Bushfires in Australia

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four for this event. Emission estimates are constrained with the help of satellite observations of carbon monoxide, an analytical Bayesian inversion and observed ratios between emitted carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. It is estimated emissions of carbon dioxide to be 715 teragrams (range 517–867) from November 2019 to January 2020. This is more than twice the estimate derived by five different fire inventories and broadly consistent with estimates based on a bottom-up bootstrap analysis of this fire episode. Although fires occur regularly in the savannas in northern Australia, the recent episodes were extremely large in scale and intensity, burning unusually large areas of eucalyptus forest in the southeast. The fires were driven partly by climate change, making better-constrained emission estimates particularly important. This is because the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide may become increasingly dependent on fire-driven climate-carbon feedbacks, as highlighted by this event.

1238:, the forests in Australia were thought to reabsorb all the carbon released in bushfires across the country. This would mean the forests achieved net-zero emissions. However, global warming is making bushfires burn more intensely and frequently and the 2019–2020 bushfires have already emitted 400 megatonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, according to the Copernicus monitoring programme. This is as much as Australia's average annual carbon dioxide emissions in just the past three months. These will increase Australia's annual greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming, and heighten the likelihood of recurring megafires that will release yet more emissions. 44: 270:

of Europeans, disaster resulted." Fire suppression became the dominant paradigm in fire management leading to a significant shift away from traditional burning practices. A 2001 study found that the disruption of traditional burning practices and the introduction of unrestrained logging meant that many areas of Australia were now prone to extensive wildfires especially in the dry season. A similar study in 2017 found that the removal of mature trees by Europeans since they began to settle in Australia may have triggered extensive shrub regeneration which presents a much greater fire fuel hazard. Another factor was the introduction of

1655: 1256:, the forests in Australia were thought to reabsorb all the carbon released in bushfires across the country. This would mean the forests achieved net-zero emissions. However, scientists now say that global warming is making bushfires burn more intensely and frequently and believe the 2019–2020 fires have already released approximately 350 million tonnes (390 million short tons) of carbon dioxide – as much as two-thirds of Australia's average annual carbon dioxide emissions (530 million tonnes (580 million short tons) in 2017) between October and December 2019. David Bowman, professor of 1851: 1600: 29: 1390:, over 800 million animals died in NSW, and more than one billion nationally. This figure includes mammals, birds, and reptiles but does not include insects, bats or frogs. Many of these animals were burnt to death in the fires, with many others dying later due to the depletion of food and shelter resources and predation by feral cats and red foxes. Dickman adds that Australia has the highest rate of species loss of any area in the world, with fears that some of Australia's native species, like the 1074: 1353: 6553: 1982: 6601: 364: 283: 1095: 695: 250: 6589: 6577: 1168:

undulation, predominantly covered in grasses or scrubland. These fires can move quickly, fanned by high winds in flat topography, and they quickly consume the small amounts of fuel/vegetation available. These fires pose less of a threat to settlements as they rarely reach the same intensity seen in major firestorms as the land is flat, the fires are easier to map and predict, and the terrain is more accessible for

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into bushfires have recommended "hazard reduction burning" intended to reduce the available fuel and have set targets to burn a certain percentage of forest each year to reduce risk. Planned burns are difficult to do safely and many of the investigations and Royal Commissions have found these targets are seldom met. At the same time, fire management experts disagree on how effective planned burning is.

1361:"cool" fires in targeted areas during the early dry season, between March and July. These defensive burning programs began in the 1980s and 1990s when Aboriginal groups moved back onto their native lands. Since this process began, destructive bushfires in northern Australia have burned 57% fewer acres in 2019 than they did on average in the years from 2000 to 2010, the decade before the program started. 2674: 1471:

businesses and institutions to shut their doors. Studies show that residents of highly polluted cities also have an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes. Professor Jalaluddin, a chief investigator with the Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health Policy Research, says: "There is increasing evidence around air pollution and (the development of) neurological conditions, for example,

1674:(FDR) was adopted by all Australian states. This included a whole new level – catastrophic fire danger. The first time this level of danger was forecast for Sydney was in November 2019 during the 2019–2020 bushfire season. In 2010, following a national review of the bush fire danger ratings, new trigger points for each rating were introduced for grassland areas in most jurisdictions. 598:, and Australia's fourth most deadly on record. A verdant spring had added higher than usual fuel to the state's forest floors, and strong northerly winds and high temperatures drove at least 80 different fires across the south-east, burning to within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the centre of Hobart, the state capital. The infernos killed 62 people and destroyed almost 1,300 homes. 5042:... there will be a time, I think, to ensure that we work with the states and territories to get the proper inquiry in place. It needs to be comprehensive, it needs to deal with contributing factors which is everything from hazard reduction to climate change through to the response issues, the national coordination matters and, of course, resilience and planning for the future. 927:

Victoria, involving several large fire complexes, which continued to burn across the state for around one month. 173 people died in these fires and 414 were injured. 3,500+ buildings were destroyed, including 2,029 houses, and 7,562 people displaced. In terms of loss of life and property damage, the Black Saturday fires rank as the most devastating in Australian history. The

1911:(P&W) have joint responsibility for bushfire management in Western Australia. DFES is an umbrella organisation supporting the Fire and Rescue Service (FRS), Bush Fire Service (BFS), Volunteer Fire and Rescue Service (VFRS), State Emergency Service (SES), Volunteer Fire and Emergency Service (VFES), Emergency Services Cadets and the Volunteer Marine Rescue Service (VMR). 1535:

Salmon River Bridge and power infrastructure supplying thousands of homes in the area. Two years later, people from Yarloop were still suffering from trauma distress from the fire. Apart from the economic losses suffered by those who lived there, the dislocation to their lives was so great that many in the community were doubtful that the town would be rebuilt. The

383:. The Black Friday fires were the third deadliest on record, with some 71 people killed and 650 houses destroyed. They followed years of drought and a series of extreme heatwaves that were accompanied by strong northerly winds, after a very dry six months. Melbourne hit 45.6 °C (114.1 °F) and Adelaide 46.1 °C (115.0 °F). In NSW, 492:

daytime darkness... Steel girders and machinery were twisted by heat as if they had been of fine wire. Sleepers of heavy durable timber, set in the soil, their upper surfaces flush with the ground, were burnt through... Where the fire was most intense the soil was burnt to such a depth that it may be many years before it shall have been restored...

731:) spread of fires were generally contained within less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the coast, and many burned through rugged and largely uninhabited country in national parks or nature reserves. Dramatic scenes of the city of Sydney shrouded in thick bushfire smoke, and bushland suburbs on fire were broadcast around the world. 1231:"the link between the current extremes and anthropogenic climate change is scientifically indisputable". In 2020, an international team of scientists found the hot and dry conditions that helped drive Australia's 2019–2020 bushfire crisis would be eight times more likely to happen if the earth warms by 2.0 °C (3.6 °F). 586:. Judge Leonard Stretton was instructed to enquire into the causes of the fires, and consider the measures taken to prevent the fires and to protect life and property. He made seven major recommendations to improve forest and fire management, and planned burning became an official fire management practice. 1625:

reports, coronial inquiries and Royal Commissions. Another report published in 2015 stated there have been 51 inquiries into wildfires and wildfire management since 1939. The authors noted that Royal Commissions were not the most effective way to learn from past bushfire events. Many of the inquiries

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Next to the impact on wildlife stands the impact on fauna and flora. 85% of the plants found in Australia are endemic. Likewise, various species of extinct varieties plants are only found in the forests of Australia. Many species are adapted to recover from bushfires by for example growing from seeds

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reported in January 2020 that dozens, maybe hundreds of kangaroos "perished in their droves" as they tried to outrun the flames near Batlow in NSW. The most resilient animals are those that can burrow or fly. Possums often get singed, but can sometimes hide in tree hollows. Wombats and snakes tend to

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are left vulnerable when their habitats have been destroyed. Loss of habitat also affects already endangered species such as the western ground parrot, the Leadbeater's possum, the Mallee emu-wren (a bird which cannot fly very far), and Gilbert's potoroo. Beekeepers have also lost hives in bushfires.

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One study from the Australian government in 2020 and paints a stark picture: 272 plants and 55 animal threatened species in Australia had a significant portion of their known distribution within the fire footprint. A further 49 species had more than 80% of their modelled likely and known distribution

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There is no formal definition for a single bushfire season across the whole of Australia. There is no one terminology used for periods of fire activity. The technical terms used for periods of fire risk and fire activity include fire weather season, fire danger season, bush fire danger period, fire

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Southeast Australia experienced intensive and geographically extensive wildfires during the 2019–2020 summer season. The fires released substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, existing emission estimates based on fire inventories are uncertain and vary by up to a factor of

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New South Wales also lost hundreds of houses, thousands of stock and poultry, and thousands of hectares of grazing land. By 16 January, disastrous fires were burning in Victoria, New South Wales and the ACT at the climax of a terrible heatwave. Sydney was ringed to the north, south and west by fires

1787:'s as a tool for combating fire. Technologist Angus Dorney has observed that " fire services have developed in a largely tech-free environment" and it will be necessary to support cultural change alongside technological solutions if promising technological advances are to live up to their potential. 1666:

provides fire weather forecasts. Fire agencies determine the appropriate Fire Danger Rating by considering the predicted weather including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and dryness of vegetation. These Fire Danger Ratings are a feature of weather forecasts and alert the community to the

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From September 2019 until March 2020, when the final fire was extinguished, Australia had one of the worst bushfire seasons in its recorded history. 2019 had been the hottest record year for Australia, with the bushfire season starting in June 2019. This caused massive damage throughout the country,

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New arrivals from the wetter climes of Britain and Ireland learned painful lessons in fire management and the European farmers slowly began to adapt – growing green crops around their haystacks and burning fire breaks around their pastures, and becoming cautious about burn offs of wheatfield stubble

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to north west Tasmania, where terrified settlers huddled around candles in their huts under a blackened afternoon sky. The fires covered five million hectares around one quarter of what is now the state of Victoria. Portland, Plenty Ranges, Westernport, the Wimmera and Dandenong districts were badly

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in Western Australia. It virtually destroyed the town (population 395) including 180 homes, historic timber workshops, factories, an old church, the old hospital, shops, the hotel, the fire station and a part of the school. Two people died. Damage to infrastructure included the Samson Brook Bridge,

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broadly defined by common usage, from when the first uncontrolled fires start any time from June onwards, typically shortened to "bushfire season", and applies mainly to southern and eastern Australia. It can continue through to April. Central and northern Australia have two separately defined fire

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Heatwaves and droughts dry out the undergrowth and create conditions that increase the risk of bushfires. This has become worse in the last 30 years. Since the mid-1990s, southeast Australia has experienced a 15% decline in late autumn and early winter rainfall and a 25% decline in average rainfall

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and are protected by national, state and other parks. The steep terrain increases the speed and intensity of a firestorm. Where settlements are located in hilly or mountainous areas, bushfires can pose a threat to both life and property. Flat/grassland fires burn along flat plains or areas of small

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Extreme bushfire conditions—Melbourne's maximum temperature was above 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) for three consecutive days for the first time since records had been kept, accompanied by strong winds on 7 February 2009, later to be known as 'Black Saturday'—precipitated major bushfires throughout

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people was so widespread and constant that virtually every early explorer in Australia makes mention of it. It was Aboriginal fire that prompted James Cook to call Australia 'This continent of smoke'." However, he goes on to say: "When control was wrested from the Aborigines and placed in the hands

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Economic activity has been adversely affected by these conditions for two years or more. Farm GDP has declined by 22 per cent since early 2017 and is expected to decline by a further 7 per cent over the remainder of 2019/20. This would take the decline in farm GDP since early 2017 to around 30 per

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as "absolutely transformative and unprecedented" in scale and stated, "It's pretty much a third of the Australian population that has been impacted, with prolonged, episodic exposure and sometimes extreme health impacts." Since September 2019, close to 3,000 firefighters have been out every day in

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The most devastating impact on humans is that bushfires have killed over 800 people since 1851. In addition to loss of life, homes, properties, and livestock are destroyed potentially leaving people homeless, traumatised, and without access to electricity, telecommunications and, in some cases, to

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occurred at a scale and intensity that is unprecedented according to wildlife ecologist Sarah Legge. During the 2019-2020 bushfires, 11 Australian bioregions, 17 major native vegetation groups were severely burnt. Also, up to 67%-83% of the globally significant rainforests and eucalypt forests and

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defines five "fire danger seasons", being times of peak bushfire activity, roughly corresponding to broad bands of latitude across the Australian continent including winter and spring, across the most northern parts of Australia; spring; spring and summer; summer; and summer and autumn, across the

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said Australia's bushfires in 2019–2020 were expected to contribute 2% to the increase in the atmospheric concentration of major greenhouse gases which are forecast to hit 417 parts per million, one of the largest annual increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide on record. Climate studies show that

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On it appeared that the whole State was alight. At midday, in many places, it was dark as night. Men carrying hurricane lamps, worked to make safe their families and belongings. Travellers on the highways were trapped by fires or blazing fallen trees, and perished. Throughout the land, there was

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The most destructive fires are usually preceded by extreme high temperatures, low relative humidity and strong winds, which combine to create ideal conditions for the rapid spread of fire. Severe fire storms are often named according to the day on which they peaked, including the five most deadly

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Psychological problems following a major bushfire appear to develop when people have a chance to stop and reflect on their experience. A study of 1,526 people who experienced significant losses in the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires found that after 12 months, 42% met the criteria for a psychiatric

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found that the major droughts of the late 20th century and early 21st century in southern Australia are "likely without precedent over the past 400 years". Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the

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After many major bushfires, state and federal governments have initiated inquiries to see what could be done to address the problem. A parliamentary report from 2010 stated that between 1939 and 2010, there have been at least 18 major bushfire inquiries including state and federal parliamentary

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In the last ten years or so, government licenses have been granted to fire-prevention programs on Aboriginal lands in northern Australia. In this area Aboriginal traditions, which reduce the undergrowth that can fuel bigger blazes, revolve around the monsoon. Land is burned patch by patch using

954:, which was just one of many catastrophic bushfires during the 2019–2020 season. In terms of the area of land burnt, wildlife deaths, and damage to the environment, some of its permanent damage, such as the burning of remnant rainforest, the 2019–2020 fires were the worst in Australian history. 4942:

The fact that catastrophic events continue to recur is evidence either that the community is failing to learn the lessons from the past, or the inquiries fail to identify the true learning – that catastrophic events may be inevitable, or that Royal Commissions are not the most effective way to

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in 2014, Fay Johnston, an associate professor of public health at the University of Tasmania's Menzies Institute for Medical Research, says young children exposed to smoke either as infants, toddlers or in the womb develop changes to their lung function. She says: "Unborn babies exposed to the

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where many homes would be destroyed, along with two schools a church and a kindergarten. The Como/Jannali fire burnt 476 hectares (1,180 acres) and destroyed 101 houses – more than half of the total homes lost in New South Wales during the January emergency period. Also on 8 January, fires had

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developed the (real-time) Sentinel bushfire monitoring system. It uses data from satellites to help fire-fighting agencies assess and manage risks. There is also MyFireWatch, which is a program based on an existing Department of Fire and Emergency Services program, redeveloped by Landgate and

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says the cost of the 2019–2020 bushfires is likely to exceed that figure and will cripple consumer confidence and harm industries such as farming and tourism. Medical bills from the current fires and smoke haze are expected to reach hundreds of millions of dollars with one analysis suggesting

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As a result of intense smoke and air pollution stemming from the fires, in January 2020 Canberra measured the worst air quality index of any major city in the world. The orange-tinged smoke entered homes and offices buildings across the capital making breathing outside very difficult, forcing

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The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands. Aboriginal people in many regions set fire to grasslands in the hope of producing lusher grass to fatten kangaroos and other game and, at certain times of year, burned fire breaks as a precaution against bushfire.

1966:, perhaps because they most commonly occur outside highly populated urban areas. The 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria claimed 173 lives over 21 days- the largest number of deaths recorded for any individual Australian bushfire or bushfire season. However, the severe fires of the 1050:. Fire whirls are like tornadoes and result from the vortices created by the fire's heat. When these vortices are tilted from horizontal to vertical, this creates fire whirls. These whirls have been known to hurl flaming logs and burning debris over considerable distances. 1315:

has a default statutory "bush fire danger period" defined in law, from 1 October to 31 March. The state government can then declare different start and end dates for bush fire danger periods for each local government area within the state. In 2019 these started 1 August.

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Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts. Eight of Australia's ten warmest years on record have occurred since 2005. A study in 2018 conducted at

1591:. The direct effects of the recent bushfires are expected to reduce GDP growth across the December 2019 and March 2020 quarters by around 0.2 percentage points, with some recovery in the June quarter and beyond. However, there is uncertainty around this estimate. 447:. Meanwhile, Canberra faced the "worst bushfires" it had experienced, with thousands of hectares burned and a 72-kilometre (45 mi) fire front driven towards the city by a south westerly gale, destroying pine plantations and many homesteads, and threatening 986:

escapes. They spread based on the type and quantity of fuel that is available. Fuel can include everything from trees, underbrush and dry grassy fields to homes. Wind supplies the fire with additional oxygen pushing the fire across the land at a faster rate.

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can benefit from bushfires. Dickman says: "In central Australia, we've seen goannas coming out from their burrows after a fire and picking off injured animals – singed birds, young birds, small mammals, surface-dwelling lizards, and snakes."

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Hazelwood smoke were more likely to experience coughs or colds two to four years after the fires." Other studies conducted in Australia show an increase in respiratory diseases among adults stemming from air pollution caused by bushfires.

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are perhaps the most vulnerable because they are slow-moving. In extreme fires, koalas tend to climb up to the top of a tree and curl into a ball where they become trapped. In January 2020 it was reported that half of the 50,000 koalas on

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During the summer between 1974 and 1975, Australia experienced its worst bushfire season in 30 years. Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million

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climate change was virtually certain to increase in intensity and frequency of fires in Australia – a conclusion that has been endorsed in numerous reports since. In November 2019, the Australian Climate Council published a report titled

1065:. These birds have been spotted picking up burning twigs, flying to areas of unburned grass and dropping them to start new fires there. This exposes their prey attempting to flee the blazes: small mammals, birds, lizards, and insects. 752:

reported on 7 January that one-quarter of NSW was under threat in the worst fires seen in the state for nearly fifty years, as hundreds of firefighters from interstate joined 4,000 NSW firefighters battling blazes from Batemans Bay to

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van der Velde, Ivar R.; van der Werf, Guido R.; Houweling, Sander; Maasakkers, Joannes D.; Borsdorff, Tobias; Landgraf, Jochen; Tol, Paul; van Kempen, Tim A.; van Hees, Richard; Hoogeveen, Ruud; Veefkind, J. Pepijn (September 2021).

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defines two broad "fire seasons", a northern fire season, which can run from April to November, and a central Australian fire season, which can run from October to March. The Government also refers to these as "fire danger periods".

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In Australia, studies show that most male infants with drastically higher average birth weights were born in severely fire-affected areas. This is attributed to the fact that maternal signals directly affect fetal growth patterns.

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Bushfires have accounted for over 800 deaths in Australia since 1851 and, in 2012, the total accumulated cost was estimated at $ 1.6 billion. In terms of monetary cost however, they rate behind the damage caused by drought,

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set the fires, backed up by modern technology involving constant weather readings and taking into account the conditions of the day. Costello pointed out that northern Australia has developed a collaborative infrastructure for

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Bush fires kill animals directly and also destroy local habitats, leaving the survivors vulnerable even once the fires have passed. Professor Chris Dickman at Sydney University estimates that in the first three months of the

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burned along the coastal areas of New South Wales, affecting the state's most populous regions. Blazes emerged from the Queensland border down the north and central coast, through the Sydney basin and down the south coast to

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In the summer of 1974-1975 (southern hemisphere), Australia suffered its worst recorded bushfire, when 15% of Australia's land mass suffered "extensive fire damage". Fires that summer burnt an estimated 117 million

5307: 1003:. Some reports indicate that a changing climate could also be contributing to the ferocity of the 2019–20 fires with hotter, drier conditions making the country's fire season longer and much more dangerous. During 796:

By 9 January, more than 16,000 people were on standby for evacuation from the Lower Blue Mountains. Thousands of people were sleeping on the football field at the Central Coast Leagues Club, after the evacuation of

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was also used to facilitate hunting and to promote the growth of bush potatoes and other edible ground-level plants. In central Australia, they used fire in this way to manage their country for thousands of years.

686:) of bushland and exceeding the loss of 75 people. The bushfires, caused by years of severe drought and extreme weather, were amongst the deadliest bushfires in Australian history during the late 20th century. 1010:

Strong winds also promote the rapid spread of fires by lifting burning embers into the air. This is known as spotting and can start a new fire up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) downwind from the fire front.

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to clear grasslands for hunting and to clear tracks through dense vegetation, and European settlers have also had to adapt to using fire to enhance agriculture and forest management since the 19th century.

1681:. Its purpose is to provide an efficient and easy to understand way to communicate fire danger broadly to the community. Broken into 4 levels, it indicates the necessary actions to take and danger levels. 2346:

Ward, D. J.; Lamont, B. B.; Burrows, C. L. (2001). "Historical role of fire: Grasstrees reveal contrasting fire regimes in eucalypt forest before and after European settlement of southwestern Australia".

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Australia's hot, arid climate and wind-driven bushfires were a new and frightening phenomenon to the European settlers of the colonial era. The devastating Victorian bushfires of 1851, remembered as the

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personnel. Many regions of predominantly flat terrain in Australia have been almost completely deforested for agriculture, reducing the fuel loads which would otherwise facilitate fires in these areas.

1163:. Hilly/mountainous fires burn in areas which are usually densely forested. The land is less accessible and not conducive to agriculture, thus many of these densely forested areas have been saved from 487:. Fires had been burning through December, but linked up with devastating force on Friday 13 January, plunging many areas of the state into midday blackness. The Stretton Royal Commission later wrote: 978:

Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control. Man-made events include

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from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and

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Some 20,000 firefighters were deployed against around 800 fires mainly along the coast and ranges. The fires caused mass evacuations, claimed four lives, destroyed some 225 homes and burnt 800,000

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affected densely populated areas including holiday destinations leading NSW Rural Fire Services Commissioner, Shane Fitzsimmons, to claim it was "absolutely" the worst bushfire season on record.

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Local authorities provide education and information for residents in bushfire-prone regions regarding the location of current fires, preservation of life and property and when to escape by car.

1868:(CFA) provides firefighting and other emergency services to country areas and regional townships within the state, as well as large portions of the outer suburban areas and growth corridors of 944: 274:

imported into Queensland as a pasture grass in 1942, and planted on a large scale from 1983. This can fuel intense bushfires, leading to loss of tree cover and long-term environmental damage.

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Oliver Costello from the national Indigenous Firesticks Alliance stated that in southern Australia, Aboriginal knowledge systems of fire management are less valued than in the north. In the

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contain flammable oils in its leaves) as a way to eliminate competition from less fire-tolerant species. Early European explorers of the Australian coastline noted extensive bushfire smoke.

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requires each local government area to declare its own "restricted burning times" roughly aligned with spring and autumn, and "prohibited burning times" roughly aligned with summer. The

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The gradual drying of the Australian continent over the last 6000 years has produced an ecology and environment prone to fire, which has resulted in many specialised adaptations amongst

4181: 5539: 837:, Turramurra, Macquarie Park and Sydney's northern beaches had been lost. 60 fires were burning on the north coast, as firefighters battled infernos over 30 hectares (74 acres) from 7266: 4548: 1575:

In response to the current fires, the federal government announced that compensation would be paid to volunteer firefighters, military personnel would be deployed to assist, and an

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reached to within 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) of Gosford city centre, and some 5,000 people had been evacuated over that weekend with homes destroyed at Somersby and Peats Ridge.

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Large bushfires continued throughout the 20th century. With increasing population and urban spread into bushland came increasing death tolls and property damage during large fires.

5411: 1368:, the land council applies local resources and holds community fire planning meetings to ensure the correct people are doing the burning. Burn lines are approved by the group but 5107: 4362: 6872: 1642:

that any inquiry into the crisis would need to be comprehensive and investigate climate change as well as other possible causes. Letters Patent were subsequently issued for the

869:) of bushland. They were met with amongst the largest firefighting efforts in Australian history. A lengthy Coronial inquest followed the fires, leading to the formation of the 1491:

NSW battling blazes. The NSW RFS stated that close to 90% of those are unpaid volunteers. David McBride, associate professor of occupational and environmental medicine at the

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Responsibility for fire suppression and management, including planned burning on public land such as State Forests and National Parks, which makes up about 7.1 million

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off Australia's southern coast, which are kept separate to those on the mainland as insurance for the species' future, are thought to have died in the previous few weeks.

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drinking water. here are some discussions about the number of people who were indirectly killed by the fires, but the number is most likely to lay somewhere around 400.

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is a volunteer-based fire service in the state of South Australia. The CFS operates as a part of the South Australian Fire and Emergency Services Commission (SAFECOM).

5276: 2436:; Atchison, Jennifer (2015). "Governing invasive plants: Policy and practice in managing the Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) – Bushfire nexus in northern Australia". 3369: 1264:

warned that so much damage has been done that Australian forests may take more than 100 years to re-absorb the carbon that has been released so far this fire season.

233:'s expedition saw smoke drifting over the coast of Tasmania in 1642 and noted blackened trunks and baked earth in the forests. While charting the east coast in 1770, 4129: 3881: 5080: 4675: 4278: 1026:

abruptly raise air temperatures in the lee of that mountain range and reduce atmospheric moisture, thus elevating fire danger. This occurs because of the partial

574:, Omeo, Toombullup and the Black Forest were also affected. Huge amounts of smoke and ash were generated, with reports of ash falling as far away as New Zealand. 2209: 1506:

Research conducted at the University of Tasmania estimated that bushfire smoke emitted during the 2019-2020 fire season was responsible for 417 excess deaths. PM

4336: 5609: 4010: 2179: 1995: 658:, leaving more than 70 buildings destroyed and 75 farms affected by the fires. Three years later on 16 February 1983, about 180 fires in an event known as the 4440: 4957: 2210:"Almost 3 billion animals affected by Australian bushfires, report shows - megafires 'one of the worst wildlife disasters in modern history', say scientists" 1823: 7175: 6480: 4264: 3394: 1908: 4983: 3707: 2797: 6897: 2758: 3984: 2411: 2118: 1320:

declares a "fire danger period" for each local government area. Victorian fire danger periods typically start in October and finish as late as May. The

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of 13 January, but enduring for the full summer, with fires burning the urban fringes of Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra, and ash falling as far away as

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Wilson, Nicholas; Cary, Geoffrey J.; Gibbons, Philip (15 June 2018). "Relationships between mature trees and fire fuel hazard in Australian forest".

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which also found the catastrophic bushfire conditions affecting NSW and Queensland in late 2019 have been aggravated by climate change. According to

1007:, the fuel for wildfires is greater than normal, and bushfires combine to become megafires, generating their own weather and spreading fire further. 81:. However, the fires can cause significant property damage and loss of both human and animal life. Bushfires have killed approximately 800 people in 3254: 2732: 2145: 6639: 4846: 4523: 4033: 632:

The fires killed six people, approximately 57,000 farm animals, farmers' crops, and destroyed nearly 10,200 kilometres (6,300 mi) of fencing.

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Bushfires produce particulate-matter pollution – airborne particles that are small enough to enter and damage human lung tissue. Following the

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Drechsel, S., Mayr, G.J. (2008) Objective forecasting of foehn winds for a subgrid-scale alpine valley. Weather and Forecasting, 23, 205–218.

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on 18 January 2003 and, in the following ten hours, four people died and over 490 were injured 470 homes were destroyed or severely damaged.

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Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.

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are a widespread and regular occurrence that have contributed significantly to shaping the nature of the continent over millions of years.

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Borchers Arriagada, Nicolas; Palmer, Andrew J; Bowman, David MJS; Morgan, Geoffrey G; Jalaludin, Bin B; Johnston, Fay H (September 2020).

3159:

Elevated fire danger conditions associated with foehn-like winds in southeastern Australia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

2230: 734:

On 29 December, the Department of Bushfire Services was monitoring more than a dozen fires around the state, and homes were threatened in

5428: 4299: 2560: 1799:(AFAC) is the peak body responsible for representing fire, emergency services, and land management agencies in the Australasian region. 7398: 7324: 7308: 6230: 5240: 1324:

declares a "fire danger season" for each local government area, potentially starting in October and finishing at the end of April. The

5185: 4388: 1904: 1568:

700 million, with claims expected to jump when more fire-hit areas become accessible. In January 2020, it was reported that the

1209: 928: 483:) burned, 71 people killed, and whole townships wiped out, along with many sawmills and thousands of sheep, cattle and horses around 1811:. Queensland Fire and Rescue are the professional firefighters that fight these fires across Queensland in the cities and the bush. 1579:

2 billion bush fire recovery fund would be established. New South Wales, which has been hardest hit by the crisis, has pledged

7168: 3487: 3046: 1341: 1253: 1235: 3019: 1272:

conditions which promote extreme bushfires in Australia will only get worse as more greenhouse gases are added to the atmosphere.

6887: 4720: 1569: 1116: 258: 60: 3651: 3348: 3074: 7287: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7002: 6987: 6982: 6937: 5761: 5671: 2920: 2010: 1967: 1808: 1387: 1377:' and noted that: "There's no investment really outside of northern Australia Indigenous fire management of any significance." 963: 940: 917: 607: 130: 126: 122: 3761: 1495:

stated, "They push themselves to the limit – they can suffer heat stress, which is a life-threatening injury, and end up with

7329: 7250: 7196: 6907: 6867: 6857: 5422: 4871: 3301: 1873: 1796: 1564:

50 million a day. The Insurance Council of Australia estimates that claims for damage from the fires would be more than

1247: 344: 110: 5284: 324: 7424: 6632: 6388: 3958: 2005: 1948: 1924: 1487: 5638: 5012: 4133: 3931: 3682: 3629: 7161: 7140: 6972: 2915: 2712:

In 1974-75 in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.

2000: 168: 1667:

actions they should take in preparation for the day. Ratings are broadcast via newspapers, radio, TV, and the internet.

950:

with fires in each state and territory. The east coast experienced widespread destruction from mega-blazes, such as the

133:. It is estimated that the 2019–2020 bushfires led to the deaths of at least 33 people and over 3 billion animals. 7217: 6235: 6036: 5882: 5736: 1827: 1527:

problem which is double the prevalence in an unaffected community. After twenty months this figure had dropped to 23%.

1441: 870: 37: 5467: 4059: 355:, near Melbourne. These fires remain the fifth most deadly bushfires recorded, with 60 people killed over two months. 7429: 6927: 2811: 2803: 2015: 1678: 1663: 1622: 1142: 4155: 2768: 2637: 1234:

The bushfires have not only been made more likely and intense by climate change, but they also add to it. Until the

1124: 7212: 5025: 4552: 404: 5570: 3001: 7419: 6625: 6195: 5492: 5203: 4210: 2700: 1536: 1311:

Each Australian state and territory jurisdiction defines periods of peak fire risk or fire activity differently.

1284:

Bushfires in Australia can occur all year-round, though the severity and the "bushfire season" varies by region.

1078: 810: 766: 420: 5608:

Alexander, Harriet; Chung, Laura; Chrysanthos, Natassia; Drevikovsky, Janek; Brickwood, James (1 January 2020).

3405: 1463: 6722: 6592: 6475: 5746: 4924: 3786: 3711: 2817: 2058: 2026: 1895:) or about one-third of the State, sits with the Department of Environment, Land, Water, and Planning (DELWP). 1193:

hottest on record. 2019 was also Australia's driest ever year since 1900 with rainfall 40% lower than average.

1120: 5325: 3457: 2692: 2534: 7340: 7234: 6772: 6568: 6285: 5852: 2641: 1551:

Economic damage from 2009's Black Saturday fires, the costliest in Australia's history, reached an estimated

1321: 1288:

danger period, fire permit period, restricted burning times, and, prohibited burning times, and fire season.

400: 3333: 7222: 6762: 6688: 6658: 6490: 6485: 6465: 4917:

Learning from Adversity: What has 75 years of bushfire inquiries (1939–2013) taught us?, Report no 2015.019

3185: 1365: 897: 806: 762: 641: 408: 4829:"Box B: Macroeconomic Effects of the Drought and Bushfires | Statement on Monetary Policy – February 2020" 2759:"WHAT CAUSED THE WILDFIRES IN AUSTRALIA? AMID WORST BLAZES FOR A DECADE, 24 PEOPLE ARE CHARGED WITH ARSON" 6787: 6698: 6260: 6215: 5029: 4693: 2724: 2153: 2083: 1634: 1300:

term is typically used in conjunction with the technical terms when conveying information to the public.

1182: 1155:

Bushfires in Australia are generally described as uncontrolled, non-structural fires burning in a grass,

988: 842: 826: 707: 699: 396: 351:

in Victoria caught fire, leading to the Black Sunday fires on 14 February, when 31 people were killed in

7292: 1344:" and typically apply to the season for southern and eastern Australia; from 1 June to 31 May annually. 43: 6508: 6240: 6179: 5664: 5160: 3909: 3574: 3431: 3306: 2023:, a device designed to help firefighters better understand how to combat the rapid spread of bush fires 1783:

for use by the general public. Besides the use of satellites, Australian firefighters also make use of

834: 830: 785: 758: 452: 436: 375:

The 1939 fire season was one of the worst on record for Australia, peaking with Victoria's devastating

312:

hit, and around twelve lives were recorded lost, along with one million sheep and thousands of cattle.

7271: 4468:"Unprecedented smoke-related health burden associated with the 2019–20 bushfires in eastern Australia" 6932: 6782: 6777: 6707: 6703: 6220: 5751: 5607: 2655: 1511: 901: 818: 770: 448: 444: 432: 416: 412: 388: 320:

that burned 260,000 hectares (640,000 acres) and claimed twelve lives and more than 2,000 buildings.

4900: 3959:"Bushfire season starts early with Gippsland residents urged to prepare after deadly 'practice run'" 3507: 2309: 773:, where rescue boats evacuated 3,100 people caught in the path of the fire. With the Prime Minister 209:), fire is one of the most important forces at work in the Australian environment. Some plants have 6942: 6902: 6842: 6822: 6817: 6747: 6580: 6538: 6255: 6149: 6061: 5787: 2829: 2050: 1105: 921: 802: 798: 789: 754: 296: 287: 118: 90: 4182:"Right fire for right future: how cultural burning can protect Australia from catastrophic blazes" 2975: 2476: 1807:

The Rural Fire Service (RFS) is a volunteer-based firefighting agency and operates as part of the

6877: 6767: 6668: 6604: 6225: 6134: 4928: 1391: 1189: 1109: 891: 778: 659: 645: 518:

were badly damaged, and fires burned to the urban fringe of Melbourne, affecting towns including

384: 98: 3098: 1654: 7334: 7261: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6862: 6752: 6363: 6051: 6031: 5862: 5847: 5814: 5084: 1865: 1780: 1677:

The Australian Fire Danger Rating System was adopted in September 2022, replacing the previous

1608: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1325: 1261: 822: 484: 376: 368: 266: 102: 52: 33: 5646:– Current global map of fine particulates, including smoke, and hotspots, centred on Australia 4915: 4859: 7356: 6947: 6852: 6832: 6556: 6408: 5990: 5756: 5657: 4840: 4085: 3047:"Some Coalition MPS say arson is mostly to blame for the bushfire crisis. Here are the facts" 2662:. © State of Victoria (Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning). 27 February 2017 2123: 1920: 1859: 1304: 900:'s (ACT) pastures, pine plantations, and nature parks were severely damaged, and most of the 563: 317: 261:, two years after fires swept through the area, showing the recovery of trees and undergrowth 145: 3018:

Nguyen, Kevin; Brunero, Tim; Thomas, Sarah; Keane, Daniel; Mills, Nicole (18 January 2020).

2231:"The history of fire in Australia — and how it can help us face the bushfires of the future" 1328:

declares fire permit periods for local government areas. In 2019 this commenced 31 October.

1030:

obstruction of comparatively damp low-level air and the sinking of drier upper-level air in

7256: 6892: 6812: 6792: 6727: 6449: 6403: 6290: 5827: 5822: 5721: 5453: 3553: 2445: 1839: 1775: 1556: 1213: 1023: 1004: 667: 595: 507: 503: 230: 106: 94: 48: 5132: 3123: 8: 7382: 7372: 7229: 6712: 6693: 6308: 6164: 6154: 6021: 5950: 5930: 4913: 3075:"Australia is burning – but why are the bushfires so bad and is climate change to blame?" 1850: 1819: 1633:

raised the prospect of establishing another royal commission, stating in an interview on

1587:

cent – comparable to the decline observed during the 2002/03 and 2005/06 episodes of the

1492: 1317: 1227: 1202: 781:, ordered 100 soldiers to join firefighting efforts and placed a further 100 on standby. 769:

were threatening hundreds of homes, and the fire in the Royal National Park raged toward

743: 523: 467:

The state of Victoria was hardest hit, with an area of almost two million 2 million

352: 5108:"Catastrophic fire danger: what does it mean and what should we do in these conditions?" 4568:"Effects of wildfire disaster exposure on male birth weight in an Australian population" 3873: 3557: 2449: 316:

and ringbarked trees. But major fire events persisted, including South Gippsland's 1898

6348: 6333: 6129: 6006: 5857: 5794: 5701: 4888: 4748:"Economic impact of Australia's bushfires set to exceed $ 4.4bn cost of Black Saturday" 4651: 4624: 4600: 4567: 4505: 4216: 4186: 3595: 3495: 3020:"The truth about Australia's fires — arsonists aren't responsible for many this season" 2238: 1599: 1588: 1496: 1333: 841:

to the Queensland border. Fires were approaching towns in the Blue Mountains including

559: 519: 459:. Large numbers of men were sent to stand by government buildings in the line of fire. 300: 271: 242: 149: 141: 137: 1292: 1197:

in April and May. Rainfall for January to August 2019 was the lowest on record in the

6917: 6717: 6513: 6373: 6368: 5970: 5945: 5915: 5588: 5418: 4867: 4676:"WA fires: deadly Waroona blaze contained but not controlled, downgraded to 'advice'" 4656: 4605: 4587: 4509: 4497: 4489: 3655: 3599: 3587: 3579: 3541: 3522:"Australian bushfires to contribute to huge annual increase in global carbon dioxide" 2807: 2457: 1928: 1413: 1369: 1329: 951: 784:

On 8 January, the Royal National Park fire swept into the southern Sydney suburbs of

742:

reserve, and a scrub fire had briefly cut off the holiday village of Bundeena in the

567: 547: 543: 531: 515: 205: 70: 5625: 4914:

Eburn, Michael; Hudson, David; Chal, Ignatious; Dovers, Stephen (2 September 2014).

4414: 3370:"Explainer: what are the underlying causes of Australia's shocking bushfire season?" 3299: 3217: 6757: 6210: 5905: 4646: 4636: 4595: 4579: 4479: 4363:"Australia's bushfires mean New Zealand has become the land of the long pink cloud" 4265:"A statement about the 480 million animals killed in NSW bushfires since September" 3736: 3569: 3561: 3445:

Bushfire crisis conditions eight times more likely under 2C warming, analysis shows

3347:

Merzian, Richie; Quicke, Audrey; Bennett, Ebony; Campbell, Rod; Swann, Tom (2019).

3017: 2453: 2379: 2371: 2284: 1987: 1888: 1374: 931:

was called to investigate the Victorian government's strategy regarding bushfires.

862: 724: 679: 622: 583: 527: 476: 177: 162: 5397: 2781:

In 1974, 117 million hectares of land was burnt in wildfires in central Australia.

28: 6882: 6737: 6678: 6313: 6205: 6174: 6159: 5955: 5837: 5782: 5716: 5696: 4860:

Senate Select Committee on Agricultural and Related Industries (13 August 2010).

4721:"Rising from the ashes, Yarloop bounces back after devastating bushfires in 2016" 3905:"It's only October, so what's with all these bushfires? New research explains it" 1604: 1510:

levels in parts of Sydney reached nearly 400 μg/m, a level described by the

1406: 1312: 1015: 983: 739: 663: 571: 214: 144:. Some of the country's flora has evolved to rely on bushfires for reproduction. 4923:. Research Forum at the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC & AFAC conference. 3283:"Australia bushfires spew two-thirds of national carbon emissions in one season" 3174:. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns. 6393: 6343: 6245: 6169: 6094: 6046: 6016: 5935: 5867: 5008: 4805: 3565: 2678: 1630: 1572:

gauge of consumer confidence fell to its lowest level in more than four years.

1424:

Kangaroos and wallabies can move quickly trying to escape from fires. However,

1198: 1058: 651: 254: 56: 4320:

Australia strengthens bushfire defences as economic, environmental costs mount

4300:"The world loves kangaroos and koalas. Now we are watching them die in droves" 3542:"Vast CO2 release from Australian fires in 2019–2020 constrained by satellite" 2410:. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. 30 October 2015. Archived from 2330: 1658:

A manual controlled fire danger rating sign after the 2022 new system adoption

1530:

A typical example of how people are affected is described by the 2016 fire at

1019: 538:

were also hit, along with vast areas in the west, in particular Portland, the

7413: 7153: 6533: 6383: 6250: 6124: 6099: 6084: 6041: 5980: 5186:"Real-time bushfire monitoring satellite system to be developed in Australia" 4827:

Australia, scheme=AGLSTERMS AglsAgent; corporateName=Reserve Bank of (2020).

4773: 4591: 4493: 4441:"Australia bushfires: Concern over long-term effects on firefighters' health" 3583: 3250: 2957: 2503: 2332:

The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People

1771: 1297: 1257: 1222: 1164: 1000: 838: 181: 114: 4718: 3538: 180:

sprouting vigorously from epicormic buds beneath the thick bushfire damaged

113:

of 1926 in Victoria (60 people killed over a two-month period). Other major

47:

Intense bushfires can seriously impact the environment, such as here by the

6439: 6424: 6323: 6114: 6079: 5965: 5940: 5925: 5900: 5895: 5872: 5799: 5726: 5706: 5680: 4660: 4609: 4524:"Smoke from Australian bushfires was more deadly than the fires themselves" 4501: 3591: 2326: 2214: 1830:(RFS) work together to manage and respond to fires across New South Wales. 1560:

disruptions caused by the fire and smoke haze could cost Sydney as much as

1169: 1159:, bush, or forested area. The nature of the fire depends somewhat on local 1062: 999:

In recent times most major bush fires have been started in remote areas by

979: 774: 712: 539: 327:

shows over 7,000 bushfires reported in contemporary Australian newspapers.

200: 5514: 5258: 4583: 1073: 6617: 6444: 6119: 6104: 6011: 5985: 5975: 5910: 5890: 5832: 5777: 5731: 5688: 4641: 3985:"Bushfire season could hit Australia early following warmer temperatures" 3300:

Freund, Mandy; Henley, Ben; Allen, Kathryn; Baker, Patrick (2 May 2018).

2433: 1892: 866: 728: 683: 626: 555: 480: 380: 308: 237:'s crew saw autumn fires in the bush burning on most days of the voyage. 221:

that sprout after a fire, or developing fire-resistant or fire-triggered

213:

a variety of mechanisms to survive or even require bushfires (possessing

73:

is one of the most fire-prone regions of the world, and its predominant

6353: 6139: 6109: 6089: 6026: 5996: 5960: 5804: 5711: 5610:"'Extraordinary' 2019 ends with deadliest day of the worst fire season" 5568: 4984:"These scientists think we're in a 'bushfire spiral'. They have a plan" 4484: 4467: 2582:"Lessons learnt (and perhaps forgotten) from Australia's 'worst fires'" 2532: 2384: 2180:"'Extraordinary' 2019 ends with deadliest day of the worst fire season" 1268: 1160: 1054: 1047: 1027: 735: 424: 234: 218: 186: 74: 4958:"Prime Minister says hazard reduction burns as important as emissions" 2345: 1629:

In January 2020, during the 2019–2020 bushfire season, Prime Minister

1356:

Poster from a 1958 campaign by the New South Wales Bush Fire Committee

1352: 19:

For general information on uncontrolled fires in non-urban areas, see

6378: 6358: 6338: 6328: 6318: 6200: 6144: 6074: 6069: 5920: 4719:

Birch, Laura; Lynch, Jacqueline; Ferguson, Holly (22 November 2019).

4228: 1869: 1543:

64 million rebuilding the town and the surrounding communities.

1156: 1035: 440: 348: 304: 210: 82: 4465: 3172:

Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia

2375: 1094: 689: 363: 282: 101:

1983 in Victoria and South Australia (75 dead, nearly 1,900 homes);

6802: 6434: 6429: 6270: 5842: 5741: 5329: 5013:"Scott Morrison defends the Government's response to the bushfires" 4337:"Health impacts of bushfires won't be known for years, experts say" 3222: 3218:"Australia bushfires: Which animals typically fare best and worst?" 2763: 2020: 1482:

Prof David Bowman, director of the Fire Centre Research Hub at the

1205:(New South Wales) with some areas 77% below the long term average. 991:

being brought down or arcing in high winds have also caused fires.

945:

List of fires and impacts of the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season

905: 655: 535: 226: 190:

tree – one of the mechanisms evolved by plants to survive bushfires

78: 20: 4774:"Australia fires: The huge economic cost of Australia's bushfires" 4415:"Australia fires: The thousands of volunteers fighting the flames" 3255:"Australia's Angry Summer: This Is What Climate Change Looks Like" 3002:"2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission - Final Report Summary" 1046:

Large, violent wildfires can generate winds of themselves, called

694: 249: 4211:"Reducing fire, and cutting carbon emissions, the Aboriginal way" 3432:"This is Not Normal: Climate Change and Escalating bushfire risk" 2677:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

1963: 1880: 1531: 1031: 854: 814: 748: 716: 675: 614: 468: 3932:"Early start to bushfire season in NSW catches many by surprise" 5649: 3170:

Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009)

3044: 1500: 1432: 1082: 551: 5377:

Department of Fire and Emergency Services of Western Australia

5221: 4243:"More than one billion animals killed in Australian bushfires" 3157:

Sharples, J.J. Mills, G.A., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O. (2010)

2432: 2228: 6001: 5372: 5351: 4801:"Australian Economy Struck by Wildfires, Setting Up Stimulus" 2799:

National Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management - 2004

2673: 1955: 1417: 1401: 428: 423:

in the city. Disastrous fires were also reported at Penrose,

109:

1967 in Tasmania (62 people and almost 1,300 homes); and the

5060:

Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements

4625:"Bushfires: are we doing enough to reduce the human impact?" 4175: 4173: 3346: 3000:

Teague, Bernard; Mcleod, Ronald; Pascoe, Susan (July 2010).

2051:"The Making Of The Bush: a portrait of the island continent" 1644:

Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements

650:

On 20 February 1980, a series of bushfires tore through the

338: 5020: 4386: 2725:"New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire - New South Wales" 2146:"New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire – New South Wales" 1959: 1884: 1638: 858: 720: 671: 618: 511: 472: 222: 4279:"Kiwi volunteers helping fire-affected Australian animals" 3302:"Recent Australian droughts may be the worst in 800 years" 1340:

Bushfire seasons are commonly grouped into years such as "

4170: 3902: 3612: 2693:"BUSHFIRES – AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT" 2561:"H.G Wells and the big chill in Canberra's 1939 heatwave" 2535:"BUSHFIRES – AN INTEGRAL PART OF AUSTRALIA'S ENVIRONMENT" 1784: 391:

hit a record 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) on 10 January.

4438: 1394:, may even become extinct because of the current fires. 526:

and Thomson Valley. In the Victorian Alps, the towns of

5073: 3938:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 September 2019 3710:. South Australian Country Fire Service. Archived from 2638:"Report of the Royal Commission: Introduction – Part 1" 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 1053:

In the Northern Territory, fires can also be spread by

5626:

Australia Fires: A Visual Guide to the Bushfire Crisis

5241:"Better bushfire information for regional communities" 4110:(Press release). NSW Rural Fore Service. 1 August 2019 4011:"Bush Fire Danger Period Extended until 30 April 2019" 3395:"Bushfire weather in Southeast Australia: Media Brief" 2679:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

1996:

Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia

1822:(FRNSW), the Forestry Corporation of NSW (FCNSW), the 5515:"Summary of Major Bush Fires in Australia Since 1851" 3617:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. 3245: 3243: 3241: 3045:

RMIT ABC Fact Check; Gordon, Josh (14 January 2020).

2855:. New South Wales Rural Fire Service. 6 January 2014. 2229:

Ross, Monique; Quince, Annabelle (11 January 2020).

2101: 1977: 1583:

1 billion focused on repairing infrastructure.

821:

had been evacuated, along with Terry Hill. Homes at

77:

forests have evolved to thrive on the phenomenon of

4108:"NSW RFS declares start of Bush Fire Danger Period" 3874:"Preparing for bushfires and your responsibilities" 5259:"MyFireWatch – Bushfire map information Australia" 4629:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4565: 4209: 3238: 3073: 2999: 2907: 2533:Cheney, N. P.; CSIRO Division of Forestry (1995). 387:suffered 37 consecutive days above 38 degrees and 358: 105:1939 in Victoria (71 dead, 650 houses destroyed), 5056:"Commonwealth Letters Patent - 20 February, 2020" 4034:"Central Australia set for 'average' fire season" 3817:. State Fire Commission, Tasmania. Archived from 3630:"Hot and dry Australia sees wildfire danger rise" 3367: 2648: 2361: 2283: 1034:of the mountains, which is heated because of the 690:1993–94 Sydney and NSW eastern seaboard bushfires 7411: 5569:2009 Vicoria Bushfires Royal Commission (2010). 5165:National Council for Fire and Emergency Services 4387:Lansdown, Sarah; Whyte, Sally (5 January 2020). 3789:. Northern Territory Government. 4 December 2019 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 2640:. Victorian Government. 1939 – via Trove, 2208:Readfearn, Graham; Morton, Adam (28 July 2020). 2116: 1347: 698:A pall of bushfire smoke over Sydney during the 4566:O'Donnell, M H; Behie, A M (15 November 2015). 3903:Lucas, Chris; Harris, Sarah (10 October 2019). 3336:. Australia: Climate Council. 13 November 2019. 2207: 1942: 1923:manages bushfires in Tasmania with the help of 1412:Wildlife ecologist Professor Euan Ritchie from 1380: 911: 7183: 5277:"Drones to assist firefighters in emergencies" 4955: 4798: 4439:Fyfe, James; Wilton, James (10 January 2020). 4334: 4315: 4313: 4207: 3956: 3731: 3729: 3334:"The Facts about Bushfires and Climate Change" 3249: 662:caused widespread destruction across parts of 7169: 6633: 5665: 5133:"AFAC | Australian Fire Danger Rating System" 4931:: Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC. p. 4 4771: 4360: 4330: 4328: 4179: 4031: 3806: 3804: 3787:"Central Australian fire season commencement" 3756: 3754: 3354:(Report). The Australia Institute. p. 3. 3203: 3183: 2916:"Shire fire horror still lingers 20 years on" 2795: 2756: 2690: 2325: 1722:Take action now to protect life and property 1709:For your survival, leave bushfire risk areas 896:During 18–22 January 2003, almost 70% of the 594:In the summer of 1967, Tasmania suffered its 194: 6399:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 4981: 4845:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4412: 4389:"Canberra shuts down as smoke smothers city" 3841: 3839: 3762:"Restrictions During the Fire Danger Period" 3702: 3700: 2980:Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub 2894: 2892: 2729:Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience 2504:"19th Century Australian Bushfire Reporting" 2261: 2150:Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience 2119:"The worst bushfires in Australia's history" 1416:says that when fires have passed, frogs and 1291:The term "Australian bushfire season", is a 904:was destroyed. Fires entered the suburbs of 845:and in the Shoalhaven, including Ulladulla. 589: 7309:Department of Fire & Emergency Services 5593:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4943:identify relevant lessons from past events. 4745: 4673: 4310: 4100: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3781: 3779: 3726: 3575:1871.1/c4f7bd8b-1e9b-49bb-9604-ba873e5a4d52 2881:"Thousands flee path of advancing flames". 2614: 2612: 2610: 2308:. Tangentyre Landcare. 2005. Archived from 1123:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7399:Northern Territory Fire and Rescue Service 7176: 7162: 6647: 6640: 6626: 6231:International Association of Fire Fighters 5672: 5658: 5412:2013 Tasmanian Bushfires Inquiry: Volume 1 5204:"Bushfire tracking with Sentinel Hotspots" 4325: 3801: 3751: 3737:"Bush Fire Danger Period and Fire Permits" 3677: 3675: 3673: 3484:National Inventory by Economic Sector 2017 2866:"Bushfire threatens homes in Turramurra". 2632: 2630: 2576: 2574: 2408:A–Z listing of weeds: Photo guide to weeds 2048: 1934: 885: 706:From 27 December 1993 to 16 January 1994, 5238: 5105: 4826: 4650: 4640: 4599: 4483: 3847:"Bush Fires Act 1954 – Western Australia" 3836: 3697: 3573: 3458:"Ten impacts of the Australian bushfires" 2889: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2383: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2152:. Government of Australia. Archived from 2077: 2075: 1905:Department of Fire and Emergency Services 1521: 1440:waiting dormant in nearby soils. But the 1210:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1143:Learn how and when to remove this message 929:2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission 582:After the bushfires, Victoria convened a 339:1925–26: Gippsland fires and Black Sunday 265:Flannery writes that "The use of fire by 5239:Harradine, Natasha (28 September 2014). 5007: 4294: 4292: 3861: 3776: 3627: 3488:Department of the Environment and Energy 3363: 3361: 3277: 3275: 3097:RP, MDM Publishing Ltd- (4 March 2020). 2791: 2789: 2607: 2266:. Frenchs Forest, Australia: Reed Books. 1854:Major bushfires in Victoria in the 2000s 1849: 1653: 1598: 1351: 1072: 693: 362: 325:map of 19th century Australian bushfires 281: 248: 172: 42: 27: 6898:Eastern Victoria Great Divide (2006–07) 4863:Chapter 2 – Previous bushfire inquiries 4622: 4267:. University of Sydney. 3 January 2020. 4132:. Waroona Shire Council. Archived from 3849:. Government of Western Australia. 1954 3670: 3328: 3326: 3324: 2921:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader 2802:. Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia: 2796:Ellis, Stuart; Kanowski, Peter (2004). 2684: 2627: 2571: 757:. Fires in the Lane Cove River area at 670:, burning an area of 3.74 million 654:, 120 kilometres (75 mi) north of 259:2003 Eastern Victorian alpine bushfires 97:(173 people killed, 2,000 homes lost); 7412: 7288:Queensland Fire and Emergency Services 5305: 5155: 5153: 4572:Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 4245:. University of Sydney. 8 January 2020 3430:Colton, Schroeder (12 November 2019). 3429: 2942:"A round up of all the fire regions". 2913: 2849:"Twenty years on since the 1994 fires" 2843: 2841: 2839: 2521: 2501: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2364:International Journal of Wildland Fire 2289:The Rise and Fall of Ancient Australia 2270: 2072: 2011:List of natural disasters in Australia 1809:Queensland Fire and Emergency Services 1790: 307:, and sent smoke billowing across the 7197:Australasian Fire Authorities Council 7157: 6621: 5653: 4289: 3884:from the original on 26 February 2020 3368:Readfearn, Graham (13 January 2020). 3358: 3272: 3086:from the original on 12 January 2022. 3071: 2786: 2502:Morgan, Flannuala (23 January 2022). 1797:Australasian Fire Authorities Council 1685:Australian Fire Danger Rating System 1615: 1594: 1248:Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia 968: 129:that burnt 15% of Australia, and the 85:since 1851, and billions of animals. 6564: 6389:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 5308:"Fire Tech is Good But Mind the Gap" 3628:Sullivan, Rohan (11 February 2009). 3613:Luke R. H.; McArthur, A. G. (1978). 3321: 2735:from the original on 13 January 2020 2717: 2257: 2255: 2203: 2201: 2117:Williams, Liz T. (3 November 2011). 2044: 2042: 2006:List of major bushfires in Australia 1949:List of major bushfires in Australia 1925:Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service 1898: 1766: 1342:2019–2020 Australian bushfire season 1254:2019–2020 Australian bushfire season 1236:2019–2020 Australian bushfire season 1121:adding citations to reliable sources 1088: 1041: 877:was proclaimed on 1 September 1997. 16:Frequently occurring wildfire events 7142:List of Australian bushfire seasons 5150: 3404:. 26 September 2007. Archived from 2836: 2464: 2081: 2001:List of Australian bushfire seasons 1824:National Parks and Wildlife Service 1448: 1241: 601: 169:List of Australian bushfire seasons 13: 7218:New South Wales Rural Fire Service 6037:Self-contained breathing apparatus 5737:Firefighter assist and search team 5306:Dorney, Angus (21 November 2021). 4956:Bonyhady, Nick (21 January 2020). 4772:McDonald, Tim (20 December 2019). 4208:Fuller, Thomas (17 January 2020). 4130:"Fire Control Information 2019/20" 3957:Maunder, Sarah (4 December 2019). 3685:. Bureau of Meteorology, Australia 3423: 3096: 2697:1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995 1833: 1828:New South Wales Rural Fire Service 1814: 1546: 1442:2019-20 Australian bushfire season 1308:most southern parts of Australia. 964:2023–24 Australian bushfire season 941:2019–20 Australian bushfire season 918:2008–09 Australian bushfire season 871:New South Wales Rural Fire Service 608:1974–75 Australian bushfire season 14: 7441: 7213:Fire & Rescue New South Wales 5632: 4799:Heath, Michael (9 January 2020). 4413:Mao, Frances (24 December 2019). 4335:McCauley, Dana (6 January 2020). 4180:Allam, Lorena (18 January 2020). 4032:Brown, Carmen (31 October 2013). 3880:. Northern Territory Government. 3099:"Australia's on fire – what now?" 2914:Mutton, Sheree (9 January 2014). 2804:Council of Australian Governments 2541:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2252: 2198: 2039: 2016:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index 1679:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index 1176: 345:1925–26 Victorian bushfire season 6599: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6552: 6551: 5762:Fire department ranks by country 5679: 5601: 5562: 5532: 5507: 5485: 5460: 5446: 5404: 5390: 5365: 5344: 5318: 5299: 5269: 5251: 5232: 5214: 5196: 5178: 5125: 5099: 5048: 5001: 4982:Mannix, Liam (26 January 2020). 4975: 4949: 4907: 4853: 4820: 4792: 4765: 4739: 4712: 4686: 4667: 4361:Salinger, Jim (8 January 2020). 3812:"Fire Permit Period Declaration" 2757:Cole, Brendan (7 January 2020). 2691:Cheney, N. P. (1 January 1995). 2672: 2458:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.04.009 1980: 1909:Department of Parks and Wildlife 1093: 777:on leave, Deputy Prime Minister 542:and the Grampians. Black Range, 111:Gippsland fires and Black Sunday 7267:Forest Fire Management Victoria 6888:Eastern Victorian alpine (2003) 6600: 6236:International Firefighters' Day 6196:Candidate Physical Ability Test 5326:"Rural Fire Service Queensland" 4616: 4559: 4542: 4516: 4459: 4432: 4406: 4380: 4354: 4271: 4257: 4235: 4201: 4148: 4122: 4078: 4052: 4025: 4003: 3977: 3950: 3924: 3896: 3644: 3621: 3606: 3532: 3514: 3476: 3450: 3438: 3387: 3340: 3293: 3177: 3164: 3151: 3142: 3116: 3090: 3072:Newey, Sarah (2 January 2020). 3065: 3038: 3011: 2993: 2968: 2950: 2935: 2899:"War Diary of a State Ablaze". 2874: 2859: 2750: 2701:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2660:Forest Fire Management Victoria 2619:"Terrible Climax to Heatwave". 2592: 2553: 2539:The Year Book of Australia 1995 2495: 2481:Forest Fire Management Victoria 2426: 2392: 2355: 2339: 2319: 2295: 2084:"Bushfires – across the nation" 1445:woodlands were severely burnt. 973: 880: 359:1938–39 season and Black Friday 330: 277: 5747:Special operations firefighter 5628:BBC News, BBC, 31 January 2020 5544:Emergency management Australia 5400:. Tasmania Fire Service. 2019. 5263:myfirewatch.landgate.wa.gov.au 5106:Cox, Lisa (11 November 2019). 4925:Australian National University 4746:Butler, Ben (8 January 2020). 4674:Young, Emma (9 January 2016). 4060:"Bushfire season starts early" 3289:. New Zealand. 3 January 2019. 2222: 2172: 2138: 2027:Wildfires in the United States 1772:Remote monitoring of wildfires 1279: 1212:(IPCC) concluded that ongoing 1077:A hilly bushfire that charred 253:Bushfire damage to forests in 36:, in December 2006 during the 1: 6286:Wildfire emergency management 5853:Hazardous materials apparatus 5081:"Fire Danger Rating Brochure" 3434:. Australia: Climate Council. 3184:Bonsor, Kevin (29 May 2001). 2642:National Library of Australia 2599:"Bush Fires Over Wide Area". 2349:Forest Ecology and Management 2057:. Episode 3. 55 minutes in. 2032: 1802: 1398:range affected by the fires. 1348:Lack of preventative measures 1068: 813:and Brisbane Waters. Much of 163:Eucalyptus § Fire hazard 7366:Australian Capital Territory 6660:Australian Capital Territory 5024:(Interview). Interviewed by 4833:Statement on Monetary Policy 4472:Medical Journal of Australia 3447:, The Guardian, 4 March 2020 2946:. 9 January 1994. p. 2. 1943:Major bushfires in Australia 1662:During the fire season, the 1381:Impact on wildlife and fauna 957: 934: 912:2008–2009 and Black Saturday 898:Australian Capital Territory 642:1980 Ash Wednesday bushfires 635: 596:most destructive fire season 7: 7425:Climate change in Australia 6261:World Police and Fire Games 6216:Fire protection engineering 5468:"How to survive a bushfire" 4866:. Parliament of Australia. 4158:. Donnybrook Belingup Shire 3654:. Questacon. Archived from 2731:. Government of Australia. 1973: 1914: 1845: 1649: 1183:Climate change in Australia 1022:winds originating from the 700:1994 Eastern seaboard fires 225:), or even encourage fire ( 10: 7446: 7184:Fire services in Australia 6908:Great Ocean Road (2015–16) 6509:Glossary of wildfire terms 6241:List of firefighting films 5689:Personnel and organization 5083:. Government of Victoria. 3764:. Country Fire Association 3708:"Fire Danger Season Dates" 3566:10.1038/s41586-021-03712-y 3103:International Fire Fighter 1946: 1857: 1322:South Australia Government 1245: 1180: 994: 961: 938: 915: 889: 639: 605: 497:Stretton Royal Commission. 195:Before European settlement 166: 160: 156: 18: 7391: 7365: 7349: 7325:Metropolitan Fire Service 7317: 7301: 7280: 7251:Metropolitan Fire Brigade 7243: 7205: 7189: 7136: 6971: 6916: 6831: 6801: 6736: 6677: 6657: 6547: 6526: 6501: 6458: 6417: 6299: 6278: 6269: 6221:Geography of firefighting 6188: 6060: 5881: 5813: 5770: 5752:Volunteer fire department 5687: 5614:The Sydney Morning Herald 5456:. NSW Rural Fire Service. 4322:, Reuters, 7 January 2020 4088:. Hawkesbury City Council 3490:. August 2019. p. 3. 2901:The Sydney Morning Herald 2868:The Sydney Morning Herald 2621:The Sydney Morning Herald 2586:The Sydney Morning Herald 2565:The Sydney Morning Herald 2184:The Sydney Morning Herald 2049:Vandenbeld, John (1988). 1874:Metropolitan Fire Brigade 1512:World Health Organisation 1457: 902:Mount Stromlo Observatory 590:1966–67 and Black Tuesday 449:Mount Stromlo Observatory 299:, burned in a chain from 32:Looking towards the town 7430:Rural culture in Oceania 6938:Western Australia (2015) 6928:Western Australia (1961) 6539:Template:Fire protection 6256:World Firefighters Games 6150:Gaseous fire suppression 5540:"EMA Disasters Database" 5473:. NSW Rural Fire Service 5352:"Country Fire Authority" 4013:. NSW Rural Fire Service 3739:. NSW Rural Fire Service 2830:University of Wollongong 2483:. Government of Victoria 2264:The Greening of Gondwana 1670:In 2009, a standardised 1260:and fire science at the 922:Black Saturday bushfires 297:Black Thursday bushfires 288:Black Thursday bushfires 286:A depiction of the 1851 119:Black Thursday bushfires 6768:Ash Wednesday II (1983) 6699:Eastern seaboard (1994) 6226:History of firefighting 5493:"Driving in a bushfire" 4929:Wellington, New Zealand 3632:. The Association Press 3128:The Bushfire Foundation 1935:Guidelines for survival 1392:Kangaroo Island dunnart 892:2003 Canberra bushfires 886:2003 Canberra bushfires 660:Ash Wednesday bushfires 646:Ash Wednesday bushfires 123:2006 December bushfires 7420:Bushfires in Australia 7378:ACT Rural Fire Service 7335:Emergency Fire Service 7262:Country Fire Authority 7190:National organisations 6778:Kangaroo Island (2007) 6763:Ash Wednesday I (1980) 6723:New South Wales (2013) 6704:Black Christmas (2001) 6650:Bushfires in Australia 6364:Firefighting apparatus 6052:Thermal imaging camera 6032:Secure information box 5848:Firefighting apparatus 5571:"Final Report Summary" 5085:Country Fire Authority 4694:"Impacts of Bushfires" 4623:Sim, M. (April 2002). 4064:Southern Highland News 3615:Bushfires in Australia 2962:NSW Rural Fire Service 1866:Country Fire Authority 1855: 1781:Edith Cowan University 1774:is done in Australia. 1659: 1612: 1522:Psychological problems 1484:University of Tasmania 1357: 1262:University of Tasmania 1086: 703: 500: 377:Black Friday bushfires 372: 369:Black Friday bushfires 291: 262: 191: 146:Aboriginal Australians 67:Bushfires in Australia 63: 40: 38:Victorian Alpine fires 34:Swifts Creek, Victoria 7357:Tasmania Fire Service 7341:List of fire stations 7293:List of fire stations 7272:List of fire stations 7235:List of fire stations 6903:Black Saturday (2009) 6843:Black Thursday (1851) 6748:Adelaide Hills (1939) 6409:Wildland water tender 5991:Hydraulic rescue tool 5757:Women in firefighting 5639:Bureau of Meteorology 4988:Sydney Morning Herald 4962:Sydney Morning Herald 4553:registration required 4341:Sydney Morning Herald 3989:Northern Daily Leader 3402:The Climate Institute 3349:Climate of the Nation 2262:White, M. E. (1986). 2124:Australian Geographic 1921:Tasmania Fire Service 1860:Bushfires in Victoria 1853: 1693:Fire Behaviour Index 1664:Bureau of Meteorology 1657: 1646:on 20 February 2020. 1621:committee inquiries, 1602: 1355: 1305:Bureau of Meteorology 1267:In January 2020, the 1076: 708:over 800 severe fires 697: 489: 366: 318:Red Tuesday bushfires 285: 252: 176: 161:Further information: 46: 31: 7383:Community Fire Units 7330:Country Fire Service 7257:Fire Rescue Victoria 7230:Community Fire Units 6878:Ash Wednesday (1983) 6813:Black Tuesday (1967) 6773:Black Tuesday (2005) 6450:Wildland fire module 6404:Wildland fire engine 6291:Wildfire suppression 5828:Fire command vehicle 5823:Airport crash tender 5722:Retained firefighter 4642:10.1136/oem.59.4.215 3253:(31 December 2019). 3186:"How Wildfires Work" 2853:Seven News Flashback 2806:. pp. 339–345. 2315:on 27 February 2015. 1840:Country Fire Service 1776:Geoscience Australia 1326:Tasmanian Government 1190:Melbourne University 1117:improve this section 1024:Great Dividing Range 989:Electric power lines 875:Rural Fires Act 1997 257:, Victoria from the 231:Abel Janszoon Tasman 61:2003 Victorian fires 7373:ACT Fire and Rescue 6863:Black Friday (1939) 6858:Black Sunday (1926) 6788:Sampson Flat (2015) 6753:Black Sunday (1955) 6309:Aerial firefighting 6165:Stop, drop and roll 6155:Multiple-alarm fire 6022:Portable water tank 5931:Fire proximity suit 5550:on 18 November 2010 5454:"NSW Current Fires" 5332:on 4 September 2013 5222:"Sentinel Hotspots" 4921:(requires download) 4584:10.1093/emph/eov027 4136:on 27 February 2020 3652:"Monsoonal Climate" 3558:2021Natur.597..366V 3259:Scientific American 2870:. 29 December 1993. 2771:on 14 February 2020 2656:"Black Friday 1939" 2450:2015LUPol..47..225H 2055:Nature of Australia 1968:summer of 2019–2020 1872:not covered by the 1820:Fire and Rescue NSW 1791:Regional management 1686: 1539:subsequently spent 1493:University of Otago 1473:Parkinson's disease 1388:2019–2020 bushfires 1228:Scientific American 1203:Northern Tablelands 746:, south of Sydney. 744:Royal National Park 674:(1.51 million 407:. Fires blazing at 367:Extent of the 1939 7392:Northern Territory 6974:By national season 6933:Perth Hills (2014) 6893:Mount Lubra (2006) 6853:Red Tuesday (1898) 6783:Cherryville (2013) 6349:Fire retardant gel 6334:Fire lookout tower 6007:New York roof hook 5858:Light and air unit 5795:Fire lookout tower 5702:Chief fire officer 5495:. 13 February 2017 5434:on 6 December 2019 5226:sentinel.ga.gov.au 5112:Guardian Australia 5011:(9 January 2020). 4752:Guardian Australia 4528:airqualitynews.com 4485:10.5694/mja2.50545 4393:The Canberra Times 4367:Guardian Australia 4304:Guardian Australia 4285:. 12 January 2020. 4217:The New York Times 4187:Guardian Australia 3714:on 25 January 2020 3683:"Bushfire weather" 3528:. 24 January 2020. 3526:Guardian Australia 3411:on 29 October 2013 3374:Guardian Australia 3226:. 22 November 2019 3082:. United Kingdom. 2903:. 15 January 1994. 2820:on 13 January 2020 2623:. 16 January 1939. 2603:. 16 January 1939. 2588:. 11 January 2019. 2567:. 20 January 2014. 2414:on 14 October 2014 2402:Andropogon gayanus 2239:ABC Radio National 2186:. 31 December 2019 2156:on 13 January 2020 1856: 1684: 1672:Fire Danger Rating 1660: 1616:Official inquiries 1613: 1595:Photo from 2005–06 1589:Millennium drought 1555:4.4 billion. 1497:chronic bronchitis 1486:, referred to the 1370:Indigenous rangers 1358: 1334:Northern Territory 1269:British Met Office 1219:This is Not Normal 1208:In the 2000s, the 1087: 1005:periods of drought 969:Factors and causes 857:(2.0 million 719:(2.0 million 704: 617:(290 million 471:(4.9 million 373: 292: 263: 243:Fire-stick farming 192: 64: 41: 7407: 7406: 7302:Western Australia 7223:Section 44 powers 7151: 7150: 6919:Western Australia 6848:Heytesbury (1886) 6708:Warragamba (2001) 6615: 6614: 6522: 6521: 6514:List of wildfires 6374:Helicopter bucket 6369:Firefighting foam 5971:Hard suction hose 5916:Fire extinguisher 5906:Fire brigade keys 5424:978-0-9923581-0-5 5373:"Welcome to DFES" 5287:on 1 January 2020 5192:. 11 August 2015. 5016:(Streaming video) 4873:978-1-74229-349-3 4306:. 6 January 2020. 3824:on 3 January 2020 3552:(7876): 366–369. 3464:. 22 January 2020 2885:. 9 January 1994. 2291:. Penguin Viking. 2285:Blainey, Geoffrey 1929:Forestry Tasmania 1899:Western Australia 1889:square kilometres 1883:(18 million 1864:In Victoria, the 1767:Remote monitoring 1764: 1763: 1748:Plan and Prepare 1611:, 11 January 2006 1557:Moody's Analytics 1414:Deakin University 1330:Western Australia 1201:(Queensland) and 1153: 1152: 1145: 1042:Natural phenomena 952:Currowan bushfire 863:square kilometres 738:by a fire in the 725:square kilometres 680:square kilometres 623:square kilometres 502:The townships of 477:square kilometres 347:, large areas of 206:The Future Eaters 131:2019–20 bushfires 117:include the 1851 71:Eastern Australia 7437: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7155: 7154: 7143: 6975: 6943:Esperance (2015) 6920: 6835: 6805: 6740: 6694:Chatsbury (1965) 6681: 6661: 6651: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6602: 6591: 6590: 6579: 6578: 6567: 6566: 6555: 6554: 6276: 6275: 6211:Fire photography 5993:("Jaws of life") 5951:Fireman's switch 5674: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5618: 5617: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5546:. Archived from 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5519:Romsey Australia 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5427:. Archived from 5416: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5328:. Archived from 5322: 5316: 5315: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5283:. Archived from 5273: 5267: 5266: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5036: 5017: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4936: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4836: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4780:. United Kingdom 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4487: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4323: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4296: 4287: 4286: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4066:. 15 August 2019 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3910:The Conversation 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3870: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3658:on 20 March 2012 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3577: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3410: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3330: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3307:The Conversation 3297: 3291: 3290: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3247: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3124:"Fire Behaviour" 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2845: 2834: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2816:. Archived from 2793: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2767:. Archived from 2754: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2616: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2530: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2477:"Past bushfires" 2473: 2462: 2461: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2281: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2114: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2046: 1990: 1988:Australia portal 1985: 1984: 1983: 1735:Be ready to act 1696:Actions to Take 1687: 1683: 1603:Looking towards 1582: 1578: 1567: 1563: 1554: 1542: 1449:Impact on humans 1429:go underground. 1375:cultural burning 1242:Carbon emissions 1148: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1097: 1089: 602:1974–75 bushfire 584:Royal Commission 498: 453:Government House 215:epicormic shoots 178:Epicormic shoots 7445: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7387: 7361: 7345: 7318:South Australia 7313: 7297: 7276: 7239: 7206:New South Wales 7201: 7185: 7182: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7132: 6973: 6967: 6963:Wanneroo (2023) 6958:Beechina (2021) 6953:Wooroloo (2021) 6918: 6912: 6833: 6827: 6823:Tasmania (2016) 6818:Tasmania (2013) 6803: 6797: 6739:South Australia 6738: 6732: 6718:Pulletop (2006) 6680:New South Wales 6679: 6673: 6669:Canberra (2003) 6659: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6616: 6611: 6588: 6576: 6543: 6518: 6497: 6454: 6413: 6314:Controlled burn 6301: 6295: 6265: 6206:Fire engine red 6184: 6175:Two-in, two-out 6130:Fireman's carry 6056: 5956:Flame retardant 5877: 5838:Fire motorcycle 5809: 5783:Fire department 5766: 5717:Station officer 5697:Battalion chief 5683: 5678: 5635: 5622: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5237: 5233: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5137:www.afac.com.au 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5034: 5032: 5026:Michael Rowland 5015: 5009:Morrison, Scott 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4934: 4932: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4896: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4838: 4837: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4806:Bloomberg Green 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4672: 4668: 4621: 4617: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4530:. 25 March 2020 4522: 4521: 4517: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4395: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4311: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4222: 4220: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4178: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3248: 3239: 3229: 3227: 3216: 3215: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3190:How Stuff Works 3182: 3178: 3169: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2976:"Canberra 2003" 2974: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2847: 2846: 2837: 2823: 2821: 2814: 2794: 2787: 2774: 2772: 2755: 2751: 2738: 2736: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2705: 2703: 2689: 2685: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2618: 2617: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2531: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2465: 2444:(47): 225–234. 2438:Land Use Policy 2431: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2376:10.1071/WF17112 2360: 2356: 2351:(150): 323–329. 2344: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2303:"The Fire Book" 2301: 2300: 2296: 2282: 2271: 2260: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2227: 2223: 2206: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2159: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2115: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2088:Christian Today 2082:Tronson, Mark. 2080: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2047: 2040: 2035: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1951: 1945: 1937: 1917: 1907:(DFES) and the 1901: 1862: 1848: 1836: 1834:South Australia 1826:(NPWS) and the 1817: 1815:New South Wales 1805: 1793: 1769: 1652: 1618: 1605:Dargo, Victoria 1597: 1580: 1576: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1547:Economic impact 1540: 1524: 1509: 1488:2019–2020 fires 1460: 1451: 1407:Kangaroo Island 1383: 1350: 1313:New South Wales 1303:The Australian 1282: 1250: 1244: 1185: 1179: 1149: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1114: 1098: 1071: 1059:whistling kites 1044: 1016:New South Wales 997: 984:controlled burn 976: 971: 966: 960: 947: 939:Main articles: 937: 924: 916:Main articles: 914: 894: 888: 883: 740:Lane Cove River 692: 664:South Australia 648: 640:Main articles: 638: 610: 604: 592: 499: 496: 421:French's Forest 361: 341: 333: 280: 197: 171: 165: 159: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7443: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7215: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7158: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Waroona (2016) 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6924: 6922: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6868:WWII (1943–44) 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6839: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6758:Wandilo (1958) 6755: 6750: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6655: 6654: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6344:Fire retardant 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6170:Structure fire 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6095:Door breaching 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6047:Smoke detector 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Fireman's pole 5943: 5938: 5936:Fire retardant 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5868:Rescue vehicle 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5633:External links 5631: 5630: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5600: 5561: 5531: 5506: 5484: 5459: 5445: 5423: 5403: 5389: 5364: 5343: 5317: 5312:The Australian 5298: 5281:NSW Government 5268: 5250: 5231: 5213: 5195: 5177: 5161:"AFDRS Design" 5149: 5124: 5098: 5072: 5047: 5000: 4974: 4948: 4906: 4872: 4852: 4819: 4791: 4764: 4738: 4711: 4698:Bushfire Front 4685: 4666: 4635:(4): 215–216. 4615: 4578:(1): 344–354. 4558: 4541: 4515: 4478:(6): 282–283. 4458: 4431: 4405: 4379: 4353: 4324: 4309: 4288: 4270: 4256: 4234: 4200: 4169: 4147: 4121: 4099: 4086:"Open Burning" 4077: 4051: 4024: 4002: 3991:. 12 July 2019 3976: 3949: 3923: 3895: 3860: 3835: 3800: 3775: 3750: 3725: 3696: 3669: 3643: 3620: 3605: 3531: 3513: 3475: 3449: 3437: 3422: 3386: 3357: 3339: 3320: 3292: 3271: 3251:Abram, Nerilie 3237: 3202: 3176: 3163: 3150: 3141: 3115: 3089: 3064: 3037: 3010: 2992: 2967: 2949: 2934: 2906: 2888: 2883:The Sunday Age 2873: 2858: 2835: 2812: 2785: 2749: 2716: 2683: 2647: 2626: 2606: 2591: 2570: 2552: 2520: 2494: 2463: 2425: 2400:"Gamba grass ( 2391: 2370:(5): 353–362. 2354: 2338: 2335:. Grove Press. 2318: 2294: 2269: 2251: 2221: 2197: 2171: 2137: 2100: 2071: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1975: 1972: 1947:Main article: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1916: 1913: 1900: 1897: 1858:Main article: 1847: 1844: 1835: 1832: 1816: 1813: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1651: 1648: 1631:Scott Morrison 1617: 1614: 1596: 1593: 1548: 1545: 1523: 1520: 1514:as hazardous. 1507: 1464:Hazelwood fire 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1382: 1379: 1366:Kimberley area 1349: 1346: 1281: 1278: 1246:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1199:Southern Downs 1178: 1177:Climate change 1175: 1151: 1150: 1101: 1099: 1092: 1070: 1067: 1043: 1040: 996: 993: 975: 972: 970: 967: 962:Main article: 959: 956: 936: 933: 913: 910: 890:Main article: 887: 884: 882: 879: 851: 850: 817:, Kariong and 767:Macquarie Park 761:, Turramurra, 715:. The 800,000 691: 688: 652:Adelaide Hills 637: 634: 606:Main article: 603: 600: 591: 588: 580: 579: 494: 465: 464: 457:Black Mountain 443:, Trunkey and 405:Blue Mountains 360: 357: 340: 337: 332: 329: 279: 276: 255:East Gippsland 196: 193: 158: 155: 115:conflagrations 91:Black Saturday 57:East Gippsland 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7442: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7156: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Linton (1998) 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6793:Pinery (2015) 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6728:Tathra (2018) 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Seaham (1939) 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6643: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6608: 6607: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6534:Template:Fire 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6476:United States 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6251:Saint Florian 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189:Miscellaneous 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6125:Fire triangle 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085:Dead man zone 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:Heat detector 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 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The 1294: 1293:colloquialism 1289: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258:pyrogeography 1255: 1249: 1239: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1223:Nerilie Abram 1220: 1215: 1214:anthropogenic 1211: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1184: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1165:deforestation 1162: 1158: 1147: 1144: 1136: 1133:February 2020 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1102:This section 1100: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1079:Prospect Hill 1075: 1066: 1064: 1063:brown falcons 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1039: 1038:compression. 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1002: 1001:dry lightning 992: 990: 985: 981: 965: 955: 953: 946: 942: 932: 930: 923: 919: 909: 907: 903: 899: 893: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 847: 846: 844: 840: 839:Coffs Harbour 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 794: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 750: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 701: 696: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 647: 643: 633: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 609: 599: 597: 587: 585: 577: 576: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 462: 461: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 370: 365: 356: 354: 350: 346: 336: 328: 326: 321: 319: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 289: 284: 275: 273: 268: 260: 256: 251: 247: 244: 238: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207: 202: 199:According to 189: 188: 183: 179: 175: 170: 164: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 127:1974–75 fires 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:Black Tuesday 104: 100: 99:Ash Wednesday 96: 92: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 62: 58: 54: 50: 45: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 6713:Junee (2006) 6648: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6470: 6466:Ancient Rome 6440:Hotshot crew 6425:Fire lookout 6324:Fire flapper 6115:Fire control 6080:Chimney fire 5966:Halligan bar 5941:Fire shelter 5926:Fire hydrant 5901:Fire blanket 5896:Escape chair 5873:Water tender 5800:Fire station 5727:Fire marshal 5707:Fire captain 5681:Firefighting 5644:EarthWindMap 5613: 5603: 5577:. 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