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very extravagant excitement; and resulted in a reaction so extensive and profound, as to leave the impression on many minds that religion was a mere delusion. A great many men seemed to be settled in that conviction. Taking what they had seen as a specimen of a revival of religion, they felt justified in opposing anything looking toward the promoting of a revival.
96:
Historical study of the phenomenon began with
Whitney R. Cross, in 1951. Subsequent study in the last quarter of the twentieth century re-assessed the extent to which religious fervor actually affected the region. Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that, compared to the rest of New York
69:
I found that region of country what, in the western phrase, would be called, a "burnt district." There had been, a few years previously, a wild excitement passing through that region, which they called a revival of religion, but which turned out to be spurious. ... It was reported as having been a
101:
of the burned-over district was typical rather than exceptional. More recent works have argued that these revivals in
Western New York had a unique and lasting impact upon the religious and social life of the entire nation.
301:), first settled in New York near Buffalo in what is now the town of West Seneca. However, seeking more isolated surroundings, they moved to Iowa (near present-day Iowa City) in 1856, becoming the
238:. The first Shaker settlement in America, also a communal farm, was established in 1776 just north of Albany in an area first known as Niskayuna, then Watervliet, now the town of
220:
939:
188:
would occur on
October 22, 1844. Millerism became extremely popular in western New York state. Some of its concepts are still held by church organizations affiliated with
330:
was the first college to accept both black students and women from its beginning and was also the first college in the country to employ
African-American professors.
944:
777:
Landmarks of
American women's history, Chapter: Watervliet Shaker Historic District, Page Putnam Miller, Oxford University Press US, 2003, pp. 36 ff.
146:
334:
is the oldest surviving college in the United States to admit women to all its programs of study, rather than having female-specific programs.
89:, anti-Masonry, Mormonism, prohibition, vegetarianism, and Seventh-Day Adventism, the "burned-over" region expands to include other areas of
662:
Pritchard, Linda K. (Summer 1984). "The burned-over district reconsidered: A portent of evolving religious pluralism in the United States".
934:
748:
74:
These spurious movements created feelings of apprehension towards the revivals in which Finney was influential as a preacher.
796:
949:
247:
370:
in central New York, founded in 1843, was such an experiment. The Oneida
Society was also considered a utopian group.
881:
Roach, Monique
Patenaude. "The Rescue of William 'Jerry' Henry: Antislavery and Racism in the Burned-over District."
816:
731:
706:
608:
The Burned-Over
District: The Social and Intellectual History of Enthusiastic Religion in Western New York, 1800–1850
323:
212:
78:
65:
referred to a "burnt district" to denote an area in central and western New York State during the Second
Awakening:
345:
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and the first college in the country to admit black students on the same terms as white students. The short-lived
154:
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571:
561:
130:
44:
407:
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in central New York, founded in 1848; it disbanded in 1881. It was known for its unique interpretation of
427:
412:
258:
639:
Grassroots Reform in the Burned-over
District of Upstate New York: Religion, Abolitionism, and Democracy
539:
402:
177:
142:
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Revivalism, Social Conscience, and Community in the Burned-over District: the Trial of Rhoda Bement
477:
467:
457:
452:
442:
432:
422:
327:
231:
166:
58:
817:"Awakenings in the Burned-over District: New Light on the Historical Setting of the First Vision"
462:
447:
437:
349:
896:
Wellman, Judith. "Crossing over Cross: Whitney Cross's Burned-over District as Social History".
265:
under which mates were paired by committee; the children of the community were raised in common.
77:
In references where the religious revival is related to reform movements of the period, such as
500:
482:
472:
337:
193:
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State, to the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and to the United States as a whole, the
52:
48:
314:
In addition to religious activity, the region known as the burned-over district was noted for
724:
Everyday religion: an archaeology of protestant belief and practice in the nineteenth century
417:
367:
235:
852:
Friedman, Lawrence J. "The Gerrit Smith circle: Abolitionism in the Burned-over District".
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8:
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took place, to such a great extent that spiritual fervor seemed to set the area on fire.
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in central New York in the mid-1800s. She and others in the community organized the
133:
sects became part of numerous new religious movements, all of which were founded by
874:
Martin, J.E. "Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-over District Re-Visited",
859:
Hill, Marvin S. "The Rise of Mormonism in the Burned-over District: Another View."
671:
319:
110:
90:
40:
36:
32:
23:
Map showing the counties of New York considered part of the "Burned-over District"
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A shopkeeper's millennium: society and revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837
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The District can be broadly described as the area in New York State between the
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280:, during his childhood and teens, circa 1832 to 1858. Gladden was succeeded by
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were scarce. Many of the self-taught people were susceptible to enthusiasms of
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Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community
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sects, such as Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists. Converts in
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878:, Fall 2005, no. 137. Book-length study in a local history quarterly.
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in Rochester, New York – which taught communion with the dead.
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Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-Over District Re-Visited
295:, calling themselves the True Inspiration Congregations (German:
243:
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791:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 57.
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The "Burned-over District, 1810–1830, Federal Census Indices"
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in the area around 1848, leading to the American movement of
134:
61:(1792–1875) popularized the term: his posthumous 1876 book
726:(1st ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
373:
Related to radical reform, Upstate New York provided many
826:
Cross, Whitney R. "Mormonism in the 'Burned-Over District
789:
Thought Knows No Sex; Women's Rights at Alfred University
359:
The larger region was the main source of converts to the
749:"History of American Christian Movements: Introduction"
377:, some of whom volunteered to invade Canada during the
153:, lived in the area and said he was led by the angel
559:
940:
Former regions and territories of the United States
755:. Sacred Heart University Library. Archived from
560:Altschuler, Glenn C.; Saltzgaber, Jan M. (1983),
230:were very active in the area, establishing their
926:
246:is buried in the Shaker cemetery located in the
113:was still an American frontier during the early
147:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
701:(1st rev. ed.). New York: Hill and Wang.
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257:was a large utopian group that established a
945:History of Christianity in the United States
849:(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984)
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137:during the early 19th century, including:
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540:"An Overview of the Burned-over District"
566:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
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93:that were important to these movements.
18:
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397:, and contains the following counties:
117:boom, and professional and established
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381:from December 1837 to December 1838.
366:movement, starting around 1816. The
207:, conducted the first table-rapping
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248:Watervliet Shaker Historic District
215:– centered in the retreat at
125:. Evangelists won many converts to
16:Historic region in Upstate New York
13:
63:Autobiography of Charles G. Finney
14:
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234:in central New York in 1826, and
43:in the early 19th century, where
935:Christianity in New York (state)
821:Brigham Young University Studies
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753:Sacred Heart University Library
184:. He preached that the literal
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722:Kruczek-Aaron, Hadley (2015).
715:
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611:, New York: Harper & Row,
276:while he was living in nearby
1:
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322:(1827–1843) was a center of
298:Wahre Inspirations-Gemeinden
221:Plymouth Spiritualist Church
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950:History of New York (state)
898:Reviews in American History
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384:
310:Social and political reform
149:), originating circa 1828.
105:
10:
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180:was a farmer who lived in
176:, originating circa 1834.
87:utopian social experiments
605:Cross, Whitney R (1950),
145:(whose largest branch is
143:Latter Day Saint movement
637:Wellman, Judith (2000).
328:New-York Central College
59:Charles Grandison Finney
876:The Crooked Lake Review
538:Martin, John H (2005).
350:Seneca Falls Convention
242:. Shaker leader Mother
236:a major revival in 1837
49:new religious movements
900:17#1 (1989): 159–174.
863:61.4 (1980): 411–430.
834:25.3 (1944): 326–338.
787:Strong, Susan (2008).
747:Ferriby, Peter Gavin.
697:Johnson, Paul (2004).
664:Social Science History
501:Seventh-day Adventists
338:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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194:Seventh-day Adventists
157:to his source for the
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53:Second Great Awakening
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368:Skaneateles Community
340:, the early American
182:Low Hampton, New York
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47:and the formation of
22:
823:9.3 (1969): 301–320.
356:and rights in 1848.
344:, was a resident of
282:Walter Rauschenbusch
259:successful community
205:Hydesville, New York
29:burned-over district
856:26.1 (1980): 18–38.
815:Backman, Milton V.
496:John Humphrey Noyes
286:Rochester, New York
845:Foster, Lawrence.
274:Washington Gladden
45:religious revivals
25:
885:(2001): 135–154.
854:Civil War History
798:978-0-7914-7513-3
364:utopian socialist
332:Alfred University
316:social radicalism
293:Ebenezer Colonies
167:Palmyra, New York
151:Joseph Smith, Jr.
35:and parts of the
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883:New York History
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408:Cattaraugus
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39:regions of
929:Categories
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517:References
511:Bible Belt
428:Livingston
413:Chautauqua
361:Fourierist
192:, such as
174:Millerites
127:Protestant
115:Erie Canal
27:The term "
395:Lake Erie
217:Lily Dale
190:Adventism
135:laypeople
79:abolition
891:42677782
869:23169797
840:23163065
617:50012161
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490:See also
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385:Location
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106:Religion
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684:1170853
625:1944850
590:8805286
478:Wyoming
468:Steuben
458:Orleans
453:Ontario
443:Niagara
433:Madison
423:Genesee
244:Ann Lee
240:Colonie
228:Shakers
209:séances
165:, near
51:of the
37:central
33:western
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448:Oneida
438:Monroe
318:. The
161:, the
155:Moroni
119:clergy
902:JSTOR
887:JSTOR
865:JSTOR
836:JSTOR
680:JSTOR
522:Notes
483:Yates
473:Wayne
793:ISBN
765:2021
728:ISBN
703:ISBN
643:ISBN
621:OCLC
613:LCCN
586:OCLC
578:LCCN
568:ISBN
418:Erie
393:and
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