Butterfly - Knowledge

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fly when their temperature is above 27 °C (81 °F); when it is cool, they can position themselves to expose the underside of the wings to the sunlight to heat themselves up. If their body temperature reaches 40 °C (104 °F), they can orientate themselves with the folded wings edgewise to the sun. Basking is an activity which is more common in the cooler hours of the morning. Some species have evolved dark wingbases to help in gathering more heat and this is especially evident in alpine forms.

2271: 754: 146: 9636: 1673: 1265: 844: 2676: 1155: 9624: 585: 2454: 1951: 1166: 9648: 818: 957: 864: 9612: 997:) head with strong mandibles used for cutting their food, most often leaves. They have cylindrical bodies, with ten segments to the abdomen, generally with short prolegs on segments 3–6 and 10; the three pairs of true legs on the thorax have five segments each. Many are well camouflaged; others are aposematic with bright colours and bristly projections containing toxic chemicals obtained from their food plants. The 934: 1621:, the position and number of which help in identifying the species. There is also decoration in the form of hairs, wart-like protuberances, horn-like protuberances and spines. Internally, most of the body cavity is taken up by the gut, but there may also be large silk glands, and special glands which secrete distasteful or toxic substances. The developing wings are present in later stage instars and the 1716: 1634: 1194:. There is a reverse migration in the spring. It has recently been shown that the British painted lady undertakes a 9,000-mile round trip in a series of steps by up to six successive generations, from tropical Africa to the Arctic Circle — almost double the length of the famous migrations undertaken by monarch. Spectacular large-scale migrations associated with the 1664:

larger size. In the pupa, the wing forms a structure that becomes compressed from top to bottom and pleated from proximal to distal ends as it grows, so that it can rapidly be unfolded to its full adult size. Several boundaries seen in the adult colour pattern are marked by changes in the expression of particular transcription factors in the early pupa.

2607:, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the personification of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guest room and perches behind the bamboo screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. Large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad 1746:, the first pair is reduced and the insects walk on four legs). The second and third segments of the thorax bear the wings. The leading edges of the forewings have thick veins to strengthen them, and the hindwings are smaller and more rounded and have fewer stiffening veins. The forewings and hindwings are not hooked together ( 1651:(PTTH) are produced. At this point the larva stops feeding, and begins "wandering" in the quest for a suitable pupation site, often the underside of a leaf or other concealed location. There it spins a button of silk which it uses to fasten its body to the surface and moults for a final time. While some caterpillars spin a 2046:

and other parasitic wasps lay their eggs in lepidopteran eggs or larvae and the wasps' parasitoid larvae devour their hosts, usually pupating inside or outside the desiccated husk. Most wasps are very specific about their host species and some have been used as biological controls of pest butterflies

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and other minerals vital for reproduction. Several species of butterflies need more sodium than that provided by nectar and are attracted by sodium in salt; they sometimes land on people, attracted by the salt in human sweat. Some butterflies also visit dung and scavenge rotting fruit or carcasses to

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experiences inbreeding depression when forcibly inbred in the laboratory it recovers within a few generation when allowed to breed freely. During mate selection, adult females do not innately avoid or learn to avoid siblings, implying that such detection may not be critical to reproductive fitness.

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is deposited in the female, following which the sperm make their way to a seminal receptacle where they are stored for later use. In both sexes, the genitalia are adorned with various spines, teeth, scales and bristles, which act to prevent the butterfly from mating with an insect of another species.

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Butterflies navigate using a time-compensated sun compass. They can see polarized light and therefore orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light near the ultraviolet spectrum appears to be particularly important. Many migratory butterflies live in semi-arid areas where breeding seasons are

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The Lycaenidae have a false head consisting of eyespots and small tails (false antennae) to deflect attack from the more vital head region. These may also cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach from the wrong end, enabling the butterflies to detect attacks promptly. Many butterflies have

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The abdomen consists of ten segments and contains the gut and genital organs. The front eight segments have spiracles and the terminal segment is modified for reproduction. The male has a pair of clasping organs attached to a ring structure, and during copulation, a tubular structure is extruded and

1396:; the purpose of these holes is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly eggs vary greatly in size and shape between species, but are usually upright and finely sculptured. Some species lay eggs singly, others in batches. Many females produce between one hundred and two hundred eggs. 1961:

Many species of butterfly maintain territories and actively chase other species or individuals that may stray into them. Some species will bask or perch on chosen perches. The flight styles of butterflies are often characteristic and some species have courtship flight displays. Butterflies can only

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or "hair pencils" in the Danaidae). Vision is well developed in butterflies and most species are sensitive to the ultraviolet spectrum. Many species show sexual dimorphism in the patterns of UV reflective patches. Colour vision may be widespread but has been demonstrated in only a few species. Some

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was accidentally introduced to New Zealand, it had no natural enemies. In order to control it, some pupae that had been parasitised by a chalcid wasp were imported, and natural control was thus regained. Some flies lay their eggs on the outside of caterpillars and the newly hatched fly larvae bore

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has held great appeal to mankind. To transform from the miniature wings visible on the outside of the pupa into large structures usable for flight, the pupal wings undergo rapid mitosis and absorb a great deal of nutrients. If one wing is surgically removed early on, the other three will grow to a

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to protect the pupa, most species do not. The naked pupa, often known as a chrysalis, usually hangs head down from the cremaster, a spiny pad at the posterior end, but in some species a silken girdle may be spun to keep the pupa in a head-up position. Most of the tissues and cells of the larva are

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Kawahara, Akito Y.; Storer, Caroline; Carvalho, Ana Paula S.; Plotkin, David M.; Condamine, Fabien L.; Braga, Mariana P.; Ellis, Emily A.; St Laurent, Ryan A.; Li, Xuankun; Barve, Vijay; Cai, Liming; Earl, Chandra; Frandsen, Paul B.; Owens, Hannah L.; Valencia-Montoya, Wendy A. (15 May 2023).

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Butterflies use their antennae to sense the air for wind and scents. The antennae come in various shapes and colours; the hesperiids have a pointed angle or hook to the antennae, while most other families show knobbed antennae. The antennae are richly covered with sensory organs known as

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Eggs are almost invariably laid on plants. Each species of butterfly has its own host plant range and while some species of butterfly are restricted to just one species of plant, others use a range of plant species, often including members of a common family. In some species, such as the

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broken down inside the pupa, as the constituent material is rebuilt into the imago. The structure of the transforming insect is visible from the exterior, with the wings folded flat on the ventral surface and the two halves of the proboscis, with the antennae and the legs between them.

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are composed of many segments and have clubbed tips (unlike moths that have tapering or feathery antennae). The sensory receptors are concentrated in the tips and can detect odours. Taste receptors are located on the palps and on the feet. The mouthparts are adapted to sucking and the

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Butterfly eggs are fixed to a leaf with a special glue which hardens rapidly. As it hardens it contracts, deforming the shape of the egg. This glue is easily seen surrounding the base of every egg forming a meniscus. The nature of the glue has been little researched but in the case of

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against herbivores. Butterflies have evolved mechanisms to sequester these plant toxins and use them instead in their own defence. These defence mechanisms are effective only if they are well advertised; this has led to the evolution of bright colours in unpalatable butterflies

1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1723: 2657:, people once hurried to kill the first butterfly of the year, to avoid a year of bad luck. In the Philippines, a lingering black or dark butterfly or moth in the house is taken to mean an impending or recent death in the family. Several American states have chosen an 1738:

butterflies also use their proboscis to feed on pollen; in these species only 20% of the amino acids used in reproduction come from larval feeding, which allow them to develop more quickly as caterpillars, and gives them a longer lifespan of several months as adults.

2691:"Collecting" means preserving dead specimens, not keeping butterflies as pets. Collecting butterflies was once a popular hobby; it has now largely been replaced by photography, recording, and rearing butterflies for release into the wild. The zoological illustrator 609: 1151:. It is not clear how it dispersed; adults may have been blown by the wind or larvae or pupae may have been accidentally transported by humans, but the presence of suitable host plants in their new environment was a necessity for their successful establishment. 2259:

Butterflies without defences such as toxins or mimicry protect themselves through a flight that is more bumpy and unpredictable than in other species. It is assumed this behavior makes it more difficult for predators to catch them, and is caused by the

1289:. Butterflies then land on the ground or on a perch to mate. Copulation takes place tail-to-tail and may last from minutes to hours. Simple photoreceptor cells located at the genitals are important for this and other adult behaviours. The male passes a 2628:

cites butterflies as a symbol for the soul. A Roman sculpture depicts a butterfly exiting the mouth of a dead man, representing the Roman belief that the soul leaves through the mouth. In line with this, the ancient Greek word for "butterfly" is ψυχή

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are adapted for chewing with powerful mandibles and a pair of maxillae, each with a segmented palp. Adjoining these is the labium-hypopharynx which houses a tubular spinneret which is able to extrude silk. Caterpillars such as those in the genus

2314: 1918:, males of some species seek hilltops and ridge tops, which they patrol in search for females. Since it usually occurs in species with low population density, it is assumed these landscape points are used as meeting places to find mates. 1189:

migrate for long distances. These migrations take place over a number of generations and no single individual completes the whole trip. The eastern North American population of monarchs can travel thousands of miles south-west to

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because the probability of encountering close relatives is rare in nature; that is, movement ecology may mask the deleterious effect of inbreeding resulting in relaxation of selection for active inbreeding avoidance behaviors.

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Brakefield, PM; Gates, Julie; Keys, Dave; Kesbeke, Fanja; Wijngaarden, Pieter J.; Montelro, Antónia; French, Vernon; Carroll, Sean B.; et al. (1996). "Development, Plasticity and Evolution of Butterfly Eyespot Patterns".

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Livraghi, Luca; Hanly, Joseph J; Van Bellghem, Steven M; Montejo-Kovacevich, Gabriela; van der Heijden, Eva SM; Loh, Ling Sheng; Ren, Anna; Warren, Ian A; Lewis, James J; Concha, Carolina; Hebberecht, Laura (19 July 2021).

5043: 1406:, it begins as a pale yellow granular secretion containing acidophilic proteins. This is viscous and darkens when exposed to air, becoming a water-insoluble, rubbery material which soon sets solid. Butterflies in the genus 2869:

McClure, Melanie; Clerc, Corentin; Desbois, Charlotte; Meichanetzoglou, Aimilia; Cau, Marion; Bastin-Héline, Lucie; Bacigalupo, Javier; Houssin, Céline; Pinna, Charline; Nay, Bastien; Llaurens, Violaine (24 April 2019).

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which is curled up at rest and expanded when needed to feed. The first and second maxillae bear palps which function as sensory organs. Some species have a reduced proboscis or maxillary palps and do not feed as adults.

1887:, tree sap, rotting fruit, dung, decaying flesh, and dissolved minerals in wet sand or dirt. Butterflies are important as pollinators for some species of plants. In general, they do not carry as much pollen load as 2210:) resemble bird droppings so as to be passed over by predators. Some caterpillars have hairs and bristly structures that provide protection while others are gregarious and form dense aggregations. Some species are 353:

Some butterflies, especially in the tropics, have several generations in a year, while others have a single generation, and a few in cold locations may take several years to pass through their entire life cycle.

1613:(family Hesperiidae) have a specialized tracheal system on the 8th segment that function as a primitive lung. Butterfly caterpillars have three pairs of true legs on the thoracic segments and up to six pairs of 7326: 3113:

Chazot, Nicolas; Wahlberg, Niklas; Freitas, André Victor Lucci; Mitter, Charles; Labandeira, Conrad; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; Sahoo, Ranjit Kumar; Seraphim, Noemy; de Jong, Rienk; Heikkilä, Maria (25 February 2019).

2291: 5640: 1392:. This is lined with a thin coating of wax which prevents the egg from drying out before the larva has had time to fully develop. Each egg contains a number of tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, called 5383:

Molleman, Freerk; Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Liefting, Maartje; Zwaan, Bas J.; Brakefield, Paul M. (2005). "Is Male Puddling Behaviour of Tropical Butterflies Targeted at Sodium for Nuptial Gifts or Activity?".

1930:, or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine whether an egg-laying insect's offspring will be able to feed on a leaf before eggs are laid on it. Many butterflies use chemical signals, 4129:

Dennis, R L H; Shreeve, Tim G.; Arnold, Henry R.; Roy, David B. (2005). "Does Diet Breadth Control Herbivorous Insect Distribution Size? Life History and Resource Outlets for Specialist Butterflies".

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Butterflies are widely used in objects of art and jewellery: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and used in some mixed media artworks and furnishings. The

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butterflies, there are three types of scales: yellow/white, black, and red/orange/brown scales. Some mechanism of wing pattern formation are now being solved using genetic techniques. For instance, a

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arising from the abdominal segments. These prolegs have rings of tiny hooks called crochets that are engaged hydrostatically and help the caterpillar grip the substrate. The epidermis bears tufts of

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Adult butterflies consume only liquids, ingested through the proboscis. They sip water from damp patches for hydration and feed on nectar from flowers, from which they obtain sugars for energy, and

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succeeded in rearing all the butterfly species found in Britain, at a rate of four per year, to enable him to draw every stage of each species. He published the results in the folio sized handbook

2403:. In hunting scenes, butterflies were sometimes included in a way that suggested life, freedom, and the strength to escape capture, creating a balance to scenes concerned with death and upholding 978:

coloured (well camouflaged), and either hold their wings flat (touching the surface on which the moth is standing) or fold them closely over their bodies. Some day-flying moths, such as the

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Butterfly larvae, or caterpillars, consume plant leaves and spend practically all of their time searching for and eating food. Although most caterpillars are herbivorous, a few species are

1698:. These are capable of distinguishing flower shapes or motion but cannot view distant objects clearly. Colour perception is good, especially in some species in the blue/violet range. The 5798:

Srygley, R. B.; Thomas, A. L. R. (2002). "Aerodynamics of Insect Flight: Flow Visualisations with Free Flying Butterflies Reveal a Variety of Unconventional Lift-Generating Mechanisms".

1420:, the eggs are deposited close to but not on the food plant. This most likely happens when the egg overwinters before hatching and where the host plant loses its leaves in winter, as do 7525: 7250: 5032: 2256:. The dry-season forms are usually more cryptic, perhaps offering better camouflage when vegetation is scarce. Dark colours in wet-season forms may help to absorb solar radiation. 3863:

Williams, C. B. (1927). "A Study of Butterfly Migration in South India and Ceylon, based largely on records by Messrs. G. Evershed, E. E. Green, J. C. F. Fryer and W. Ormiston".

2419:, due to its black body and wingtips, that was likely noted by the Ancient Egyptians. Butterflies may also have been understood as one of the deceased's guides in the afterlife. 7196: 6809: 5977: 2204:

behaviours, such as rearing up and waving their front ends which are marked with eyespots as if they were snakes. Some papilionid caterpillars such as the giant swallowtail (

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Caterpillars are also affected by a range of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases, and only a small percentage of the butterfly eggs laid ever reach adulthood. The bacterium

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Eldijk, Timo J. B. van; Wappler, Torsten; Strother, Paul K.; Weijst, Carolien M. H. van der; Rajaei, Hossein; Visscher, Henk; Schootbrugge, Bas van de (1 January 2018).

2438:, and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies with fire and warfare persisted into the 1595:, the old cuticle splits and the new cuticle expands, rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar. 1147:

is native to the Americas, but in the nineteenth century or before, spread across the world, and is now found in Australia, New Zealand, other parts of Oceania, and the

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After it emerges from its pupal stage, a butterfly cannot fly until the wings are unfolded. A newly emerged butterfly needs to spend some time inflating its wings with

484:) and the common name often varies substantially between otherwise closely related languages. A possible source of the name is the bright yellow male of the brimstone ( 4506:

Butterflies of British Columbia: Including Western Alberta, Southern Yukon, the Alaska Panhandle, Washington, Northern Oregon, Northern Idaho, and Northwestern Montana

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Butterflies in their adult stage can live from a week to nearly a year depending on the species. Many species have long larval life stages while others can remain

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Sauman, Ivo; Briscoe, Adriana D.; Zhu, Haisun; Shi, Dingding; Froy, Oren; Stalleicken, Julia; Yuan, Quan; Casselman, Amy; Reppert, Steven M.; et al. (2005).

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Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003) Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects. Gale, 2003.

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with respect to the other two groups, so they should both be included within Papilionoidea, to form a single butterfly group, thereby synonymous with the clade

584: 558:, but only significantly diversified during the Cenozoic, with one study suggesting a North American origin for the group. The oldest American butterfly is the 7043: 974:, have relatively bright colours, and hold their wings vertically above their bodies when at rest, unlike the majority of moths which fly by night, are often 296:, characterized by large, often brightly coloured wings that often fold together when at rest, and a conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the 7069: 5358: 6574: 2151:

Chemical defences are widespread and are mostly based on chemicals of plant origin. In many cases the plants themselves evolved these toxic substances as

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their way through the skin and feed in a similar way to the parasitoid wasp larvae. Predators of butterflies include ants, spiders, wasps, and birds.

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McIntosh, W. C.; et al. (1992). "Calibration of the Latest Eocene-Oligocene geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale Using 40Ar/39Ar Dated Ignimbrites".

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and gaining their protection. Behavioural defences include perching and angling the wings to reduce shadow and avoid being conspicuous. Some female

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by other organisms. Some species are pests because in their larval stages they can damage domestic crops or trees; other species are agents of

3407: 949:. The thorax is composed of three segments, each with a pair of legs. In most families of butterfly the antennae are clubbed, unlike those of 7517: 4568: 7704: 7621: 7246: 2200:

are remarkable imitations of leaves. As caterpillars, many defend themselves by freezing and appearing like sticks or branches. Others have

7451: 6195: 7352: 6020: 5909: 5870: 4784: 4481: 4442: 4372: 4262: 3560: 2506: 2457: 7669: 5951: 5707: 5428: 4520: 3222: 2363:. At least in the Western United States, this collapse in the number of most species of butterflies has been determined to be driven by 9673: 6913: 4223: 4178: 3200: 1234:) overwinters twice as a caterpillar. Butterflies may have one or more broods per year. The number of generations per year varies from 1096: 7188: 3161: 2872:"Why has transparency evolved in aposematic butterflies? Insights from the largest radiation of aposematic butterflies, the Ithomiini" 2537:

portrays the larva as an extraordinarily hungry animal, while also teaching children how to count (to five) and the days of the week.

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Brakefield, P. M.; Kesbeke, F.; Koch, P. B. (December 1998). "The Regulation of Phenotypic Plasticity of Eyespots in the Butterfly

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about a romantic young Japanese bride who is deserted by her American officer husband soon after they are married. It was based on

600: 568: 490:); another is that butterflies were on the wing in meadows during the spring and summer butter season while the grass was growing. 7710: 6137: 5271: 3841: 3720: 1427:

The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid close to winter, especially in temperate regions, go through a

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Devries, P. J. (1988). "The larval Ant-organs of Thisbe irenea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and Their Effects Upon Attending Ants".

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The colourful patterns on many butterfly wings tell potential predators that they are toxic. Hence, the genetic basis of wing

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Devries, P. J. (June 1990). "Enhancement of Symbioses Between Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants by Vibrational Communication".

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Vukusic, P.; J. R. Sambles & H. Ghiradella (2000). "Optical Classification of Microstructure in Butterfly Wing-scales".

2527:; the image can be read as showing either the forelegs of the larva, or as suggesting a face with protruding nose and chin. 3772: 2937: 1088: 1076: 5730: 2245:

refers to vibrations generated by the butterfly upon expanding its wings in an attempt to communicate with ant predators.

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Declining butterfly populations have been noticed in many areas of the world, and this phenomenon is consistent with the

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Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies".

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Brunetti, Craig R.; Selegue, Jayne E.; Monteiro, Antonia; French, Vernon; Brakefield, Paul M.; Carroll, Sean B. (2001).

2430:, the brilliantly coloured image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewellery, and emblazoned on 7385: 953:

which may be threadlike or feathery. The long proboscis can be coiled when not in use for sipping nectar from flowers.

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as well as using chemical signals. The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather

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Stevens, M. (2005). "The Role of Eyespots as Anti-Predator Mechanisms, Principally Demonstrated in the Lepidoptera".

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Cooper, William E. Jr. (1998). "Conditions Favoring Anticipatory and Reactive Displays Deflecting Predatory Attack".

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to the female; to reduce sperm competition, he may cover her with his scent, or in some species such as the Apollos (

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behaviour is restricted to the males, and studies have suggested that the nutrients collected may be provided as a

1199: 1064: 910:λεπίς lepís, scale + πτερόν pterón, wing). These scales give butterfly wings their colour: they are pigmented with 4594:

Venkatesha, M. G.; Shashikumar, L.; Gayathri Devi, S.S. (2004). "Protective Devices of the Carnivorous Butterfly,

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is subjected to repeated inbreeding in the laboratory, there is a dramatic decrease in egg hatching. This severe

7552:"A Global Phylogeny of Butterflies Reveals Their Evolutionary History, Ancestral Hosts and Biogeographic Origins" 7065: 5527:"Recognition of the Female by the Male, on the Basis of Ultra-Violet Reflection, in the White Cabbage Butterfly, 5169:

Saccheri IJ, Brakefield PM, Nichols RA. "Severe Inbreeding Depression and Rapid Fitness Rebound in the Butterfly

2756:"A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins" 2152: 1072: 1068: 6966: 6621: 5753: 5323: 3273: 1431:(resting) stage, and the hatching may take place only in spring. Some temperate region butterflies, such as the 437: 9589: 3665:

Traut, W.; Marec, F. (August 1997). "Sex Chromosome Differentiation in Some Species of Lepidoptera (Insecta)".

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are seen in peninsular India. Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and also using

1084: 6485:"Is the larval and imaginal signalling of Lycaenidae and other Lepidoptera related to communication with ants" 1742:

The thorax of the butterfly is devoted to locomotion. Each of the three thoracic segments has two legs (among

1690:. The surface of both butterflies and moths is covered by scales, each of which is an outgrowth from a single 7289:

a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly—a transgender symbol signifying transformation

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Urquhart, F. A.; Urquhart, N. R. (1977). "Overwintering Areas and Migratory Routes of the Monarch butterfly (

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Butterfly adults are characterized by their four scale-covered wings, which give the Lepidoptera their name (

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occurs when aposematic species evolve to resemble each other, presumably to reduce predator sampling rates;

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has been used in sprays to reduce damage to crops by the caterpillars of the large white butterfly, and the

1787:. The colour of butterfly wings is derived from tiny structures called scales, each of which have their own 7556: 2732:

research to produce paints that do not use toxic pigments and the development of new display technologies.

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in association with ants. Culturally, butterflies are a popular motif in the visual and literary arts. The

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Robertson DN, Sullivan TJ, Westerman EL. Lack of sibling avoidance during mate selection in the butterfly

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Butterflies are distributed worldwide except Antarctica, totalling some 18,500 species. Of these, 775 are

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is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, expands its wings to dry, and flies off.

9678: 9584: 6575:"Phylogeny of Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Inferred from COI, COII, and EF-1 Alpha Gene Sequences" 2533: 1599: 1052: 639: 7659: 6931: 4873: 2407:. They also were suggestive of regeneration or rebirth and protection. Certain butterflies, such as the 1750:) but are coordinated by the friction of their overlapping parts. The front two segments have a pair of 1249: 145: 9602: 6248: 3931:"Natal Origins of Migratory Monarch Butterflies at Wintering Colonies in Mexico: New Isotopic Evidence" 2551: 1648: 20: 7765: 3639: 2692: 2328:) distract predators from attacking the head. This insect can still fly with a damaged left hindwing. 2321: 1417: 453: 7473:

Vukusic, Pete; Hooper, Ian (2005). "Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies".

6362: 6222: 5110:"Cortex cis-regulatory switches establish scale colour identity and pattern diversity in Heliconius" 4957:"Pollen feeding proteomics: Salivary proteins of the passion flower butterfly, Heliconius melpomene" 7407: 6274:

Fiedler, K.; Holldobler, B.; Seufert, P. (1996). "Butterflies and Ants: The Communicative Domain".

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Thomas, Jeremy; Schönrogge, Karsten; Bonelli, Simona; Barbero, Francesca; Balletto, Emilio (2010).

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Small, brightly coloured; often have false heads with eyespots and small tails resembling antennae

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Butterflies of New Jersey: A Guide to Their Status, Distribution, Conservation, and Appreciation

7440: 6357: 6110: 4617: 2197: 2104: 2061: 1915: 1012: 358: 7348: 7066:""The Butterfly that Stamped" | Just So Stories | Rudyard Kipling | Lit2Go ETC" 6000: 5893: 5850: 4768: 4465: 4426: 4356: 4246: 3894:, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, with Special Reference to the Western Population". 3813: 3807: 3544: 1591:

beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle. At the end of each instar, the larva

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Butterfly antennal shapes, mainly clubbed, unlike those of moths. Drawn by C. T. Bingham, 1905

9161: 5935: 5689: 5412: 4504: 3477:"Anatomically Diverse Butterfly Scales all Produce Structural Colours by Coherent Scattering" 3230: 2721: 2364: 2348: 2093:, and is one of only three insects (the other two being butterflies as well) to be listed on 1983:

show that they use a wide variety of aerodynamic mechanisms to generate force. These include

1834: 1784: 1751: 1412:

do not fix their eggs to a leaf; instead, the newly laid eggs fall to the base of the plant.

1270: 1102: 1034: 979: 927: 664: 319: 297: 6910: 6061:

Nishida, Ritsuo (2002). "Sequestration of Defensive Substances from Plants by Lepidoptera".

4215: 3184: 1515:

with ants. They communicate with the ants using vibrations that are transmitted through the

1022: 859:

Often have metallic spots on wings; often conspicuously coloured with black, orange and blue

9668: 8031: 8023: 8014: 7758: 7565: 6890: 6589: 6441: 5807: 5579: 5224: 5197:. 2020 Apr; 173: 104062. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104062. Epub 2020 Jan 22. PMID 31981681 4968: 4911: 4819: 4676: 4138: 4001: 3942: 3595: 3582:

Herrera, Carlos M. (1992). "Activity Pattern and Thermal Biology of a Day-Flying Hawkmoth (

3261: 3028: 2767: 2725: 2724:

of the wing scales of swallowtail butterflies has led to the development of more efficient

2653:, because of the transformation from caterpillar to winged adult. In the English county of 2562: 2249: 2143: 1969:

generated by butterflies is more than can be accounted for by steady-state, non-transitory

1810: 1520: 1258: 6074: 5450: 4326: 4094:

Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). "Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat".

2282: 2181: 1374: 1214: 8: 9177: 8952: 8944: 7380: 6484: 5272:"Components of Pollinator 'Quality': Comparative Analysis of a Diverse Insect Assemblage" 4627: 3678: 2352: 2206: 1588: 1516: 1512: 1491: 1158: 733: 616: 422: 7586: 7569: 6691:"The Evolutionary Significance of Dry and Wet Season Forms in some Tropical Butterflies" 6593: 6445: 6309:

Nafus, D. M.; Schreiner, I. H. (1988). "Parental Care in a Tropical Nymphalid Butterfly

5811: 5583: 5477: 5228: 4972: 4915: 4823: 4680: 4142: 4005: 3946: 3599: 3265: 3032: 2796: 2771: 2755: 7651: 7498: 7306:

The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Etc.

6867: 6832: 6778: 6749: 6709: 6671: 6613: 6555: 6465: 6410: 6330: 6291: 6176: 6125: 6103: 5831: 5765: 5350: 5302: 5294: 5144: 5109: 5002: 4937: 4744: 4719: 4700: 4653: 4197: 4154: 4111: 4107: 4076: 4027: 3911: 3876: 3837: 3724: 3698: 3621: 3607: 3362: 3337: 3313: 3288: 3148: 3057: 3016: 2904: 2871: 2571: 2494: 2439: 2131: 2070: 1707:

are usually reduced in size or absent. The first maxillae are elongated into a tubular

1500: 1136: 1128: 140: 7707: 7226:

Rabuzzi, M. 1997. Butterfly etymology. Cultural Entomology November 1997 Fourth issue

6326: 5247: 5208: 4924: 4899: 4831: 3289:"Cretaceous Origin and Repeated Tertiary Diversification of the Redefined Butterflies" 2619:. The people were frightened, thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil. 2172:

of India has female morphs which imitate the unpalatable red-bodied swallowtails, the

338:, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, 9628: 8522: 7655: 7591: 7490: 7167: 7125: 6992: 6872: 6854: 6783: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6605: 6547: 6539: 6457: 6402: 6201: 6078: 6010: 5941: 5899: 5860: 5823: 5757: 5699: 5675: 5632: 5418: 5397: 5252: 5177:. 1996 Oct; 50 (5): 2000-2013. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03587.x. PMID 28565613 5149: 5131: 5075: 4994: 4956: 4929: 4835: 4774: 4749: 4692: 4510: 4471: 4432: 4362: 4330: 4252: 4201: 4068: 4019: 3970: 3965: 3930: 3817: 3690: 3682: 3550: 3516: 3508: 3367: 3318: 3190: 3153: 3135: 3062: 3044: 2982: 2909: 2891: 2801: 2783: 2670: 2612: 2447: 2338: 2305: 2297: 2235: 2177: 1927: 1776: 1699: 1603: 1556: 1476: 1432: 1282: 1148: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1110: 1048: 1007: 726: 486: 443: 374: 7720: 7502: 6617: 6559: 6414: 6334: 6295: 6180: 5835: 5006: 4941: 4704: 4621: 4158: 4115: 4080: 4031: 3915: 3702: 3625: 2615:

was secretly preparing his famous revolt, a vast a swarm of butterflies appeared in

892: 9503: 8994: 8553: 7643: 7581: 7573: 7482: 6911:"Why Every Fly Counts: A Documentation about the Value and Endangerment of Insects" 6862: 6844: 6773: 6765: 6713: 6705: 6675: 6647: 6597: 6531: 6469: 6449: 6394: 6367: 6322: 6283: 6168: 6070: 5815: 5769: 5749: 5671: 5624: 5587: 5542: 5492: 5393: 5342: 5286: 5242: 5232: 5139: 5121: 4984: 4976: 4919: 4827: 4739: 4731: 4684: 4649: 4593: 4407: 4297: 4187: 4146: 4103: 4058: 4047:"Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain" 4009: 3960: 3950: 3903: 3872: 3674: 3611: 3603: 3498: 3488: 3438: 3357: 3349: 3338:"Phylogenomics Provides Strong Evidence for Relationships of Butterflies And Moths" 3308: 3300: 3269: 3143: 3127: 3093: 3052: 3036: 2899: 2883: 2791: 2775: 2592: 2489: 2242: 2168:

imitates another species to enjoy the protection of that species' aposematism. The

2165: 2086: 2048: 2030: 1992: 1975: 1892: 1678: 1443: 1402: 1206:

short. The life histories of their host plants also influence butterfly behaviour.

1124: 1106: 645: 382: 7301: 6638:

Nijhout, Hf (January 2003). "Development and Evolution of Adaptive Polyphenisms".

5354: 4688: 4319: 1867: 1544: 793: 9072: 8748: 8625: 8501: 8493: 8459: 8433: 8425: 8092: 8063: 8057: 8048: 7859: 7853: 7841: 7734: 7714: 7698: 7616: 7234: 7119: 6986: 6917: 6897: 6849: 6048: 5496: 5069: 4546: 4063: 4046: 2680: 2588: 2579: 2546: 2541: 2498:

containing all 26 letters and the numerals 0 to 9 from the wings of butterflies.

2443: 2342: 2169: 2115: 1821:

gene can turn a black-winged butterfly into a butterfly with a yellow wing band.

1767:

and letting them dry, during which time it is extremely vulnerable to predators.

1641: 1452: 1362: 1345: 1254: 653: 621: 551: 469: 394: 132: 2927: 2624: 520:

million years ago. Butterflies evolved from moths, so while the butterflies are

472:

show that the name is ancient, but modern Dutch and German use different words (

429:

says "butterflies are certainly one of the most appealing creatures in nature".

9652: 9640: 9616: 9293: 9080: 8758: 8683: 8649: 8607: 8532: 8517: 8160: 7577: 7157: 4980: 2779: 2729: 2604: 1996: 1814: 1551: 1388:

Butterfly eggs are protected by a hard-ridged outer layer of shell, called the

1227: 1182: 1140: 1116: 962: 378: 327: 283: 123: 7750: 7092: 6398: 6041: 4955:

Harpel, D.; Cullen, D. A.; Ott, S. R.; Jiggins, C. D.; Walters, J. R. (2015).

4411: 4150: 4014: 3989: 1999:' mechanism. Butterflies are able to change from one mode to another rapidly. 1348:; when the female dies, a partially developed larva emerges from her abdomen. 9662: 9521: 9446: 9354: 9301: 9280: 9272: 9143: 9023: 9015: 8735: 8617: 8612: 8602: 8381: 8373: 8360: 8352: 8323: 8284: 8152: 8097: 8084: 8075: 8000: 7992: 7983: 7945: 7939: 7927: 7551: 7227: 7121:

Madame Butterfly: Japonisme, Puccini, and the Search for the Real Cho-Cho-San

6858: 6659: 6543: 6371: 5703: 5694: 5135: 3955: 3686: 3512: 3139: 3048: 2974: 2895: 2787: 2646: 2634: 2514: 2469: 2400: 2392: 2384: 1838: 1759: 1660: 1466: 1421: 1290: 1235: 971: 907: 789:

Usually have reduced forelegs, so appear four-legged; often brightly coloured

667: 625: 539: 347: 304: 236: 81: 7486: 5547: 5526: 3773:"Chill Turns Monarchs North; Cold Weather Flips Butterflies' Migratory Path" 3131: 2238:

on the wings; these too may deflect attacks, or may serve to attract mates.

9635: 9540: 9508: 9490: 9438: 9370: 9330: 9130: 9122: 9088: 8973: 8965: 8786: 8776: 8763: 8717: 8709: 8696: 8688: 8675: 8633: 8594: 8584: 8561: 8540: 8509: 8472: 8464: 8451: 8331: 8279: 7825: 7595: 7494: 7375: 6876: 6787: 6769: 6667: 6609: 6601: 6551: 6461: 6406: 6082: 5827: 5761: 5346: 5319: 5256: 5237: 5153: 5106: 4998: 4933: 4839: 4753: 4696: 4072: 4023: 3520: 3371: 3353: 3322: 3304: 3157: 3115: 3082:"Reconstructing a 55-million-year-old butterfly (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)" 3066: 3040: 3003:

A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic

2970: 2913: 2887: 2805: 2502: 2465: 2388: 2211: 2052: 1984: 1970: 1966: 1944: 1908: 1904: 1672: 1572: 1481: 1471: 1264: 843: 801: 753: 521: 323: 287: 257: 5636: 4735: 3974: 3907: 3694: 3098: 3081: 9498: 9456: 9380: 9375: 9346: 9314: 9209: 9150: 8986: 8910: 8902: 8889: 8881: 8852: 8802: 8727: 8641: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8548: 8339: 8274: 8202: 8181: 8173: 8123: 7902: 7896: 7884: 7782: 7738: 7550:

Kawahara, A.Y.; Storer, C.; Carvalho, A.P.S.; et al. (15 May 2023).

5628: 5592: 5563: 2715: 2675: 2650: 2645:

claim ancestry from a butterfly. In some cultures, butterflies symbolise

2638: 2427: 2423: 2157: 2111: 1980: 1743: 1447: 1300: 1055:

where females are the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males homogametic (ZZ).

990: 923: 781: 741: 722: 671: 656: 596: 559: 547: 505: 458: 410: 370: 335: 252: 242: 197: 56: 7609: 6802:"The Mathematical Butterfly: Simulations Provide New Insights On Flight" 5819: 5126: 4900:"The Generation and Diversification of Butterfly Eyespot Color Patterns" 3442: 2094: 1541:

where they feed on the ant eggs and larvae in a parasitic relationship.

1154: 311:, about 56 million years ago, though they likely originated in the Late 9564: 9472: 9464: 9417: 9401: 9388: 9362: 9338: 9322: 9243: 9230: 9222: 9201: 9193: 9109: 9101: 9044: 9036: 9002: 8860: 8794: 8781: 8753: 8740: 8662: 8289: 8231: 8136: 6517: 6287: 5298: 4394:

Beament, J.W.L.; Lal, R. (1957). "Penetration Through the Egg-shell of

3616: 2528: 2486: 2483: 2442:; evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the 2301: 2277: 2261: 2193: 2186: 2043: 2039: 2019: 1935: 1926:. A butterfly's sense of taste is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the 1846: 1793: 1734: 1695: 1548: 1538: 1524: 1508: 1495: 1295: 851: 810: 761: 555: 535: 390: 362: 312: 267: 247: 222: 101: 66: 39: 9623: 7682: 6718: 4989: 3493: 3476: 2453: 2415:. The tiger butterfly also would have a particular resemblance to the 1950: 1563:

Caterpillars mature through a series of developmental stages known as

1278:-releasing "sex brands" (dark line) on the upperside of its forewings. 941:

As in all insects, the body is divided into three sections: the head,

9516: 9422: 9259: 9251: 9169: 8844: 8831: 8815: 8667: 8657: 8443: 8310: 8302: 8258: 8144: 7813: 7801: 7647: 6453: 4192: 4173: 3503: 3455: 3287:

Heikkilä, M.; Kaila, L.; Mutanen, M.; Peña, C.; Wahlberg, N. (2012).

2523:, c. 1865. The caterpillar is seated on a toadstool and is smoking a 2223: 2215: 2148:

Butterflies protect themselves from predators by a variety of means.

2024: 1931: 1923: 1780: 1764: 1708: 1691: 1637: 1461: 1408: 1286: 1275: 1243: 1174: 1165: 994: 915: 898: 713: 683: 679: 675: 465: 414: 406: 343: 308: 300: 228: 177: 157: 106: 50: 6273: 5290: 3838:"Butterfly Conservation: Secrets of Painted Lady migration unveiled" 2042:

and in all stages by predators, diseases and environmental factors.

817: 9647: 9409: 9185: 8931: 8923: 8868: 8823: 8480: 8398: 8266: 8131: 8114: 7967: 7819: 6748:

Lyytinen, A.; Brakefield, P. M.; Lindström, L.; Mappes, J. (2004).

6535: 6172: 6002:

Large White Butterfly: The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of

5852:

Large White Butterfly: The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of

4428:

The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide

2264:

created by the small whirlpools formed by the wings during flight.

2253: 2201: 2016: 1988: 1939: 1704: 1609: 1568: 1567:. Near the end of each stage, the larva undergoes a process called 1428: 1223: 1186: 956: 919: 835: 825: 809:

Often have 'tails' on wings; caterpillar generates foul taste with

591: 563: 554:

estimates suggest that butterflies originated sometime in the Late

513: 509: 398: 386: 290: 262: 96: 91: 76: 71: 61: 43: 7016: 5735:

Butterflies: Heritability, Sex Linkage, and population divergence"

4720:"Corruption of Ant Acoustical Signals by Mimetic Social Parasites" 3809:

National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Butterflies

2868: 2196:

is found in many butterflies. Some like the oakleaf butterfly and

1652: 1435:, lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. 863: 307:(all others). The oldest butterfly fossils have been dated to the 9430: 9062: 9054: 8771: 7691: 6747: 2642: 2408: 2161: 2139: 1788: 1592: 1584: 1576: 1533: 1380: 1336: 1239: 1195: 975: 946: 911: 366: 111: 86: 7728: 6968:

The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt

1891:, but they are capable of moving pollen over greater distances. 1633: 1001:

or chrysalis, unlike that of moths, is not wrapped in a cocoon.

922:

that give them yellows, but many of the blues, greens, reds and

9480: 7807: 7795: 3186:

Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado

2558: 2524: 2435: 2431: 1899: 1884: 1880: 1842: 1614: 1580: 1564: 1330: 1324: 1306:

The vast majority of butterflies have a four-stage life cycle:

1170: 933: 187: 167: 9611: 6430: 5698:. Vol. 120, no. 1643. 17 December 1988. p. 13. 4717: 3017:"A Triassic-Jurassic window into the evolution of Lepidoptera" 1849:

in nature that might otherwise purge such mutations. Although

1226:

in their pupal or egg stages and thereby survive winters. The

5891: 5607:

Kinoshita, Michiyo; Shimada, Naoko; Arikawa, Kentaro (1999).

5382: 5074:. Delaware Nature Society; Tidewater Publishers. p. 22. 2752: 2654: 2616: 2584: 2411:, may have been associated with solar deities, particularly 2241:

Auditory defences can also be used, which in the case of the

2098: 1845:

with substantial damaging effects and infrequent episodes of

1687: 1622: 1367: 1319: 1311: 986: 649: 525: 331: 3542: 1686:

The reproductive stage of the insect is the winged adult or

9204:(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives) 7040:"Entire Alphabet Found on the Wing Patterns of Butterflies" 5754:

10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0836:teowci]2.0.co;2

4808:"Caterpillars have evolved lungs for hemocyte gas exchange" 3988:

Reppert, Steven M.; Zhu, Haisun; White, Richard H. (2004).

3474: 3274:

10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0459:cotleo>2.3.co;2

3112: 3014: 2703: 2608: 2557:

One of the most popular, and most often recorded, songs by

2416: 2404: 2252:

for dry and wet seasons. These are switched by the hormone

2227: 1798: 1618: 1315: 998: 950: 660: 339: 7687: 5033:"The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago | 4502: 930:

produced by the micro-structures of the scales and hairs.

330:. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their 9425:(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts) 7717: 7187:

Louis, Chevalier de Jaucourt (Biography) (January 2011).

5895:

International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Brown bear - Cheetah

3429:

Mason, C. W. (1927). "Structural Colors in Insects. II".

2434:. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a 2219: 1943:

butterflies have organs of hearing and some species make

1895:

has been observed for at least one species of butterfly.

1888: 1307: 749:

Small, darting flight; clubs on antennae hooked backwards

418: 402: 7472: 7013:"Table Complete with Real Butterflies Embedded in Resin" 4303:

10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0219:HOB]2.0.CO;2

4244: 3286: 2633:), which primarily means "soul" or "mind". According to 2399:

Butterflies have appeared in art from 3500 years ago in

2089:, is the largest butterfly in the world. The species is 2007: 682:

analysis suggests that the traditional Papilionoidea is

663:. Traditionally, butterflies have been divided into the 9412:(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths) 5606: 4543:"British Butterflies: Education: Butterflies in Winter" 3342:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3293:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2876:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2412: 1728:

Butterfly resting on flower at Magic Wings Conservatory

1694:

cell. The head is small and dominated by the two large

7549: 6347: 4954: 4623:

The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma

4470:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 676. 4393: 4361:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 640. 4128: 2361:

rapidly decreasing insect populations around the world

833:

Mostly white, yellow or orange; some serious pests of

385:

over long distances. Many butterflies are attacked by

9600: 5478:"Scents and Eversible Scent Structures of Male Moths" 5324:"Foraging strategies in the small skipper butterfly, 5318: 2664: 2569:" (The butterfly wingèd is seen in Haga), one of his 1903:

obtain minerals and nutrients. In many species, this

1344:, a small number of species are known that reproduce 5609:"Color Vision of the Foraging Swallowtail Butterfly 3990:"Polarized light Helps Monarch Butterflies Navigate" 3805: 2038:

Butterflies are threatened in their early stages by

1837:

is considered to be likely due to a relatively high

1809:

turned black and red scales yellow. Mutations, e.g.

528:), the moths are not. The oldest known butterfly is 441:

Possibly the original butter-fly. A male brimstone (

6988:

The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya

4044: 3865:

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London

413:of some plants. Larvae of a few butterflies (e.g., 8863:(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths) 7629:"An Annotated List of Lepidopterological Journals" 7247:"Church Releases Butterflies as Symbol of Rebirth" 6102: 5067: 4318: 2190:butterflies from the Americas are a good example. 1659:The pupal transformation into a butterfly through 417:) eat harmful insects, and a few are predators of 7622:Butterfly species and observations on iNaturalist 4463: 4354: 3475:Prum, R.; Quinn, T.; Torres, R. (February 2006). 3335: 644:Butterflies are scientifically classified in the 9660: 7938: 7308:Vol III, ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) p 678. 6688: 6220: 6035: 5933: 5662:Swihart, S. L (1967). "Hearing in Butterflies". 5185: 5183: 4766: 3889: 3227:Discoveries in Natural History & Exploration 3183:Meyer, Herbert William; Smith, Dena M . (2008). 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 1991:at the wing edge, rotational mechanisms and the 1883:from flowers. Some also derive nourishment from 1647:When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as 1131:; and 4,800 are distributed across the combined 7852: 7780: 7400: 7367: 6750:"Does Predation Maintain Eyespot Plasticity in 6689:Brakefield, Paul M.; Larsen, Torben B. (1984). 5564:"Color Discrimination on Orientation of Female 5217:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5165: 5163: 4893: 4891: 4424: 3987: 3928: 3718: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 2226:butterflies guard their eggs from parasitoidal 1911:, along with the spermatophore, during mating. 546:million years old, which belongs to the family 8056: 7895: 7518:"How Biomimicry is Inspiring Human Innovation" 7163:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things 6929: 6572: 6308: 5561: 5410: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4174:"Records of Prolonged Diapause in Lepidoptera" 3719:Williams, Ernest; Adams, James; Snyder, John. 3176: 2164:by other butterflies, usually only females. A 1242:with tropical regions showing a trend towards 7991: 7766: 6193: 6123: 5797: 5180: 4872:. Chicago Academy of Sciences. Archived from 3723:. The Lepidopterists' Society. Archived from 2952: 2706:can be reared for recreation or for release. 2679:A collection of butterflies and moths in the 2028:species) cocoons attached to lime butterfly ( 1598:Caterpillars have short antennae and several 1058: 914:that give them blacks and browns, as well as 7925: 7433: 7319:"Superstitions and Beliefs Related to Death" 7117: 6984: 6197:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage 6136:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 6124:Halloran, Kathryn; Wason, Elizabeth (2013). 5998: 5848: 5209:"Pollen Feeding and Reproductive Biology of 5160: 4888: 3714: 3712: 3378: 3189:. Geological Society of America. p. 6. 2598: 2118:. It has a very limited distribution in the 479: 6637: 6100: 5992: 5842: 5728: 5690:"Butterflies Make Best Use of the Sunshine" 5524: 5312: 4343: 3640:"Butterflies and Moths (Order Lepidoptera)" 2969: 2074:has proved effective for the same purpose. 1579:, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of 473: 9212:(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies) 7773: 7759: 7300:Dorset Chronicle, May 1825, reprinted in: 6426: 6424: 6096: 6094: 6092: 5562:Hirota, Tadao; Yoshiomi, Yoshiomi (2004). 5475: 5411:Gochfeld, Michael; Burger, Joanna (1997). 4799: 4711: 4431:. Stanford University Press. p. 121. 4316: 4179:The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 3830: 3664: 3586:) under Mediterranean summer conditions". 3336:Kawahara, A. Y.; Breinholt, J. W. (2014). 3229:. University of California. Archived from 3182: 2697:The Natural History of British Butterflies 1805:determines the colour of scales: deleting 122: 7585: 7275:. Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2014. 6866: 6848: 6777: 6717: 6698:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6482: 6361: 5591: 5546: 5386:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5246: 5236: 5143: 5125: 4988: 4961:Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 4923: 4743: 4642:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4496: 4301: 4191: 4093: 4062: 4013: 3964: 3954: 3709: 3615: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3502: 3492: 3397: 3361: 3312: 3147: 3097: 3056: 2903: 2795: 1571:, mediated by the release of a series of 896:A zoomed in view of the wing scales on a 633: 373:to evade their predators. Some, like the 16:Group of insects in the order Lepidoptera 9391:(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms) 7839: 7376:"Why Collecting Butterflies Isn't Cruel" 7220: 6214: 5929: 5927: 5892:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). 5417:. Rutgers University Press. p. 55. 4418: 3862: 3251: 2674: 2452: 2379: 2375: 2337: 2011: 1949: 1866: 1714: 1671: 1632: 1543: 1486: 1442: 1373: 1355: 1263: 1248: 1213: 1164: 1153: 955: 932: 891: 457:derives the word straightforwardly from 436: 9188:(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs) 7408:"Collecting and Preserving Butterflies" 6421: 6384: 6249:"Featured Creatures: Giant Swallowtail" 6158: 6089: 6060: 5940:. Oxford University Press. p. 15. 5661: 5269: 5206: 4760: 4666: 4639: 4626:. Vol. II (1st ed.). London: 4616: 4610: 4598:(Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)". 4283: 3581: 3549:(5 ed.). Wiley. pp. 523–524. 3543:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2014). 3079: 2981:. Chatto and Windus. pp. 196–205. 786:Brush-footed or four-footed butterflies 303:(moth-butterflies in the Americas) and 9661: 9304:(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths) 7882: 7733: 7636:Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 7528:from the original on 28 September 2015 7515: 7253:from the original on 11 September 2015 7193:Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert 7099:from the original on 26 September 2015 6499:from the original on 27 September 2017 4220:Butterflies and Moths of North America 4171: 3929:Wassenaar, L.I.; Hobson, K.A. (1998). 3646:from the original on 28 September 2015 3527: 3410:from the original on 21 September 2017 2940:from the original on 24 September 2021 2101:, making international trade illegal. 1934:; some have specialized scent scales ( 877: 7965: 7964: 7924: 7881: 7838: 7754: 7626: 7421:from the original on 25 November 2020 7388:from the original on 13 February 2021 7373: 7279:from the original on 6 September 2015 7186: 7156: 7046:from the original on 7 September 2015 7037: 6920:(Springer International, 2017) pp.2-5 6830: 6582:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6075:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121 5924: 4805: 4724:Communicative and Integrative Biology 4503:Shepard, Jon; Guppy, Crispin (2011). 4248:Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach 3546:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3428: 3223:"Lepidoptera – Latest Classification" 2649:. The butterfly is a symbol of being 2077: 2008:Parasitoids, predators, and pathogens 1758:inserted into the female's vagina. A 1507:Some larvae, especially those of the 960:Unlike butterflies, most moths (like 6946:from the original on 13 January 2010 6573:Monteiro, A.; Pierce, N. E. (2001). 6276:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 5729:Ellers, J.; Boggs, Carol L. (2002). 5643:from the original on 2 November 2018 4226:from the original on 28 October 2015 3844:from the original on 31 October 2012 2748: 2746: 2744: 2333: 1770: 1625:start development in the egg stage. 1438: 813:organ; pupa supported by silk girdle 670:excluding the smaller groups of the 624:butterfly from the Bembridge Marls, 7199:from the original on 11 August 2016 7090: 6140:from the original on 7 October 2015 5980:from the original on 7 October 2015 5898:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 416. 5779:from the original on 7 January 2007 5617:The Journal of Experimental Biology 5506:from the original on 6 October 2015 5476:Birch, M. C.; Poppy, G. M. (1990). 5322:; Ollerton, J.; Sluman, C. (1997). 3840:. BirdGuides Ltd. 22 October 2012. 3787:from the original on 2 October 2013 3481:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2367:, specifically, by warmer autumns. 1285:is often aerial and often involves 1218:Life cycle of the monarch butterfly 888:Comparison of butterflies and moths 13: 8826:(carpenter millers, or goat moths) 8743:(burnet, forester, or smoky moths) 7543: 7072:from the original on 8 August 2021 6964: 6891:"Where Have All the Insects Gone?" 6758:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6710:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00795.x 5954:from the original on 27 April 2016 5451:"Article on San Diego Zoo website" 4654:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x 4400:Bulletin of Entomological Research 4265:from the original on 25 April 2016 4108:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01609.x 3877:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1927.tb00054.x 3679:10.1023/B:CHRO.0000038758.08263.c3 3642:. Amateur Entomologists' Society. 3608:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1992.tb01038.x 3203:from the original on 24 April 2016 2665:Collecting, recording, and rearing 1537:ants into taking them back to the 1303:to prevent her from mating again. 1169:Overwintering monarchs cluster on 1063:See also: Lists of butterflies of 674:(skippers) and the more moth-like 405:, and other invertebrates, or are 14: 9690: 9674:Extant Lutetian first appearances 8147:(Amazonian primitive ghost moths) 7740:The English Moths and Butterflies 7676: 7610:Papilionoidea on the Tree of Life 7603: 7454:from the original on 6 March 2021 7329:from the original on 4 March 2016 7138:from the original on 27 July 2020 6900:Vol. 356, Issue 6338, pp. 576-579 6729:from the original on 27 July 2020 6255:from the original on 11 June 2019 6229:from the original on 28 July 2013 5457:from the original on 4 March 2009 5431:from the original on 27 July 2020 5364:from the original on 2 March 2021 5013:from the original on 19 July 2021 4846:from the original on 19 July 2021 4245:Timothy Duane Schowalter (2011). 3563:from the original on 10 June 2016 3431:The Journal of Physical Chemistry 3400:"Lepidopteran: Form and function" 3164:from the original on 19 July 2021 2741: 1384:, laying eggs underneath the leaf 982:, are exceptions to these rules. 9646: 9634: 9622: 9610: 7509: 7466: 7374:Leach, William (27 March 2014). 7355:from the original on 3 July 2013 7341: 7311: 7294: 7265: 7239: 7211: 7180: 7150: 7111: 7084: 7058: 7031: 7005: 6978: 6958: 6923: 6903: 6883: 6824: 6812:from the original on 16 May 2018 6794: 6741: 6652:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03003.x 5873:from the original on 10 May 2016 5731:"The Evolution of Wing Color in 5710:from the original on 21 May 2016 5535:Proceedings of the Japan Academy 5398:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00539.x 5049:from the original on 28 May 2018 4770:Physiological Systems in Insects 4523:from the original on 13 May 2016 4445:from the original on 18 May 2016 4375:from the original on 20 May 2016 3080:De Jong, Rienk (9 August 2016). 2709: 2595:'s short story written in 1898. 2313: 2290: 2269: 1783:of butterflies as well as their 1033: 1021: 862: 842: 816: 792: 772: 752: 732: 608: 583: 144: 54: 8163:(African primitive ghost moths) 6833:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry" 6682: 6631: 6566: 6511: 6476: 6378: 6341: 6302: 6267: 6241: 6187: 6152: 6117: 6054: 6023:from the original on 5 May 2016 5974:"Parasites and Natural Enemies" 5966: 5912:from the original on 9 May 2016 5885: 5791: 5722: 5682: 5655: 5600: 5555: 5518: 5469: 5443: 5404: 5376: 5263: 5200: 5100: 5088:from the original on 9 May 2016 5061: 5025: 4948: 4866:"Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum" 4858: 4787:from the original on 1 May 2016 4773:. Academic Press. p. 114. 4660: 4633: 4587: 4561: 4535: 4484:from the original on 2 May 2016 4457: 4387: 4310: 4277: 4251:. Academic Press. p. 159. 4238: 4208: 4165: 4122: 4087: 4038: 3981: 3922: 3883: 3856: 3799: 3765: 3739: 3658: 3632: 3575: 3468: 3449: 3422: 3329: 3280: 3245: 3215: 3106: 2928:"Benefits of Insects to Humans" 2540:A butterfly appeared in one of 2248:Many tropical butterflies have 1754:which are used in respiration. 966:) fly by night and hide by day. 839:; pupa supported by silk girdle 493: 464:, butter-fly; similar names in 361:, and many species make use of 315:, about 101 million years ago. 8467:(Old World spiny-winged moths) 7446:Amateur Entomologists' Society 6042:CITES appendices I, II and III 5572:Applied Entomology and Zoology 5525:Obara, Y.; Hidaki, T. (1968). 4325:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 4317:Schlaepfer, Gloria G. (2006). 4131:Journal of Insect Conservation 3086:European Journal of Entomology 3073: 3008: 2995: 2920: 2862: 2837: 2812: 2760:Nature Ecology & Evolution 2505:drew a famous illustration of 1965:As in many other insects, the 1879:Butterflies feed primarily on 1587:, is released from the softer 1181:Many butterflies, such as the 729:not clubbed; long slim abdomen 318:Butterflies have a four-stage 1: 9365:(Kentish glory and relatives) 8184:(New Zealand primitive moths) 6327:10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80213-6 5937:A Field Guide to Caterpillars 5037:(Ethilia Longwing Butterfly)" 4925:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00502-4 4832:10.1016/s0022-1910(97)00088-7 4689:10.1126/science.248.4959.1104 3806:Pyle, Robert Michael (1981). 3749:. Monarch Lab. Archived from 2735: 2684: 2370: 2308:, resembling a bird dropping. 2110:is a butterfly of the family 1209: 1192:overwintering sites in Mexico 9511:(oriental swallowtail moths) 8789:(planthopper parasite moths) 7349:"Official State Butterflies" 7249:. The St. Augustine Record. 6850:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 5676:10.1016/0022-1910(67)90085-6 5664:Journal of Insect Physiology 5497:10.1146/annurev.ento.35.1.25 4812:Journal of Insect Physiology 4571:. NatureGate. Archived from 4064:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014 3935:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3812:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 3721:"Frequently Asked Questions" 3005:(Oxford: Oxford, 2003), 232. 2561:'s eighteenth-century bard, 1875:feeding on a flowering shrub 1862: 1360:Eggs of black-veined white ( 1051:. Most butterflies have the 884:Glossary of entomology terms 542:of Denmark, approximately 55 432: 25:Butterflies (disambiguation) 7: 9585:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera 9172:(American moth-butterflies) 9133:(Old World butterfly-moths) 9112:(picture-winged leaf moths) 7862:(mandibulate archaic moths) 7095:(in Swedish). Bellman.net. 6640:Evolution & Development 6483:Elfferich, Nico W. (1998). 6063:Annual Review of Entomology 5976:. University of Minnesota. 5859:. Springer. pp. 401–. 5485:Annual Review of Entomology 5068:Woodbury, Elton N. (1994). 2567:Fjäriln vingad syns på Haga 2534:The Very Hungry Caterpillar 2160:). This signal is commonly 2125: 1554:caterpillar of a hawkmoth, 1378:A butterfly from the genus 1053:ZW sex-determination system 970:Nearly all butterflies are 766:Blues, coppers, hairstreaks 640:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera 10: 9695: 9083:(tropical fruitworm moths) 8620:(case-bearers, case moths) 8384:(trumpet leaf miner moths) 8139:(swift moths, ghost moths) 7578:10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9 7273:"I'm Scared to Be a Woman" 7038:Pinar (13 November 2013). 6831:Meyer, A. (October 2006). 4981:10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.04.004 4467:Encyclopedia of Entomology 4464:Capinera, John L. (2008). 4358:Encyclopedia of Entomology 4355:Capinera, John L. (2008). 2780:10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9 2713: 2668: 2552:The Butterfly that Stamped 2129: 2105:Black grass-dart butterfly 2083:Queen Alexandra's birdwing 2002: 1854:Inbreeding may persist in 1649:prothoracicotropic hormone 1474:, while lycaenids such as 1100: 1062: 1059:Distribution and migration 881: 872: 637: 531:Protocoeliades kristenseni 497: 21:Butterfly (disambiguation) 18: 9580: 9561: 9533: 9489: 9455: 9400: 9333:(American silkworm moths) 9313: 9292: 9271: 9242: 9221: 9164:(swallowtail butterflies) 9142: 9121: 9100: 9071: 9053: 9035: 9014: 8985: 8964: 8943: 8922: 8901: 8880: 8843: 8834:(dudgeon carpenter moths) 8814: 8726: 8708: 8593: 8543:(false diamondback moths) 8531: 8492: 8454:(burrowing webworm moths) 8442: 8424: 8420: 8397: 8372: 8351: 8322: 8301: 8257: 8230: 8201: 8172: 8122: 8113: 8083: 8074: 8047: 8022: 8013: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7960: 7934: 7920: 7891: 7877: 7848: 7834: 7790: 7323:Living in the Philippines 6909:Reckhaus, Hans-Dietrich, 6399:10.1017/S1464793105006810 6251:. University of Florida. 6221:Edmunds, Malcolm (2012). 6200:. Yale University Press. 6009:. Springer. p. 429. 5934:Allen, Thomas J. (2005). 4767:Klowden, Marc J. (2013). 4509:. UBC Press. p. 55. 4412:10.1017/S0007485300054134 4284:Arikawa, Kentaro (2001). 4151:10.1007/s10841-005-5660-x 4015:10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.034 2693:Frederick William Frohawk 2599:In mythology and folklore 2300:caterpillar everting its 2281:warns off predators with 1824: 1575:. During this phase, the 1418:great spangled fritillary 1301:plugs her genital opening 718:American moth-butterflies 454:Oxford English Dictionary 218: 213: 141:Scientific classification 139: 130: 121: 34: 9325:(Australian lappet moth) 8334:(pigmy, or midget moths) 7615:11 December 2008 at the 7413:Texas A&M University 5568:(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)" 4628:Taylor and Francis, Ltd. 4425:Scott, James A. (1992). 3956:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15436 3584:Macroglossum stellatarum 2659:official state butterfly 2492:compiled a photographic 2216:mutualistic associations 2136:Anti-predator adaptation 2108:(Ocybadistes knightorum) 1779:can illuminate both the 1667: 1346:semi-parthenogenetically 1268:The male small skipper ( 1200:stable hydrogen isotopes 8155:(miniature ghost moths) 7713:22 October 2022 at the 7697:16 January 2021 at the 7627:Lamas, Gerardo (1990). 7487:10.1126/science.1116612 7233:3 December 1998 at the 6991:. Thames & Hudson. 6930:Larsen, Torben (1994). 6524:The American Naturalist 6047:5 December 2017 at the 5548:10.2183/pjab1945.44.829 5270:Herrera, C. M. (1987). 5207:Gilbert, L. E. (1972). 5071:Butterflies of Delmarva 4806:Locke, Michael (1997). 3404:Encyclopædia Britannica 2933:Smithsonian Institution 2304:in defence; it is also 2067:entomopathogenic fungus 1938:) or other structures ( 1873:Australian painted lady 1628: 1351: 1322:(adult). In the genera 1185:, monarch, and several 902:, or peacock butterfly. 500:Prehistoric Lepidoptera 427:Smithsonian Institution 421:, while others live as 9534:Superfamily unassigned 8955:(bristle-legged moths) 8504:(ribbed cocoon makers) 8313:(Andean endemic moths) 8269:(fairy longhorn moths) 7441:"Rearing caterpillars" 7124:. Stone Bridge Press. 6932:"Butterflies of Egypt" 6889:Science, 12 May 2017, 6770:10.1098/rspb.2003.2571 6602:10.1006/mpev.2000.0872 6372:10.1093/beheco/9.6.598 6194:Forbes, Peter (2009). 5529:Pieris rapae crucivora 5347:10.1006/anbe.1996.0390 5238:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403 4172:Powell, J. A. (1987). 3458:Photonics Science News 3354:10.1098/rspb.2014.0970 3305:10.1098/rspb.2011.1430 3041:10.1126/sciadv.1701568 2888:10.1098/rspb.2018.2769 2845:"Butterfly Life Cycle" 2820:"Butterfly Life Cycle" 2688: 2479: 2464:. Illustration by Sir 2396: 2356: 2062:Bacillus thuringiensis 2035: 1958: 1876: 1729: 1683: 1644: 1560: 1504: 1457: 1385: 1371: 1279: 1261: 1219: 1178: 1162: 1013:Anthocharis cardamines 967: 938: 903: 659:, which also includes 634:Taxonomy and phylogeny 601:Florissant Fossil Beds 569:Florissant Fossil Beds 480: 474: 448: 357:Butterflies are often 328:complete metamorphosis 9441:(prominents, kittens) 8976:(fringe-tufted moths) 8032:Acanthopteroctetidae 8024:Acanthopteroctetoidea 7725:Southeastern Sulawesi 7302:"The First Butterfly" 7118:Van Rij, Jan (2001). 6985:Miller, Mary (1993). 5999:Feltwell, J. (2012). 5849:Feltwell, J. (2012). 5195:Behavioural Processes 5042:. UWI St. Augustine. 4736:10.4161/cib.3.2.10603 3908:10.4039/Ent1091583-12 3747:"Global Distribution" 3588:Ecological Entomology 3132:10.1093/sysbio/syz002 3099:10.14411/eje.2016.055 2726:light-emitting diodes 2722:structural coloration 2714:Further information: 2678: 2456: 2383: 2376:In art and literature 2365:global climate change 2349:critically endangered 2341: 2130:Further information: 2049:large white butterfly 2015: 1953: 1947:and clicking sounds. 1870: 1835:inbreeding depression 1811:transposon insertions 1785:developmental biology 1727: 1675: 1636: 1547: 1531:) caterpillars trick 1490: 1484:, eating ant larvae. 1446: 1377: 1359: 1271:Thymelicus sylvestris 1267: 1252: 1217: 1168: 1157: 1103:Lepidoptera migration 1101:Further information: 1047:Many butterflies are 980:hummingbird hawk-moth 959: 936: 928:structural coloration 895: 882:Further information: 652:Rhopalocera from the 638:Further information: 498:Further information: 440: 326:insects they undergo 8953:Schreckensteiniidae 8945:Schreckensteinioidea 8934:(false burnet moths) 8805:(slug, or cup moths) 8363:(Gondwanaland moths) 8342:(white eyecap moths) 8100:(archaic bell moths) 6916:19 July 2021 at the 6896:8 March 2021 at the 6134:Animal Diversity Web 6109:. Longman. pp. 6101:Edmunds, M. (1974). 5629:10.1242/jeb.202.2.95 5593:10.1303/aez.2004.229 5308:on 25 February 2009. 3783:(6). 23 March 2013. 2563:Carl Michael Bellman 2355:from human expansion 2144:Seasonal polyphenism 1748:as they are in moths 1255:spotted fritillaries 516:boundary, around 200 508:fossils date to the 19:For other uses, see 9283:(sack bearer moths) 9005:(false plume moths) 8997:(many-plumed moths) 8855:(little bear moths) 8797:(slug caterpillars) 8652:(long-horned moths) 8636:(grass-miner moths) 8034:(archaic sun moths) 7570:2023NatEE...7..903K 7381:Wall Street Journal 7093:"Bellman på Spåren" 6594:2001MolPE..18..264M 6446:1996Natur.384..236B 6223:"Deimatic Behavior" 6161:American Naturalist 5820:10.1038/nature01223 5812:2002Natur.420..660S 5584:2004AppEZ..39..229H 5453:. Sandiegozoo.org. 5229:1972PNAS...69.1403G 5127:10.7554/eLife.68549 4973:2015IBMB...63....7H 4916:2001CBio...11.1578B 4824:1997JInsP..44....1L 4681:1990Sci...248.1104D 4675:(4959): 1104–1106. 4569:"Camberwell Beauty" 4143:2005JICon...9..187D 4006:2004CBio...14..155R 3947:1998PNAS...9515436W 3892:Danaus p. plexippus 3667:Chromosome Research 3600:1992EcoEn..17...52H 3443:10.1021/j150273a001 3299:(1731): 1093–1099. 3266:1992Geo....20..459M 3033:2018SciA....4.1568V 2772:2023NatEE...7..903K 2728:, and is inspiring 2531:'s children's book 2520:Alice in Wonderland 2475:Alice in Wonderland 2207:Papilio cresphontes 2114:. It is endemic to 2053:small cabbage white 1955:Heteronympha merope 1829:When the butterfly 1521:honeydew secretions 1513:mutual associations 1097:Trinidad and Tobago 878:General description 721:Small, brown, like 695: 694:Butterfly families 617:Lithopsyche antiqua 599:butterfly from the 592:Prodryas persephone 575:million years old. 564:Prodryas persephone 9679:Insects in culture 7665:on 27 August 2016. 6936:Saudi Aramco World 6387:Biological Reviews 6350:Behavioral Ecology 6288:10.1007/bf01922410 6105:Defence in Animals 6051:, official website 5328:: when to switch?" 5035:Heliconius ethilla 3348:(1788): 20140970. 3120:Systematic Biology 2689: 2495:Butterfly Alphabet 2480: 2448:Maya civilisations 2440:Aztec civilisation 2397: 2387:relief sculpture, 2357: 2132:Defense in insects 2078:Endangered species 2071:Beauveria bassiana 2036: 1959: 1877: 1730: 1684: 1645: 1561: 1505: 1501:Catapaecilma major 1458: 1386: 1372: 1280: 1262: 1220: 1179: 1163: 1049:sexually dimorphic 968: 939: 924:iridescent colours 904: 693: 571:, approximately 34 524:(forming a single 449: 9598: 9597: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9525: 9512: 9476: 9468: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9413: 9392: 9384: 9366: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9334: 9326: 9305: 9284: 9263: 9255: 9234: 9213: 9205: 9197: 9189: 9181: 9173: 9165: 9155: 9134: 9113: 9092: 9091:(fruitworm moths) 9084: 9027: 9006: 8998: 8977: 8956: 8935: 8914: 8893: 8892:(metalmark moths) 8872: 8871:(clearwing moths) 8864: 8856: 8835: 8827: 8806: 8798: 8790: 8767: 8744: 8700: 8692: 8679: 8678:(concealer moths) 8671: 8653: 8645: 8637: 8629: 8621: 8580: 8557: 8554:Glyphipterigidae 8544: 8523:Roeslerstammiidae 8513: 8505: 8484: 8476: 8468: 8455: 8393: 8392: 8385: 8364: 8343: 8335: 8314: 8293: 8270: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8185: 8164: 8156: 8148: 8140: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8070: 8069: 8043: 8042: 8035: 8009: 8008: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7940:Heterobathmioidea 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7672:at insectoid.info 7516:Vanderbilt, Tom. 7173:978-0-486-21901-1 6998:978-0-500-27928-1 6808:. 19 April 2013. 6764:(1536): 279–283. 6440:(6606): 236–242. 6311:Hypolimas anomala 6207:978-0-300-17896-8 6016:978-94-009-8638-1 5947:978-0-19-803413-1 5905:978-0-7614-7269-8 5866:978-94-009-8638-1 5806:(6916): 660–664. 5424:978-0-8135-2355-2 5326:Thymelicus flavus 5081:978-0-87033-453-5 4910:(20): 1578–1585. 4780:978-0-12-415970-9 4549:on 7 January 2017 4516:978-0-7748-4437-6 4477:978-1-4020-6242-1 4438:978-0-8047-2013-7 4368:978-1-4020-6242-1 4336:978-0-7614-1745-3 4258:978-0-12-381351-0 3902:(12): 1583–1589. 3823:978-0-394-51914-2 3753:on 6 October 2015 3556:978-1-118-84616-2 3494:10.1242/jeb.02051 3196:978-0-8137-2435-5 3001:Donald A. Ringe, 2988:978-0-7011-8180-2 2671:Insect collecting 2613:Taira no Masakado 2334:Declining numbers 2298:Giant swallowtail 2283:Müllerian mimicry 2182:Müllerian mimicry 1777:pattern formation 1771:Pattern formation 1725: 1557:Ceratomia amyntor 1477:Liphyra brassolis 1439:Caterpillar larva 1433:Camberwell beauty 1424:in this example. 1149:Iberian Peninsula 1145:monarch butterfly 1111:Animal navigation 1008:Sexual dimorphism 870: 869: 830:Whites and allies 646:macrolepidopteran 579:Butterfly fossils 487:Gonepteryx rhamni 444:Gonepteryx rhamni 322:, and like other 277: 276: 9686: 9651: 9650: 9639: 9638: 9627: 9626: 9615: 9614: 9606: 9524:(geometer moths) 9523: 9510: 9504:Pseudobistonidae 9474: 9466: 9440: 9432: 9424: 9411: 9390: 9382: 9364: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9332: 9324: 9303: 9282: 9261: 9253: 9232: 9211: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9179: 9171: 9163: 9154: 9147: 9132: 9111: 9090: 9082: 9025: 9004: 8996: 8975: 8954: 8933: 8912: 8891: 8870: 8862: 8854: 8833: 8825: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8765: 8742: 8698: 8690: 8677: 8669: 8651: 8643: 8635: 8627: 8626:Cosmopterigidae 8619: 8578: 8555: 8542: 8511: 8503: 8502:Bucculatricidae 8482: 8474: 8466: 8453: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8383: 8362: 8341: 8333: 8312: 8291: 8268: 8255: 8254: 8228: 8227: 8183: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8138: 8120: 8119: 8099: 8081: 8080: 8054: 8053: 8033: 8020: 8019: 7989: 7988: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7962: 7961: 7946:Heterobathmiidae 7936: 7935: 7922: 7921: 7904: 7893: 7892: 7879: 7878: 7861: 7860:Micropterigidae 7854:Micropterigoidea 7850: 7849: 7836: 7835: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7735:Wilkes, Benjamin 7666: 7664: 7658:. Archived from 7648:10.5962/p.266621 7633: 7599: 7589: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7351:. NetState.com. 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7315: 7309: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7284: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7243: 7237: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7015:. Archived from 7009: 7003: 7002: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6927: 6921: 6907: 6901: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6870: 6852: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6781: 6752:Bicyclus anynana 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6695: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6627:on 3 March 2019. 6626: 6620:. Archived from 6579: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6520:Bicyclus anynana 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6454:10.1038/384236a0 6428: 6419: 6418: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6321:(5): 1425–1443. 6315:Animal Behaviour 6306: 6300: 6299: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6108: 6098: 6087: 6086: 6058: 6052: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6004:Pieris Brassicae 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5854:Pieris brassicae 5846: 5840: 5839: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5739: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5341:(5): 1009–1016. 5335:Animal Behaviour 5332: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5301:. Archived from 5276: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5240: 5223:(6): 1402–1407. 5204: 5198: 5191:Bicyclus anynana 5187: 5178: 5171:Bicyclus anynana 5167: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5129: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 4992: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4927: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4876:on 19 March 2012 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4747: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4575:on 21 April 2017 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4545:. Archived from 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4396:Pieris brassicae 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4352: 4341: 4340: 4324: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4216:"Melissa Arctic" 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4193:10.5962/p.266734 4169: 4163: 4162: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4066: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4017: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3958: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3540: 3525: 3524: 3506: 3496: 3487:(Pt 4): 748–65. 3472: 3466: 3465: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3395: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3316: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3151: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3021:Science Advances 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2967: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2799: 2750: 2702:Butterflies and 2686: 2593:John Luther Long 2385:Ancient Egyptian 2317: 2294: 2273: 2243:grizzled skipper 2087:Papua New Guinea 2031:Papilio demoleus 1976:Vanessa atalanta 1973:. Studies using 1893:Flower constancy 1831:Bicyclus anynana 1726: 1679:Parthenos sylvia 1583:and specialized 1494:: ant tending a 1456:, in threat pose 1403:Pieris brassicae 1318:(chrysalis) and 1240:tropical regions 1107:Insect migration 1037: 1025: 918:derivatives and 866: 846: 820: 796: 776: 756: 736: 696: 692: 628:, 1889 engraving 612: 603:, 1887 engraving 587: 574: 545: 519: 483: 477: 149: 148: 126: 116: 53: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9659: 9658: 9657: 9645: 9633: 9621: 9609: 9601: 9599: 9594: 9590:Lists by region 9568: 9567:is not a clade. 9563:Note: division 9545: 9529: 9485: 9451: 9396: 9357:(Dryandra moth) 9349:(Brahmin moths) 9309: 9288: 9267: 9238: 9217: 9148: 9146: 9138: 9117: 9096: 9081:Copromorphidae 9073:Copromorphoidea 9067: 9049: 9031: 9010: 8981: 8960: 8939: 8918: 8913:(tortrix moths) 8897: 8876: 8839: 8810: 8766:(flannel moths) 8749:Himantopteridae 8722: 8704: 8650:Lecithoceridae 8644:(twirler moths) 8589: 8527: 8512:(Douglas moths) 8494:Gracillarioidea 8488: 8475:(bagworm moths) 8460:Arrhenophanidae 8438: 8426:Simaethistoidea 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8389: 8368: 8347: 8318: 8297: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8189: 8182:Mnesarchaeidae 8174:Mnesarchaeoidea 8168: 8161:Prototheoridae 8105: 8093:Aenigmatineidae 8066: 8058:Lophocoronoidea 8039: 8005: 7970: 7948: 7930: 7928:Heterobathmiina 7908: 7903:Agathiphagidae 7897:Agathiphagoidea 7887: 7865: 7844: 7830: 7786: 7779: 7748: 7715:Wayback Machine 7699:Wayback Machine 7679: 7662: 7642:(1–2): 92–104. 7631: 7617:Wayback Machine 7606: 7546: 7544:Further reading 7541: 7531: 7529: 7514: 7510: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7372: 7368: 7358: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7299: 7295: 7282: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7235:Wayback Machine 7225: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7158:Hearn, Lafcadio 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7091:Nilsson, Hans. 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6983: 6979: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6928: 6924: 6918:Wayback Machine 6908: 6904: 6898:Wayback Machine 6888: 6884: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6636: 6632: 6624: 6577: 6571: 6567: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6481: 6477: 6429: 6422: 6383: 6379: 6363:10.1.1.928.6688 6346: 6342: 6307: 6303: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6192: 6188: 6157: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6128:Papilio polytes 6122: 6118: 6099: 6090: 6059: 6055: 6049:Wayback Machine 6040: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6017: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5932: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5906: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5874: 5867: 5847: 5843: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5737: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5605: 5601: 5560: 5556: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5330: 5317: 5313: 5305: 5291:10.2307/3565403 5274: 5268: 5264: 5205: 5201: 5188: 5181: 5168: 5161: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 4953: 4949: 4904:Current Biology 4896: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4716: 4712: 4665: 4661: 4638: 4634: 4615: 4611: 4600:Current Science 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4478: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4353: 4344: 4337: 4315: 4311: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4259: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4170: 4166: 4127: 4123: 4092: 4088: 4043: 4039: 3994:Current Biology 3986: 3982: 3941:(26): 15436–9. 3927: 3923: 3888: 3884: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3717: 3710: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3557: 3541: 3528: 3473: 3469: 3454: 3450: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3398:Culin, Joseph. 3396: 3379: 3334: 3330: 3285: 3281: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3233:on 7 April 2012 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3111: 3107: 3078: 3074: 3027:(1): e1701568. 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2979:Bugs Britannica 2968: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2681:Manitoba Museum 2673: 2667: 2601: 2589:Giacomo Puccini 2580:Madam Butterfly 2572:Fredman's Songs 2547:Just So Stories 2542:Rudyard Kipling 2432:incense burners 2422:In the ancient 2409:tiger butterfly 2395:. c. 664–525 BC 2378: 2373: 2351:species due to 2344:Actinote zikani 2336: 2329: 2326:Pararge aegeria 2318: 2309: 2295: 2286: 2274: 2146: 2128: 2116:New South Wales 2080: 2010: 2005: 1865: 1827: 1773: 1715: 1670: 1642:gulf fritillary 1631: 1529:Phengaris arion 1453:Papilio machaon 1450:caterpillar of 1441: 1363:Aporia crataegi 1354: 1314:(caterpillar), 1253:Mating pair of 1212: 1161:migration route 1113: 1099: 1061: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1016: 993:, have a hard ( 926:are created by 890: 880: 875: 723:geometrid moths 705:Characteristics 642: 636: 629: 622:Early Oligocene 613: 604: 588: 572: 552:Molecular clock 543: 517: 502: 496: 470:Old High German 435: 143: 133:Papilio machaon 117: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 48: 47: 36: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9692: 9682: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9656: 9655: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9519: 9514: 9506: 9501: 9495: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9470: 9461: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9436: 9428: 9420: 9415: 9406: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9394: 9386: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9360: 9352: 9344: 9336: 9328: 9319: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9302:Lasiocampidae 9298: 9296: 9294:Lasiocampoidea 9290: 9289: 9287: 9286: 9277: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9257: 9248: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9227: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9158: 9156: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9127: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9106: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9086: 9077: 9075: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9059: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9037:Whalleyanoidea 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9024:Pterophoridae 9020: 9018: 9016:Pterophoroidea 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9000: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8928: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8866: 8858: 8849: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8829: 8820: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8800: 8792: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764:Megalopygidae 8761: 8759:Somabrachyidae 8756: 8751: 8746: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8702: 8699:(timber moths) 8694: 8691:(flower moths) 8686: 8684:Pterolonchidae 8681: 8673: 8670:(mompha moths) 8665: 8660: 8655: 8647: 8639: 8631: 8628:(cosmet moths) 8623: 8618:Coleophoridae 8615: 8610: 8608:Batrachedridae 8605: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8579:(ermine moths) 8577:Yponomeutidae 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8551: 8546: 8537: 8535: 8533:Yponomeutoidea 8529: 8528: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8518:Gracillariidae 8515: 8507: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8483:(fungus moths) 8478: 8470: 8462: 8457: 8448: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8434:Simaethistidae 8430: 8428: 8415: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8378: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8361:Palaephatidae 8357: 8355: 8353:Palaephatoidea 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8337: 8328: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8307: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8263: 8261: 8252: 8225: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8178: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8158: 8153:Palaeosetidae 8150: 8142: 8134: 8128: 8126: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8098:Neopseustidae 8095: 8089: 8087: 8085:Neopseustoidea 8078: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8064:Lophocoronidae 8062: 8060: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7993:Eriocranioidea 7986: 7972: 7971: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7932: 7931: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7901: 7899: 7889: 7888: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7858: 7856: 7846: 7845: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7731: 7701: 7685: 7678: 7677:Regional lists 7675: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7624: 7619: 7605: 7604:External links 7602: 7601: 7600: 7564:(6): 903–913. 7545: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7508: 7481:(5751): 1151. 7465: 7432: 7399: 7366: 7340: 7310: 7293: 7264: 7238: 7219: 7210: 7179: 7172: 7149: 7130: 7110: 7083: 7057: 7030: 7004: 6997: 6977: 6965:Haynes, Dawn. 6957: 6922: 6902: 6882: 6823: 6806:Inside Science 6793: 6740: 6681: 6630: 6588:(2): 264–281. 6565: 6536:10.1086/286213 6510: 6475: 6420: 6393:(4): 573–588. 6377: 6356:(6): 598–604. 6340: 6301: 6266: 6240: 6213: 6206: 6186: 6173:10.1086/283868 6167:(5): 770–775. 6151: 6116: 6088: 6053: 6034: 6015: 5991: 5965: 5946: 5923: 5904: 5884: 5865: 5841: 5790: 5748:(4): 836–840. 5721: 5681: 5670:(3): 469–472. 5654: 5611:Papilio xuthus 5599: 5578:(2): 229–233. 5554: 5541:(8): 829–832. 5517: 5468: 5442: 5423: 5403: 5392:(3): 345–361. 5375: 5311: 5262: 5199: 5179: 5173:(Satyridae)". 5159: 5099: 5080: 5060: 5024: 4947: 4887: 4857: 4798: 4779: 4759: 4730:(2): 169–171. 4710: 4659: 4648:(4): 379–393. 4632: 4609: 4586: 4560: 4534: 4515: 4495: 4476: 4456: 4437: 4417: 4406:(1): 109–125. 4386: 4367: 4342: 4335: 4309: 4296:(3): 219–225. 4276: 4257: 4237: 4207: 4164: 4137:(3): 187–200. 4121: 4102:(2): 171–214. 4086: 4057:(3): 457–467. 4037: 4000:(2): 155–158. 3980: 3921: 3882: 3855: 3829: 3822: 3798: 3764: 3738: 3727:on 13 May 2015 3708: 3657: 3631: 3574: 3555: 3526: 3467: 3448: 3437:(3): 321–354. 3421: 3377: 3328: 3279: 3260:(5): 459–463. 3244: 3214: 3195: 3175: 3126:(5): 797–813. 3105: 3072: 3007: 2994: 2987: 2975:Mabey, Richard 2951: 2919: 2861: 2836: 2811: 2766:(6): 903–913. 2739: 2737: 2734: 2730:nanotechnology 2711: 2708: 2666: 2663: 2637:, some of the 2605:Lafcadio Hearn 2600: 2597: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2275: 2268: 2250:seasonal forms 2166:Batesian mimic 2127: 2124: 2079: 2076: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1997:clap-and-fling 1864: 1861: 1826: 1823: 1815:non-coding DNA 1772: 1769: 1669: 1666: 1630: 1627: 1482:myrmecophilous 1440: 1437: 1353: 1350: 1259:greater pignut 1244:multivoltinism 1232:Oeneis melissa 1228:Melissa Arctic 1211: 1208: 1060: 1057: 1039: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 963:Laothoe populi 879: 876: 874: 871: 868: 867: 860: 857: 854: 848: 847: 840: 831: 828: 822: 821: 814: 807: 804: 798: 797: 790: 787: 784: 778: 777: 770: 767: 764: 758: 757: 750: 747: 744: 738: 737: 730: 719: 716: 710: 709: 706: 703: 700: 635: 632: 631: 630: 614: 607: 605: 589: 582: 580: 495: 492: 434: 431: 324:holometabolous 284:winged insects 275: 274: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 233: 232: 231: 216: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 128: 127: 119: 118: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9691: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9579: 9566: 9560: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9509:Epicopeiidae 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9447:Oenosandridae 9445: 9443: 9439:Notodontidae 9437: 9435: 9429: 9427: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9337: 9335: 9331:Apatelodidae 9329: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9281:Mimallonidae 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9273:Mimallonoidea 9270: 9264: 9258: 9256: 9254:(snout moths) 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9168: 9166: 9162:Papilionidae 9160: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9145: 9144:Papilionoidea 9141: 9135: 9131:Callidulidae 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9123:Calliduloidea 9120: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9089:Carposinidae 9087: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9045:Whalleyanidae 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9026:(plume moths) 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8974:Epermeniidae 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8966:Epermenioidea 8963: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8859: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8832:Dudgeoneidae 8830: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8787:Epipyropidae 8785: 8783: 8782:Cyclotornidae 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8737: 8736:Heterogynidae 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8710:Galacticoidea 8707: 8701: 8697:Xyloryctidae 8695: 8693: 8689:Scythrididae 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8676:Oecophoridae 8674: 8672: 8666: 8664: 8663:Metachandidae 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8634:Elachistidae 8632: 8630: 8624: 8622: 8616: 8614: 8613:Blastobasidae 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8603:Autostichidae 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8556:(sedge moths) 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8541:Acrolepiidae 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8510:Douglasiidae 8508: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8465:Eriocottidae 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8452:Acrolophidae 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8396: 8386: 8382:Tischeriidae 8380: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8374:Tischerioidea 8371: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8336: 8332:Nepticulidae 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8324:Nepticuloidea 8321: 8315: 8311:Andesianidae 8309: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8303:Andesianoidea 8300: 8294: 8292:(yucca moths) 8288: 8286: 8285:Incurvariidae 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8200: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145:Neotheoridae 8143: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8049:Lophocoronina 8046: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Acanthoctesia 8012: 8002: 8001:Eriocraniidae 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7947: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7907: 7905:(kauri moths) 7900: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7864: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7784: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7683:North America 7681: 7680: 7671: 7668: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7557:Nat Ecol Evol 7553: 7548: 7547: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7354: 7350: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7137: 7133: 7131:9781880656525 7127: 7123: 7122: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7019:on 6 May 2010 7018: 7014: 7008: 7000: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6981: 6970: 6969: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6744: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6530:(6): 853–60. 6529: 6525: 6521: 6514: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6113:–78, 100–113. 6112: 6107: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5930: 5928: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5794: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5695:New Scientist 5691: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623:(2): 95–102. 5622: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5603: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5566:Eurema hecabe 5558: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5045: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4618:Bingham, C.T. 4613: 4606:(5): 571–572. 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596:Spalgis epius 4590: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4186:(2): 83–109. 4185: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673:(5): 283–91. 3672: 3668: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971:Marren, Peter 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2850: 2849:For Educators 2846: 2840: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2720:Study of the 2717: 2710:In technology 2707: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:Mircea Eliade 2632: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2603:According to 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515:Lewis Carroll 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2490:Kjell Sandved 2488: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2470:Lewis Carroll 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:ancient Egypt 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2327: 2323: 2322:speckled wood 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:myrmecophiles 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:common Mormon 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2034:) caterpillar 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1860: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1841:to recessive 1840: 1839:mutation rate 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1760:spermatophore 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1696:compound eyes 1693: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1662: 1661:metamorphosis 1657: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:neurohormones 1570: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552:countershaded 1550: 1546: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1498:caterpillar, 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1472:scale insects 1469: 1468: 1467:Spalgis epius 1463: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1291:spermatophore 1288: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1143:regions. The 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089:North America 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1036: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 965: 964: 958: 954: 952: 948: 944: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:Ancient Greek 901: 900: 894: 889: 885: 865: 861: 858: 855: 853: 850: 849: 845: 841: 838: 837: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 819: 815: 812: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 771: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 751: 748: 745: 743: 740: 739: 735: 731: 728: 724: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 707: 704: 701: 698: 697: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Papilionoidea 666: 662: 658: 655: 651: 647: 641: 627: 626:Isle of Wight 623: 619: 618: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593: 586: 581: 578: 577: 576: 570: 566: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 540:Fur Formation 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 515: 511: 507: 504:The earliest 501: 491: 489: 488: 482: 481:Schmetterling 476: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 455: 446: 445: 439: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 355: 351: 349: 348:metamorphosis 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 306: 305:Papilionoidea 302: 299: 298:superfamilies 295: 292: 289: 285: 281: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 238: 237:Papilionoidea 234: 230: 227: 226: 224: 220: 219: 217: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 135: 134: 129: 125: 120: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 52: 49:101.4–0 45: 41: 33: 30: 26: 22: 9541:Millieriidae 9522:Geometridae 9491:Geometroidea 9475:(gold moths) 9433:(tuft moths) 9383:(saturniids) 9381:Saturniidae 9371:Eupterotidae 9355:Carthaeidae 9347:Brahmaeidae 9341:(silk moths) 9262:(grass moth) 9233:(teak moths) 9210:Nymphalidae 9196:(metalmarks) 9178:Hesperiidae 8911:Tortricidae 8903:Tortricoidea 8890:Choreutidae 8882:Choreutoidea 8853:Brachodidae 8803:Limacodidae 8777:Anomoeotidae 8718:Galacticidae 8642:Gelechiidae 8595:Gelechioidea 8585:Ypsolophidae 8562:Heliodinidae 8340:Opostegidae 8280:Heliozelidae 8132:Anomosetidae 8076:Neopseustina 7826:Holometabola 7824:Superorder: 7818:Infraclass: 7747: 7739: 7660:the original 7639: 7635: 7561: 7555: 7530:. 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Retrieved 3403: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3231:the original 3226: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3185: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3123: 3119: 3108: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2978: 2944:24 September 2942:. Retrieved 2931: 2922: 2879: 2875: 2864: 2852:. Retrieved 2848: 2839: 2827:. Retrieved 2823: 2814: 2763: 2759: 2719: 2701: 2696: 2690: 2630: 2625:Encyclopédie 2623: 2621: 2602: 2578: 2577: 2570: 2556: 2545: 2539: 2532: 2518: 2503:John Tenniel 2500: 2493: 2481: 2473: 2466:John Tenniel 2424:Mesoamerican 2421: 2398: 2389:26th dynasty 2358: 2353:habitat loss 2343: 2325: 2320:Eyespots of 2276: 2258: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2205: 2192: 2185: 2178:crimson rose 2150: 2147: 2107: 2103: 2081: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2037: 2029: 2023: 2020:parasitoidal 1985:wake capture 1974: 1971:aerodynamics 1964: 1960: 1954: 1945:stridulatory 1920: 1913: 1909:nuptial gift 1905:mud-puddling 1897: 1878: 1855: 1850: 1830: 1828: 1818: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1774: 1756: 1741: 1733: 1731: 1685: 1677: 1658: 1646: 1608: 1597: 1562: 1555: 1532: 1528: 1506: 1499: 1475: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1426: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1379: 1361: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1305: 1294: 1281: 1269: 1231: 1221: 1204: 1183:painted lady 1180: 1129:Afrotropical 1114: 1046: 1011: 991:caterpillars 984: 969: 961: 940: 905: 897: 834: 806:Swallowtails 802:Papilionidae 687: 684:paraphyletic 680:Phylogenetic 678:of America. 643: 615: 590: 562: 550:(skippers). 529: 522:monophyletic 503: 494:Paleontology 485: 461: 452: 450: 447:) in flight. 442: 393:, including 379:painted lady 356: 352: 336:caterpillars 317: 293: 288:lepidopteran 279: 278: 258:Papilionidae 235:Superfamily 221:Superfamily 207: 131: 29: 9669:Butterflies 9499:Sematuridae 9473:Cimeliidae 9467:(hook-tips) 9465:Drepanidae 9457:Drepanoidea 9389:Sphingidae 9376:Phiditiidae 9363:Endromidae 9339:Bombycidae 9323:Anthelidae 9315:Bombycoidea 9231:Hyblaeidae 9223:Hyblaeoidea 9202:Lycaenidae 9194:Riodinidae 9151:butterflies 9110:Thyrididae 9102:Thyridoidea 9003:Tineodidae 8995:Alucitidae 8987:Alucitoidea 8861:Castniidae 8795:Dalceridae 8741:Zygaenidae 8728:Zygaenoidea 8572:Plutellidae 8567:Lyonetiidae 8549:Bedelliidae 8290:Prodoxidae 8275:Cecidosidae 8137:Hepialidae 8124:Hepialoidea 7842:Zeugloptera 7783:Lepidoptera 7670:Rhopalocera 7532:8 September 7522:Smithsonian 7359:9 September 7283:8 September 7257:8 September 7189:"Butterfly" 7050:9 September 6950:15 November 6646:(1): 9–18. 6233:31 December 5368:24 December 5320:Goulson, D. 4818:(1): 1–20. 4321:Butterflies 3757:9 September 3731:9 September 3617:10261/44693 3414:8 September 3092:: 423–428. 2716:Biomimetics 2651:transgender 2511:caterpillar 2462:caterpillar 2428:Teotihuacan 2198:autumn leaf 2174:common rose 2158:aposematism 2112:Hesperiidae 2085:, found in 2051:. When the 2040:parasitoids 1981:wind tunnel 1916:hilltopping 1817:around the 1600:simple eyes 1173:trees near 1121:Neotropical 995:sclerotised 976:cryptically 782:Nymphalidae 742:Hesperiidae 702:Common name 688:Rhopalocera 672:Hesperiidae 665:superfamily 657:Lepidoptera 597:Late Eocene 560:Late Eocene 548:Hesperiidae 506:Lepidoptera 462:butorflēoge 459:Old English 411:pollination 407:preyed upon 391:parasitoids 371:aposematism 359:polymorphic 334:, known as 294:Rhopalocera 280:Butterflies 253:Nymphalidae 243:Hesperiidae 208:Rhopalocera 198:Lepidoptera 35:Butterflies 9663:Categories 9629:Arthropods 9565:Monotrysia 9423:Noctuidae 9418:Euteliidae 9402:Noctuoidea 9260:Crambidae 9252:Pyralidae 9244:Pyraloidea 9180:(skippers) 9170:Hedylidae 8754:Lacturidae 8668:Momphidae 8473:Psychidae 7984:Dacnonypha 7812:Subclass: 7802:Arthropoda 7718:Indo-China 7458:17 January 7425:17 January 7415:Bug Hunter 7392:17 January 6719:1887/11011 6503:6 November 6006:(Linnaeus) 5984:16 October 5856:(Linnaeus) 5783:7 November 5531:Boisduval" 5211:Heliconius 5120:: e68549. 5017:8 November 4990:2381/37010 4870:Larva Legs 4290:BioScience 3848:22 October 2736:References 2669:See also: 2622:Diderot's 2583:is a 1904 2529:Eric Carle 2509:meeting a 2487:naturalist 2460:meets the 2371:In culture 2302:osmeterium 2278:Heliconius 2262:turbulence 2214:, forming 2194:Camouflage 2187:Heliconius 2153:protection 2095:Appendix I 2091:endangered 1957:taking off 1936:androconia 1932:pheromones 1851:B. anynana 1847:inbreeding 1794:Heliconius 1744:nymphalids 1735:Heliconius 1604:mouthparts 1539:ant colony 1525:Large blue 1509:Lycaenidae 1448:Aposematic 1394:micropyles 1342:Parnassius 1296:Parnassius 1287:pheromones 1210:Life cycle 1137:Australian 1125:Palearctic 985:Butterfly 856:Metalmarks 852:Riodinidae 811:osmeterium 762:Lycaenidae 556:Cretaceous 536:Palaeocene 423:mutualists 415:harvesters 399:protozoans 363:camouflage 320:life cycle 313:Cretaceous 301:Hedyloidea 268:Riodinidae 248:Lycaenidae 223:Hedyloidea 214:Subgroups 204:Suborder: 178:Arthropoda 40:Cretaceous 9517:Uraniidae 9410:Erebidae 9186:Pieridae 8932:Urodidae 8924:Urodoidea 8869:Sesiidae 8845:Sesioidea 8824:Cossidae 8816:Cossoidea 8658:Lypusidae 8481:Tineidae 8444:Tineoidea 8267:Adelidae 8259:Adeloidea 7966:Suborder 7926:Suborder 7885:Aglossata 7883:Suborder 7840:Suborder 7814:Pterygota 7794:Kingdom: 7705:Singapore 7656:108756448 7333:9 October 7166:. Dover. 7142:8 January 6859:1544-9173 6660:1520-541X 6544:0003-0147 6358:CiteSeerX 6282:: 14–24. 6069:: 57–92. 6027:8 January 5958:8 January 5916:8 January 5877:8 January 5742:Evolution 5714:8 January 5704:0262-4079 5647:10 August 5491:: 25–58. 5175:Evolution 5136:2050-084X 5092:8 January 4791:8 January 4527:8 January 4488:8 January 4449:8 January 4379:8 January 4269:8 January 4202:248727391 4096:Biol. 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