March three other brigades were flown into landing zones behind Japanese lines by the
3923:
3713:
3496:
3339:
3154:
2662:
2575:
2541:
2512:
1947:
1772:
1683:
1003:
5219:
4841:
On 1 May, a Gurkha parachute battalion was dropped on Elephant Point, and cleared Japanese rearguards from the mouth of the
4248:
Stilwell's forces (designated X Force) initially consisted of two American-equipped Chinese divisions with a Chinese-manned
7170:
5079:
4495:. It fought its way back to Imphal with aid from Scoones's reserve division, supplied by parachute drops. North of Imphal,
4336:
casualties. By the end of June, they had linked up with Stilwell's forces but were exhausted, and were withdrawn to India.
3749:
3688:
3405:
3376:
2818:
2776:
2609:
2209:
1845:
1539:
1480:
981:
1035:
losses accounted for 2,394 of this figure, including 424 combat casualties and 1,970 deaths or evacuations due to disease.
6813:
6579:
4853:
The leading troops of the 17th and 26th Indian divisions met at Hlegu, 28 miles (45 km) north of Rangoon, on 6 May.
3894:
3542:
2920:
2585:
2318:
1738:
1485:
1129:
1066:
4912:) and XV Corps had returned to India to plan the next stage of the campaign to re-take Southeast Asia. A new corps, the
3624:
independence movements and armies. Nominally independent puppet states were established in the conquered areas and some
7322:
5131:
4591:
3503:
3070:
2580:
1977:
1732:
239:
6036:(Yale University Press; 2011), 532 pages; focus on William Slim, Orde Wingate, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stilwell.
5502:
4747:
for another week. Much of the historically and culturally significant portions of Mandalay were burned to the ground.
6669:
6133:
6076:
6026:
5999:
5855:
5572:
4694:
4210:
3839:
3724:
would lead to Stilwell's eventual removal from his position as American Commander of the theater. On the other hand,
3621:
3417:
3178:
2340:
1151:
747:
702:
449:
310:
4811:. This scratch formation held up the British advance until 30 April and covered the evacuation of the Rangoon area.
7232:
6664:
4712:
3214:
3130:
2505:
2073:
1928:
5451:
4577:
4554:
During the monsoon from August to November, Fourteenth Army pursued the Japanese to the Chindwin River. While the
3552:
7237:
7079:
6674:
4776:
to the allied side. In addition to the allied advance, the Japanese now faced open rebellion behind their lines.
4706:
3602:
3527:
3464:
3313:
3296:
2830:
2449:
1269:
1175:
485:
6487:
3547:
6049:
4891:
headquarters was created from XXXIII Corps HQ to take control of the formations which were to remain in Burma.
4641:. XV Corps operations on the mainland were curtailed to release transport aircraft to support Fourteenth Army.
4036:
The Allied build up was also hampered by the disordered state of Eastern India at the time. There were violent
3828:
3641:
3476:
3144:
3105:
2757:
2747:
2442:
2357:
1642:
1370:
1262:
1168:
669:
202:
6475:
5169:
Ellis, John, World War II: A Statistical Survey: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants, 1993.
3930:
made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India, where they were put under the command of the American General
7327:
7090:
4846:
4791:
From this point, the advance down the main road to Rangoon faced little organised opposition. An uprising by
4528:
4496:
4488:
4318:
4214:
4060:
3964:
3440:
3422:
2947:
2672:
2146:
1972:
1668:
1607:
1453:
1392:
6126:
Air War for Burma: The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South-East Asia 1942–1945 (Bloody Shambles, Volume 3)
7212:
6897:
6891:
6599:
6511:"Operations in Eastern Theatre, Based on India from March 1942 to December 31, 1942", official despatch by
6156:
5026:
5016:
4572:
4520:
4519:. The siege lasted from 5 to 18 April, when the exhausted defenders were relieved. A new formation HQ, the
4407:
4391:
4266:
4153:
3753:
3508:
3308:
3257:
2987:
2697:
2602:
2553:
2181:
1837:
72:
6556:"Operations in Burma from 12 November 1944 to 15 August 1945" official despatch by Lieutenant General Sir
4228:. This was composed largely of Indian soldiers who had been captured in Malaya or Singapore, and Indians (
3537:
7192:
7101:
6649:
6629:
6142:
3854:
3679:". These led to a Japanese-sponsored revolution during the initial invasion and the establishment of the
3491:
3469:
3412:
2852:
2364:
2171:
2088:
1997:
1992:
1676:
1470:
969:
347:
215:
7207:
6938:
6725:
6715:
5429:
4862:
4199:
3996:
3779:
3765:
3633:
3435:
3301:
3279:
2942:
2771:
2742:
2626:
2486:
2413:
2291:
2266:
2256:
2226:
2188:
2123:
2066:
1448:
1306:
1224:
1102:
847:
4807:
had formed the various service troops, naval personnel and even Japanese civilians in Yangon into the
3532:
7352:
7242:
7124:
6965:
5584:
Martin Brayley, Mike Chappell. "The British Army 1939–45 (3): The Far East". Osprey Publishing, p. 6.
4795:
prevented troops from the reorganised Japanese Fifteenth Army from reaching the major road centre of
4785:
4781:
4732:
4555:
4168:
4087:
3725:
3709:
3318:
3284:
2842:
2261:
2098:
1826:
1766:
1725:
1621:
1424:
1414:
5329:
4398:
on 9 January 1944. The Corps then prepared to capture two railway tunnels linking Maungdaw with the
7247:
7217:
7202:
7197:
7164:
7129:
6832:
5373:
5182:
5021:
5003:
4824:
4650:
4461:
4460:, had pushed forward two divisions to the Chindwin River. One division was in reserve at Imphal in
4371:
4184:
4164:
3902:
16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the
3737:
3614:
3334:
3149:
3007:
2788:
2648:
2481:
2303:
2271:
2161:
2083:
1965:
1693:
1350:
1301:
1114:
427:
50:
6545:
6500:
6276:
4274:
delivered approximately 650,000 tons of material to China at a cost of 1,659 men and 594 aircraft.
3137:
7292:
7051:
6990:
6735:
6592:
4917:
4638:
4414:
4305:, the Chindits were to support Stilwell by interdicting Japanese communications in the region of
4130:
4122:
4018:
3684:
3371:
3230:
3085:
3080:
3075:
2973:
2793:
2469:
2464:
2393:
2113:
1857:
1705:
1688:
1628:
1592:
1562:
1289:
1284:
1204:
66:
6369:
3668:; and finally the successful Allied offensive which liberated Burma from late 1944 to mid-1945.
3252:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7114:
6943:
6874:
6864:
5991:
4253:
3797:
3594:
3481:
3400:
2837:
2548:
2345:
2276:
2198:
2166:
2136:
2131:
1718:
1648:
1499:
1156:
1032:
1020:
147:
5529:
4867:
4755:
4232:) living in Malaya. At Bose's instigation, a substantial contingent of the INA joined in this
4025:. In practice, both government and army were strictly controlled by the Japanese authorities.
3716:
led to cooperation between the two countries, but the clashing strategies proposed by General
7227:
7134:
6948:
6923:
6184:
5011:
4989:
4049:
3903:
3586:
3557:
2992:
2752:
2595:
2381:
2350:
2298:
2151:
2141:
2046:
1758:
1699:
1634:
1532:
1192:
1161:
1109:
1045:
545:
190:
100:
6580:
List of Regimental Battle Honours in the Burma Campaign (1942–1945) – also some useful links
6522:
6249:
3018:
7020:
7000:
6908:
6770:
6615:
6534:
6441:
4888:
4876:
4618:
Landing craft had now reached the theatre, and XV Corps launched amphibious attacks on the
4225:
4125:(SEAC), a new combined command responsible for the South-East Asian Theatre, under Admiral
3968:
3838:
The loss of two brigades of 17th Indian Division meant that Rangoon could not be defended.
3692:
3513:
2937:
2925:
2813:
2619:
2435:
2246:
2241:
2219:
2193:
2031:
1851:
1803:
1785:
1575:
1556:
1255:
6029:. Personal account by a British Burma Rifles officer, who later became an Oxford academic.
5718:
Despatch "Operations in Burma and North East India 16th November 1943 to 22nd June 1944",
4048:, which required large numbers of British troops to suppress. There was also a disastrous
2251:
8:
6933:
6928:
6824:
5480:
4773:
4476:. Mutaguchi intended to exploit the capture of Imphal by capturing the strategic city of
4221:
4099:
4037:
3775:
3704:
3637:
3567:
3447:
3090:
2808:
2682:
2108:
2103:
1409:
1219:
965:
657:
294:
4799:
before IV Corps captured it. The leading Allied troops met Japanese rearguards north of
7139:
7084:
6842:
6790:
6730:
6550:
6527:
6505:
6342:
6086:
5104:
4913:
4902:
4678:
4666:
4623:
3805:
3220:
3100:
2966:
2959:
2898:
2888:
2862:
2714:
2636:
2459:
2425:
2408:
2313:
2236:
1940:
1871:
1831:
1798:
1711:
1600:
1580:
1464:
1387:
1279:
1236:
1124:
27:
4363:. Strong Japanese reinforcements then counterattacked and halted the Chinese advance.
4302:
4294:
while American engineers and Indian labourers extended the Ledo Road behind them. The
3740:, as well as from the heroic missions over the extremely dangerous air route over the
7149:
7025:
6854:
6332:
6299:
6215:
Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut
6180:
The Burma Road : The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II
6129:
6072:
6055:
6045:
6022:
5995:
5968:
5937:
5914:
5889:
5870:
5851:
5828:
5793:
5783:
5779:
5749:
5673:
5568:
5535:
5284:
5127:
5075:
4820:
4772:, which resulted in a national uprising within Burma and the defection of the entire
4670:
4649:
NCAC resumed its advance late in 1944, although it was progressively weakened by the
4481:
4469:
4387:
4341:
4146:
4094:, Supreme Allied Commander, seen during his tour of the Arakan Front in February 1944
4041:
4001:
3980:
3947:
3862:
3801:
3793:
3625:
3452:
3291:
3267:
3120:
2999:
2952:
2857:
2702:
2687:
2631:
2474:
2430:
2333:
2323:
2231:
2058:
2012:
1957:
1819:
1811:
1753:
1743:
1544:
1512:
1493:
1402:
1397:
1294:
1241:
1144:
1134:
268:
253:
20:
6309:
6218:
5692:
Despatch "Operations in Assam and Burma from 23RD June 1944 to 12TH November 1944",
4804:
4511:
Also at the beginning of April, the Japanese 31st Division under Lieutenant-General
4508:
as movement was made difficult by monsoon rains and IV Corps was short of supplies.
7159:
7069:
7064:
7010:
6918:
6837:
6775:
6765:
6740:
6654:
6634:
6458:
4924:
4603:
4524:
4443:
4439:
4380:
4356:
3956:
were to be under Thai control. The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control.
3771:
3665:
3661:
3262:
3240:
2893:
2721:
2707:
2677:
2590:
2570:
2418:
2403:
2328:
2078:
2053:
2026:
1985:
1748:
1653:
1613:
1587:
1526:
1518:
1504:
1458:
1434:
1229:
1214:
1139:
335:
4534:
4141:. An innovation was the extensive use of aircraft to transport and supply troops.
3113:
7222:
7187:
7154:
6679:
6516:
6448:
6175:
5506:
5487:
5455:
5436:
5336:
5223:
5154:
5057:
4831:
4744:
4698:
4674:
4551:
all his divisions' commanders, and was himself subsequently relieved of command.
4457:
4419:
4360:
4314:
4206:
4195:
4191:
4106:
4056:
3976:
3931:
3927:
3881:, outflanking the Allied defensive lines and cutting off the Chinese armies from
3721:
3717:
3610:
3430:
3351:
3095:
3051:
2823:
2798:
2667:
2156:
2118:
2093:
2036:
2021:
2007:
1935:
1569:
1375:
681:
618:
588:
533:
389:
5051:
Barnaby Phillips follows the life of one of the forgotten heroes of World War II
4538:
View of the Garrison Hill battlefield, the key to the British defences at Kohima
7058:
7045:
7005:
6975:
6859:
6750:
4634:
4599:
4435:
4237:
4110:
4045:
3870:
3832:
3789:
3696:
3680:
3598:
3366:
2881:
2643:
2565:
2398:
2308:
2041:
1551:
1429:
1209:
1119:
731:
711:
600:
473:
403:
161:
7286:
7030:
7015:
6980:
6970:
6869:
6807:
6780:
6512:
5832:
5430:
US Army Battle Casualties and Non-battle Deaths in World War 2: Final Report.
4923:
This was to be an amphibious assault on the western side of Malaya codenamed
4909:
4630:
4298:
was repeatedly outflanked by the Marauders and threatened with encirclement.
4260:
4006:
4005:
Indian troops move ammunition in very muddy conditions whilst on the road to
3824:
3606:
2388:
1380:
1199:
756:
605:
367:
362:
323:
4830:
craft were retained in Europe and finally dropped in favour of an attack on
3170:
7252:
6960:
6848:
6802:
6684:
6644:
6569:
6557:
5929:
5812:
5499:
4975:
4842:
4792:
4701:
near Mandalay, Burma, during a low-level reconnaissance sortie, March 1945.
4559:
4516:
4229:
4134:
4068:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3203:
3064:
2872:
2867:
2781:
1882:
1317:
576:
509:
227:
58:
4152:
The major effort was intended to be by American-trained Chinese troops of
7257:
7119:
6755:
6659:
6476:
Canadian War Museum: Newspaper Articles on the Burma Campaigns, 1941–1945
5983:
4800:
4512:
4329:
4283:
4249:
3960:
3943:
3898:
3874:
3629:
3617:
3327:
3245:
3159:
2558:
2529:
738:
718:
521:
374:
177:
104:
54:
5108:
4190:
About the same time that SEAC was established, the Japanese created the
7035:
6985:
6760:
6584:
6232:
5846:
Drea, Edward J. (1998). "An Allied Interpretation of the Pacific War".
5789:
5705:
Despatch "Operations in Burma 12th November 1944 to 15th August 1945",
5448:
4895:
4880:
4875:, surrenders to Major General Arthur W Crowther, DSO, commander of the
4763:
of an Indian cavalry regiment during the advance on Rangoon, April 1945
4673:, British Prime Minister, appealed directly to American chief of staff
4399:
4279:
3953:
3820:
3729:
3235:
3225:
3784:
Japanese objectives in Burma were initially limited to the capture of
7262:
6880:
6796:
6706:
6639:
4769:
4760:
4622:
peninsula on 12 January 1945 and at Kangaw ten days later during the
4606:, forcing the Allies to greatly extend their lines of communication.
4345:
4287:
4157:
3816:
3741:
2981:
1044:
Total excludes the approximately 3 million civilians who died in the
497:
415:
282:
6171:
Forgotten Voices of Burma: The Second World War's Forgotten Conflict
4838:
Dracula, and units of XV Corps were embarked from Akyab and Ramree.
4129:. The training, equipment, health and morale of Allied troops under
4067:
The second action was controversial. Under the command of Brigadier
968:
after it revolted against the Japanese and joined the allies as the
7144:
7109:
6430:
Imphal and Kohima, Britain's Greatest Battles, National Army Museum
5848:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
5203:
5074:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
4920:
was raised and assigned to Fourteenth Army for further operations.
4724:
4720:
4395:
4349:
4271:
4252:
battalion and an American long-range penetration brigade known as "
4198:, which took under command the Fifteenth Army and the newly formed
4072:
4022:
3972:
3865:, but after its fall the road was open for motorised troops of the
3745:
2374:
2369:
1185:
1180:
788:
643:
557:
5746:
Burma 1942–1945: The Politics And Strategy of the Second World War
4547:
July, and the Japanese retreated painfully to the Chindwin River.
4344:
nevertheless immediately helped secure the air link from India to
4179:
3975:, the main objective, was captured on 27 May. On 12 July, General
6785:
6745:
5670:
Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942-1945
4796:
4716:
4477:
4325:
4291:
4263:
at China, but were driven back by the Chinese nationalist force.
4021:
on a more regular basis as the Burma National Army under General
3915:
3733:
3649:
3628:
by Thailand. In 1942 and 1943, the international Allied force in
1058:
1007:
6059:
6424:
4619:
4492:
4473:
4310:
4014:
3984:
3911:
3882:
3878:
3785:
630:
6454:
5886:
For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945
5124:
Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War
5060:, Al Jazeera Correspondent Last Modified: 22 July 2012, 07:21.
2497:
6954:
4681:, took over the remaining military responsibilities of NCAC.
4658:
4582:
4306:
3687:
had spearheaded the initial attacks against the country. The
3048:
129:
5148:
Facts on File: World War II in the China-Burma-India theater
4740:
weapon. They broke off the attack and retreated to Pyawbwe.
75:
at an observation post in the Ngakyedauk Pass, February 1944
91:(3 years, 11 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
5260:
3888:
5867:
Quartered Safe Out Here: A Harrowing Tale of World War II
4448:
4205:
The new commander of Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General
4167:
prepared to renew the advance in Arakan province, while
4156:(NCAC) under Stilwell, to cover the construction of the
3585:
was a series of battles fought in the British colony of
4803:, 40 miles (64 km) north of Rangoon, on 25 April.
4719:
and seize the Japanese line-of-communication centre of
4629:
An important objective for XV Corps was the capture of
4402:
but the Japanese struck first. A strong force from the
7348:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan
7318:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Nepal
4243:
6200:
Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in Thailand
6187:
was Elephant Advisor to the Fourteenth Army, see his
5785:
Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945
5220:"远征军入缅作战简介_远征军入缅作战的时间死亡人数_远征军入缅作战的意义结果损失 – 趣历史 – 趣历史"
4653:
to the main front in China. On 10 December 1944, the
4615:
of Operation Talon, the amphibious landing at Akyab.
4220:
The Japanese were influenced to an unknown degree by
3979:, who would become the Thai military governor of the
3869:
to shatter the Chinese Sixth Army to the east in the
1023:); the rest were engineering and air force personnel.
6509:(Supplement). 17 September 1946. pp. 4663–4671.
6364:. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.:
6271:. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.:
6244:. World War II Campaign Brochures. Washington D.C.:
6019:
A Hell of a Licking' – The Retreat from Burma 1941–2
5611:
5469:
The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945
5405:
The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945
5330:
Japanese conquest of Burma, December 1941 – May 1942
4965:
4566:
4386:
In Arakan, Indian XV Corps under Lieutenant General
4321:
and established defensive strongholds around Indaw.
6396:
The Burma Air Campaign: December 1941 – August 1945
5825:
The Second World War. Volume 6: Triumph and Tragedy
4324:
Meanwhile, the Chinese forces on the Yunnan front (
19:For the British non-governmental organisation, see
6034:The Burma Campaign: Disaster Into Triumph, 1942–45
5095:Singh, S. B. (1992). "Nepal and the World Warii".
4429:
5967:. London: Hambledon Continuum. pp. 387–388.
5534:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 309.
5471:, p. 1. Includes 144,000 dead and 56,000 wounded.
4278:In October 1943 the Chinese 38th Division led by
4259:In 1943, the Thai Phayap Army invasion headed to
3748:". The campaign would have a great impact on the
7338:Military history of Thailand during World War II
7284:
6163:has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign
5819:has content related to the 1944 Chindit campaign
5712:
5686:
5399:
5397:
5281:Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance, 1940-1945
5177:
5175:
3971:, engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division.
6554:(Supplement). 6 April 1951. pp. 1881–1963.
6225:Should've Been With Me: The Wilfred Scull Story
5981:
4082:
3695:fought under Imperial Japan, especially during
5360:International Encyclopedia of Military History
4908:Fourteenth Army (now under Lieutenant General
4527:, now took over operations on this front. The
4410:from the rear, overrunning the divisional HQ.
908:144,000 – 164,500 total dead including disease
7333:Military history of India during World War II
6600:
6366:United States Army Center of Military History
6273:United States Army Center of Military History
6246:United States Army Center of Military History
5699:
5394:
5172:
4723:, while XXXIII Corps continued to advance on
4139:lines of communication in North-eastern India
4071:, a long-range penetration unit known as the
3990:
3759:
3200:
3186:
3034:
2513:
1898:
1333:
1249:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943–1945)
1074:
947:250,000 to 1,000,000 Burmese civilians killed
6091:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5165:
5163:
5043:
4871:Lieutenant General Kawada, commander of the
4697:flies alongside Ava Bridge, which spans the
4217:in Tokyo was in favour of Mutaguchi's plan.
4183:Lieutenant General Kawabe, commander of the
3815:The Japanese successfully attacked over the
1912:
1347:
5965:The British Empire and the Second World War
5883:
5778:
5629:
5605:
5593:
5266:
4644:
4609:
4375:The scene on Scraggy Hill, captured by the
4366:
6607:
6593:
5850:. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
5323:
5121:
5097:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4684:
4163:Under British Fourteenth Army, the Indian
4137:was improving, as was the capacity of the
3906:and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.
3193:
3179:
3041:
3027:
2520:
2506:
1905:
1891:
1340:
1326:
1081:
1067:
65:
5908:Grant, Ian Lyall, & Tamayama, Kazuo,
5822:
5160:
4887:After the Allies captured Rangoon, a new
3937:
3853:On the eastern part of the front, in the
3844:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command
7343:South-East Asian theatre of World War II
6614:
6544:
6521:
6499:
6384:
6071:(Unabridged ed.). London: Cassell.
5928:
5740:
5357:
5305:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
5278:
5255:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
5069:
4958:corruption of Chiang Kai-Shek's regime.
4934:
4866:
4754:
4688:
4576:
4533:
4447:
4370:
4265:
4178:
4086:
4000:
3591:South-East Asian theatre of World War II
3145:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)
3086:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)
47:South-East Asian theatre of World War II
6402:
6393:
6357:
5962:
5667:
5247:
5140:
5126:. London: James Currey Ltd. p. 7.
5049:The Burma Boy, Al Jazeera Documentary,
4406:infiltrated Allied lines to attack the
3889:Japanese advance to the Indian frontier
3861:held up the Japanese for a time around
380:
168:
7285:
6324:
6291:
6123:
5864:
5283:. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 116.
4780:position (held by the remnants of the
4309:. A brigade began marching across the
3677:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
3613:. Imperial Japan was supported by the
2003:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
1103:Japanese invasion of Burma (1941–1942)
16:1941–1945 campaign during World War II
6588:
6107:Thailand and Japan's Southern Advance
6067:Slim, William Slim, Viscount (1972).
6039:
5527:
5358:Bradford, James (19 September 2006).
5094:
4901:The Japanese had attacked too early.
3609:) against the invading forces of the
3593:and primarily involved forces of the
3174:
3022:
2501:
1886:
1321:
1062:
960:
958:
853:31,443 dead by all causes (1943–1945)
6531:. 27 April 1948. pp. 2651–2684.
6066:
5888:. Trafford Publishing. p. 360.
5869:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 358.
5845:
5617:
4814:
3689:Provisional Government of Free India
1019:3,000 were frontline combat troops (
982:Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma
88:14 December 1941 – 13 September 1945
6488:World War II animated campaign maps
6217:(University Press of Kansas, 2017)
5191:from the original on 7 January 2016
4856:
4750:
4456:IV Corps, under Lieutenant-General
4244:Northern and Yunnan front 1943–1944
4121:In August 1943, the Allies created
3728:were positive from the cooperative
13:
6493:
6466:. Engineers in the Burma Campaigns
6237:
6206:
4939:East African troops in Burma, 1944
4834:, off the west coast of Thailand.
4592:Allied Land Forces South East Asia
3919:the troops and civilian refugees.
3873:and advance northward through the
1088:
1038:
1026:
1013:
996:
975:
955:
14:
7364:
6413:
6264:
5910:Burma 1942: The Japanese Invasion
5865:Fraser, George MacDonald (2007).
5668:William, Slim (9 February 2000).
4567:Allied capture of Burma 1944–1945
4359:and eventually reached as far as
4211:Southern Expeditionary Army Group
4174:
3959:The leading elements of the Thai
3703:. The dominating attitude of the
987:
6705:
5720:Supplement to the London Gazette
5707:Supplement to the London Gazette
5694:Supplement to the London Gazette
5481:Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery
5382:from the original on 2 June 2016
5187:(in Chinese). pp. 460–461.
4996:
4982:
4968:
3842:, the commander-in-chief of the
3126:German Pacific possesions (1914)
931:
919:
898:
882:
861:
836:
818:
809:
796:
787:
778:
764:
755:
746:
737:
730:
717:
710:
701:
675:
663:
651:
637:
624:
612:
604:
594:
582:
570:
551:
539:
527:
515:
503:
491:
479:
467:
455:
443:
421:
409:
397:
382:
361:
341:
329:
316:
304:
288:
275:
261:
246:
233:
221:
208:
196:
184:
170:
154:
6675:Provisional Government of India
6630:Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI
6418:
6368:. CMH Pub 72-37. Archived from
6248:. CMH Pub 72-21. Archived from
6042:World War II: China-Burma-India
5734:
5725:
5661:
5648:
5635:
5623:
5599:
5587:
5578:
5561:
5548:
5521:
5512:
5493:
5474:
5461:
5442:
5423:
5410:
5366:
5351:
5342:
5310:
5297:
5272:
5238:
5212:
5209:《中缅印战场抗日战争史》,徐康明 著,解放军出版社,2007年
4707:Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay
4430:Japanese invasion of India 1944
4116:
3738:Chinese war effort inside China
3101:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)
2527:
6275:. CMH Pub 72-5. Archived from
5115:
5088:
5063:
4655:36th British Infantry Division
3819:Pass and captured the port of
3750:independence struggle of Burma
3701:collaborated with Nazi Germany
1365:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes)
1:
6472:. Engineers with the Chindits
6385:Burchett, Wilfred G. (1943).
5731:Churchill (1954), Chapter 18.
5528:Meyer, Milton Walter (1997).
5307:(Scarecrow Press, 2006), 125.
5032:
4847:26th Indian Infantry Division
4809:105 Independent Mixed Brigade
4581:Indian troops wade ashore at
4529:2nd British Infantry Division
4497:50th Indian Parachute Brigade
4489:17th Indian Infantry Division
4472:isolated Imphal by capturing
4215:Imperial General Headquarters
3829:17th Indian Infantry Division
3732:, built to reach the Chinese
3699:in 1944. The INA had earlier
3391:Mediterranean and Middle East
846:40,000 casualties during the
7213:Japanese occupation of Burma
6575:Canadians in south east Asia
6457:. A museum dedicated to the
6298:. London: James Leasor Ltd.
6227:. United States: KDP Books.
6124:Shores, Christopher (2005).
5994:Military. pp. 243–255.
5884:Farquharson, Robert (2006).
5037:
5027:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
5017:Japanese occupation of Burma
4408:7th Indian Infantry Division
4392:5th Indian Infantry Division
4154:Northern Combat Area Command
4083:The balance shifts 1943–1944
3654:priority given by the Allies
3638:Fighting intensified in 1944
3636:to retake lost territories.
3372:Manchuria and Northern Korea
2974:Manchuria and Northern Korea
73:7th Indian Infantry Division
7:
7193:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan
6996:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
5823:Churchill, Winston (1954).
5643:Burma: the Longest Campaign
5378:(in Chinese). p. 476.
5279:Reynolds, Bruce E. (1994).
4961:
4916:, under Lieutenant-General
4394:captured the small port of
3895:Chinese Expeditionary Force
3855:Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road
2772:Dutch East Indies (1941–42)
2729:Strategic bombing (1944–45)
1793:North Burma and West Yunnan
928:• 5,149 died from diseases
10:
7369:
7208:Selarang Barracks incident
6563:
6442:Imperial War Museum London
6435:
6223:Edwards, Roderick (2020).
6213:Callahan, Raymond. (2017)
5765:
5509:. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
5490:. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
5339:, Retrieved 20 March 2016.
5157:, Retrieved 20 March 2016.
5122:Killingray, David (2012).
4930:
4863:Battle of the Sittang Bend
4860:
4818:
4782:Japanese Thirty-Third Army
4704:
4570:
4452:Imphal and Kohima Campaign
4433:
4097:
3994:
3991:Allied setbacks, 1942–1943
3941:
3831:tried to retreat over the
3780:Dutch East Indies campaign
3769:
3766:Japanese invasion of Burma
3763:
3760:Japanese conquest of Burma
3720:and Chinese Generalissimo
3050:Military campaigns of the
2921:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
2443:Burma campaign (1944–1945)
2358:Burma campaign (1942–1943)
2292:Japanese invasion of Burma
1263:Burma campaign (1944–1945)
1193:Burma campaign (1943–1944)
1169:Burma campaign (1942–1943)
1006:(About 75,000 troops) and
856:35,948 wounded (1943–1945)
848:Japanese conquest of Burma
25:
18:
7323:Campaigns of World War II
7243:Malaysian Indian Congress
7180:
7100:
6907:
6823:
6714:
6703:
6622:
6394:Pearson, Michael (2007).
5722:, 13 March 1951, p. 1361.
5486:16 September 2018 at the
5449:Marauder.org: casualties.
5362:. Routledge. p. 221.
4733:255th Indian Tank Brigade
4556:11th East Africa Division
4523:under Lieutenant-General
4194:under Lieutenant General
4133:under Lieutenant General
3800:under Lieutenant General
3712:American-trained Chinese
3710:China Burma India Theater
3642:Allied recapture of Burma
3634:several failed offensives
3211:
3091:Liaodong Peninsula (1895)
3061:
2537:
1924:
1415:Pacification of Manchukuo
1361:
1098:
951:
946:
871:28,878 killed and missing
828:
690:
433:
139:
79:
64:
44:
39:
7198:Special Bureau for India
6833:Indian National Congress
6481:
6328:The Marine from Mandalay
6010:Burma: The Forgotten War
5982:Duncan Anderson (1991).
5963:Jackson, Ashley (2006).
5709:, 6 April 1951, p. 1885.
5696:, 3 March 1951, p. 1711.
5257:(Scarecrow Press, 2006).
5022:Second Sino-Japanese War
5004:Republic of China portal
4825:Battle of Elephant Point
4651:flyout of Chinese troops
4645:Northern front 1944–1945
4610:Southern front 1944–1945
4573:Burma Campaign 1944–1945
4367:Southern front 1943–1944
4185:Japanese Burma Area Army
3840:General Archibald Wavell
3626:territories were annexed
3605:, with support from the
3377:pre-war border conflicts
3160:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)
3008:Second Sino-Japanese War
2848:Estevan Point Lighthouse
2603:Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
2554:Marshalls–Gilberts raids
1916:South-East Asian Theater
1352:Second Sino-Japanese War
970:Patriotic Burmese Forces
842:~107,391 including sick
51:Second Sino-Japanese War
26:Not to be confused with
6991:Rani of Jhansi Regiment
6736:Indian National Council
6447:3 December 2008 at the
6403:Spiller, David (2012).
6389:. Allhabad: Kitabistan.
6358:MacGarrigle, George L.
6325:Leasor, James (2011) .
6292:Leasor, James (2012) .
5924:Road to the Pacific War
5630:Bayly & Harper 2005
5606:Bayly & Harper 2005
5594:Bayly & Harper 2005
5531:Asia: A Concise History
5458:Retrieved 22 July 2015.
5267:Bayly & Harper 2005
5070:Whelpton, John (2005).
5056:3 February 2018 at the
4918:Ouvry Lindfield Roberts
4695:Hawker Hurricane Mk IIC
4685:Central front 1944–1945
4639:Battle of Ramree Island
4415:Battle of the Admin Box
4340:August. The capture of
4131:British Fourteenth Army
4123:South East Asia Command
4019:Burma Independence Army
3798:Japanese Fifteenth Army
3756:in the post-war years.
3685:Burma Independence Army
3155:French Indochina (1940)
2610:Japanese merchant raids
2450:Meiktila & Mandalay
911:40,000 killed in action
877:~12,700 died of disease
867:~86,600 excluding sick
6944:First Arakan offensive
6470:Royal Engineers Museum
6464:Royal Engineers Museum
6425:Burma Star Association
6331:. London: Leo Cooper.
6295:NTR: Nothing to Report
6185:Williams, James Howard
6117:Sadayoshi Shigematsu,
5952:The Unforgettable Army
5782:; Harper, Tim (2005).
5774:Burma: The Longest War
5656:Burma: The Longest War
5318:Burma: The Longest War
4940:
4884:
4873:Japanese 31st Division
4764:
4702:
4586:
4539:
4501:Japanese 15th Division
4470:Japanese 31st Division
4453:
4404:Japanese 55th Division
4383:
4296:Japanese 18th Division
4282:began to advance from
4275:
4187:
4127:Lord Louis Mountbatten
4095:
4092:Lord Louis Mountbatten
4010:
3997:Burma Campaign 1942–43
3938:Thai army enters Burma
3867:Japanese 56th Division
2909:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2753:Burma and India (1944)
2576:Gilberts and Marshalls
2285:Burma, India and China
1846:West Henan–North Hubei
892:Total Allied: ~207,244
888:3,253 total casualties
434:Commanders and leaders
7228:India in World War II
7203:Azad Hind Decorations
7135:INA Defence Committee
6949:Hindustan Field Force
6731:Swami Satyananda Puri
6539:see this html version
6119:Fighting Around Burma
6105:Reynolds, E. Bruce.
5918:From the Battlefields
5435:22 April 2021 at the
5012:India in World War II
4990:United Kingdom portal
4938:
4870:
4758:
4692:
4580:
4537:
4451:
4374:
4269:
4182:
4090:
4059:of Burma. The Indian
4004:
3904:Battle of Yenangyaung
3726:China–India relations
3589:. It was part of the
3302:Yugoslavian Partisans
2819:Philippines (1944–45)
2777:Philippines (1941–42)
2382:Burma campaign (1944)
2047:Parit Sulong Massacre
1270:Meiktila and Mandalay
937:2,615 dead or missing
829:Casualties and losses
71:Sikh soldiers of the
7328:Indian National Army
7001:Mohammed Zaman Kiani
6771:Bidadary Resolutions
6616:Indian National Army
6535:Claude E. Auchinleck
6387:Trek Back from Burma
5988:Churchill's Generals
5454:22 July 2015 at the
5418:The Battle for Burma
5335:16 July 2017 at the
5153:1 April 2016 at the
4877:17th Indian Division
4731:Indian Division and
4226:Indian National Army
3969:Royal Thai Air Force
3823:at the mouth of the
3693:Indian National Army
2620:Homfreyganj massacre
2247:Cocos Islands mutiny
2220:Homfreyganj massacre
1986:Malaya and Singapore
941:Total Axis: ~210,000
7075:Battle of Irrawaddy
6825:Subhas Chandra Bose
6716:Indian Independence
6238:Newell, Clayton R.
6069:Defeat into victory
6040:Moser, Don (1978).
5904:Singapore and Burma
5808:The Longest Retreat
5632:, pp. 247–249.
5505:16 May 2008 at the
5303:Donald M. Seekins,
5253:Donald M. Seekins,
4774:Burma National Army
4521:Indian XXXIII Corps
4272:India–China airlift
4254:Merrill's Marauders
4224:, commander of the
4222:Subhas Chandra Bose
4100:Burma Campaign 1944
4038:Quit India protests
4017:, and reformed the
3981:occupied Shan State
3808:) in January 1942.
3776:Battle of Singapore
3705:Japanese militarist
3131:Siberia (1918–1922)
2215:Andaman and Nicobar
1773:Sichuan (cancelled)
1033:Merrill's Marauders
1021:Merrill's Marauders
966:Burma National Army
658:Subhas Chandra Bose
7140:Kailash Nath Katju
7085:Surrender of Japan
7080:Battle of Meiktila
6791:Bangkok Conference
6551:The London Gazette
6537:, War Office. (or
6528:The London Gazette
6506:The London Gazette
6398:. Pen & Sword.
6161:Make for the Hills
6111:Rolo, Charles J.
5827:. London: Cassel.
5780:Bayly, Christopher
5500:USSBS Japan pp. 12
5072:A History of Nepal
4941:
4914:Indian XXXIV Corps
4885:
4765:
4703:
4679:OSS Detachment 101
4667:Daniel Isom Sultan
4624:Battle of Hill 170
4587:
4558:advanced down the
4540:
4454:
4384:
4342:Myitkyina airfield
4303:Operation Thursday
4276:
4200:Twenty-Eighth Army
4188:
4096:
4011:
3965:J. R. Seriroengrit
3806:Tanintharyi Region
3504:French West Africa
3345:South West Pacific
3253:Denmark and Norway
2967:Japanese surrender
2933:Naval bombardments
2863:Fire balloon bombs
2586:Volcano and Ryukyu
2581:Marianas and Palau
2237:Easter Sunday Raid
1563:Yellow River flood
1477:Railway Operation
546:George Stratemeyer
28:Anglo-Burmese Wars
7278:
7277:
7150:Tej Bahadur Sapru
7026:Rasammah Bhupalan
6929:Fall of Singapore
6892:Death controversy
6855:Bengal Volunteers
6690:Greater East Asia
6455:The Kohima Museum
6338:978-1-908291-33-2
6305:978-1-908291-44-8
6252:on 28 August 2011
6198:Young, Edward M.
6150:Sugita, Saiichi.
6113:Wingate's Raiders
6101:Struggle in Burma
5974:978-1-85285-517-8
5950:Hickey, Michael.
5943:978-0-00-721982-7
5895:978-1-41201-536-3
5876:978-1-60239-190-1
5839:Dillon, Terence.
5799:978-0-713-99463-6
5755:978-0-7067-0218-7
5748:. Davis-Poynter.
5742:Callahan, Raymond
5679:978-0-8154-1022-5
5541:978-0-8476-8063-4
5290:978-0-312-10402-3
4821:Operation Dracula
4815:Operation Dracula
4671:Winston Churchill
4482:Brahmaputra River
4400:Kalapanzin valley
4388:Philip Christison
4147:Normandy Landings
3948:Saharat Thai Doem
3794:Dutch East Indies
3656:to the defeat of
3620:, as well as two
3603:Republic of China
3597:(mainly from the
3576:
3575:
3497:Strategic bombing
3413:Mediterranean Sea
3168:
3167:
3096:China (1899–1901)
3016:
3015:
2858:Lookout Air Raids
2765:Southwest Pacific
2495:
2494:
2319:Yunnan-Burma Road
2067:Dutch East Indies
1958:August Revolution
1880:
1879:
1739:Yunnan-Burma Road
1677:Hundred Regiments
1449:Marco Polo Bridge
1315:
1314:
1130:Yunnan-Burma Road
1057:
1056:
670:Charun Rattanakun
462:Louis Mountbatten
269:Southern Rhodesia
254:Northern Rhodesia
135:
134:
21:Burma Campaign UK
7360:
7353:Lord Mountbatten
7160:Jawaharlal Nehru
7070:Battle of Kohima
7065:Battle of Imphal
6919:Battle of Malaya
6776:Tokyo Conference
6766:Rash Behari Bose
6709:
6655:Berlin Committee
6609:
6602:
6595:
6586:
6585:
6570:Siam goes to war
6555:
6532:
6510:
6459:Battle of Kohima
6408:
6407:. Amazon Kindle.
6399:
6390:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6345:on 31 March 2012
6341:. Archived from
6321:
6319:
6317:
6312:on 19 April 2012
6308:. Archived from
6288:
6286:
6284:
6265:Hogan, David W.
6261:
6259:
6257:
6176:Webster, Donovan
6167:Thompson, Julian
6157:Thompson, Robert
6152:Burma Operations
6139:
6096:
6090:
6082:
6063:
6018:
6005:
5978:
5947:
5936:. Harper Press.
5899:
5880:
5861:
5841:Yangon to Kohima
5836:
5803:
5760:
5759:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5723:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5697:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5620:, pp. 71–4.
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5582:
5576:
5565:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5510:
5497:
5491:
5478:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5446:
5440:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5308:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5226:on 18 March 2017
5222:. Archived from
5216:
5210:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5179:
5170:
5167:
5158:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5081:978-0-52180026-6
5067:
5061:
5047:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4925:Operation Zipper
4857:Final operations
4751:Race for Rangoon
4525:Montagu Stopford
4444:Battle of Kohima
4440:Battle of Imphal
4381:Battle of Imphal
4050:famine in Bengal
3848:Harold Alexander
3772:Malayan Campaign
3622:collaborationist
3563:French Indochina
3206:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2988:Manchuria (1945)
2843:Aleutian Islands
2693:Indochina (1945)
2663:Indochina (1940)
2649:2nd Indian Ocean
2632:1st Indian Ocean
2627:Christmas Island
2532:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2272:2nd Indian Ocean
2267:14 February 1944
2257:13 November 1943
2232:1st Indian Ocean
2227:Christmas Island
2210:Japanese raiders
2189:27 February 1941
1929:French Indochina
1919:
1917:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1767:Zhejiang–Jiangxi
1643:Winter Offensive
1540:North-East Henan
1471:Sihang Warehouse
1356:
1355:
1353:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1093:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1010:(175,000 troops)
1000:
994:
991:
985:
979:
973:
962:
936:
935:
934:
924:
923:
922:
904:200,000 overall
903:
902:
901:
887:
886:
885:
866:
865:
864:
841:
840:
839:
823:
822:
821:
814:
813:
812:
801:
800:
799:
792:
791:
783:
782:
781:
769:
768:
767:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
735:
734:
722:
721:
715:
714:
706:
705:
680:
679:
678:
668:
667:
666:
656:
655:
654:
647:
642:
641:
640:
629:
628:
627:
617:
616:
615:
608:
599:
598:
597:
587:
586:
585:
575:
574:
573:
556:
555:
554:
544:
543:
542:
532:
531:
530:
520:
519:
518:
508:
507:
506:
496:
495:
494:
484:
483:
482:
472:
471:
470:
460:
459:
458:
450:Archibald Wavell
448:
447:
446:
426:
425:
424:
414:
413:
412:
402:
401:
400:
392:
388:
386:
385:
366:
365:
356:Medical support:
346:
345:
344:
334:
333:
332:
322:
320:
319:
309:
308:
307:
293:
292:
291:
281:
279:
278:
271:
267:
265:
264:
256:
252:
250:
249:
238:
237:
236:
226:
225:
224:
214:
212:
211:
201:
200:
199:
189:
188:
187:
180:
176:
174:
173:
160:
158:
157:
89:
81:
80:
69:
37:
36:
7368:
7367:
7363:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7274:
7223:Masakasu Kawabe
7218:Burma Area Army
7188:Azad Hind Radio
7176:
7155:Bhulabhai Desai
7102:Red Fort trials
7096:
7011:A.D. Loganathan
6910:
6909:Indian National
6903:
6887:Habib-ur-Rahman
6819:
6717:
6710:
6701:
6618:
6613:
6566:
6517:Viscount Wavell
6496:
6494:Primary sources
6484:
6449:Wayback Machine
6438:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6375:
6373:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6315:
6313:
6306:
6282:
6280:
6279:on 19 July 2011
6255:
6253:
6209:
6207:Further reading
6204:
6146:Before the Dawn
6136:
6128:. Grub Street.
6084:
6083:
6079:
6052:
6032:McLynn, Frank.
6016:
6002:
5975:
5944:
5902:Fujino, Hideo.
5896:
5877:
5858:
5800:
5768:
5763:
5756:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5717:
5713:
5704:
5700:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5666:
5662:
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5649:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5566:
5562:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5507:Wayback Machine
5498:
5494:
5488:Wayback Machine
5479:
5475:
5466:
5462:
5456:Wayback Machine
5447:
5443:
5437:Wayback Machine
5428:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5395:
5385:
5383:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5337:Wayback Machine
5328:
5324:
5315:
5311:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5277:
5273:
5265:
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5252:
5248:
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5218:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5168:
5161:
5155:Wayback Machine
5145:
5141:
5134:
5120:
5116:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5068:
5064:
5058:Wayback Machine
5048:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4933:
4865:
4859:
4827:
4819:Main articles:
4817:
4793:Karen guerillas
4753:
4713:Fourteenth Army
4709:
4699:Irrawaddy River
4687:
4675:George Marshall
4647:
4612:
4604:Irrawaddy River
4585:, January 1945.
4575:
4569:
4491:was cut off at
4458:Geoffry Scoones
4446:
4434:Main articles:
4432:
4420:Ngakyedauk Pass
4369:
4315:Royal Air Force
4246:
4207:Renya Mutaguchi
4196:Masakazu Kawabe
4192:Burma Area Army
4177:
4119:
4107:XV Indian Corps
4102:
4085:
4057:Arakan Province
3999:
3993:
3977:Phin Choonhavan
3950:
3942:Main articles:
3940:
3932:Joseph Stilwell
3928:Chiang Kai-shek
3891:
3782:
3768:
3762:
3722:Chiang Kai-shek
3718:Joseph Stilwell
3611:Empire of Japan
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3459:Other campaigns
3453:Southern France
3362:Burma and India
3357:South-East Asia
3352:Franco-Thai War
3207:
3201:
3199:
3169:
3164:
3150:China (1937–45)
3121:Tsingtao (1914)
3108:
3057:
3053:Empire of Japan
3052:
3049:
3047:
3017:
3012:
3004:
2916:Mariana Islands
2789:Solomon Islands
2758:Burma (1944–45)
2748:Burma (1942–43)
2743:Burma (1941–42)
2736:Burma and India
2668:Franco-Thai War
2615:Andaman Islands
2542:Central Pacific
2533:
2528:
2526:
2496:
2491:
2281:
2262:11 January 1944
2178:
2099:Makassar Strait
2063:
1982:
1962:
1936:Franco-Thai War
1920:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1881:
1876:
1669:Zaoyang–Yichang
1608:Suixian–Zaoyang
1454:Beiping–Tianjin
1393:Nenjiang Bridge
1357:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1316:
1311:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
980:
976:
963:
956:
938:
932:
930:
929:
925:~150 in combat
920:
918:
899:
897:
889:
883:
881:
862:
860:
837:
835:
819:
817:
816:
810:
808:
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803:
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795:
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779:
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762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
729:
728:
724:
716:
709:
708:
700:
699:
686:
682:Phin Choonhavan
676:
674:
664:
662:
652:
650:
638:
636:
635:
625:
623:
619:Renya Mutaguchi
613:
611:
595:
593:
589:Masakazu Kawabe
583:
581:
571:
569:
563:
552:
550:
540:
538:
534:Joseph Stilwell
528:
526:
516:
514:
504:
502:
492:
490:
480:
478:
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466:
456:
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444:
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207:
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195:
185:
183:
171:
169:
155:
153:
152:
121:
107:
90:
87:
70:
55:Pacific Theater
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7293:Burma campaign
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7181:Related topics
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
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7094:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7006:Lakshmi Sahgal
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6976:Subhas Brigade
6973:
6968:
6966:Gandhi Brigade
6963:
6958:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6860:Emilie Schenkl
6857:
6852:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6821:
6820:
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6810:
6805:
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6722:
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6712:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6680:Imperial Japan
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6626:
6624:
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6619:
6612:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6589:
6583:
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6577:
6572:
6565:
6562:
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6542:
6519:
6495:
6492:
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6490:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6452:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:External links
6412:
6410:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6372:on 8 July 2011
6355:
6337:
6322:
6304:
6289:
6262:
6235:
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6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
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6196:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6154:
6148:
6140:
6134:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6099:Ochi, Harumi.
6097:
6077:
6064:
6050:
6037:
6030:
6012:
6008:Latimer, Jon.
6006:
6000:
5979:
5973:
5960:
5958:War in the Sun
5956:Hodsun, J. L.
5954:
5948:
5942:
5926:
5922:Ikuhiko Hata,
5920:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5881:
5875:
5862:
5856:
5843:
5837:
5820:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5776:
5772:Allen, Louis,
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5733:
5724:
5711:
5698:
5685:
5678:
5660:
5658:, pp. 364–365.
5647:
5645:, pp. 157–170.
5634:
5622:
5610:
5608:, p. 172.
5598:
5596:, p. 167.
5586:
5577:
5560:
5547:
5540:
5520:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5460:
5441:
5422:
5409:
5393:
5365:
5350:
5341:
5322:
5309:
5296:
5289:
5271:
5269:, p. 273.
5259:
5246:
5237:
5211:
5202:
5171:
5159:
5139:
5133:978-1847010476
5132:
5114:
5087:
5080:
5062:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4993:
4979:
4963:
4960:
4932:
4929:
4861:Main article:
4858:
4855:
4816:
4813:
4805:Heitarō Kimura
4752:
4749:
4705:Main article:
4686:
4683:
4646:
4643:
4635:Cheduba Island
4611:
4608:
4600:Hyotaro Kimura
4571:Main article:
4568:
4565:
4436:Operation U-Go
4431:
4428:
4368:
4365:
4245:
4242:
4240:was launched.
4238:Operation U-Go
4176:
4175:Japanese plans
4173:
4118:
4115:
4111:Chindwin River
4098:Main article:
4084:
4081:
3995:Main article:
3992:
3989:
3963:under General
3939:
3936:
3890:
3887:
3871:Karenni States
3859:200th Division
3857:, the Chinese
3833:Sittaung River
3790:British Malaya
3764:Main article:
3761:
3758:
3697:Operation U-Go
3681:State of Burma
3599:British Empire
3583:Burma campaign
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Baltic Nations
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
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3472:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Ganghwa (1875)
3073:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2943:South Sakhalin
2940:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2698:Malacca Strait
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:Southeast Asia
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Doolittle Raid
2563:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:Elephant Point
2479:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Sittang Bridge
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:Guilin–Liuzhou
1834:
1829:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
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1672:
1664:
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1659:
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1657:
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1639:
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1637:
1625:
1618:
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1616:
1604:
1597:
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1578:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1481:Beiping–Hankou
1475:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1420:Inner Mongolia
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:Elephant Point
1299:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Sittang Bridge
1112:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:Burma campaign
1086:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1037:
1025:
1012:
995:
986:
974:
953:
952:
949:
948:
944:
943:
916:
915:
914:56,000 wounded
912:
909:
894:
879:
878:
875:
874:44,731 wounded
872:
858:
857:
854:
851:
831:
830:
826:
825:
815:316,700 (1944)
771:
693:
692:
688:
687:
685:
684:
672:
660:
648:
633:
621:
609:
601:Heitaro Kimura
591:
579:
566:
564:
562:
561:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
474:George Giffard
464:
452:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
419:
418:
406:
404:State of Burma
370:
352:
351:
338:
326:
313:
300:
298:
297:
285:
272:
257:
242:
230:
218:
205:
193:
181:
165:
162:United Kingdom
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
115:Allied victory
113:
109:
108:
99:
97:
93:
92:
85:
77:
76:
62:
61:
42:
41:
40:Burma campaign
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7365:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7313:1945 in Burma
7311:
7309:
7308:1944 in Burma
7306:
7304:
7303:1943 in Burma
7301:
7299:
7298:1942 in Burma
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7166:
7165:Bombay mutiny
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Burhan-ud-Din
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7046:Burma theatre
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:Shaukat Malik
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6981:Bahadur Group
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6971:Nehru Brigade
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6870:Indian Legion
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6809:
6808:Azad Hind Dal
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6713:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Kabul mission
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6605:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6518:
6514:
6513:Field Marshal
6508:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6451:Burma Summary
6450:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6361:Central Burma
6356:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6323:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6290:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6219:online review
6216:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6189:Elephant Bill
6186:
6183:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6135:1-904010-95-4
6131:
6127:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6080:
6078:0-304-29114-5
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6044:. Time-Life.
6043:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:0-00-272707-2
6024:
6020:
6014:Lunt, James.
6013:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6001:0-304-36712-5
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5930:Hastings, Max
5927:
5925:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:Iida, Shojiro
5913:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5859:
5857:0-8032-1708-0
5853:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5813:Calvert, Mike
5811:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5728:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5702:
5695:
5689:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5573:0-7864-1204-6
5570:
5564:
5557:
5554:Lewis et al.
5551:
5543:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5518:Mclynn, p. 1.
5515:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5477:
5470:
5464:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5445:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5375:中国抗日战争正面战场作战记
5369:
5361:
5354:
5348:Mclynn pp. 67
5345:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5326:
5319:
5313:
5306:
5300:
5292:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5250:
5244:McLynn, p. 1.
5241:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5184:中国抗日战争正面战场作战记
5178:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4994:
4991:
4980:
4977:
4966:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:Miles Dempsey
4906:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:Phuket Island
4826:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4757:
4748:
4746:
4745:Fort Dufferin
4741:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:Ramree Island
4627:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4262:
4261:Xishuangbanna
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:M3 Light Tank
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3926:committed by
3925:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3825:Salween River
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:, nicknamed "
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3675:policy of a "
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3630:British India
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3607:United States
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Syria–Lebanon
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:Pacific Ocean
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3309:Eastern Front
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3258:Western Front
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3202:Campaigns of
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:Taishō period
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Ryukyu (1879)
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Taiwan (1874)
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:Kuril Islands
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:North America
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:Borneo (1945)
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Bay of Bengal
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:Tanlwe Chaung
2468:
2466:
2465:Ramree Island
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Chindits (II)
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Badung Strait
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:2nd Singapore
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:1st Singapore
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Central Hubei
1687:
1685:
1684:North Vietnam
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:South Guangxi
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:Tianjin–Pukou
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:Lytton Report
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:Tanlwe Chaung
1288:
1286:
1285:Ramree Island
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Chindits (II)
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1047:
1046:Bengal famine
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1005:
999:
990:
983:
978:
971:
967:
961:
959:
954:
950:
945:
942:
939:
926:
913:
910:
907:
906:
905:
895:
893:
890:
876:
873:
870:
869:
868:
855:
852:
849:
845:
844:
843:
833:
832:
827:
824:43,000 (1945)
806:
802:23,000 (1942)
790:
775:
772:
758:
749:
740:
733:
727:
723:42,000–47,000
720:
713:
704:
698:
695:
694:
689:
683:
673:
671:
661:
659:
649:
645:
634:
632:
622:
620:
610:
607:
602:
592:
590:
580:
578:
568:
567:
565:
559:
549:
547:
537:
535:
525:
523:
513:
511:
501:
499:
489:
487:
477:
475:
465:
463:
453:
451:
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
429:
417:
407:
405:
395:
394:
393:
391:
378:
376:
371:
369:
368:Belgian Congo
364:
359:
357:
349:
339:
337:
327:
325:
324:United States
314:
312:
302:
301:
296:
286:
284:
273:
270:
258:
255:
243:
241:
231:
229:
219:
217:
206:
204:
194:
192:
182:
179:
167:
166:
164:
163:
151:
149:
144:
143:
138:
131:
127:
124:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
94:
86:
83:
82:
78:
74:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
29:
22:
7280:
7267:
7248:INA treasure
7238:William Slim
7169:
7089:
7057:
7050:
7021:Janaki Davar
7016:J.R. Bhonsle
6961:Azad Brigade
6953:
6896:
6879:
6865:Forward Bloc
6849:Purna Swaraj
6847:
6812:
6803:Hikari Kikan
6795:
6751:K.P.K. Menon
6726:Pritam Singh
6718:League (IIL)
6694:
6685:Pan Asianism
6558:Oliver Leese
6549:
6526:
6504:
6419:Associations
6405:Out of Burma
6404:
6395:
6386:
6374:. Retrieved
6370:the original
6360:
6347:. Retrieved
6343:the original
6327:
6314:. Retrieved
6310:the original
6294:
6281:. Retrieved
6277:the original
6267:
6254:. Retrieved
6250:the original
6240:
6224:
6214:
6199:
6192:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6160:
6151:
6145:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6068:
6041:
6033:
6021:London 1986
6015:
6009:
5987:
5984:Keegan, John
5964:
5957:
5951:
5933:
5923:
5917:
5909:
5903:
5885:
5866:
5847:
5840:
5824:
5817:Fighting Mad
5816:
5807:
5806:Carew, Tim.
5784:
5773:
5745:
5736:
5727:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5688:
5669:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5642:
5637:
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5580:
5563:
5556:World War II
5555:
5550:
5530:
5523:
5514:
5495:
5476:
5468:
5463:
5444:
5425:
5417:
5412:
5404:
5384:. Retrieved
5374:
5368:
5359:
5353:
5344:
5325:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5280:
5274:
5262:
5254:
5249:
5240:
5228:. Retrieved
5224:the original
5214:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5183:
5142:
5123:
5117:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5071:
5065:
5045:
4976:Japan portal
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4922:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4889:Twelfth Army
4886:
4852:
4843:Yangon River
4840:
4836:
4828:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4742:
4738:
4729:
4710:
4663:
4648:
4628:
4617:
4613:
4597:
4588:
4560:Kabaw Valley
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4517:hill station
4510:
4506:
4486:
4466:
4455:
4425:
4412:
4385:
4377:10th Gurkhas
4354:
4338:
4334:
4323:
4300:
4277:
4258:
4247:
4219:
4204:
4189:
4162:
4151:
4143:
4135:William Slim
4120:
4117:Allied plans
4103:
4076:
4069:Orde Wingate
4066:
4061:Eastern Army
4054:
4035:
4027:
4012:
3958:
3951:
3921:
3908:
3892:
3852:
3837:
3814:
3810:
3802:Shōjirō Iida
3783:
3673:Pan-Asianist
3670:
3658:Nazi Germany
3646:
3582:
3580:
3521:
3520:
3509:Indian Ocean
3470:Ecuador–Peru
3458:
3457:
3427:Middle East
3401:North Africa
3389:
3388:
3361:
3328:Asia-Pacific
3326:
3325:
3213:
3204:World War II
3138:Shōwa period
3136:
3135:
3112:
3111:
3106:Korea (1910)
3065:Meiji period
3063:
3006:
3005:
2980:
2960:
2926:
2873:
2868:Project Hula
2853:Fort Stevens
2782:
2735:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2596:Ocean Island
2559:
2549:Pearl Harbor
2487:Sittang Bend
2475:
2414:Tennis Court
2284:
2277:17 July 1944
2203:
2199:
2182:Indian Ocean
2167:North Borneo
2147:2nd Java Sea
2137:Sunda Strait
2132:1st Java Sea
2125:
2013:
1953:Coup de main
1850:
1836:
1827:4th Changsha
1818:
1817:
1810:
1791:
1784:
1765:
1733:3rd Changsha
1731:
1726:2nd Changsha
1724:
1719:South Shanxi
1717:
1710:
1698:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1649:West Suiyuan
1641:
1627:
1622:1st Changsha
1620:
1606:
1599:
1568:
1561:
1525:
1511:
1500:Pingxingguan
1492:
1465:2nd Shanghai
1463:
1410:1st Shanghai
1307:Sittang Bend
1295:
1225:Tennis Court
1090:
1040:
1028:
1015:
998:
989:
977:
940:
927:
917:
896:
891:
880:
859:
834:
804:
773:
725:
696:
577:Shojiro Iida
510:Luo Zhuoying
486:William Slim
373:
372:
355:
354:
146:
145:
140:Belligerents
59:World War II
45:Part of the
32:
7258:Joyce Lebra
6934:Farrer Park
6924:Mohan Singh
6665:Barkatullah
6660:Bagha Jatin
6635:Rash Behari
6546:"No. 39195"
6523:"No. 38274"
6501:"No. 37728"
6268:India-Burma
6241:Burma, 1942
6191:(1950) and
5230:29 December
5195:28 December
5103:: 580–585.
4513:Kotoku Sato
4379:during the
4330:Wei Lihuang
4284:Ledo, Assam
4234:Chalo Delhi
4031:Middle East
3961:Phayap Army
3954:Shan States
3944:Phayap Army
3899:Burma Corps
3877:to capture
3875:Shan States
3691:, with its
3618:Phayap Army
3492:Air Warfare
3406:East Africa
2993:Mutanchiang
2814:New Britain
2530:Pacific War
2351:Yenangyaung
2299:Bilin River
2152:8 June 1945
1759:Yenangyaung
1700:South Henan
1694:South Anhui
1635:Kunlun Pass
1533:Taierzhuang
1162:Yenangyaung
1110:Bilin River
646:(1941–1945)
522:Wei Lihuang
128:reoccupies
120:Territorial
7287:Categories
7125:Shah Nawaz
7036:John Thivy
6986:Tokyo Boys
6843:Sarat Bose
6756:A.M. Sahay
6741:I Fujiwara
6623:Historical
6349:7 February
6316:7 February
6233:B095BG9N18
6143:Smyth John
6051:0809424843
5990:. London:
5790:Allen Lane
5788:. London:
5033:References
4896:Pegu Yomas
4280:Sun Li-jen
3770:See also:
3730:Burma Road
3533:Yugoslavia
3514:Madagascar
3477:Antarctica
3448:Dodecanese
3268:Resistance
3236:Winter War
3226:Phoney War
2938:Sagami Bay
2927:Starvation
2809:New Guinea
2436:Mount Song
2242:Madagascar
2194:8 May 1941
2172:Balikpapan
2157:2nd Borneo
2089:Balikpapan
2074:1st Borneo
2032:Slim River
1852:West Hunan
1804:Mount Song
1786:West Hubei
1706:West Hubei
1581:Wenxi fire
1576:Wanjialing
1425:Great Wall
1256:Mount Song
216:Gold Coast
7263:Hugh Toye
7253:Peter Fay
7233:14th Army
7052:Admin Box
6939:First INA
6881:Azad Hind
6797:Azad Hind
6781:H Iwakuro
6761:S.A. Ayer
6640:Har Dayal
6087:cite book
5833:312199790
5618:Slim 1972
5575:. p. 556.
5558:, p. 287.
5320:, p. 662.
5038:Citations
4770:Force 136
4761:M3 Stuart
4480:, in the
4357:Tengchong
4346:Chongqing
4288:Myitkyina
4158:Ledo Road
4077:Longcloth
3817:Kawkareik
3742:Himalayas
3662:of Imphal
3644:in 1945.
3632:launched
3384:Australia
3280:Alps 1940
3273:1944–1945
2982:Kantokuen
2889:Air raids
2804:Australia
2794:Coral Sea
2688:Singapore
2683:Hong Kong
2426:Myitkyina
2394:Admin Box
2341:Shwedaung
2109:Palembang
1978:Air raids
1799:Myitkyina
1779:1943–1945
1662:1940–1942
1557:Chongqing
1443:1937–1939
1388:Jiangqiao
1371:Manchuria
1237:Myitkyina
1220:Shangshak
1205:Admin Box
1152:Shwedaung
805:1944–1945
774:1942–1943
743:1,000,000
726:1944–1945
697:1942–1943
498:Du Yuming
416:Azad Hind
283:Nyasaland
7145:Asaf Ali
6838:C.R. Das
6445:Archived
6193:Bandoola
6060:78003819
5932:(2007).
5744:(1978).
5503:Archived
5484:Archived
5467:McLynn,
5452:Archived
5433:Archived
5420:pp. 240.
5416:Nesbit,
5403:McLynn,
5380:Archived
5333:Archived
5189:Archived
5151:Archived
5109:44142873
5054:Archived
4962:See also
4883:, Burma.
4881:Moulmein
4725:Mandalay
4721:Meiktila
4396:Maungdaw
4361:Longling
4350:the Hump
4317:and the
4286:towards
4169:IV Corps
4165:XV Corps
4073:Chindits
4023:Aung San
3973:Kengtung
3821:Moulmein
3792:and the
3746:The Hump
3736:and the
3683:, whose
3601:and the
3553:Bulgaria
3482:Atlantic
3465:Americas
3418:Adriatic
3000:Chongjin
2961:Downfall
2899:Yokosuka
2716:Tiderace
2673:Thailand
2460:Hill 170
2409:Sangshak
2375:Chindits
2370:The Hump
2314:Taukkyan
2204:Kormoran
1993:Invasion
1973:Invasion
1966:Thailand
1948:Invasion
1941:Ko Chang
1832:Hengyang
1712:Shanggao
1601:Nanchang
1519:Massacre
1280:Hill 170
1186:Chindits
1181:The Hump
1125:Taukkyan
784:~300,000
691:Strength
644:Aung San
558:Aung San
428:Thailand
96:Location
53:and the
7115:Dhillon
7041:Battles
6786:I Kikan
6746:F Kikan
6564:History
6436:Museums
6376:14 June
6283:14 June
6256:14 June
5992:Cassell
5986:(ed.).
5934:Nemesis
5766:Sources
5654:Allen,
5641:Allen,
5407:, p. 1.
5316:Allen,
4931:Results
4903:Sakurai
4879:, near
4797:Taungoo
4786:Pyawbwe
4717:Pakokku
4693:An RAF
4478:Dimapur
4462:Manipur
4326:Y Force
4292:Mogaung
4009:, 1943.
3924:X Force
3916:Manipur
3863:Toungoo
3786:Rangoon
3734:Y Force
3714:X Force
3650:monsoon
3558:Hungary
3548:Romania
3397:Africa
3297:Balkans
3292:Britain
3246:Lapland
3241:Karelia
3231:Finland
2953:Shumshu
2838:Ellwood
2703:Vietnam
2476:Dracula
2455:Pakokku
2431:Mogaung
2334:Toungoo
2324:Tachiao
2252:Réunion
2162:Tarakan
2126:Langley
2104:Sumatra
2084:Tarakan
2014:Krohcol
1872:Taihoku
1865:Air War
1858:Guangxi
1820:Ichi-Go
1812:Changde
1754:Toungoo
1744:Tachiao
1545:Lanfeng
1513:Nanking
1494:Taiyuan
1435:Suiyuan
1398:Jinzhou
1296:Dracula
1275:Pakokku
1242:Mogaung
1145:Toungoo
1135:Tachiao
1008:Y Force
1004:X Force
850:in 1942
752:250,000
240:Nigeria
126:Britain
122:changes
7120:Sahgal
6650:Chatto
6335:
6302:
6231:
6195:(1953)
6132:
6075:
6058:
6048:
6025:
5998:
5971:
5940:
5892:
5873:
5854:
5831:
5796:
5752:
5676:
5571:
5538:
5287:
5130:
5107:
5078:
4845:. The
4620:Myebon
4493:Tiddim
4474:Kohima
4442:, and
4311:Patkai
4230:Tamils
4042:Bengal
4015:Ba Maw
3985:Loikaw
3912:Imphal
3883:Yunnan
3879:Lashio
3796:. The
3778:, and
3666:Kohima
3595:Allies
3487:Arctic
3319:Sicily
3221:Poland
3215:Europe
2723:Zipper
2709:Jurist
2678:Malaya
2637:Ceylon
2571:Midway
2419:Kohima
2404:Imphal
2365:Arakan
2329:Oktwin
2200:Sydney
2079:Manado
2027:Kampar
1749:Oktwin
1654:Wuyuan
1614:Swatow
1593:Hainan
1588:Canton
1527:Xuzhou
1505:Xinkou
1459:Chahar
1403:Harbin
1376:Mukden
1230:Kohima
1215:Imphal
1176:Arakan
1140:Oktwin
793:35,000
770:15,000
761:12,000
707:95,000
631:Ba Maw
603:
560:(1945)
387:
350:(1945)
321:
295:Uganda
280:
266:
251:
213:
203:Gambia
175:
159:
148:Allies
112:Result
49:, the
7110:CSDIC
6955:Jiffs
6875:U-180
6645:Ghadr
6482:Media
6017:'
5386:4 May
5105:JSTOR
4784:) at
4659:Bhamo
4583:Akyab
4348:over
4319:USAAF
4307:Indaw
4046:Bihar
3914:, in
3754:India
3587:Burma
3568:Japan
3543:Italy
3522:Coups
3423:Malta
3367:Japan
3335:China
3314:Italy
2894:Tokyo
2882:Japan
2799:Timor
2346:Prome
2119:Timor
2094:Ambon
2054:Endau
2037:Gemas
2022:Gurun
2008:Jitra
1570:Wuhan
1157:Prome
390:Japan
336:Nepal
311:China
228:Kenya
191:Burma
178:India
130:Burma
105:India
101:Burma
7269:more
7171:more
7091:more
7059:U-Go
6911:Army
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