Butterfield Overland Mail

1033:

William B. Dinsmore now elevated to president of the company. The Congressional report shows the modifications to the six-year Butterfield contract ending on September 15, 1864. Kirby Sanders was the National Park Service consulting historian and lead researcher for compiling the history for the master Special Resource Study for the Butterfield National Trail project and put into perspective the confusion over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s only involvement on the Butterfield Trail (Southern Overland Trail). He stated that they had only a secondary role and may have run a "trunk route" off of Butterfield from Los Angeles to San Diego. Waddell F. Smith, grandson of William Bradford Waddell, one of the founders of the Pony Express put into perspective the later involvement of Wells, Fargo & Co., two years after the Butterfield contract ended. What was known as the "Grand Consolidation," of the three stage lines, that held the mail contract on the Central Overland Trail, was achieved by Ben Holladay, "The Stagecoach King." The three lines now comprising the consolidation were the Pioneer Stage Line, the Overland Mail Company, and Wells, Fargo & Co. This three-million-dollar corporation, formed on February 5, 1866, became a new giant with an increased capitalization of ten million dollars. Wells, Fargo & Co. changed its name to Wells, Fargo and Company and was approved by the stockholders on December 10, 1866. Wells, Fargo and Company bought out Ben Holladay and was finally operating as a mail carrying stage company, with their name finally on a transom rail of a stagecoach, on the Central Overland Trail. But the end was in sight, as the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was nearing completion. On May 16, 1868, the board of directors of Wells, Fargo and Company authorized the sale of the company's stage lines, although they remained in operation until the completion of the railroad on May 10, 1869.

870:"They are made much like the express wagons in your city which carry goods for transshipment, only they are heavier built, have tops made of canvas, and are set on leather straps instead of springs. Each one has three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size and how they lie. From Memphis and from St. Louis to Fort Smith regular stage coaches are used, similar in every respect to those employed in the Atlantic States; but from Fort Smith onwards the vehicles used are not unlike a Jersey wagon, they are of the description known as Celerity wagons, being similar in build to the common Troy coach, and the body is hung upon the same kind of springs and in a similar manner. Instead, however, of the heavy wooden top, with iron railing around it, in common use, they have a light canvas covering supported by light uprights, after the manner of a Jersey wagon. The covering affords ample protection against the weather, while it greatly diminishes the weight of the vehicle as well as its liability to upset. Each one had three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size, and how they lie. The company has over one hundred of these coaches on the ground, and has been running them regularly and with profitable results, for some time past, upon portions of the route." 333:"His prior occupation was a humble one—that of driver of a stage-coach between Utica and Oswego. It was but two or three years before he had saved enough money from his wages to purchase an interest in the stage-coach line of which he was an employee; and once having placed his foot on the first steps of the ladder, he soon rose, by his business tact and assiduity, to be the principal proprietor of the stage-coach lines converging to this point. At the time that railroads supplanted stages on the leading routes, Mr. Kinyon was one of the most extensive owners of stage-coach property in Central New York. After the introduction of railroads, he continued to carry on the business of mail contractor and stage proprietor on the small lateral lines; but his business energies were too expansive to be thus curtailed, and he soon found ampler vent for them than the _______ of his former vast carrying business afforded. Hence, when the overland mail route to California was projected, Mr. Kinyon found a field of business enterprise more commensurate with his capacities. He it was who went over the whole route originally, and surveyed it from the eastern terminus to its western in California." Returning, he procured the necessary equipment for the route, and went over it again, organizing the route as he proceeded, and remained for nearly a year in California, in charge of the western terminus of the road." 964:, many of the stages were confiscated and used by the Confederate Army as military vehicles. As much of the equipment as possible was transferred to the central trail to continue the Overland Mail Company contract. Only enough of the stages made it to the central route to operate the line from Salt Lake City, Utah, to western Nevada. The biography of Edwin R. Purple tells of transferring the stages to the central route. He was employed by the Overland Mail Company as a financial agent at Fort Yuma, California, in May 1860. At the closing of the line, on the Southern Overland Trail, in March 1861, he was ordered to transfer the stock and stages from Tucson, Arizona, to Los Angeles, California, to supply the central route line, which was to commence operations on July 1, 1861. On May 8, 1861, with 30 men, he left Los Angeles and successfully arrived at Salt Lake City on June 16 with 18 stage wagons and 130 horses. In a discussion by Gerald T. Ahnert with members of the True West Historical Society, it was suggested that many of these original stagecoaches and stage wagons were bought by movie companies in the 1930s through 1950s and used in their movie productions. Many were destroyed in scenes of the stages being attacked. 360:"A portion of the exploring party sent out by the Overland Mail Company, for the purpose of examining the routes for the carriage of the mails from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific coast, which left this city on the 3rd of January last, reached Fort Smith, Arkansas, on their return home, on the 17th inst., accompanied by four of the party which left San Francisco on the 16th of January, on purpose to examine that portion of the route from the Pacific to the Rio Grande. They left El Paso on the 22d of March, thus accomplishing the distance from the Rio Grande to Fort Smith—nine hundred and thirty miles—in the short space of twenty-five days, which we believe is the quickest time on record in crossing the Plains. The party was composed of only eight men, as follows: Major George W. Wood, Jesse Tolcott, Charles P. Cole and J.A. Lilly, of the St. Louis party, and Lieut. Frank de Ryther, James Swartz and John Butterfield Jr. of the San Francisco party. They brought with them one wagon and thirteen animals, which they left at Fort Smith for the party proceeding East. The route traveled on the return trip was different from the one passed over in going out, ... " 941:"We arrived at the station about 10 o'clock, A.M., about 1 mile to the eastward of the river. Some coffee was prepared for us, and we were soon ready to start again. This time, after we were all seated in the coach, the horses, which were said to have been always kind and gentle, refused to move. After a great deal of beating, coaxing and a trial of various methods suggested by almost every one present, we were all obliged to get out again, and after a great deal of trouble, the horses were started, but the passengers being out of the coach, the driver was obliged to stop again, and again, after they were in, the horses refused to go. After working with the might and main for some time, they were got off upon a run, and this time they were kept going. Hitherto, in starting from any station, a person was obliged to stand at the heads of the horses—they being with a few exceptions' wild ones—until the driver was seated on his box, the reins gathered and everything in readiness, when he would give the signal, "turn 'em loose," or "let 'em go," and they would go upon a run. As we get further along, however, they are growing tame, and are more easily handled." 892:"Chidester also informs us of the means to supply the stations in the Llanos Estecados , or Staked Plains, with water. This desert, by the route of the Company's road, is seventy-five miles wide. From streams on either side of the Plains the Company supplies water to the stations with regular water trains, fitted up expressly for the purpose. The wagons used for this purpose are constructed of large tin boilers, similar in shape to the boilers of a steamboat, and capable of holding as much water as a team of six mules can draw. These trains run regularly, conveying water to the different stations, where large reservoirs are prepared to receive and preserve it for the use of passengers and the employés and stock of the Company. This is, of course, a very expensive method of supplying the indispensable element, but, as thus far all efforts to obtain it by boring or otherwise have proved little, the Company must submit to it for the present." 1064:"Great Salt Lake City, June 5, 1861. ... William Buckley, formerly the Superintendent of the Butterfield route from San Francisco to El Paso, F. Cluggage, an Agent in that route and Bolivar Roberts, the Superintendent of the western division on this route, came in a week ago yesterday from Carson, which I noticed in my last letter, and on Friday Edward Fisher, and four other employees in some department, came in from St. Joseph. ...They have, whatever else besides, at least made all the necessary arrangements for a vigorous start to the daily mail, and everything will be ready by the first week in July to fulfill the of obligations of the million contract. ... Last evening, profiting by a conversation with Mr. Buckley, I obtained from him a copy of his measurement of the road from Carson to this city . ... Placerville being the terminus, another 100 miles should be added between that and Carson, as the entire distance of the 40: 888:

were built on the straightened-out sections. An example was Ewell's Stage Station in the Sulphur Springs Valley of eastern Arizona. At the beginning of Butterfield's service, after leaving Apache Pass, the trail jogged northwest to Dos Cabezas Spring and then southwest to Dragoon Springs Stage Station at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains. In the spring of 1858 a new trail was made from the western entrance of Apache Pass and then along an almost straight line to the north end of the Dragoon Mountains. At approximately the midpoint of this new section a station and cistern were constructed. A water wagon was used to supply the cistern with water from Dos Cabezas Spring, which was now four miles north of the new station. Water wagons were also used to supply unusually long stretches of trail that lacked water sources. A newspaper article tells us of one of these situations:

1321: 828: 1333: 842:

the sides with no doors or windows. Often a canvas top was supported by light uprights. They had canvas or leather curtains fastened to the top that could be rolled down as a barrier to the dust. The stage wagon was used by Butterfield's Overland Mail Company exclusively on 70% of the Southern Overland Trail on the 1,920-mile (3,090 km) section between Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California. Although the famous passenger wagon manufacturers Abbot-Downing Co. and J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co., of Concord, New Hampshire, never used the name "mud wagon" in their catalogs, there were others who referred to the stage wagon as a "mud wagon."

1306: 190:"John Butterfield was borne at Berne, in the Helderberg, near Albany, November 18, 1801. In early life we find him in the employment of Thorpe & Sprague, of that city, as a driver, and through the solicitation of Mr. Theodore S. Faxton came to Utica , where he for a time was employed in picking up passengers from the taverns and boats for Parker's stages. After a time he started a livery with but small accommodations… His connection to Parker & Co. continued so long as they were still in business, and was succeeded by lines of his own, wherein he was a leading manager in the State until staging was superseded by railroads." 1279: 441:"Between Vallecito and Algodones there are eight of these stations, varying from nine to sixteen miles apart. Wells have been sunk at each station, and abundance of good water is obtained, except at the Monument and Garden stations. These waters are brackish and bitter—a flavor not delicate to the taste. Drinking-water is carried from the other stations. These stations are of incalculable worth to emigrants, who are no longer forced to depend upon the precious supply of water which the wells, afforded, and which were liable to be covered up by the sand-waves that move over the desert." 820: 2589:, p. 42: "The stock, coaches, etc., on the southern route were pulled off, and accordingly moved north, and, by act of Congress, on July 1, 1861, the route between St. Joseph and Placerville, having been duly equipped for a daily line, went into operation. It took about three months to make the transfer of stages and stock, and to build a number of new stations, secure hay and grain, and get everything in readiness for operating a six-times-a-week mail line. The new line was designated by the post-office department as the Central Overland California Route." 1252: 382:

trail and water sources at regularly spaced stage stations. When researchers hike the Southern Overland Corridor, the most visible ruts are those of the route that the Overland Mail Company established, which others followed. Even though its services ceased on the Southern Overland Corridor in March 1861 because of the impending Civil War, it was so efficient that it remained little changed until its demise with the completion of the railroad in 1880. For this reason, to this day, the Southern Overland Trail is most commonly called "The Butterfield Trail."

484:, we gather some items which may be of interest: Woods pays a high compliment to the staging of the Butterfield Overland Company, along the Gila and over the Desert, particularly to Superintendent Buckley and Warren Hall, the Road Agent of this division [for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company. They have, he says, really worked wonders in organizing their road in a manner which would be a model in any country. The immigrants are coming slowly along, feeling in no hurry to enter California much before the rains have brought on the new grass. 1237: 165: 421:"The new road from Grape Creek to the head of Concho River, Texas, on Mr. Glover's division, is also in good order for travel and saves another thirty miles . The New Pass between Los Angeles, and Fort Tejon, California, has been much improved under the superintendence of M.L. Kinyon , as have also been other portions of the route. The route of the company will, of course, be a favorite emigrant route, and will, therefore, be in better order than before, in fact, each month will add new facilities to the overland mail." 1267: 368:"John Butterfield , the man who helped link the East to the West in establishing his famous Overland Mail Route more than half a century ago, died recently at his house in Utica, aged 82 years. His father, John Butterfield, was a superintendent of the Overland Mail Route from San Francisco to St. Louis and thence to eastern cities. The younger Butterfield first traversed the famous route, marked the stations, superintended the work of organization and drove the first stage over the route. 851:

articles, a total of 100 stages were ordered and either put into use or distributed to stations along the trail. Another important reference is from Goddard Bailey's report to the government on his inspection trip of the trail in September 1858. He stated in the report "The road is stocked with substantially-built Concord spring wagons..." A July 1858 Memphis newspaper article tells how the stages were delivered and who made them. This, of course was the famous J.S. & E.A. Abbot.

1294: 905:"The Overland California United States Mail left Memphis on Thursday last. It is brought by the Memphis and Little Rock Rail Road to within twelve miles of Madison, on St. Francis River, thence by light vehicles to Des Arc—thence by Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co.'s line of four horse U.S. Mail coaches to Fort Smith where it meets the St. Louis mail. Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co., are subcontractors under Butterfield & Co., from Memphis to Fort Smith…" 303: 3071: 3035: 973: 3095: 3059: 3083: 3023: 989:

Francisco on Monday and Friday and that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad as $ 100. An advertisement appeared in the same newspaper on January 11, 1859, that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad had increased to $ 200. Butterfield's Overland Mail Company had 139 stage stations at the start of service but more stations were built after service started and increased to about 170. As noted about 100 stages were employed.

811:

support a metal railing where luggage could be carried. Seats were often provided on the roof. A canvas-covered boot at the back was used for luggage and mailbags. The difference between a stagecoach and a mail stagecoach is that a large compartment was provided below the driver's seat to carry mail and the rear boot for mail was larger. Butterfield's stagecoaches were used on 30% of the Southern Overland Trail at the eastern and western ends.

329:

Overland Mail Company and the only stockholder, other than John Butterfield, to have significant staging experience. Marquis moved from Mannsville, Jefferson County, to Rome, New York, in 1838. Rome was twelve miles from John Butterfield's home in Utica. He immediately became involved with staging. His obituary gives a good summation of his staging activities in Upstate New York and what led him to be involved with the Overland Mail Company:

3011: 879:

from Tipton, Missouri, to Fort Smith, Arkansas, and from Los Angeles to San Francisco, California. Stagecoach trails had already been established between these points, with a few Butterfield improvements to the trail. About sixty-six J.S. & E.A. Abbot stage (celerity) wagons, partially designed by John Butterfield, were distributed on the 1,920-mile trail through the frontier from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.

1057:

Upstate New York, some retained their positions with the company. William Buckley was one of the original employees to continue with the company on the Central Overland Trail and took the position of Superintendent. Although William B. Dinsmore was now the company president, John Butterfield was still a stockholder and it can be seen in this article that the Overland Mail Company was still called "Butterfield's" by the employees.

3107: 789:

or valuables of any nature, will be allowed to be carried under any circumstances whatever." For this reason, the idea of a "shotgun" rider next to the driver was not employed by Butterfield. When correspondent Ormsby asked one of the stage drivers, "Have you any arms?", the stage driver answered, "No, I don't have any; there's no danger." However, most people on the Butterfield stages were armed, especially in

3047: 409:"Another disadvantage under which we labored, this trip, was that our road, for the most of the way, was nearly new, though Mr. Bates claims that from Sherman to Belknap at least forty miles are saved by it. It leads through the counties of Grayson, Cooke, Jacks , Montague, Wise, and Young, all of which contribute towards its expenses, and certainly it must be a favorite with some, for, 1010:, with liberty of charging the public for transportation of letters by said express not exceeding $ 1 per half ounce. The compensation for the whole service to be $ 1,000,000 per annum, to take effect on or before the 1st of July, 1861 and to expire the 1st of July, 1864 . The number of the route to be changed to 10773 and the service to be recorded in the route register for Missouri." 927:"The employees of the company, I found, without exception, to be courteous, civil, and attentive. They are most of them from the East, and many, especially of the drivers, from New York state. I found the drivers on the whole line, with but few exceptions, experienced men. Several are a little reckless and too anxious to make fast time, but as a general thing they are very cautious." 343:

trail and selecting the sites for stage stations. They traveled by mule covering about 40 miles (64 km) per day. Another party left St. Louis about the same time. Both were to meet at El Paso, Texas, and then return to St. Louis. The party from St. Louis was G.W. Wood, Jesse Talcott, and Charles P. Cole. A Fort Smith, Arkansas, newspaper reported:

937:

Angeles, California. By most accounts, wild mules were used and some wild mustangs. It is surprising that the use of wild draft animals did not hinder the Overland Mail Company stages from accomplishing its contractual agreed to time schedule. The problem with the unbroken mules and mustangs was expressed in correspondent Farwell's report:

215:

Postmaster General to contract for mail service from Missouri to California to facilitate settlement in the west. The Post Office Department advertised for bids for an overland mail service on April 20, 1857. Bidders were to propose routes from the Mississippi River westward. Nine bids were made by some of the most experienced stage men.

347:"The parties met at El Paso and after recruiting a few days, the above gentlemen left for this city—making the trip to this place in twenty-two days from El Paso, and thirty-one days from San Francisco to El Paso, or fifty-six days, through with wagons. …The party from California, in crossing Arizona, took a middle route between 2473: 1801: 476:

The San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line was operating on 900 miles of the improved trail and benefited by the regularly spaced water holes at Butterfield's stations. In October 1859, Superintendent Isaiah C. Woods complimented Butterfield for these improvements and the benefit to the San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line:

1086:

the contractors were compelled to give it up. The eastern portion of the line was curtailed June 30, 1861. The final chapter was closed when the latter part of the line was discontinued Aug. 1, 1861." Wells Fargo continued its stagecoach runs to mining camps in more northern locations until the coming of the US

1894:

The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York,

1028:

is like. I've just had 24 days of it." Ormsby was the only passenger on the first East-West run of the Butterfield Stage who journeyed the entire distance of the mail route. He sent periodic dispatches to the paper describing his journey, including the pickup of passengers outside the Lawrence Livery

878:

From these references it is seen that Butterfield employed 100 stages distributed along the 2,700-mile trail from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. Approximately 34 western style J.S. & E.A. Abbot mail stagecoaches were used on the settled and partially settled sections of the trail

475:

As stated by President Buchanan in the congratulation telegram to John Butterfield, increased emigration would be a result of the improved trail. Just after Butterfield's service started in September 1858, there were many newspaper accounts of a large increase in the number of emigrants on the trail.

1799:

G. Bailey, Special Agent, to Hon. A.V. Brown, P.M. General, Washington, D.C., Appendix, Great Overland Mail, Washington, October 18, 1858, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, pp. 739–744 Note: This report is based on Bailey's inspection

1530:

Isaiah Churchill Woods, Report to Hon. A.V. Brown, "Postmaster General on the Opening and Present Condition of the Overland Mail Route Between San Antonio, Texas, and San Diego, California", by J. C. Wood Superintendent, Washington City, D.C., March 1858. Note: This 43-page report to the Postmaster

1400:. The stagecoach in the movie was not representative of John Butterfield's stagecoaches as the movie fictionally represented the Central Overland Trail after the Civil War. John Butterfield never used his name on a stage; only "Overland Mail Company" and only operated on the Southern Overland Trail. 874:

The same stage or stage driver was not used all the way through on the 2,700-mile (4,300 km) trip. They were changed frequently, both to avoid fatigue for the stage drivers and to avoid the braking down of the stages. Correspondent Ormsby reported that "I understand they have bought horses and

841:

means 'swiftness of speed'. The term "celerity wagon" is sometimes used instead of "stage wagon." It was about 60% of the weight of a stagecoach and was designed for the rough frontier conditions where the trail was not as well developed, in sand, and for traversing steep inclines. They were open on

788:

No one on a Butterfield stage was ever killed by outlaws, but some died in accidents caused by the mostly unbroken mules or mustangs running wild. Butterfield's stages were not allowed to carry shipments of valuables. In Butterfield's instructions to his employees was "No money, jewelry, bank notes,

1085:

route with limited success by George Henry Giddings. The contract was given in May 1861 and was to start on April 1, 1861, and to end on June 30, 1862. "An attempt was made to fulfill the contract, beginning April 1, but faced with insurmountable obstacles and with the development of the Civil War,

984:

contract from September 16, 1858, on a six-year contract. The first stage going east left San Francisco at 10 minutes past midnight on September 14, 1858. The mail from San Francisco reached St. Louis in 24 days, 18 hours, and 26 minutes. The first stage going west left Tipton, Missouri, at 8 am on

887:

Other wagons used by Butterfield were water wagons and freight wagons. Water wagons were an important, but expensive, necessity. To straighten out the trail, so they wouldn't have to zigzag from water hole to water hole, water wagons were used to transport water from a source to stage stations that

486:

The stations of the Overland Mail companies and the wells dug by these enterprising men, are proving of incalculable benefit to those crossing with their own teams. The immigration on the Southern route, this year, will figure up from ten thousand to fifteen thousand souls, with a very large amount

425:

Goddard Bailey's report shows that there were 139 stations at the beginning of Butterfield's service, but by the time the line ceased operations the line had been improved by the addition of thirty-six more for a total of 175. The new stations were assigned 320 acres each and many took advantage by

2488:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Pony Express becoming part of the Overland Mail Company contract, pp. 153, 154 2378:

For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert, Butterfield's Overland Mail Company Stagecoaches and (Celerity) Wagons on the Southern Overland Trail, 1858–1861. The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service

1752:

His name was misspelled in Contract with J. Butterfield and Co., Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48. pp. 7–10. In the details of the contract is M.L. Kinyon and at the end of the contract is M.L. Kenyon. Because his name was misspelled, researchers

1056:

William Buckley, of Watertown, New York, was the Superintendent of the Fourth Division for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company on the Southern Overland Trail. When Butterfield's Overland Mail Company contract was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, although some of the employees returned to

950:

For the 25-day trip, the Butterfield stages did not stop for the passengers to sleep. They had to sleep on the stages. Many correspondents reported humorous stories about their experiences trying to sleep on the Butterfield stages. One of the most common problems was the losing of their hats while

936:

Correspondent Ormsby reported: "Our horses were four in number, that being the allotment all along the line from Tipton to San Francisco ." Many correspondents' reports describe the problems for the Overland Mail Company using unbroken wild mules and mustangs between Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Los

922:

The stage drivers, like many of Butterfield's employees, were mostly from upstate New York. An example for the many Butterfield employees being from New York State is shown in the 1860 Federal Census for Tucson. On page one a caption states "Great Overland Mail Stations," and of the 40 entries, 16

810:

This draft animal-drawn passenger and mail stage had a strong sub-frame covered by decorated wooden paneling with ornate doors and comfortably padded seats. They often had window openings, but the western models designed for the rougher conditions had no glass panels. The roof was strong enough to

456:

The trail that John Butterfield had established was so efficient that it was little changed until its demise in 1880 with the completion of the railroad, and the impact the Butterfield Trail had for settling the West cannot be understated, as written by President James Buchanan congratulating John

385:

The building of the trail was in two sections: the 462-mile (744 km) San Francisco to Los Angeles section and the rest of the 2,238-mile (3,602 km) distance to Tipton, Missouri. The San Francisco to Los Angeles section was previously one of the most developed. Some changes were made from

381:

are intertwined. It was the purpose of awarding the contract to the Overland Mail Company, on September 16, 1857, not only for a land route to deliver mail from the East to the West coast, but to aid emigrant travel to settle the West. Butterfield accomplished this purpose by providing an improved

328:

John Butterfield Sr. turned to two of his most trusted and experienced employees to put in place the Butterfield Trail. In 1858, with expedition leader Marquis L. Kenyon, John Butterfield Jr. helped to select the route and sites for the stage stations. Kenyon was also a stockholder/director of the

1032:

Near the end of Butterfield's service, in March 1861 on the Southern Overland Trail, John Butterfield was voted out as president of the Overland Mail Company because he wasn't making money for the stockholders. He remained a stockholder in the company and attended the meetings with vice-president

850:

Newspapers published an article in June 1858 that Butterfield's mail stagecoaches and stage wagons were made by the J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co. of Concord, New Hampshire. Unfortunately the original order book for that time period in 1858 is missing from the Abbot-Downing Archives. According to the

342:

left New York on November 20, 1857, with passengers "M.L. Kinyon , J. Butterfield , F. De Ruyter and S.K. Nellis, who go out to open the Pacific Mail Route across the plains and arrange the western terminus of said route." The party left San Francisco on January 16, 1858, to begin laying out the

988:

Butterfield's Overland Mail Company made two trips a week from September 1858 to March 1861. At the start of service, the mail would leave St. Louis, Missouri, and San Francisco, California, every Monday and Thursday. A December 1, 1858, advertisement stated that the days for departure from San

951:

sleeping caused by the open-sided stage (celerity) wagons providing little protection from the wind. National Park Service Historian Frank Norris stated in an interview that "According to historian Gerald T. Ahnert, 'pulling up to a Butterfield stage station was like making a NASCAR pit stop.'"

429:

Although there were springs and rain-fed waterholes along the trail, many did not have a sufficient water capacity to supply the line and emigrants. These were dug out to hold a larger capacity. Cisterns were constructed at some of the stations and water wagons were used to transport water from

198:"Mr. Butterfield devoted his attention largely to lines running North and South. At the height of stage coaching he had forty lines running from Utica as headquarters to Ogdensburg and Sacketts Harbor on the North, and South to the Pennsylvania line, and through Chemung and Susquehanna valleys." 2474:

https://books.google.com/books?id=AqEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA14-PA1&dq=%22contract+with+overland+mail+company%22++46th+congress&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_IPK5_XdAhUSPq0KHXQXDoIQuwUIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22contract%20with%20overland%20mail%20company%22%20%2046th%20congress&f=false

1014:

In behalf of the Overland Mail Company, the order was signed by president W.B. Dinsmore. William B. Dinsmore became president after John Butterfield was voted out as president. Butterfield still remained a stockholder. The Pony Express was terminated before the end of the contract because the

214:

Through the 1840s and 1850s there was a desire for better communication between the east and west coasts of the United States. There were several proposals for railroads connecting the two coasts. A more immediate realization was an overland mail route across the west. Congress authorized the

1802:

https://books.google.com/books?id=gG9HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA739&dq=%22postmaster+General%22+Appendix+%22great+Overland+Mail%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir46Wno8HPAhVIMSYKHfw4Ab4Q6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22postmaster%20General%22%20Appendix%20%22great%20Overland%20Mail%22&f=false

470:

Sir – Your dispatch has been received. I cordially congratulate you upon the result. It is a glorious triumph for civilization and the Union. Settlements will soon follow the course of the road, and the East and West will be bound together by a chain of living Americans, which can never be

859:, on Tuesday evening last, six stages, and on Wednesday, Mr. Glover left to the direction of El Paso with four of them.... The stages were manufactured at Concord, New Hampshire, according to directions given by Col. John Butterfield. They will accommodate from six to nine passengers...." 402:, a passenger on the first stagecoach going west in September 1858, wrote in his reports of Marquis L. Kenyon's part in building the trail and the advantage for emigrants. He writes about the many improvements on the Texas side of the Red River starting about eight miles below Preston. 2775:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company and Pony Express history. 2255:, which published "…the particulars of an interview had with Mr. J.T. Chidester, a member of the firm of Chidester, Reeside & Co., upon the western end of the route, between Memphis and Fort Smith, who came down to superintend the departure of the first train." 2154:

Special Collections, Tuck Library, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire. Historian Gerald T. Ahnert visited the archives twice and found that the original order book for June and July 1858 was missing. This was the time period for Butterfield's

801:"After leaving this station , the conductor asked 'how many of us were armed', and requested that those who had arms should have them ready for use, as we now were in the Apache country. Guns and pistols were produced, and we rode all night with them in our hands." 386:

Los Angeles to San Francisco. Settlements and wagon roads used by local stage lines were strung out between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Some existing structures, such as ranch houses and hotels were contracted as stage stations. One of the most famous is

2540:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company's history. 1024:, Waterman L. Ormsby, remarked after his 2,812-mile (4,525 km) trek through the western US to San Francisco on a Butterfield Stagecoach thus: "Had I not just come out over the route, I would be perfectly willing to go back, but I now know what 1935:

Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P. M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D.C., October 1858," pp.

355:

Another report describes the arrival of the two parties at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and tells us that the choice for the trail did not satisfy Kenyon and his party and they returned from El Paso, Texas, by a different route, which became the trail.

268:

and most lived near Butterfield's home in Utica, New York. Alexander Holland was Butterfield's son-in-law and treasurer of the Overland Mail Company. Dinsmore was vice-president of the company. The office for the company was in New York City.

2379:

Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York, and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona

1508:

Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P.M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D. C., October 18,

1382:. The railroad was not completed through Arizona until 1879, eighteen years after Butterfield's Overland Mail Company ceased its service through Arizona. Also Butterfield never used his name on a stagecoach, only "Overland Mail Company." 731:

As noted above, the route from San Francisco to Fort Smith was the same for both routes. Travel time from Fort Smith to Memphis was about the same as to St. Louis. Management of the route from Fort Smith to Memphis was included in

320:, was the dividing point and these two were subdivided into minor divisions, five in the East and four in the West. These minor divisions were numbered west to east from San Francisco, each under the direction of a superintendent. 1363:

Congress passed a bill designating the Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail in 2022. The trail covers 3,292 miles in eight states. The bill uniquely includes a provision specifying that the trail shall not hinder any

337:

After winning the contract on September 16, 1857, Butterfield had one year to organize the trail and immediately sent his hand-picked team, headed by Marquis L. Kenyon, to San Francisco to begin the task. The steamer

2523:

Kirby Sanders, "Butterfield Overland Trail Friends," facebook site. Sanders was the administer of the site until his death. The site is for historians interested in the Butterfield Trail, as well as for the public.

1141:, Arizona's western Confederate capital, which housed one of two territorial courts; the other court was in Mesilla. All said engagements happened in the Confederate Arizona and Arkansas sectors of the mail route. 2972: 767:

down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas River, navigate up that river to Little Rock, and on from there by stagecoach. When the Arkansas was too low for steamboat traffic, the Butterfield could take the

1072:

propose erecting intermediate stations every twelve miles, on account of the greater amount of horses required for the accomplishment of the journey within the specified time of sixteen days from St. Joseph to

997:

When the Overland Mail Company Contract No. 12578 was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, the contract was amended on March 12, 1861, to include the Pony Express. The new contract stated the following:

959:

All the stages that weren't in use were distributed at stations along the 2,700-mile trail. At the closing of Butterfield’s operations on the Southern Overland Trail in March 1861, because of the start of the

742:

and its Arkansas tributaries in those years, the southern route necessarily utilized various alternative routes and methods of travel. At that time, there was no Mississippi River bridge at Memphis, and the

2747:, A Cochise County Historical Publication, Vol. 46 No. 1 – Spring/Summer 2016, 50th Anniversary Issue, All articles were by Gerald T. Ahnert concerning the history of Butterfield's Overland Mail Company. 2047:

Richardson, "Butterfield Overland Mail": "As of 1858 the route extended from San Francisco to Los Angeles, thence by Fort Yuma, California, and Tucson, Arizona, to Franklin, Texas (present El Paso)."

875:

mules, and a wagon or coach for every thirty miles, of the route, while arrangements have been made at all the stations for changing horses, feeding, &c., so that they can run straight through."

1305: 3871: 1727: 257:; James V.P. Gardner of Utica, New York; Marquis L. Kenyon of Rome, New York; Alexander Holland of New York City; and Hamilton Spencer of Bloomington, Illinois. There were four others known as 1129:. Confederates attempted to keep the stations from Tucson to Mesilla open while they destroyed the stations from Tucson to Yuma which were used to supply the Union army as it advanced through 4661: 453:

There were two bridges in Arizona. One was across the San Simon River near San Simon Stage Station, and the other across the San Pedro River just north of the San Pedro River Stage Station.

202:

By 1857, when John was awarded the Overland Mail Company contract, he had had 37 years of experience working for and running stage lines. This was one of the reasons that Postmaster General

2335:, “Surviving the Ride on a Butterfield Stagecoach,” Volume 53, Number 4, August 2015, pp. 220–225. This article tells correspondents humorous accounts about riding on Butterfield’s stages. 2842:

Skeleton map of the overland mail route to California. Route adopted by the department traced in green. Route proposed by John Butterfield and others (who were the lowest bidders) in red

1332: 1320: 1610:

Lieutenant John G. Parke, Exploration and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Route near the 32d Parallel & Coast Route Cal., 1854–1855.

2552:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, "1861, March 12. Ordered that the overland mail service on route 12578 be discontinued," p. 4 4576: 1800:

trip on the first Butterfield stage to leave San Francisco heading east. He lists all the stations and their divisions. He also lists the time that he traveled on these divisions.

4899: 1757:

in footnote 151 on p. 131, publisher Huntington Library stated nothing has been found concerning Garner, of Utica, New York, or Kinyon, of Rome, NY. The other misspellings are

4594: 3644: 5109: 4710: 4570: 3968: 2752:

Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own, The Architects of the Butterfield Trail – Marquis L. Kenyon and John Butterfield Jr. add a Personal Touch to Arizona

2059: 863:

Another article a week later in the same Memphis newspaper stated that 60 more were to come. The use of "Concord" stagecoaches was also mentioned by correspondent Ormsby.

430:

distant sources to fill the cisterns. At the Hueco Tanks in Texas, correspondent Ormsby tells of the tanks being enlarged by Butterfield to hold a year's supply of water.

2965: 5336: 4816: 4610: 1462: 913:"The vehicles used upon the road between Fort Smith are of the description known as Celerity wagons…. The company have over one hundred of these coaches on the ground…" 1060:

Only enough equipment and employees were transferred to stock the trail from Carson City, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah. A June 1861 newspaper accounted the details:

4826: 4600: 5331: 5256: 4472: 2985: 1620: 1360:

concluded its Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment in 2018 and determined that it would be feasible and desirable as part of the National Trails System.

734: 658: 4741: 4730: 4717: 4681: 4666: 4605: 3436: 570: 551: 5261: 5155: 4867: 4806: 1908:, Only Through Passenger on the First Westbound Stage, Edited by Lyle H. Wright and Johnson M. Bynum, The Huntington Library, San Marino California, 1991, p. 42. 175:

was a descendant of Benjamin Butterfield, who brought his family from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. His father, Daniel Butterfield, lived at

5488: 5281: 5236: 4862: 4857: 4836: 4801: 4686: 4582: 1477: 1184:

was another destination along the route that was rebuilt after the Civil War. It is on one of the last sections of the trail that still exists: The segment of

532: 1230:

features a stainless steel pyramid erected in 1958 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which passed south of the mountain.

312:

The contract with the U.S. Post Office, which went into effect on September 16, 1858, identified the route and divided it into eastern and western divisions.

5316: 5271: 5266: 5241: 4735: 3284: 5306: 4821: 4312: 2945:

Unfortunately this article is not primary source reference and contains some errors. Wells Fargo Co. did not take over Butterfield's Overland Mail Company.

1499:

Waterman L. Ormsby, edited by Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, "The Butterfield Overland Mail", The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, 1991.

390:, which is preserved as a historic site. Kenyon's hardest task building the trail was east of Los Angeles, where his trail was mostly in the open desert. 5326: 5291: 5246: 5175: 4465: 4019: 3183: 2388:

G. Bailey, Report of the Postmaster General, Appendix, p. 739 (the time the stage left San Francisco) & 744 (the total number of hours to St. Louis).

487:

of cattle and sheep. The old complaints of the immigrants are at present unheard of, owing to the better knowledge of the country now so readily obtained

1053:. The last Overland Mail Company mail bag left St. Louis, Missouri, March 18, 1861. This last mail arrived in San Francisco, California April 13, 1861. 823:

Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagon partly designed by John Butterfield. Sixty-six were employed from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.

5418: 2601:, California, June 11, 1861, “Letter from Salt Lake, From our Special Correspondent." Note: The complete article can be accessed by the following link 1446: 480:"The San Diego Overland Route – Interesting News – From I.C. Woods, who has just crossed the continent on the San Diego and San Antonio Line, says the 245:. It was a stockholding company and the main stockholders, besides John Butterfield, were also fellow directors of the company: William B. Dinsmore of 5473: 3961: 2410:

John Butterfield, Overland Mail Company Through Time Schedule between St. Louis, Mo./Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal., No. 1, Sep. 16th, 1858

1431: 1293: 1068:. These are the stations now in use and to be continued, from the facilities they afford of proximity to wood, water and feed; but I am informed the 5478: 5453: 5443: 4676: 4305: 4253: 2802: 280:

greater ability, qualification and experience than anybody else to carry out a mail service, John Butterfield & Co. was selected and preferred.

3776:, a later station operating in 1860, 14 miles east from French Johns and 13 miles north from Clayton's Station (formerly Widow Smith's Station). 2858: 2844: 2830: 2087:

Special Instructions to Conductors, Agents, Drivers & Employees, John Butterfield, Order No. 8. A copy of these instructions was published in

5483: 4724: 2872: 1521:

Aaron V. Brown, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, Contract with J. Butterfield and Co. p. 1.

5458: 5448: 5438: 5408: 2960: 5433: 3238: 3193: 1441: 639: 39: 5413: 4478: 4131: 4120: 4109: 4098: 4083: 3788: 3312: 3306: 3173: 1424: 1082: 866:

There were many similar descriptions of Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagons given by newspaper correspondents. One was given by Ormsby:

234:

that the express companies could do a better job than the Overland Mail Company drew a sharp rebuttal from a Washington, D.C., newspaper.

5463: 5393: 1992:, "Colonel Bonneville to the General-in-chief, Headquarters Department of New Mexico, Santa Fe, July 15, 1859," Washington, 1860, p. 300 2870:

The colorful Butterfield Overland Stage. Reproductions in color of 20 paintings by Marjorie Reed from the collection of James S. Copley

2740:, Canastota Publishing, Co. Inc., Canastota, New York, 2011. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Arizona. 1278: 194:

After his employment with other stage lines, John decided to use this experience for running his own stage lines in Upstate New York.

4037: 2715: 2602: 2447:, Postmaster General, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858, pp. 742–743 1251: 608: 589: 3766: 2797: 827: 4026: 3701: 3300: 2498: 1419: 1158: 513: 387: 241:, who was president for the contract that was named the Overland Mail Company. This was the longest mail contract awarded in the 2056: 1868:, New York, Utica Man Linked East with West, John Butterfield Established Overland Mail Route Half a Century Ago, March 23, 1909 5116: 4989: 4780: 4531: 4377: 4191: 3904: 3499: 3417: 3409: 3139: 1648:

Abstract of Bids, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc., No. 48, Post Office Department

172: 797:

territory. In October 1859 correspondent Farwell was a passenger heading east on a Butterfield stage and wrote the following:

2348:, "Butterfield Overland Trail," January 2015. This article is about the proposal for the Butterfield National Historic Trail. 1081:, the abandoned Butterfield route between Texas and Southern California operated under a new Federal contract as part of the 3832: 1002:"And to be required also, during the continuance of their contract, or until completion of the overland telegraph, to run a 4015: 1990:

The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, First Session, Thirty-Sixth Contress, 1859–60

1587:

History of Oneida County, New York: with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers

1236: 5428: 5423: 4444: 4001: 3256: 2982: 1646: 1624: 1357: 1154: 141: 2816: 5398: 2917: 2689: 1701: 1436: 5226: 5140: 5070: 4671: 3932:. The 2nd Division headquarters was in a brick building, consisting of an office, blacksmith shop, stables and sheds. 3357: 3203: 1227: 985:

September 16, 1858. The mail was carried by railroad for the first 160 miles (260 km) from St. Louis to Tipton.

832: 1006:

semi-weekly at a schedule time of ten days, eight months of the year, and twelve days four months of the year , and

136:, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the 3666: 3188: 1181: 1118: 744: 449:"Fourteen miles from Boggy Depot we came to Blue River station, where a heavy bridge is building for the company." 183:, near Albany, N.Y., where John was born. He attended schools near his boyhood home, but his education was meager. 129: 1947:

The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress

1391:, featuring several main characters under the employ of Butterfield: District Manager, Station Agent, and Driver. 4564: 3208: 2951: 1467: 1414: 1216: 1114: 1087: 901:

Butterfield subcontracted the section between Des Arc and Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Chidester, Reeside & Co.:

137: 294:, was 600 miles (970 km) longer than the Central Overland Trail, but had the advantage of being snow free. 4051: 2564:, California, April 5, 1861, “Letter from St. Louis, from our Special Correspondent, St. Louis, March 19, 1861. 237:

Mail Contract No. 12,578 for $ 600,000 per annum for a semi-weekly service was assigned to John Butterfield of

2664: 1532: 1200:. Potts Inn was finished in 1859 and was a popular stop along the route. It survives as a museum owned by the 780:, before switching to the stagecoaches. Sometimes the entire route across eastern Arkansas would be by stage. 3872:

Notes of a Trip to Los Angeles No. 1, Daily Alta California, Volume 12, Number 3888, 5 October 1860 — Page 1

3803: 3769:– Located 14 miles east southeast of Reeds Station, in the vicinity of the mouth of Cow Springs Creek Canyon. 2768:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Texas. 1451: 1078: 2856:

Overland Mail Company: through time schedule between St. Louis, Mo., Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal

2168:, The Senate of the United States, Second Session. Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858. p. 741. 3773: 3694: 3382: 1150: 81: 3987: 3759: 1573:

From an advertisement titled "1827 – Half Century – 1880, The Old Established Butterfield Livery Stable",

1352:

signed Congressional legislation (Sec. 7209 of P.L. 111-11) to conduct a study of designating the trail a

4318: 4270: 3527: 3228: 1510: 1365: 1126: 411:

though only opened one month before I passed over it, it was already pretty well marked with wagon tracks

5363: 5079: 4341: 4154: 3860: 1266: 5403: 4982: 4773: 4524: 4370: 4184: 4105: 3954: 3897: 3492: 3340: 3132: 3001: 2855: 2841: 2827: 2761:, Yucca Enterprises, 2005. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in New Mexico. 1170: 1166: 1042: 291: 276:... a route which no contractor had bid for, but one which in the judgement of A.V. Brown, of Memphis, 2869: 2716:"BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL DESIGNATION ACT; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 200" 230:, bid on the contract because, as of yet, they had no experience running stage lines. A suggestion by 4498: 4459: 3807: 3734: 3553: 3427: 1544: 1094: 976:

Overland mail commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office, 100th Anniversary, October 10, 1958

378: 351:

and the Southern route – (but little traveled heretofore,) pronounced by them, as an excellent road."

278:

had more advantages than any other, and, as John Butterfield & Co. had, in the opinion of Brown,

24: 20: 3783:(Clayton's Station, Major Gordon's Station) – Located 24 miles from French John's Station, in upper 4408: 4127: 3780: 3659: 3586: 3352: 1378: 1138: 1102: 5094: 4967: 4758: 4509: 4355: 4275: 4169: 3882: 3477: 4438: 4432: 4287: 4145: 3784: 3727: 3687: 3637: 3597: 3394: 3156: 2603:

https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18610611&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1

1409: 1353: 148: 3741: 1093:

At least four battles of the American Civil War occurred at or near Butterfield mail posts, the

5251: 5190: 5165: 5040: 4951: 4626: 4454: 3980: 3847: 3575: 3453: 3399: 3148: 2899: 1098: 1046: 769: 748: 3762:– Located 8 miles southeast of Fort Tejon, near, to the south of the summit of the Tejon Pass. 2369:

Edwin R. Purple, The New York State Genealogical and Biographical Record, New York, July, 1879

5286: 5185: 5102: 5055: 5025: 4975: 4766: 4517: 4420: 4363: 4248: 4236: 4230: 4177: 4044: 3929: 3890: 3648: 3626: 3619: 3608: 3539: 3531: 3485: 3327: 3125: 2633: 2613: 2472:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 46th Congress, 3d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 21, p. 7. 1472: 1201: 1122: 348: 180: 1675: 5468: 5170: 5160: 5145: 5060: 5035: 4831: 4691: 4293: 4068: 3936: 3655: 3561: 1314:

summit, with a pyramid commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail

1284: 1193: 663: 97: 1753:

have been unable to find information concerning Kenyon's history. In Waterman L. Ormsby's

8: 5231: 5180: 5065: 5050: 5045: 5015: 4636: 4493: 4483: 4449: 4323: 4265: 4116: 4094: 4033: 3994: 3828: 3708: 3673: 3604: 3389: 3377: 3372: 1130: 1106: 819: 773: 698: 3751:– Located 15 miles southwest of Sink of Tejon Station, north of and below the summit of 2779: 2645: 2634:

National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination: Oak Grove Butterfield Station

5296: 5276: 5210: 5030: 5010: 4933: 4914: 4872: 4704: 4426: 4259: 4242: 4138: 4064:

miles east southeast of Carrizo Creek Station, 15 miles west northwest of Indian Wells.

3947: 3814: 3579: 3568: 1189: 1050: 961: 644: 85: 2942: 2502: 5301: 5205: 5200: 5020: 4894: 4877: 4811: 4641: 4079: 4072: 4008: 3839: 3795: 3719: 3630: 3615: 3464: 3335: 3075: 3039: 2921: 2913: 2784: 2650: 2322:, San Francisco, “Letter from our Overland Correspondent,” Tuesday, November 16, 1858 2117:, San Francisco, "Letter from our Overland Correspondent," Tuesday, November 16, 1858 1396: 1162: 777: 756: 752: 739: 254: 3523:– Western terminus and 1st Division headquarters, located in downtown San Francisco. 1577:, June 1st, 1880, Published by the Utica Directory Co., 167 Genesee St., Utica, N.Y. 164: 80:

service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and

5345: 5341: 5321: 5311: 5195: 4955: 4841: 4398: 4299: 4224: 3798:– Located 10 miles south of Widow Smith's Station in lower San Francisquito Canyon. 3680: 3178: 2525: 694: 689: 265: 250: 219: 101: 3560:

San Jose Station – Located 11 miles south of Mountain View Station in the city of

323: 5150: 4747: 4403: 4328: 3943: 3087: 3063: 3027: 2989: 2976: 2955: 2876: 2862: 2848: 2834: 2820: 2360:, Frankfort, Kentucky, "Later from Texas, Fort Smith, Feb. 20," February 22, 1861 2063: 1387: 1257: 1134: 1020: 613: 575: 238: 176: 2828:

Letter to the postmaster general in relations to the overland mail to California

1890:

For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert,

1299:

Advertising poster for a similar but later service between California and Oregon

923:

are listed as being born in New York State. Correspondent Ormsby reported that:

783: 4927: 4904: 4631: 4588: 4281: 3850:. The first station of the 1st Division, it was located 12 miles northwest of 3266: 3261: 3233: 3223: 3051: 3015: 2803:

Historic Places on the Old Stage Line from Fort Smith to Red River – Appendix A

1311: 1243: 1223: 1208: 1177: 1041:

Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company was ordered to transfer the company to the

909:

In an interview Chidester stated that he was using Butterfield's stage wagons:

760: 594: 313: 203: 133: 3117: 272:

Why John Butterfield was chosen was stated by Postmaster General Aaron Brown:

5387: 4909: 4488: 4414: 4212: 3972: 3843: 3520: 3367: 3362: 3347: 2813: 1185: 992: 518: 445:

Other improvements to the trail by Butterfield were the building of bridges:

372: 246: 242: 223: 93: 3722:(Kern River Station) – Located 10 miles south of Posey Creek Station on the 1394:

A Butterfield Overland stagecoach is also featured in the 2015 western film

1368:

project. The Park Service will develop a comprehensive administration plan.

4651: 4646: 4218: 3590: 3546: 3538:

Sun Water Station – Located 9 miles south of Clarks Station in what is now

3218: 3213: 3198: 3165: 3111: 3099: 2814:

The overland mail, 1849–1869: promoter of settlement precursor of railroads

1533:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aft3376.0001.001;view=1up;seq=1

1457: 1385:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is the main subject of the 1965 film

1349: 1137:

and others led to a significant delay to the Union advance, postponing the

4082:– a later station, located 15 miles southeast of Indian Wells Station, in 2925: 2623:, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Spring 1969, Volume 15, Number 2 1564:, edited by Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, The Grafton Press, New York, 1904 4656: 3925: 3851: 3276: 2983:

Texas Historical Society: Butterfield Overland Mail Company in Bridgeport

1212: 1110: 1109:. Four clashes between the Apache and Confederate or Union forces in the 537: 227: 2994: 2422:, California, December 1, 1858. This ad appeared until January 10, 1858. 972: 3752: 3748: 3723: 3712: 1545:"S.3519 - Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail Designation Act" 302: 159: 125: 113: 77: 2948: 1511:

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c109481050;view=1up;seq=745

1008:

to convey for the Government free of charge five pounds of mail matter

5364:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 5349: 5080:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 4342:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 4155:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 3861:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route"" 2937: 2738:

The Butterfield Trail and Overland Mail Company in Arizona, 1858–1861

1728:"Torn-Down Tuesday: The Fargo Mansion, home of a Wells Fargo founder" 1197: 981: 764: 556: 264:

Almost all of the stockholders were connected to other businesses in

89: 4101:, 38 miles east of Indian Wells Station, no water except at station. 4018:– Located 10 miles southeast of Warner's Ranch, northwest of nearby 1815:(New York), obituary, The Late Hon. M.L. Kinyon (sic), April 3, 1862 5124: 4997: 4788: 4539: 4385: 4199: 4134:, 22 miles east of Alamo Mocho Station, no water except at station. 4087: 3971:– Located 10 miles southeast of Temescal Station, near present-day 3912: 3507: 2066:

History & Architecture: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.

1376:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is featured in the 1957 film

790: 128:

ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the

105: 2665:"ParkPlanning - Butterfield Overland Trail Special Resource Study" 4550: 2754:(Revised Edition 2017), NoBottomGulch Publications, Syracuse, NY. 1613: 1207:

When it was first established, the route proceeded due east from

317: 117: 4071:– Located 32 miles southeast of Carisso Creek, near present day 3578:– Located 13 miles south of Seventeen Mile House in what is now 2005:, Series I, Volume L, Fort Thorn, Arizona, July 6. 1862, p. 121. 2766:

The Texas Frontier and The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1858–1861

2491: 1769:. All of these have also been used without the middle initial. 1338:

Butterfield Overland Mail trail remnant at Apache Pass, Arizona

794: 763:

was high enough, the mail could instead travel from Memphis by

759:. From there the route headed overland by stagecoach. When the 324:

Kenyon and Butterfield Jr.: architects of the Butterfield Trail

121: 4112:, 9 miles east of Alamo Mocho and 9 miles west of Seven Wells. 3658:– Located 17 miles southeast of Elkhorn Spring Station on the 2129:, "The Mud Wagon", John and Mildred Frizzell, May 1976, p. 140 1601:, Oswego, New York, "Butterfield Stables Sold," June 13, 1894. 1169:. Both properties, 20 miles (32 km) apart, were declared 209: 186:

John's early involvement with stage lines started about 1820.

3248: 2949:

Over-land.com: Official Millennium Trail – The Overland Trail

2057:

The Butterfield Overland Mail Route Lucian Wood Road Segment.

784:

Butterfield's stagecoaches, celerity wagons, and water wagons

307:

The stage routes from a Butterfield Overland Mail Company map

109: 2943:

Desert USA.com: John Butterfield + Butterfield Overland Mail

1215:; the remains of a stagecoach stop are still visible at the 3983:– a later station, 11 miles south of Laguna Grande Station. 3964:– Located 20 miles southeast of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino. 2995:

Butterfield Express under the Confederate States of America

2251:, California, October 13, 1858. The article was taken from 1463:

Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States

1025: 433:

In June 1860 Butterfield passenger Wallace reported to the

4108:– a later station, located south of the Mexican border in 3744:– Located 14 miles southwest of Kern River Slough Station. 993:

Pony Express as part of the Overland Mail Company contract

373:

John Butterfield makes the Southern Overland Trail his own

3997:– Located 14 miles east of Temecula Station, near Aguanga 3842:– Located 12 miles southeast of Mission San Fernando, in 3618:– Located 13 miles southeast of Lone Willow Station near 3530:– Located 12 miles south of San Francisco in what is now 4047:– Located 9 miles east southeast of Palm Spring Station. 3928:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cahuenga Station in the 3647:– Located 22 miles east of Fresno City near present-day 2826:

Butterfield, J., Fargo, W.G., & Holland, A. (1857).

413:. …It must of course improve with every day of its use." 4119:– a later well, located south of the Mexican border in 4086:, 14 miles west of Alamo Mocho Station, in present day 2279:, California, October 13, 1858. Article reprinted from 1839:, The Overland Mail Route, Utica, New York, May 4, 1858 494:

Route divisions of the Butterfield Overland Mail route

3990:– Located 21 miles southeast of Laguna Grande Station. 3629:– Located 15 miles southeast of Temples Ranch, on the 3469: 2961:

1958 Overland Mail Centennial U.S. commemorative stamp

2690:"Butterfield Trail gets national historic designation" 2616:

The Jackass Mail – San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line

1892:

Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own.

1786:

Immigrant Roads and Mail Routes across the Continent,

1623:. Bridgeport, Texas Historical Society. Archived from 1531:

General also contains references from Woods' day book.

1478:

Butterfield Overland Mail Company Los Angeles Building

2999: 2896:

The overland mail and passenger service. p. 156.

2854:

Overland Mail Company, & Butterfield, J. (1858).

1856:, Return of the Overland Mail Expedition, May 3, 1858 1575:

Francis & Stewart's Utica City Directory for 1880

1562:

A biographical memorial of General Daniel Butterfield

1524: 1326:

Butterfield historical marker at Apache Pass, Arizona

1036: 405:

A lengthy new section of road in Texas is described:

4036:– Located 9 miles southeast of Vallecito Station at 3704:– Located 12 miles south of Fountain Spring Station. 3676:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cross Creek Station. 2809:

11:2 (June 1933) 821–822 (accessed August 16, 2006).

1495: 1493: 160:

John Butterfield: president of Overland Mail Company

4029:– Located 18 miles southeast of San Felipe Station. 3711:– Located 15 miles southwest of Mountain House, on 3697:– Located 14 miles southeast of Tule River Station. 1777:

were sometimes used in Upstate New York newspapers.

364:John Jr.'s obituary summarized his accomplishment: 19:"Overland Mail" redirects here. For the films, see 4950:miles from Sherman Station, ferry crossing of the 4011:– Located 10 miles southeast of Oak Grove Station. 4004:– Located 12 miles southeast of Tejungo Station. 3640:– Located 19 miles southeast of Firebaugh's Ferry. 3589:– Located 18 miles east of Gilroy near the top of 2966:"Panning for history along Cache la Poudre River" 2636:, National Park Service, accessed 18 November 2009 1447:Butterfield Overland Mail in Arkansas and Missouri 142:San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line (Jackass Mail) 3957:– Located 12 miles southeast of Rancho San Jose. 3669:– Located 15 miles southeast of Whitmore's Ferry. 1651:. U.S. Government Printing Office. March 3, 1859. 1490: 1432:Butterfield Overland Mail in New Mexico Territory 393: 5385: 3946:– Located 12 miles east of Monte in present-day 3607:– Located 18 miles east of St. Louis Ranch near 2526:https://www.facebook.com/groups/338802216162970/ 845: 738:. However, because of the untamed nature of the 3806:– Located 12 miles south of King's Station, in 3147: 2908:Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994. 2196:, Tennessee, July 21, 1858, reprinted from the 2180:, Tennessee, July 13, 1858, reprinted from the 2029:, October 29, 1859 (italics added for emphasis) 1877:Frank Norris, Historian National Park Service, 1661:The California Overland Mail Company Contract, 1015:telegraph line was completed October 24, 1861. 96:. The routes from each eastern terminus met at 4148:– Located 10 miles east of Pilot Knob Station. 2632:Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (1975) 2456:National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, 2141:, Buffalo, New York, Saturday, June 26, 1858, 2038:Wright, "Historic Places – Appendix A", p. 821 398:Waterman L. Ormsby, the correspondent for the 290:because of its long curving route through the 5489:National Historic Trails of the United States 5110: 4983: 4774: 4525: 4371: 4185: 3898: 3690:– Located 14 miles south of Packwood Station. 3549:– Located 9 miles south of Sun Water Station. 3493: 3133: 2879:. Palm Desert, Calif: Best-West Publications. 1515: 1502: 1442:Butterfield Overland Mail in Indian Territory 980:Butterfield's Overland Mail Company held the 377:The history of the Butterfield Trail and the 76:(officially the Overland Mail Company) was a 44:"The Overland Mail Coach," illustration from 2938:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail 1917:Ormsby, p. 44. (Italics added for emphasis). 1425:Butterfield Overland Mail in Baja California 954: 2017:, Washington, D.C., October 11, 1858, p. 2. 1895:and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona 1589:, Philadelphian, Everts & Fariss, 1878. 855:"The Overland Mail Company received by the 726: 210:Awarding the Overland Mail Company contract 5117: 5103: 4990: 4976: 4930:– Located 15 miles from Diamond's Station. 4781: 4767: 4532: 4518: 4378: 4364: 4192: 4178: 3905: 3891: 3827:miles southeast of Hart's Station, in the 3737:– Located 12 miles south of Gordons Ferry. 3500: 3486: 3140: 3126: 1702:"William G. Fargo "Expressing" the Nation" 1343: 1149:There are two surviving stage stations in 38: 5419:Trails and roads in the American Old West 4455:Miembre's River (Rio Mimbres, Mowry City) 4141:– Located 18 miles east of Cooke's Wells. 4130:– Located south of the Mexican border in 4097:– Located south of the Mexican border in 3556:– Located 12 miles south of Redwood City. 3239:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route 2239:, pp. 49, 53–55, 66, 68, 94, 123–124, 139 1881:, "Butterfield Overland Mail," pp. 15–20. 945: 814: 5474:1857 establishments in the United States 3600:– Located 17 miles east of Pacheco Pass. 2979:Article about the Central Overland Trail 2626: 2576:, San Francisco, Sunday, April 14, 1861. 1945:"Contract with J. Butterfield and Co.," 1049:, because of the impending start of the 971: 826: 818: 301: 163: 16:Stagecoach service in the US (1858–1861) 5479:Transport companies established in 1857 5454:Historic trails and roads in New Mexico 5444:Historic trails and roads in California 3939:– Located 13 miles east of Los Angeles. 2892:The overland mail and passenger service 2823:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1420:Butterfield Overland Mail in California 218:None of the express companies, such as 5484:American companies established in 1857 5386: 2868:Reed, M., & Pourade, R.F. (1966). 2607: 2267:, Arkansas, Friday, September 16, 1858 5459:Historic trails and roads in Oklahoma 5449:Historic trails and roads in Missouri 5439:Historic trails and roads in Arkansas 5409:History of United States expansionism 5098: 4971: 4762: 4513: 4359: 4173: 3886: 3571:– Located 17 miles south of San Jose. 3481: 3468: 3121: 2745:The Cochise County Historical Journal 1371: 5434:Historic trails and roads in Arizona 2796:. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, 1901. 1827:, Washington City, November 23, 1857 1665:, Washington, D. C., April 29, 1858. 747:ran from Hopefield near present-day 426:growing crops which aided the line. 5414:Postal history of the United States 5369:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 5085:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 4347:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 4160:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 3866:. New York Times. October 14, 1858. 3683:– Located 12 miles east of Visalia. 3285:Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail 2906:900 Miles on the Butterfield Trail. 2759:The Butterfield Trail in New Mexico 2550:Contract with Overland Mail Company 2470:Contract with Overland Mail Company 1967:William A Wallace, "The Stations," 1949:, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, p. 4. 1621:"Butterfield Overland Mail Company" 1155:Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station 751:, only to a point 12 miles east of 13: 5464:Historic trails and roads in Texas 5394:Butterfield Overland Mail stations 3833:Mission San Fernando Rey de España 3470:Butterfield Overland Mail stations 2883: 1437:Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas 1192:. Also in Arkansas is the town of 1144: 1037:Transfer to Central Overland Trail 805: 14: 5500: 4662:Deadman's Hole Spring (El Muerto) 3184:El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail 2931: 1228:Guadalupe Mountains National Park 896: 833:Guadalupe Mountains National Park 457:Butterfield for his achievement: 3189:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 2794:The Overland Stage to California 2621:The Journal of San Diego History 2587:The Overland Stage to California 2499:"Waterman Lilly Ormsby 18341919" 2166:Report of the Postmaster General 1765:on the 1860 Federal Census, and 1331: 1319: 1304: 1292: 1277: 1265: 1250: 1235: 1182:Pea Ridge National Military Park 1119:Second Battle of Dragoon Springs 931: 917: 745:Memphis and Little Rock Railroad 4123:, 18 miles east of Alamo Mucho. 2730: 2708: 2682: 2657: 2639: 2592: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2530: 2517: 2478: 2463: 2450: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2404: 2391: 2382: 2372: 2363: 2351: 2338: 2325: 2312: 2299: 2286: 2270: 2258: 2242: 2229: 2216: 2203: 2187: 2171: 2158: 2148: 2132: 2120: 2107: 2094: 2081: 2069: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1995: 1983: 1974: 1961: 1952: 1939: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1898: 1884: 1871: 1859: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1793: 1780: 1746: 1720: 1694: 1668: 1655: 1639: 1604: 1415:San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line 1217:Hueco Tanks State Historic Site 1115:First Battle of Dragoon Springs 882: 4577:Cornudas de Los Alamos Station 4399:Seneca Spring (Cienaga Spring) 2890:Swensen, Henry Edward (1911). 1592: 1580: 1567: 1555: 1537: 394:Sections shortened or improved 1: 4075:, no water except at station. 4054:– a later station, located 17 2399:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2307:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2294:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2237:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2224:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2211:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2102:The Butterfield Overland Mail 2089:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1906:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1755:The Butterfield Overland Mail 1483: 1452:Butterfield Overland Despatch 1348:On March 30, 2009, President 1079:Confederate States of America 967: 846:Butterfield stage manufacture 228:Wells Fargo & Co. Express 100:, and then continued through 2889: 2789:. Retrieved 2006-08-22. 2501:. Ormsby.org. Archived from 7: 3667:Head of Cross Creek Station 3194:Juan Bautista de Anza Trail 3149:U.S. National Trails System 2875:September 26, 2007, at the 2861:September 29, 2007, at the 2847:September 29, 2007, at the 2833:September 29, 2007, at the 2819:September 29, 2007, at the 2145:, California, July 31, 1858 1706:The Buffalo History Gazette 1468:Stockton – Los Angeles Road 1403: 1260:reconstructed stage station 1171:National Historic Landmarks 1127:Skirmish in Doubtful Canyon 492: 147:The route was designated a 10: 5505: 5429:1860s in the United States 5424:1850s in the United States 4642:Birchville (Smith's Ranch) 4571:Ojos de los Alamos Station 4439:Mexican Springs (Barney's) 3955:Rancho Santa Ana del Chino 3428:National Recreation Trails 3313:Star-Spangled Banner Trail 3307:Overmountain Victory Trail 2840:Butterfield, J.W. (1857). 1167:Warner Springs, California 461:"Washington, Oct. 9, 1858 206:awarded him the contract. 154: 140:had been delivered by the 84:from two eastern termini, 18: 5399:Butterfield Overland Mail 5359: 5219: 5133: 5126:Butterfield Overland Mail 5006: 4999:Butterfield Overland Mail 4923: 4887: 4850: 4797: 4790:Butterfield Overland Mail 4700: 4619: 4557: 4548: 4541:Butterfield Overland Mail 4394: 4387:Butterfield Overland Mail 4337: 4208: 4201:Butterfield Overland Mail 3921: 3914:Butterfield Overland Mail 3735:Kern River Slough Station 3516: 3509:Butterfield Overland Mail 3475: 3446: 3426: 3408: 3326: 3293: 3275: 3247: 3229:Selma to Montgomery Trail 3164: 3155: 2780:Butterfield Overland Mail 2646:Butterfield Overland Mail 2062:February 1, 2014, at the 1196:, which was built around 1095:Battle of Stanwix Station 1088:Transcontinental Railroad 1083:Overland Mail Corporation 955:Extant Butterfield stages 711: 688: 657: 638: 607: 588: 569: 550: 531: 512: 507: 504: 501: 498: 261:(security against loss). 168:Butterfield and signature 94:San Francisco, California 74:Butterfield Overland Mail 61: 53: 37: 33:Butterfield Overland Mail 25:Overland Mail (1939 film) 21:Overland Mail (1942 film) 3353:Continental Divide Trail 3303:(motor, land, and water) 3157:National Historic Trails 2194:The Memphis Daily Appeal 2178:The Memphis Daily Appeal 2003:The War of the Rebellion 1680:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1103:Second Battle of Mesilla 1018:A correspondent for the 727:San Francisco to Memphis 297: 286:The route, known as the 5237:Woolsey's (Signal Hill) 4106:Gardner's Wells Station 4002:Oak Grove Stage Station 3785:San Francisquito Canyon 3726:just above present-day 3695:Fountain Spring Station 3410:National Geologic Trail 3395:Pacific Northwest Trail 2432:San Francisco Bulletin, 2358:Tri Weekly Commonwealth 2091:, by Waterman L. Ormsby 2078:, Sunday, July 22, 1860 2001:Lieut. Col. E.E. Eyre, 1854:New York Herald Tribune 1788:Sacramento Daily Union, 1599:Oswego Weekly Palladium 1410:Southern Emigrant Trail 1354:National Historic Trail 1344:National historic trail 1113:occurred on the route, 417:Another Texas section: 149:national historic trail 130:U.S. postmaster general 3981:Willow Springs Station 3848:Santa Monica Mountains 3645:Elkhorn Spring Station 3454:Triple Crown of Hiking 3400:Potomac Heritage Trail 3328:National Scenic Trails 3249:Natural surface trails 2812:Hafen, L.R.R. (2004). 2807:Chronicles of Oklahoma 2778:Richardson, Rupert N. 2599:Sacramento Daily Union 2562:Sacramento Daily Union 2420:San Francisco Bulletin 2277:Sacramento Daily Union 2249:Sacramento Daily Union 2143:Sacramento Daily Union 2027:Sacramento Daily Union 1676:"William George Fargo" 1454:, an unrelated company 1272:Fort Chadbourne museum 1242:Butterfield marker in 1099:Battle of Picacho Pass 1075: 1047:Central Overland Trail 1012: 977: 946:Sleeping on the stages 943: 929: 915: 907: 894: 872: 861: 835: 824: 815:Stage (celerity) wagon 803: 749:West Memphis, Arkansas 491: 473: 451: 443: 423: 415: 370: 362: 353: 335: 309: 284: 200: 192: 169: 5128:8th Division Stations 5001:7th Division Stations 4792:6th Division Stations 4543:5th Division Stations 4389:4th Division Stations 4203:3rd Division Stations 4128:Cooke's Wells Station 4045:Carrizo Creek Station 3969:Laguna Grande Station 3930:pueblo of Los Angeles 3916:2nd Division Stations 3781:Widow Smith's Station 3767:French John's Station 3742:Sink of Tejon Station 3554:Mountain View Station 3511:1st Division Stations 3301:Lewis and Clark Trail 2954:May 16, 2011, at the 2865:. [S.l: The Company?. 2574:Daily Alta California 2460:, January 2015, p. 17 2320:Daily Alta California 2115:Daily Alta California 1969:Daily Alta California 1627:on September 11, 2011 1358:National Park Service 1159:Oak Grove, California 1133:. The burning of the 1123:Battle of Apache Pass 1066:Butterfield new route 1062: 1000: 975: 939: 925: 911: 903: 890: 868: 853: 830: 822: 799: 478: 465:John Butterfield, Esq 459: 447: 439: 435:Daily Alta California 419: 407: 366: 358: 345: 331: 305: 274: 196: 188: 167: 4832:Fort Belknap Station 4583:Crow Springs Station 4069:Indian Wells Station 3587:Pacheco Pass Station 3569:Seventeen Mile House 3418:Ice Age Floods Trail 3174:Butterfield Overland 2722:. December 22, 2022. 2669:parkplanning.nps.gov 2397:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2333:The Carriage Journal 2305:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2292:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2235:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2222:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2209:Waterman L. Ormsby, 2127:The Western Horseman 2100:Waterman L. Ormsby, 1904:Waterman L. Ormsby, 1866:The Binghamton Press 1850:St. Louis Republican 1837:Oneida Weekly Herald 1813:Utica Daily Observer 1734:. September 15, 2023 1708:. September 15, 2023 1285:Fort Belknap (Texas) 316:, later to be named 98:Fort Smith, Arkansas 5242:Brodie's(Lee Creek) 4595:Independence Spring 4237:Peterman's (Mohawk) 4117:Salt or Seven Wells 4095:Alamo Mocho Station 4034:Palm Spring Station 3829:San Fernando Valley 3709:Posey Creek Station 3605:Lone Willow Station 3390:Pacific Crest Trail 3378:North Country Trail 3373:Natchez Trace Trail 3166:Scenic motor routes 2801:Wright, Muriel H. " 2771:Smith, Waddell F., 2750:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2743:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2736:Ahnert, Gerald T., 2696:. December 23, 2022 2445:Great Overland Mail 2139:The Buffalo Courier 1473:Apache Pass Station 1366:energy transmission 1131:Traditional Arizona 1107:Battle of Pea Ridge 1070:Butterfield Company 774:Clarendon, Arkansas 616:to Colbert's Ferry 597:to Fort Chadbourne 495: 90:St. Louis, Missouri 34: 4827:Franz's (Francis') 4711:Mustang Waterholes 4705:Horsehead Crossing 4139:Pilot Knob Station 4016:San Felipe Station 3802:Hart's Station or 3713:Posey (Poso) Creek 3688:Tule River Station 3580:Gilroy, California 3219:Pony Express Trail 2988:2011-09-11 at the 2975:2019-08-22 at the 2764:Ely, Glen Sample, 2536:Waddell F. Smith, 2484:Waddell F. Smith, 2331:Gerald T. Ahnert, 2281:The Memphis Appeal 1682:. October 16, 2022 1372:In popular culture 1204:Historic Society. 1190:Northwest Arkansas 978: 836: 831:Pinery Station in 825: 493: 310: 232:The New York Times 170: 86:Memphis, Tennessee 32: 5404:American frontier 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5092: 5091: 4965: 4964: 4756: 4755: 4611:Emigrant Crossing 4507: 4506: 4445:Soldiers Farewell 4353: 4352: 4167: 4166: 4146:Fort Yuma Station 4080:New River Station 4027:Vallecito Station 4020:Scissors Crossing 3880: 3879: 3631:San Joaquin River 3627:Firebaugh's Ferry 3462: 3461: 3358:New England Trail 3336:Appalachian Trail 3322: 3321: 3315:(motor and water) 3257:Ala Kahakai Trail 3209:Old Spanish Trail 2968:The Moultrie News 2785:Handbook of Texas 2757:Hackler, George, 2651:Handbook of Texas 2614:Basil C. Pearce, 2318:John M. Farwell, 2182:Fort Smith Herald 2113:John M. Farwell, 1790:November 2, 1858. 1759:Marquis L. Kinyon 1397:The Hateful Eight 1287:Historical Marker 778:Des Arc, Arkansas 757:St. Francis River 753:Madison, Arkansas 740:Mississippi River 724: 723: 255:Buffalo, New York 144:since June 1857. 71: 70: 46:Arizona, As It Is 5496: 5370: 5368: 5346:Pacific Railroad 5119: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5086: 5084: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4956:Indian Territory 4949: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4601:Delaware Springs 4534: 4527: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4473:Rough and Ready 4380: 4373: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4346: 4324:Pointer Mountain 4271:Murderer's Grave 4225:Filibusters Camp 4194: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4063: 4062: 4058: 3988:Temecula Station 3962:Temescal Station 3907: 3900: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3867: 3865: 3840:Cahuenga Station 3826: 3825: 3821: 3681:Packwood Station 3656:Whitmore's Ferry 3528:Clarks's Station 3502: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3466: 3465: 3309:(motor and land) 3179:California Trail 3162: 3161: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2970:(Charleston, SC) 2897: 2773:The Smoke Signal 2724: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2661: 2655: 2643: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2538:The Smoke Signal 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2505:on July 27, 2011 2495: 2489: 2486:The Smoke Signal 2482: 2476: 2467: 2461: 2454: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2434:January 11, 1859 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2290: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2198:Fort Smith Times 2191: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2111: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1971:, June 10, 1860. 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1778: 1763:Marcus L. Kinyon 1750: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1732:The Buffalo News 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1672: 1666: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1335: 1323: 1308: 1296: 1281: 1269: 1254: 1239: 1188:running through 1151:San Diego County 681: 680: 676: 673: 631: 630: 626: 623: 496: 482:San Diego Herald 340:Star of New York 266:Upstate New York 251:William G. Fargo 220:American Express 173:John Butterfield 102:Indian Territory 42: 35: 31: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5215: 5129: 5123: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5011:Colbert's Ferry 5002: 4996: 4966: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934:Colbert's Ferry 4928:Sherman Station 4919: 4883: 4846: 4817:Smith's Station 4793: 4787: 4757: 4752: 4748:Fort Chadbourne 4696: 4657:Van Horns Wells 4615: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4508: 4503: 4460:Cooke's Spring 4409:Dragoon Springs 4390: 4384: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4254:Flap-Jack Ranch 4204: 4198: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4142: 4135: 4132:Baja California 4124: 4121:Baja California 4113: 4110:Baja California 4102: 4099:Baja California 4091: 4084:Baja California 4076: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4052:Sackett's Wells 4048: 4041: 4030: 4023: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3995:Tejungo Station 3991: 3984: 3976: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3944:Rancho San Jose 3940: 3933: 3917: 3911: 3881: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3836: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3799: 3792: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3716: 3705: 3698: 3691: 3684: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3652: 3641: 3634: 3623: 3612: 3601: 3598:St. Louis Ranch 3594: 3583: 3572: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3524: 3512: 3506: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3442: 3422: 3404: 3318: 3289: 3271: 3243: 3204:Nez Perce Trail 3151: 3146: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3000: 2990:Wayback Machine 2977:Wayback Machine 2956:Wayback Machine 2934: 2895: 2886: 2884:Further reading 2877:Wayback Machine 2863:Wayback Machine 2849:Wayback Machine 2835:Wayback Machine 2821:Wayback Machine 2733: 2728: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2694:Arkansas Online 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2275: 2271: 2265:Des Arc Citizen 2263: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2086: 2082: 2076:New York Herald 2074: 2070: 2064:Wayback Machine 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1781: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1660: 1656: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1406: 1388:Apache Uprising 1374: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1327: 1324: 1315: 1309: 1300: 1297: 1288: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1261: 1258:Fort Chadbourne 1255: 1246: 1240: 1209:Franklin, Texas 1147: 1145:Modern remnants 1135:Stanwix Station 1039: 1021:New York Herald 995: 970: 957: 948: 934: 920: 899: 885: 848: 817: 808: 806:Mail stagecoach 786: 729: 678: 674: 671: 669: 645:Colbert's Ferry 628: 624: 621: 619: 614:Fort Chadbourne 521:to Los Angeles 437:the following: 400:New York Herald 396: 375: 326: 314:Franklin, Texas 300: 239:Utica, New York 212: 162: 157: 132:, at that time 67: 49: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5339: 5337:Schackleford's 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5191:Cadron Station 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5171:Pottsville Inn 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4742:Colorado River 4738: 4733: 4731:Head of Concho 4728: 4721: 4718:Llano Estacado 4714: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Barela Springs 4679: 4674: 4669: 4667:Barrel Springs 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4288:Maricopa Wells 4285: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4125: 4114: 4103: 4092: 4077: 4066: 4049: 4042: 4031: 4024: 4013: 4009:Warner's Ranch 4006: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3941: 3934: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3856: 3855: 3837: 3812: 3800: 3796:King's Station 3793: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3760:Reed's Station 3757: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3720:Gordon's Ferry 3717: 3706: 3702:Mountain House 3699: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3653: 3642: 3635: 3624: 3616:Temple's Ranch 3613: 3602: 3595: 3584: 3576:Gilroy Station 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3525: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3267:Iditarod Trail 3264: 3262:Chilkoot Trail 3259: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3234:Trail of Tears 3231: 3226: 3224:Santa Fe Trail 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3145: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3018: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2980: 2963: 2958: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2932:External links 2930: 2929: 2928: 2918:978-1574412130 2904:Greene, A.C., 2902: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2866: 2852: 2838: 2824: 2810: 2799: 2790: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2707: 2681: 2656: 2638: 2625: 2606: 2591: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2542: 2529: 2516: 2490: 2477: 2462: 2449: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2403: 2390: 2381: 2371: 2362: 2350: 2344:Frank Norris, 2337: 2324: 2311: 2298: 2285: 2269: 2257: 2253:Memphis Appeal 2241: 2228: 2215: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2157: 2147: 2131: 2119: 2106: 2093: 2080: 2068: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2019: 2007: 1994: 1982: 1980:Ormsby, p. 33. 1973: 1960: 1958:Ormsby, p. 77. 1951: 1938: 1928: 1926:Ormsby, p. 44. 1919: 1910: 1897: 1883: 1870: 1858: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1792: 1779: 1745: 1719: 1693: 1667: 1654: 1638: 1612: 1603: 1591: 1579: 1566: 1554: 1536: 1523: 1514: 1501: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1373: 1370: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1318: 1316: 1312:Guadalupe Peak 1310: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1249: 1247: 1244:Sherman, Texas 1241: 1234: 1224:Guadalupe Peak 1222:The summit of 1178:Elkhorn Tavern 1163:Warner's Ranch 1146: 1143: 1139:Fall of Tucson 1038: 1035: 994: 991: 969: 966: 956: 953: 947: 944: 933: 930: 919: 916: 898: 897:Subcontractors 895: 884: 881: 847: 844: 816: 813: 807: 804: 785: 782: 761:Arkansas River 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 713: 709: 708: 705: 702: 692: 686: 685: 682: 667: 661: 655: 654: 651: 648: 647:to Fort Smith 642: 636: 635: 632: 617: 611: 605: 604: 601: 598: 592: 586: 585: 582: 579: 573: 567: 566: 563: 560: 554: 548: 547: 544: 541: 535: 529: 528: 525: 522: 516: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 395: 392: 379:Emigrant Trail 374: 371: 325: 322: 299: 296: 211: 208: 161: 158: 156: 153: 134:Aaron V. Brown 69: 68: 65: 63: 59: 58: 57:Postal service 55: 51: 50: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5501: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5120: 5115: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5100: 5097: 5087: 5081: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4957: 4953: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Mountain Pass 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4725:Camp Johnston 4722: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4692:Camp Stockton 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489:Fort Fillmore 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4343: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Oatman's Flat 4264: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4231:Antelope Peak 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4172: 4162: 4156: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3973:Lake Elsinore 3970: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3885: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:Cahuenga Pass 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3816: 3815:Lopez Station 3813: 3809: 3808:Santa Clarita 3805: 3804:Lyons Station 3801: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521:San Francisco 3519: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3474: 3467: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3368:Ice Age Trail 3366: 3364: 3363:Florida Trail 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3348:Arizona Trail 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2792:Root, Frank. 2791: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2458:Desert Tracks 2453: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2385: 2375: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2346:Desert Tracks 2341: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2308: 2302: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2238: 2232: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2110: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1907: 1901: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1879:Desert Tracks 1874: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1738:September 15, 1733: 1729: 1723: 1712:September 15, 1707: 1703: 1697: 1681: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1642: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1527: 1518: 1512: 1505: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1369: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1211:, toward the 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:Old Wire Road 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1073:Placerville.” 1071: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 999: 990: 986: 983: 974: 965: 963: 952: 942: 938: 932:Draft animals 928: 924: 918:Stage drivers 914: 910: 906: 902: 893: 889: 880: 876: 871: 867: 864: 860: 858: 852: 843: 840: 834: 829: 821: 812: 802: 798: 796: 792: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 736: 719: 716: 714: 710: 706: 703: 700: 696: 693: 691: 687: 683: 668: 665: 662: 660: 656: 652: 649: 646: 643: 641: 637: 633: 618: 615: 612: 610: 606: 602: 599: 596: 593: 591: 587: 583: 580: 577: 574: 572: 568: 564: 561: 558: 555: 553: 549: 545: 542: 540:to Fort Yuma 539: 536: 534: 530: 526: 523: 520: 519:San Francisco 517: 515: 511: 497: 490: 488: 483: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 436: 431: 427: 422: 418: 414: 412: 406: 403: 401: 391: 389: 383: 380: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 344: 341: 334: 330: 321: 319: 315: 308: 304: 295: 293: 289: 283: 282: 279: 273: 270: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247:New York City 244: 243:United States 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 224:Adams Express 221: 216: 207: 205: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 182: 178: 174: 166: 152: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 66:United States 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 5332:Mulholland's 5257:Fitzgerald's 5252:Fayetteville 5125: 5075: 4998: 4812:Phantom Hill 4802:Valley Creek 4789: 4740: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4687:Leon Springs 4652:Eagle Spring 4647:Fort Quitman 4637:San Elizario 4593: 4581: 4569: 4540: 4471: 4464: 4437: 4433:Stein's Peak 4425: 4413: 4386: 4311: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4258: 4241: 4229: 4219:Mission Camp 4217: 4200: 4151: 3913: 3857: 3789:Green Valley 3591:Pacheco Pass 3547:Redwood City 3508: 3435: 3277:Water trails 3214:Oregon Trail 3199:Mormon Trail 2967: 2910:Project MUSE 2909: 2905: 2891: 2806: 2793: 2783: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2731:Bibliography 2720:Congress.gov 2719: 2710: 2698:. Retrieved 2693: 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2668: 2659: 2649: 2641: 2628: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2503:the original 2493: 2485: 2480: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2452: 2444: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2374: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2236: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2114: 2109: 2101: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2015:Evening Star 2014: 2010: 2002: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1905: 1900: 1891: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1825:Evening Star 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1795: 1787: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1736:. Retrieved 1731: 1722: 1710:. Retrieved 1705: 1696: 1684:. Retrieved 1679: 1670: 1663:Evening Star 1662: 1657: 1647: 1641: 1629:. Retrieved 1625:the original 1615: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1549:Congress.gov 1548: 1539: 1526: 1517: 1504: 1458:Pony Express 1395: 1393: 1386: 1384: 1379:3:10 to Yuma 1377: 1375: 1362: 1350:Barack Obama 1347: 1221: 1206: 1175: 1148: 1092: 1076: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1040: 1031: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1004:pony-express 1003: 1001: 996: 987: 979: 958: 949: 940: 935: 926: 921: 912: 908: 904: 900: 891: 886: 883:Other wagons 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 856: 854: 849: 838: 837: 809: 800: 787: 733: 730: 701:by railroad 578:to Franklin 485: 481: 479: 474: 469: 464: 463: 460: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 410: 408: 404: 399: 397: 384: 376: 367: 363: 359: 354: 346: 339: 336: 332: 327: 311: 306: 287: 285: 281: 277: 275: 271: 263: 258: 236: 231: 217: 213: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 171: 146: 73: 72: 62:Headquarters 45: 29: 5469:Wells Fargo 5287:Springfield 5041:Blackburn's 5026:Boggy Depot 4915:Pilot Point 4880:March 1861. 4873:Gainesville 4736:Grape Creek 4606:Pope's Camp 4565:Hueco Tanks 4558:Pope's Road 4494:Cottonwoods 4450:Ojo de Vaca 4421:Apache Pass 4294:Casa Blanca 4038:Palm Spring 3926:Los Angeles 3852:Los Angeles 3817:– Located 8 3728:Bakersfield 3660:Kings River 3638:Fresno City 3294:Combination 2509:February 6, 2283:, Tennessee 2226:, pp. 17–18 2164:G. Bailey, 1775:Mark Kinyon 1771:Mark Kenyon 1767:M.L. Kinyon 1686:October 16, 1213:Hueco Tanks 1202:Pope County 1111:Apache Wars 857:Lady Walton 770:White River 538:Los Angeles 288:Oxbow Route 5388:Categories 5262:Callahan's 5227:Fort Smith 5166:Norristown 5161:Dardanelle 5156:Stinnett's 5146:Charleston 5141:Fort Smith 5134:to Memphis 5071:Fort Smith 5056:Holloway's 4936:– Located 4900:White Rock 4895:Bridgeport 4868:Davidsen's 4822:Clear Fork 4672:Fort Davis 4620:Lower Road 4466:Goodsight 4313:Blue Water 4276:Gila Ranch 4249:Griswell's 4243:Texas Hill 4213:Swiveler's 3979:Alamos or 3774:Mud Spring 3753:Tejon Pass 3749:Fort Tejon 3724:Kern River 3076:New Mexico 3040:California 2700:January 1, 2674:January 1, 2200:(Arkansas) 2184:(Arkansas) 1852:April 27, 1484:References 1194:Pottsville 1077:Under the 968:Operations 735:Division 8 690:Division 9 666:to Tipton 664:Fort Smith 659:Division 8 640:Division 7 609:Division 6 590:Division 5 571:Division 4 559:to Tucson 552:Division 3 533:Division 2 514:Division 1 204:A.V. Brown 181:Helderberg 126:California 114:New Mexico 78:stagecoach 5350:St. Louis 5282:Ashmore's 5232:Van Buren 5220:to Tipton 5181:Lewisburg 5176:Hurricane 5061:Trahern's 5046:Pusley's 5036:Waddell's 4952:Red River 4878:Diamond's 4863:Conolly's 4858:Earhart's 4842:Jacksboro 4427:San Simon 4404:San Pedro 3846:, of the 3831:north of 3649:Riverdale 3620:Dos Palos 3609:Los Banos 3540:San Mateo 3532:San Bruno 2926:835770429 2782:from the 2648:from the 1848:From the 1198:Potts Inn 1173:in 1961. 1090:in 1869. 1051:Civil War 1029:Stables. 982:U.S. Mail 962:Civil War 765:steamboat 755:, on the 699:St. Louis 557:Fort Yuma 499:Division 388:Vallecito 292:Southwest 179:, in the 151:in 2023. 82:U.S. Mail 5361:Source: 5317:Bailey's 5307:Yoast's 5272:Crouch's 5267:Harbin's 5186:Plumer's 5077:Source: 5066:Walker's 5051:Riddle's 5016:Fisher's 4837:Murphy's 4551:Franklin 4499:Franklin 4339:Source: 4300:Socatoon 4152:Source: 4088:Mexicali 3858:Source: 3562:San Jose 3437:Category 3383:by state 3341:by state 3088:Oklahoma 3064:Missouri 3028:Arkansas 2986:Archived 2973:Archived 2952:Archived 2873:Archived 2859:Archived 2845:Archived 2831:Archived 2817:Archived 2443:Bailey, 2213:, p. 127 2060:Archived 1404:See also 1105:and the 839:Celerity 791:Comanche 595:Franklin 471:broken." 259:sureties 138:Far West 106:Oklahoma 54:Industry 5302:Bolivar 5297:Smith's 5277:Smith's 5211:Memphis 5206:Madison 5201:Des Arc 5196:Atlanta 5031:Geary's 4945:⁄ 4905:Decatur 4888:1860–61 4851:1858–60 4632:Socorro 4484:Mesilla 4479:Pichaco 4319:Picacho 4260:Burke's 4059:⁄ 3822:⁄ 3674:Visalia 3447:Related 3052:History 3016:Arizona 3002:Portals 2309:, p. 14 2296:, p. 94 2104:, p. 55 1936:742–743 1180:in the 712:Totals 677:⁄ 627:⁄ 349:Beale's 318:El Paso 155:Origins 118:Arizona 5342:Tipton 5327:Burns' 5322:Warsaw 5312:Quincy 5292:Evan's 5247:Park's 5021:Nail's 4910:Denton 4677:Limpia 4627:Ysleta 4589:Pinery 4329:Tucson 4306:Oneida 4282:Desert 3948:Pomona 2924: 2916: 2900:E'book 2787:Online 2653:Online 2585:Root, 2401:p. 9 . 2155:order. 1631:May 6, 1356:. The 1161:, and 1153:: the 1121:, the 1097:, the 1045:-held 795:Apache 720:596.3 717:2,795 695:Tipton 603:126.3 576:Tucson 508:Hours 505:Miles 502:Route 124:, and 122:Mexico 88:, and 48:(1877) 5367:(PDF) 5151:Paris 5083:(PDF) 4415:Ewell 4345:(PDF) 4158:(PDF) 4073:Heber 3937:Monte 3864:(PDF) 3787:near 3112:Texas 3100:Roads 1509:1858. 1165:near 1043:Union 776:, or 707:11.4 684:48.6 634:65.3 565:71.5 546:72.2 298:Route 226:, or 177:Berne 110:Texas 92:, to 2922:OCLC 2914:ISBN 2702:2023 2676:2023 2511:2011 1773:and 1740:2023 1714:2023 1688:2022 1633:2011 1176:The 1125:and 1026:Hell 793:and 704:160 650:192 600:458 581:360 562:280 543:282 524:462 23:and 5348:to 4954:to 2805:", 1226:in 1157:in 772:to 697:to 670:318 653:38 620:282 584:82 527:80 467:.: 253:of 108:), 5390:: 4938:13 2920:, 2912:, 2898:, 2894:. 2718:. 2692:. 2667:. 2619:, 1761:, 1730:. 1704:. 1678:. 1547:. 1492:^ 1219:. 1117:, 1101:, 489:.” 249:; 222:, 120:, 116:, 112:, 5352:) 5344:( 5118:e 5111:t 5104:v 4991:e 4984:t 4977:v 4958:. 4947:2 4943:1 4940:+ 4782:e 4775:t 4768:v 4533:e 4526:t 4519:v 4379:e 4372:t 4365:v 4193:e 4186:t 4179:v 4090:. 4061:2 4057:1 4040:. 4022:. 3975:. 3950:. 3906:e 3899:t 3892:v 3854:. 3835:. 3824:2 3820:1 3810:. 3791:. 3755:. 3730:. 3715:. 3662:. 3651:. 3633:. 3622:. 3611:. 3593:. 3582:. 3564:. 3542:. 3534:. 3501:e 3494:t 3487:v 3141:e 3134:t 3127:v 3004:: 2851:. 2837:. 2704:. 2678:. 2513:. 1742:. 1716:. 1690:. 1635:. 1551:. 679:2 675:1 672:+ 629:2 625:1 622:+ 104:( 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Butterfield Overland Mail

Index