1049:
84:
1361:
1132:
3835:
9314:
9324:
72:
5064:
1375:(2011), it may have been due to three factors; the Buyids had been influenced during their stay in Baghdad and thus aspired to be important supporters of Arabic writing; New Persian may have been discouraged by the Zoroastrian priests, who still wrote in Middle Persian in regions such as Fars; New Persian may have been very different/at odds with the dialects of western Iran, and was only mostly welcomed in eastern Iran.
1538:
1353:
6725:
1272:
1502:, it was clear that the Buyids had a liking to construction projects. When Mu'izz al-Dawla arrived in Iraq, the country had been ravaged as a result of local struggles over control of Baghdad. Under his instructions, the Baduriya dam on the Rufayl river was restored, subsequently resulting in lower prices of common foods, such as bread. This also inspired people to migrate to Baghdad.
1505:
It was during the reign of Adud al-Dawla that most of the Buyid construction and restoration projects took place. Under him, Shiraz became so crowded that the garrison had no place to roam, which led Adud al-Dawla to have a special quarter created, Fana
Khusraw-gird ("Fana Khusraw made it"), a name
1279:
During the beginning of the Buyid dynasty, their army consisted mainly of their fellow
Daylamites, a warlike and brave people of mostly peasant origin, who served as foot soldiers. The Daylamites had a long history of military activity dating back to the Sasanian period, and had been mercenaries in
1455:
Considered together the preceding materials offer important clues to the question of
Iranian identity under the Buyids. In the first instance we have rulers who are unashamedly Iranian and who sought by genealogy, title and homage to Persepolis to show their connection with the pre-Islamic Iranian
1210:
The Buyids established a confederation in Iraq and western Iran. This confederation formed three principalities: one in Fars, with Shiraz as its capital, the second one in Jibal, with Ray as its capital, and the last one in Iraq, with
Baghdad as its capital. However, during their late period, more
1484:
The Buyids rarely attempted to enforce a particular religious view upon their subjects except in matters where it would be politically expedient. The Sunni
Abbasids retained the caliphate but were deprived of all secular power. In addition, to prevent tensions between the Shia and the Sunnis from
1111:
and forced Samsam al-Dawla to recognize him as the vassal ruler of the region. Furthermore, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, son of and successor to Rukn al-Dawla, also died during this period. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla was succeeded by his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who, with the aid of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's vizier
1378:
However, New
Persian was still used as language of poetry at the Buyid courts. Many prominent poets in the Buyid realm wrote in New Persian, such as Abu Muhammad Mansur ibn Ali al-Mantiqi al-Razi, Khusrawi Sarakhsi and Abu Zayd Muhammad ibn Ali al-Ghada'iri al-Razi. The Persian vizier
1497:
Under the supervision of the Buyids, large construction and engineering projects took place, such as irrigation systems and agricultural developments, all of which led to an increase in income. In comparison to other local rulers in Iraq, particularly the
Baridis and
1143:
Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris (known by his title of "Sharaf al-Dawla") quickly seized Oman from Samsam al-Dawla, and, in 983, the Turkic troops of Samsam al-Dawla mutinied against him and some left Iraq for Fars, but most of them were persuaded by his relative
1412:
While the brothers that established the Buyid kingdom had the Arabic names of Ali, Hasan, and Ahmad, the second Buyid generation notably had
Iranian names, such as Kamrava, Marzuban, Bahram and Khusraw. The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the
780:
after the death of his fourth agent in 941. Regardless, the Buyids were known for supporting the Sunni
Abbasid caliphs and being tolerant of the Sunni population, who formed the majority of their realm. They were, by contrast, unfriendly towards the
1008:
Luckily for the Buyids, Mardavij was assassinated shortly thereafter in 935, which caused chaos in the
Ziyarid territories, a perfect situation for the Buyid brothers; Ali and Ahmad conquered Khuzistan, while Hasan captured the Ziyarid capital of
1092:, who was in Baghdad when he died, at first kept his death secret to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he eventually made the death of his father public, he was given the title of "Samsam al-Dawla". However, Adud's other son,
955:
as his fief, and thus was able to enlist other Daylamites into his army. However, 'Ali's initiative proved too much for Mardavij, who planned to have him killed, but 'Ali was informed of Mardavij's plan by the latter's own
1238:
was the formal head of the Būyids, he did not usually have any significant control outside of his amirate; each amir enjoyed a high degree of autonomy within his territories. As mentioned above, some stronger
1156:(known by his title of "Baha' al-Dawla") the ruler of Iraq. During the same period, Samsam al-Dawla also managed to seize Basra and Khuzistan, forcing his two brothers to flee to Fakhr al-Dawla's territory.
1348:
was occasionally used as a secondary court language. Although the Buyids were of Iranian stock, they supported writing in Arabic, and also used the language in their correspondence, as well as poetry.
1383:(died 995), who was the leading figure at the Buyid court at Ray for a lengthy period, wrote only in Arabic, which he preferred instead of his native tongue. However, he also accepted New Persian
1284:. The Daylamites, during a battle, normally bore a sword, a shield, and three spears. Furthermore, they were also known for their formidable shield formation, which was hard to break through.
7816:
1287:
However, when the Buyid territories increased, they began recruiting Turks into their cavalry, who had played a prominent role in the Abbasid military. The Buyid army also consisted of
1752:
It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buyid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. The following list is incomplete.
644:
from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dynasties in the region, the approximate century of Buyid rule represents the period in Iranian history sometimes called the
7806:
1456:
past. At the same time, the inhabitants of the Buyid kingdoms and eastern Iranians showed a sometimes embarrassingly high level of self-esteem as the people of Iranshahr.
11068:
1072:(981). After this, however, the Buyids went into a slow decline, with pieces of the confederation gradually breaking off and local dynasties under their rule becoming
974:
general Yaqut shortly fought for control of Fars, with the Buyids eventually emerging victorious. This victory opened the way for the conquest of the capital of Fars,
560:
546:
532:
518:
504:
490:
476:
462:
437:
423:
409:
395:
1263:("king of kings"), were also used by the Buyids. On a smaller scale, the Buyid territory was also ruled by princes from other families, such as the Hasanwayhids.
11063:
83:
1224:, meaning "governor" or "prince". Generally, one of the amirs would be recognized as having seniority over the others; this individual would use the title of
1521:), was revamped by Adud al-Dawla, possibly done in order to stress his claim to Sasanian ancestry. One of Adud al-Dawla's lasting building projects was the
1440:
Under the Buyids, the idea of "Iranshahr" (Iran) appears in geographical works, which were all written in Arabic by mostly Iranian authors. The geographer
1302:
The Daylamites and Turks often quarrelled with each other for dominance within the army. To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed
8975:
7828:
9081:
1148:
to stay in Iraq. However, Iraq was in a grim state, and several rebellions occurred, which he managed to suppress, the most dangerous being that of
8495:
8486:
8230:
7742:
1477:, the first Shi'i Imam, Zaydism would have required them to install an Imam from Ali's family. So, Buyids tended toward Twelverism, which has an
1371:
It is uncertain why the Buyids did not promote the use of New Persian. According to the historians Edmund Herzig and Sarah Stewart in their book
6221:
7727:
6529:
9927:
1053:
9360:
8018:
951:, a region bordering Daylam. 'Ali was later joined by his two younger brothers, Hasan ibn Buya and Ahmad ibn Buya. In 932, 'Ali was given
7796:
5930:
Afsaruddin, Asma (2018). "Alternative Patterns of Legitimacy: Sunni-Shi'i Debates on Political Leadership". In Salvatore, Armando (ed.).
4013:
8164:
7680:
6103:
5092:
1570:. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buyid rulers ever exercised direct control of all three regions.
1437:
as well. He used Nowruz as a model for two newly created festivals, which were celebrated annually in the town of Fana Khusraw-gird.
1400:. Due to having a large Zoroastrian and Christian population, many records written under the Buyids were composed in Middle Persian,
7715:
6640:
4986:
5649:, Vol. 35, Papers from the thirty-eighth meeting of the Seminar for Arabian Studies held in London, 22–24 July 2004 (2005), 196.
8340:
8191:
7954:
11083:
10880:
10262:
8686:
8516:
8461:
8330:
8196:
7094:
6585:
6500:
6473:
6389:
6286:
6231:
6210:
5843:
5812:
1473:. Moojen Momen explains this transition from Zaydism to Twelverism, by noting that, since the Buyids were not descendants of
6539:
1448:), fairest and most fertile part of the world, and the most established in its political life is the kingdom of Iranshahr."
1048:
7848:
7838:
10786:
9046:
8996:
8722:
8256:
1546:
6133:
10932:
9932:
8271:
8260:
8205:
8153:
8008:
7811:
6305:
6259:
5329:
5116:
5962:
11078:
9576:
8701:
8645:
8625:
8441:
8416:
8312:
8236:
8138:
7768:
7610:
6608:
6446:
6410:
6365:
6330:
6187:
6166:
6088:
6055:
6036:
6003:
5950:
8535:
1421:, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king
722:, thus suggesting a form of veneration of the site, which the Buyids thought was built by the mythical Iranian king
9353:
9166:
8732:
1317:
was also frequently used. While the Turks were favoured in Buyid Iraq, the Daylamites were favoured in Buyid Iran.
10558:
8676:
8216:
8052:
8047:
7786:
7413:
5265:
4453:
9720:
6116:
985:, which would later produce many prominent statesmen for the Buyids. 'Ali also enlisted more soldiers—including
9281:
9106:
8986:
8970:
8456:
8391:
8292:
8241:
8013:
7964:
7949:
7853:
7843:
7823:
7615:
7274:
5020:
4195:
8914:
7685:
7625:
10996:
9140:
8581:
8564:
8471:
8446:
8302:
8210:
8200:
6996:
5085:
877:. He had a son named Buya, who was a fisherman from Lahijan, and later left Zoroastrianism and converted to
10991:
10875:
9144:
8980:
8696:
8436:
8426:
8174:
8030:
7630:
8910:
6511:
11073:
11001:
10038:
9346:
8935:
8929:
8880:
8691:
8521:
8400:
8025:
6633:
5057:
5045:
3884:
1060:
In addition to the other territories the Buyids had conquered, Kerman was conquered in 967, followed by
9150:
8611:
8476:
7944:
7722:
7620:
6523:
6438:
6080:
6028:
5015:
4976:
10959:
10107:
9671:
9254:
8845:
8615:
8396:
8322:
8184:
8159:
8082:
7833:
7732:
7675:
7087:
6400:
4957:
4861:
4120:
2389:
1397:
10917:
10892:
10742:
10401:
10396:
8965:
8755:
8635:
8586:
8558:
8421:
7959:
7873:
7602:
6709:
6112:
5991:
5078:
5040:
5035:
5025:
3814:
3665:
1627:
6278:
5866:, Vol. I, ed. H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (E.J. Brill, 1986), 19.
11088:
10984:
10865:
10406:
10359:
10302:
10001:
9945:
9693:
9196:
9170:
9161:
9031:
8991:
8595:
8531:
8491:
8226:
8077:
7934:
7893:
7151:
6381:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
6175:
5111:
4603:
4359:
3940:
590:
6322:
11058:
11006:
10907:
10902:
10590:
10538:
10458:
10391:
10295:
10280:
10173:
9940:
9894:
9735:
9622:
9440:
9286:
8925:
8666:
8621:
8345:
8307:
8035:
7791:
6714:
6704:
6626:
5219:
4920:
4423:
3897:
3629:
2638:
1633:
1621:
1310:
1145:
1100:
1065:
614:
511:
442:
260:
17:
6424:
6066:
1506:
which deliberately reflected the name of towns established by the Sasanian kings. The town of
893:, who would later carve out the Buyid kingdom together. The Buyids claimed royal lineage from
71:
10937:
10897:
10710:
10585:
9649:
9639:
9598:
9569:
9338:
8574:
8526:
8501:
8221:
7969:
7747:
7665:
7282:
7239:
5321:
5314:
4301:
4221:
4159:
1360:
1125:
10825:
6194:
6014:
3931:
11030:
10860:
10830:
10705:
10636:
10607:
10526:
9860:
9698:
9688:
9533:
9125:
9027:
8920:
8860:
8835:
8814:
8794:
8767:
8569:
8511:
8406:
8169:
8134:
7898:
7080:
6970:
6807:
6158:
The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future
5030:
3620:
2733:
1774:
1658:
1194:, the seat of the caliphate, and ousted the last of the Buyid rulers. Like the Buyids, the
10810:
989:, who were made part of the cavalry. 'Ali then sent his brother Ahmad on an expedition to
8:
10722:
10602:
10568:
10470:
10290:
10285:
10097:
9816:
9752:
9627:
9612:
9528:
8865:
8554:
8287:
8179:
7778:
7773:
7737:
7670:
7519:
7207:
6316:
4763:
4633:
4062:
3858:
1149:
1117:
1113:
702:. Beginning with Imad al-Dawla, some of the Buyid rulers used the ancient Sasanian title
218:
10438:
10428:
1558:
Generally, the three most powerful Buyid amirs at any given time were those controlling
1433:, and like many previous Islamic rulers—including the caliphs—he most likely celebrated
10835:
10815:
10798:
10749:
10614:
10423:
10374:
10307:
10225:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10112:
10082:
9974:
9872:
9740:
9715:
9369:
9229:
9191:
9136:
9131:
9036:
8951:
8591:
8451:
8411:
8251:
8246:
8144:
8129:
7888:
7690:
7511:
7480:
7373:
7130:
7056:
6911:
6874:
6839:
6745:
5832:
5282:
5106:
4966:
4753:
4373:
3844:
3149:
2149:
1722:
1680:
1002:
882:
805:
769:
692:
645:
629:
281:
10944:
10840:
10776:
10771:
10700:
10597:
10312:
10240:
10235:
10077:
10006:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9779:
9730:
9543:
9538:
9460:
9323:
9239:
9156:
9062:
9052:
8961:
8870:
8855:
8850:
8819:
8809:
8799:
8789:
8776:
8631:
8335:
8149:
8087:
8062:
8042:
7992:
7912:
7760:
7389:
7381:
7306:
7258:
7007:
6985:
6916:
6889:
6849:
6750:
6674:
6604:
6581:
6556:
6496:
6469:
6442:
6406:
6385:
6361:
6326:
6301:
6282:
6255:
6227:
6206:
6183:
6162:
6143:
6084:
6051:
6032:
6018:
5999:
5979:
5971:
5946:
5839:
5808:
5325:
5231:
4793:
4693:
4683:
4393:
4383:
4341:
4241:
4185:
3640:
3096:
2972:
2722:
1786:
1761:
1740:
1710:
1692:
1603:
1585:
1478:
1414:
1199:
1153:
1128:, established himself as the ruler of Khuzistan, taking the title of "Taj al-Dawla".
1116:, became the ruler of Mu'ayyad al-Dawla's possessions. Another son of Adud al-Dawla,
1085:
971:
782:
777:
773:
746:
715:
400:
6569:
10793:
10580:
10575:
10531:
10518:
10448:
10416:
10411:
10275:
10270:
10252:
10213:
10146:
10129:
10070:
10060:
10055:
9996:
9952:
9922:
9882:
9865:
9848:
9811:
9562:
9414:
9389:
9210:
9201:
9111:
9101:
9057:
8897:
8885:
8839:
8784:
8601:
8466:
8297:
8266:
8111:
8092:
7801:
7421:
6947:
6544:
6420:
6274:
5274:
4823:
4513:
4483:
3324:
1686:
1172:
1131:
1096:, challenged his authority, and the feared civil war occurred anyway. Meanwhile, a
758:
698:
As Daylamite Iranians, the Buyids consciously revived symbols and practices of the
581:
176:
170:
45:
5967:
11011:
10979:
10852:
10820:
10803:
10759:
10754:
10732:
10727:
10685:
10678:
10653:
10513:
10508:
10349:
10230:
10124:
10119:
10087:
9912:
9902:
9796:
9789:
9784:
9769:
9725:
9607:
9593:
9435:
9409:
9399:
9394:
9384:
9244:
9181:
9116:
9091:
9076:
9015:
8804:
8656:
8546:
8368:
8067:
8003:
7907:
7755:
7657:
7429:
7405:
7341:
7322:
7314:
7290:
7175:
7117:
7017:
7012:
6931:
6921:
6869:
6859:
6854:
6760:
6755:
6734:
6694:
6684:
6679:
6596:
6573:
6488:
6461:
6432:
6428:
6379:
6375:
6355:
6344:
6249:
6198:
6156:
6074:
6070:
6022:
5940:
5827:
4703:
4653:
4553:
4523:
4463:
4403:
4321:
4291:
4261:
4231:
4026:
3871:
3834:
3823:
3138:
2961:
2950:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1522:
1507:
1401:
1392:
1380:
1104:
1093:
1089:
990:
982:
944:
915:
849:
813:
699:
683:("Pillar of the State"). In 945, the youngest brother, Ahmad ibn Buya, conquered
605:
497:
152:
10433:
6466:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/4: Deylam, John of–Divorce IV. In modern Persia
6457:
10954:
10949:
10912:
10887:
10870:
10781:
10766:
10737:
10695:
10543:
10503:
10498:
10453:
10379:
10339:
10329:
10319:
10134:
10013:
9907:
9774:
9656:
9419:
9086:
8606:
8431:
7919:
7883:
7546:
7464:
7397:
7223:
6980:
6975:
6879:
6812:
6802:
6770:
6548:
6402:
Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age
6128:
6120:
5260:
5256:
4813:
4493:
4473:
4413:
4049:
3960:
3160:
3127:
2928:
2711:
1799:
1780:
1728:
1652:
1345:
1026:
986:
936:
870:
840:
809:
801:
754:
200:
164:
6434:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
6076:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1299:. However, the army of the Buyids of Jibal was mainly composed of Daylamites.
1167:. In 1029, Majd al-Dawla, who was facing an uprising by his Daylami troops in
745:, who is remembered for his open-mindedness and building projects such as the
11052:
11035:
10922:
10717:
10690:
10663:
10641:
10619:
10386:
10369:
10354:
10198:
10151:
10065:
9957:
9831:
9826:
9801:
9683:
9523:
9502:
9317:
9221:
9206:
9176:
9121:
9001:
8956:
8905:
8875:
7578:
7472:
7159:
7038:
7022:
6926:
6864:
6817:
6797:
6765:
6689:
6669:
6658:
6560:
6147:
6124:
6108:
5996:
The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994 : 1040
5983:
5235:
4892:
4881:
4623:
4503:
3950:
3910:
2939:
2130:
2109:
1667:
1646:
1579:
1559:
1541:
Buyid era art: Painted, incised, and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century,
1340:
1226:
994:
963:
905:
890:
886:
786:
742:
714:), literally "king of kings". The Buyids had many inscriptions carved at the
679:
665:
652:
469:
320:
306:
248:
157:
113:
89:
10463:
10443:
6484:
5278:
1465:
Like most Daylamites at the time, the Buyids were Shia and have been called
1175:. When Sultan Mahmud arrived, he deposed Majd al-Dawla, replaced him with a
1108:
997:
and the Qafs. However, Mardavij, who sought to depose the Abbasid caliph of
10927:
10668:
10658:
10624:
10553:
10548:
10475:
10265:
10247:
10208:
10203:
10183:
10178:
10050:
10043:
10033:
10028:
10023:
9917:
9855:
9836:
9821:
9757:
9481:
9450:
9249:
9234:
9186:
9095:
8640:
8506:
7929:
7878:
7586:
7570:
7554:
7496:
7052:
6844:
6098:
5010:
4939:
4902:
4870:
4833:
4803:
4723:
4563:
4129:
3195:
2437:
2398:
1812:
1444:, who was active in the late 10th-century and wrote; "The best cultivated (
1164:
932:
808:). Because of this, many records written under the Buyids were composed in
797:
204:
6015:"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)"
5261:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
10646:
10631:
10480:
10193:
10102:
10092:
10018:
9666:
9661:
9327:
9291:
9042:
8727:
8650:
8481:
6936:
6884:
6775:
6699:
5068:
4713:
4673:
4433:
4311:
3313:
1734:
1615:
1485:
spreading to government agencies, the Buyid amirs occasionally appointed
1331:
1292:
1136:
539:
276:
195:
10673:
10490:
10364:
10324:
10257:
9518:
9497:
9445:
8681:
8072:
7594:
7562:
7488:
7456:
7266:
6959:
5834:
The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800
5286:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
4929:
4843:
4663:
4643:
4613:
4573:
4533:
4365:
4331:
4251:
4205:
3850:
1511:
1486:
1418:
1365:
1330:
Contrary to the Samanids, the Buyids did not adopt Dari (also known as
1296:
1249:
1160:
1025:
and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal, at the same time receiving the
844:
719:
669:"Fortifier of the State". His younger brother Hasan conquered parts of
633:
525:
455:
428:
190:
6024:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
5522:
5379:
5377:
5375:
1159:
During the mid-11th century, the Buyid amirates gradually fell to the
10563:
10334:
10218:
10188:
9969:
9843:
9634:
9476:
7807:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
7527:
7504:
7298:
7231:
7199:
6786:
6580:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 158–162.
6495:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 578–586.
6468:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 342–347.
6205:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 265–269.
5134:
Historiography and scholarship agree that the Buyids were Daylamites.
4773:
4743:
4733:
4443:
4281:
4139:
1499:
1470:
1384:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1088:
is considered the start of the decline of the Buyid dynasty; his son
1014:
962:. The brothers, with 400 of their Daylamite supporters, then fled to
750:
674:
119:
5218:
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).
5180:
1005:
from the Abbasids and forced 'Ali to recognize him as his suzerain.
651:
The Buyid dynasty was founded by Ali ibn Buya, who in 934 conquered
9964:
9747:
9705:
9644:
9455:
8717:
8057:
7939:
7191:
5942:
The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana
5372:
4593:
4583:
4149:
4036:
1441:
1430:
1303:
1244:
1212:
940:
935:, was originally a soldier in the service of the Daylamite warlord
894:
793:
553:
483:
414:
6203:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā
6048:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
5577:
5575:
9877:
9806:
9762:
9617:
9260:
7183:
6578:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/2: Excavations IV–Fārābī V. Music
6251:
Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage
4783:
4271:
4102:
4092:
4082:
4000:
3973:
1537:
1466:
1422:
1314:
1309:, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province (
1211:
principalities formed in the Buyid confederation. Succession was
1195:
1191:
1187:
1010:
998:
981:'Ali also allied with the landowners of Fars, which included the
967:
765:
723:
688:
625:
208:
130:
9678:
6618:
5389:
1352:
9710:
9585:
9066:
8386:
7215:
6955:
5747:
5745:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5572:
4169:
4072:
1434:
1407:
1335:
1069:
975:
958:
874:
863:
833:
817:
749:
dam near Shiraz. Under him, the Buyid realm stretched from the
656:
362:
108:
9368:
7072:
5781:
10344:
7924:
7042:
6724:
5343:
5341:
3977:
1563:
1426:
1356:
Silver medallion of Adud al-Dawla with Middle Persian legends
1288:
1281:
1271:
1255:
1121:
1097:
1018:
952:
948:
878:
670:
660:
366:
124:
93:
6537:
Sajjadi, Sadeq; Asatryan, Mushegh; Melvin-Koushki, Matthew.
5769:
5742:
5725:
1425:. Adud al-Dawla celebrated the ancient Iranian festivals of
7704:
7167:
7103:
6900:
6828:
5430:
5428:
3990:
1567:
1542:
1220:
1124:
and took the title of "Diya' al-Dawla", while another son,
1061:
1043:
1032:("Fortifier of the State"), while 'Ali was given the laqab
1022:
1001:
and recreate a Zoroastrian Iranian Empire, shortly wrested
910:
704:
684:
641:
637:
229:
225:
135:
9554:
5713:
5338:
1275:
Silk with depiction of horsemen, produced under the Buyids
729:
The Buyid dynasty reached its zenith under Panāh Khusraw (
8682:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
6536:
6493:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/6: Burial II–Calendars II
5676:
5481:
5479:
5205:
1526:
1474:
5607:
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years
5425:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
1036:("Support of the State"), and Hasan was given the laqab
5550:
5548:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
1364:
One of the two Arabic inscriptions of Adud al-Dawla in
993:, but was forced to withdraw after opposition from the
939:, but later changed his adherence to the Iranian ruler
677:, which he made his capital. Hasan was given the laqab
5664:
5587:
5533:
5476:
5452:
5440:
5413:
5147:
1052:
Gold ewer of the Buyid Period, mentioning Buyid ruler
5159:
1489:
to high offices instead of Muslims from either sect.
796:, who ruled over a mostly Sunni Muslim population in
636:
origin, which mainly ruled over central and southern
595:
53:
6318:
An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan
5701:
5652:
5624:
5560:
5545:
5503:
5491:
5464:
5401:
5353:
1280:
various places in Iran and Iraq, and even as far as
1215:, with rulers dividing their land among their sons.
619:
5320:(7 ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p.
5293:
1017:, which became his capital, thus conquering all of
947:, and was himself related to the ruling dynasty of
869:). The Buyids were descendants of Panah-Khusrow, a
11069:States and territories disestablished in the 1060s
6538:
6102:
5961:
5831:
5643:Sohar and the Daylamī interlude (356–443/967–1051)
5313:
6346:The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad, 334/946-447/1055
5612:
1396:, a designation for poetry composed in the local
11050:
6192:
5888:
5757:
5383:
5217:
1481:, a more politically attractive option to them.
673:in the late 930s, and by 943 managed to capture
27:Shia Iranian dynasty in Iran and Iraq (934–1062)
7743:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
1510:, considered to be linked to the Sasanian king
323:becomes the supreme ruler of the Buyid dynasty
11064:States and territories established in the 930s
7829:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
7728:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
6314:
5998:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–331.
5647:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
5255:
1079:
9570:
9354:
7611:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
7088:
6634:
6455:
6295:
6271:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
5912:
5751:
5736:
5395:
5347:
5220:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"
5086:
847:
730:
709:
37:
11027:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
8687:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
6219:
6050:. New York City: Columbia University Press.
1408:Naming traditions, celebrations and identity
1253:. Furthermore, several other titles such as
7797:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
6456:Felix, Wolfgang; Madelung, Wilferd (1995).
6142:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1350–1357.
5698:New Ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960. p. 1353.
5311:
1469:. However, it is likely that they began as
1398:northwestern Iranian dialects and languages
354:1,600,000 km (620,000 sq mi)
9577:
9563:
9361:
9347:
8303:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
8165:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
7681:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
7095:
7081:
6641:
6627:
6528:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6321:. University of Michigan: BRILL. pp.
6134:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
5929:
5787:
5527:Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
5093:
5079:
1054:Izz al-Dawla Bakhtiyar ibn Mu'izz al-Dawla
82:
70:
7812:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
6601:Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index
6567:
6360:. Yale University Press. pp. 1–284.
6279:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001
6268:
6220:Clawson, Patrick; Rubin, Michael (2005).
5807:, Yale University Press, pp. 75–76,
5775:
5366:
7631:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
6419:
6195:"ʿAżod-al-dawla, Abū Šojāʿ Fannā Ḵosrow"
6045:
6012:
5990:
5896:
5798:
5796:
5593:
5581:
5153:
1536:
1359:
1351:
1270:
1179:governor and ended the Buyid dynasty in
1130:
1047:
1044:Height of power and Golden age (945–983)
966:, where they managed to take control of
800:, the Buyid realm was populated by many
10851:
8417:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
6512:"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"
6398:
6374:
6296:Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011).
6247:
6154:
5900:
5719:
5670:
5539:
5485:
5458:
5446:
5419:
5174:
1334:) as their official language. Instead,
1218:The title used by the Buyid rulers was
14:
11051:
7955:History of democracy in classical Iran
6594:
6425:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
6269:Frye, R.; Keshk, K. (2014). "Būyids".
5826:
5206:Sajjadi, Asatryan & Melvin-Koushki
1120:, established himself as the ruler of
9558:
9342:
8753:
8677:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
8462:Iran and the World Trade Organization
8366:
8109:
7990:
7115:
7076:
6622:
6482:
6353:
6342:
6097:
6064:
5959:
5938:
5908:
5904:
5892:
5884:
5802:
5793:
5707:
5682:
5658:
5630:
5618:
5599:
5566:
5554:
5509:
5497:
5470:
5434:
5407:
5299:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3663:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3540:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3253:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2691:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2013:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
7849:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
7839:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
6603:. Taylor & Francis. p. 16.
6516:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
6509:
6384:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
6193:Bürgel, Ch.; Mottahedeh, R. (1988).
5932:The Wiley Blackwell History of Islam
5763:
5696:The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume I.
5316:A Concise History of the Middle East
1390:The Buyids also promoted the use of
691:his capital. He was given the laqab
9082:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
8723:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
8697:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
8496:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
8231:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
5609:, (New York: Scribner, 1995) p. 89.
1664:Fakhr al-Dawla (restored) (984–997)
1547:New York Metropolitan Museum of Art
881:. Buya later had three sons, named
764:Although the Buyids were initially
731:
710:
609:
585:
38:
24:
7621:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
6223:Eternal Iran: Continuity and Chaos
1291:, who, along with the Turks, were
25:
11100:
8692:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
8313:Supreme National Security Council
8139:Persian Constitutional Revolution
7769:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
7676:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
7666:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
6648:
5694:Sourdel-Thomine, J. "Buwayhids."
5224:Journal of World-Systems Research
926:
804:and Christians (primarily of the
9322:
9313:
9312:
8288:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
6723:
5970:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
5062:
3833:
558:
544:
530:
516:
502:
488:
474:
460:
435:
421:
407:
393:
8487:Military equipment manufactured
8053:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
7817:United States withdrawal (2018)
7738:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
7102:
5878:
5869:
5853:
5820:
5688:
5636:
5515:
5266:International Studies Quarterly
5117:List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties
1747:
1553:
1532:
1525:erected on the burial place of
1516:
1492:
899:
736:
88:the Buyid realm at the time of
9047:modern / contemporary
8293:Expediency Discernment Council
7616:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
7605:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
7129:
6357:Islamic Imperialism: A History
6273:(1). Oxford University Press.
5978:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
5838:. Cambridge University Press.
5805:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
5645:, Valeria Fiorani Piacentini,
5305:
5249:
5211:
1819:
1451:Herzig and Stewart adds that;
970:. However, the Buyids and the
757:in the west to the borders of
155:(official and court language;
13:
1:
8261:state-sponsorship allegations
7991:
6553:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
5140:
4210:
4174:
4054:
4041:
4018:
4005:
3982:
3965:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
1205:
1068:(979), Tabaristan (980), and
659:his capital. He received the
11084:Dynasties in Persia and Iran
9378:Persian and Caspian kingdoms
8718:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
8110:
8019:twin towns and sister cities
7325:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
7202:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
7178:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
6161:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
5963:"Būyid art and architecture"
5934:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
5889:Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988
5384:Bürgel & Mottahedeh 1988
5312:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002).
1387:that were dedicated to him.
1313:), although the practice of
1295:, while the Daylamites were
1171:, requested assistance from
931:The founder of the dynasty,
785:centered in Egypt, who were
7:
9584:
8997:Water supply and sanitation
8754:
8728:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
8367:
7787:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
7162:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
7116:
6248:Davaran, Fereshteh (2010).
3804:
1460:
1325:
1266:
1080:Decline and fall (983–1062)
620:
596:
54:
10:
11105:
8477:Economy of the Middle East
7854:2021–2022 Iranian protests
7844:2019–2020 Iranian protests
7824:2017–2018 Iranian protests
7285:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
6439:Cambridge University Press
6343:Kabir, Mafizullah (1964).
6081:Cambridge University Press
6029:Cambridge University Press
5922:
5864:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
5128:
3780:Abu'l-Ghana'im al-Marzuban
1320:
943:, who had established the
921:
823:
309:proclaimed himself "Emir"
167:(secondary court language)
11020:
10972:
10489:
9893:
9592:
9511:
9490:
9469:
9428:
9377:
9308:
9274:
9220:
9023:
9014:
8944:
8896:
8828:
8775:
8766:
8762:
8749:
8710:
8702:National Development Fund
8665:
8622:Telecommunications and IT
8616:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
8545:
8442:Foreign direct investment
8387:Bonyad (charitable trust)
8379:
8375:
8362:
8321:
8280:
8122:
8118:
8105:
7999:
7986:
7866:
7733:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
7723:Interim Government (1979)
7702:
7650:
7643:
7539:
7449:
7366:
7357:
7334:
7251:
7144:
7137:
7128:
7124:
7111:
7031:
6994:
6945:
6898:
6826:
6784:
6732:
6721:
6656:
6568:Tafazzoli, Ahmad (1999).
6399:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992).
6155:Donohue, John J. (2003).
5960:Blair, Sheila S. (2009).
5945:. Brill. pp. 1–307.
5913:Felix & Madelung 1995
5752:Herzig & Stewart 2011
5737:Herzig & Stewart 2011
5396:Felix & Madelung 1995
5348:Herzig & Stewart 2011
3726:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3538:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3446:
3444:
3386:
3384:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3221:
3219:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2804:
2802:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2528:
2526:
2494:
2492:
2476:
2474:
2381:
2379:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2229:
2227:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1899:
1897:
1040:("Pillar of the State").
848:
372:
358:
350:
345:
341:
331:
317:
303:
293:
289:
270:
266:
254:
242:
238:
224:
214:
186:
145:
101:
81:
69:
64:
32:
11079:Medieval history of Iraq
8452:International oil bourse
8217:Ministry of Intelligence
7802:Syrian civil war (2011–)
7626:1921 Persian coup d'état
6595:Turner, John P. (2006).
6349:. Brill. pp. 1–248.
6065:Busse, Heribert (1975).
6013:Bosworth, C. E. (1968).
5122:
1154:Abu Nasr Firuz Kharshadh
1021:. In 945, Ahmad entered
1013:, and, in 943, captured
76:The Buyid dynasty in 970
9372:dynasties (800–1100 AD)
8976:scientists and scholars
8482:Milad Tower and complex
8272:Women's rights movement
8267:White Revolution (1963)
7935:Peoples of the Caucasus
7277:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
7170:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
6315:Ibn Isfandiyar (1905).
6176:Edward Granville Browne
6067:"Iran Under the Buyids"
6046:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
5584:, pp. 53, 59, 234.
5279:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
5112:List of kings of Persia
3885:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
9287:Anti-Iranian sentiment
9282:Science and technology
9107:Intellectual movements
8987:International rankings
8971:Intellectual movements
8457:International rankings
7950:Heads of state of Iran
7756:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
7317:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
7154:culture (3400–2000 BC)
6715:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
6705:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
6483:Nagel, Tilman (1990).
6354:Karsh, Efraim (2007).
5976:Encyclopaedia of Islam
5939:Blair, Sheila (1992).
5911:, pp. 1350–1357;
5803:Momen, Moojan (1985),
4424:Masmughans of Damavand
3898:Zayandeh River Culture
3630:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
2639:Marzuban ibn Bakhtiyar
1634:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
1622:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
1550:
1458:
1368:
1357:
1344:of their realm, while
1276:
1234:. Although the senior
1146:Ziyar ibn Shahrakawayh
1140:
1135:Coinage of Buyid amir
1057:
663:or honorific title of
443:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
333:• Disestablished
261:Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun
10997:Medieval great powers
8575:Shetab Banking System
8565:Banking and insurance
8527:Tehran Stock Exchange
8447:Intellectual property
7792:PJAK conflict (2004–)
7565:Turcomans (1378–1508)
7557:Turcomans (1374–1468)
7506:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
7309:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
6710:Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
6510:Paul, Ludwig (2000).
6104:"Buwayhids or Būyids"
5367:Frye & Keshk 2014
4302:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
4256:3rd-century BC–132 BC
4222:Kingdom of Cappadocia
4178: 6th century BC
4160:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3666:Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
3658:Abu'l-Muzaffar Bahram
1628:Abu Sa'd Khusrau Shah
1540:
1453:
1363:
1355:
1274:
1134:
1094:Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris
1051:
173:(popular, literature)
146:Common languages
11007:European colonialism
10992:Ancient great powers
9534:Nizari Ismaili state
9470:Khwarezmian kingdoms
8536:Technology start-ups
8437:Environmental issues
8427:Economic Reform Plan
8341:Provincial governors
8031:Environmental issues
7779:Iran Air Flight 655
7520:Jalayirid Sultanate
7392:Caliphate (750–1258)
7234:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
6441:. pp. 198–249.
6083:. pp. 250–305.
5899:, pp. 154–155;
5895:, pp. 578–586;
5891:, pp. 265–269;
5887:, pp. 251–252;
5685:, pp. 265, 298.
3621:Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau
1152:, who tried to make
1090:Abu Kalijar Marzuban
11002:Modern great powers
9529:Kara-Khanid Khanate
8936:Freedom of religion
8522:Supreme Audit Court
8401:Automotive industry
8048:Iranian Balochistan
7774:1987 Mecca incident
7671:Iran crisis of 1946
7660:dynasty (1925–1979)
7589:Dynasty (1751–1794)
7530:dynasty (1338–1357)
7522:dynasty (1335–1432)
7514:dynasty (1314–1393)
7499:dynasty (1244–1381)
7483:dynasty (1077–1231)
7467:dynasty (1011–1215)
7384:Caliphate (661–750)
7376:Caliphate (632–661)
7344:Empire (AD 224–651)
7261:Empire (550–330 BC)
7242:Empire (626–539 BC)
7226:Empire (678–549 BC)
7210:Empire (911–609 BC)
5915:, pp. 342–347.
5875:Heribert, pp. 287-8
5790:, p. -235-236.
5778:, pp. 158–162.
5722:, pp. 154–156.
5437:, pp. 578–586.
5398:, pp. 342–347.
5386:, pp. 265–269.
4958:Contemporary period
4862:Early modern period
4764:Jalayirid Sultanate
4634:Khwarazmian dynasty
4063:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3941:Kura–Araxes culture
3859:Baradostian culture
1807:Buyids of Khuzistan
1150:Asfar ibn Kurdawayh
1118:Abu Tahir Firuzshah
1056:, 966-977 CE, Iran.
843:name ending in the
741:), whose laqab was
295:• Established
219:Hereditary monarchy
11074:934 establishments
9370:Iranian Intermezzo
9067:Persian New Year (
8472:Main economic laws
8043:Iranian Azerbaijan
7945:Monarchs of Persia
7889:Persianate society
7597:Empire (1789–1925)
7581:Empire (1736–1796)
7573:Empire (1501–1736)
7549:Empire (1370–1507)
7475:Empire (1037–1194)
7440:dynasty (934–1062)
7432:dynasty (931–1090)
7424:dynasty (861–1003)
7293:Empire (312–63 BC)
7194:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
6875:Musharrif al-Dawla
6298:Early Islamic Iran
6117:Lévi-Provençal, E.
6031:. pp. 1–203.
6019:Boyle, John Andrew
5966:. In Fleet, Kate;
5259:(September 1997).
5107:Iranian Intermezzo
4977:Interim Government
4967:Iranian Revolution
4754:Muzaffarid dynasty
4458:864 – 14th century
4448:791 – 11th century
4374:Rashidun Caliphate
4196:Kingdom of Armenia
3845:Prehistoric period
3150:Musharrif al-Dawla
1723:Musharrif al-Dawla
1551:
1373:Early Islamic Iran
1369:
1358:
1277:
1141:
1126:Abu'l-Husain Ahmad
1058:
806:Church of the East
646:Iranian Intermezzo
282:Islamic Golden Age
11046:
11045:
10968:
10967:
10933:Polish–Lithuanian
10108:Gurjara-Pratihara
9552:
9551:
9544:Fatimid Caliphate
9539:Abbasid Caliphate
9461:Hadhabani (tribe)
9336:
9335:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9270:
9269:
9177:Opium consumption
9010:
9009:
8846:Ethnic minorities
8820:Iranian languages
8745:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8237:Political parties
8175:Children's rights
8160:Foreign relations
8154:2009 presidential
8101:
8100:
8063:Iranian Kurdistan
7982:
7981:
7978:
7977:
7862:
7861:
7834:COVID-19 pandemic
7693:Revolution (1979)
7639:
7638:
7459:Empire (977–1186)
7416:dynasty (864–928)
7408:dynasty (821–873)
7400:dynasty (819–999)
7353:
7352:
7269:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
7070:
7069:
7062:
7048:
7001:
6971:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
6964:
6952:
6905:
6890:Al-Malik al-Rahim
6833:
6808:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
6791:
6739:
6663:
6587:978-0-933273-27-6
6545:Madelung, Wilferd
6524:cite encyclopedia
6502:978-0-71009-129-1
6475:978-1-56859-022-6
6421:Madelung, Wilfred
6391:978-0-582-40525-7
6288:978-0-19-973935-6
6233:978-1-4039-6276-8
6212:978-0-71009-115-4
5862:, Bernard Lewis,
5845:978-0-521-58813-3
5814:978-0-300-03531-5
5103:
5102:
4995:
4994:
4948:
4947:
4911:
4910:
4852:
4851:
4794:Afrasiyab dynasty
4694:Khorshidi dynasty
4684:Pishkinid dynasty
4574:Ghaznavid dynasty
4394:Abbasid Caliphate
4384:Umayyad Caliphate
4350:
4349:
4346:550s–11th century
4242:Kingdom of Pontus
4186:Achaemenid Empire
4150:Anshanite Kingdom
4111:
4110:
4014:Oxus Civilization
3922:
3921:
3802:
3801:
3641:Al-Malik al-Rahim
2734:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
2390:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
1775:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
1769:Buyids in Hamadan
1741:Al-Malik al-Rahim
1659:Mu'ayyad al-Dawla
858:, modern Persian
783:Fatimid Caliphate
778:Muhammad al-Mahdi
774:Major Occultation
618:
594:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
448:
447:
401:Abbasid Caliphate
256:• 1048–1062
16:(Redirected from
11096:
10849:
10848:
10514:Austro-Hungarian
10214:Chagatai Khanate
9579:
9572:
9565:
9556:
9555:
9491:Sogdian kingdoms
9429:Kurdish kingdoms
9415:Sallarid dynasty
9390:Saffarid dynasty
9363:
9356:
9349:
9340:
9339:
9326:
9316:
9315:
9167:National symbols
9021:
9020:
8836:Iranian citizens
8773:
8772:
8764:
8763:
8751:
8750:
8733:Research centers
8422:Economic history
8377:
8376:
8364:
8363:
8298:Guardian Council
8120:
8119:
8107:
8106:
7988:
7987:
7965:Electric history
7960:Military history
7874:Ancient Persians
7782:
7781:shootdown (1988)
7764:
7751:
7748:Iranian Embassy
7718:
7707:
7705:Islamic Republic
7694:
7686:1953 coup d'état
7661:
7648:
7647:
7606:
7603:Khanates of the
7598:
7590:
7582:
7574:
7566:
7558:
7550:
7531:
7523:
7515:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7417:
7409:
7401:
7393:
7385:
7377:
7364:
7363:
7345:
7326:
7318:
7310:
7302:
7294:
7286:
7278:
7270:
7262:
7243:
7235:
7227:
7219:
7211:
7203:
7195:
7187:
7179:
7171:
7163:
7155:
7142:
7141:
7126:
7125:
7113:
7112:
7097:
7090:
7083:
7074:
7073:
7060:
7046:
6999:
6962:
6950:
6903:
6831:
6789:
6737:
6727:
6661:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6597:"'Adud al-Dawla"
6591:
6574:Yarshater, Ehsan
6564:
6555:. Brill Online.
6542:
6533:
6527:
6519:
6506:
6489:Yarshater, Ehsan
6479:
6462:Yarshater, Ehsan
6452:
6429:Frye, Richard N.
6416:
6395:
6371:
6350:
6339:
6311:
6300:. I. B. Tauris.
6292:
6265:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6216:
6199:Yarshater, Ehsan
6180:Islamic Medicine
6172:
6151:
6106:
6094:
6071:Frye, Richard N.
6061:
6042:
6009:
5987:
5965:
5956:
5935:
5916:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5837:
5828:Berkey, Jonathan
5824:
5818:
5817:
5800:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5740:
5734:
5723:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5650:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5579:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5370:
5364:
5351:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5319:
5309:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5178:
5172:
5157:
5151:
5132:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5036:Military history
5026:Economic history
5004:Related articles
4987:Islamic Republic
4963:
4962:
4926:
4925:
4867:
4866:
4824:Kar-Kiya dynasty
4744:Chobanid dynasty
4734:Ilkhanate Empire
4514:Sallarid dynasty
4484:Saffarid dynasty
4370:
4369:
4215:
4212:
4180:–11th century AD
4179:
4176:
4140:Scythian Kingdom
4126:
4125:
4056:
4043:
4020:
4007:
3984:
3967:
3937:
3936:
3917:
3904:
3891:
3878:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3837:
3827:
3809:
3808:
3325:Al-Malik al-Aziz
2654:Unnamed princess
1824:
1823:
1794:Buyids in Kerman
1520:
1518:
1202:as figureheads.
1173:Mahmud of Ghazna
1114:Sahib ibn 'Abbad
1103:chieftain named
903:
901:
854:(Middle Persian
853:
852:
792:Contrary to the
740:
738:
734:
733:
713:
712:
623:
613:
611:
600:), also spelled
599:
589:
587:
562:
561:
548:
547:
534:
533:
520:
519:
506:
505:
492:
491:
478:
477:
464:
463:
452:
451:
439:
438:
425:
424:
411:
410:
397:
396:
390:
389:
374:
373:
179:(ruling dynasty)
86:
74:
59:
58:
57:
49:
41:
40:
30:
29:
21:
11104:
11103:
11099:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11094:
11093:
11049:
11048:
11047:
11042:
11031:American Empire
11016:
11012:African empires
10964:
10847:
10539:Central African
10485:
10303:Romano-Germanic
9889:
9623:Middle Assyrian
9596:
9588:
9583:
9553:
9548:
9507:
9486:
9465:
9436:Rawadid dynasty
9424:
9410:Kakuyid dynasty
9400:Ziyarid dynasty
9395:Samanid dynasty
9385:Tahirid dynasty
9373:
9367:
9337:
9332:
9296:
9266:
9245:Rap and hip-hop
9216:
9197:Public holidays
9182:Persian gardens
9171:Imperial Anthem
9162:National Jewels
9117:Iranian studies
9006:
8940:
8892:
8824:
8785:Persian (Farsi)
8758:
8737:
8706:
8668:
8661:
8596:Pharmaceuticals
8541:
8532:Venture capital
8507:Rial (currency)
8492:Nuclear program
8371:
8350:
8317:
8276:
8227:Nuclear program
8192:Judicial system
8114:
8097:
8068:Iranian plateau
7995:
7974:
7858:
7780:
7762:
7749:
7717:History (1979–)
7716:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7659:
7635:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7572:
7564:
7556:
7548:
7535:
7529:
7521:
7513:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7482:
7474:
7466:
7458:
7445:
7439:
7431:
7423:
7415:
7407:
7399:
7391:
7383:
7375:
7359:
7349:
7343:
7330:
7324:
7316:
7308:
7300:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7247:
7241:
7240:Neo-Babylonian
7233:
7225:
7218:(860 BC–590 BC)
7217:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7186:(c.2300–675 BC)
7185:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7153:
7133:
7120:
7107:
7101:
7071:
7066:
7027:
7018:Sharaf al-Dawla
7013:Samsam al-Dawla
6990:
6954:
6941:
6932:Sultan al-Dawla
6922:Samsam al-Dawla
6912:Mu'izz al-Dawla
6894:
6870:Sultan al-Dawla
6860:Sharaf al-Dawla
6855:Samsam al-Dawla
6840:Mu'izz al-Dawla
6822:
6780:
6761:Samsam al-Dawla
6756:Sharaf al-Dawla
6746:Mu'izz al-Dawla
6728:
6719:
6695:Sultan al-Dawla
6685:Samsam al-Dawla
6680:Sharaf al-Dawla
6652:
6647:
6617:
6611:
6588:
6549:Daftary, Farhad
6521:
6520:
6503:
6476:
6449:
6413:
6392:
6368:
6333:
6308:
6289:
6262:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6213:
6169:
6091:
6058:
6039:
6006:
5992:Bosworth, C. E.
5972:Rowson, Everett
5953:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5907:, pp. 60;
5903:, p. 211;
5883:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5801:
5794:
5788:Afsaruddin 2018
5786:
5782:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5743:
5735:
5726:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5665:
5657:
5653:
5641:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5605:Bernard Lewis,
5604:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5580:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5477:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5410:, pp. 274.
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5373:
5365:
5354:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5181:
5173:
5160:
5156:, pp. 154.
5152:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5099:
5069:Iran portal
5063:
5061:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5041:Women's history
5005:
4997:
4996:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4923:
4913:
4912:
4864:
4854:
4853:
4704:Qutlugh-Khanids
4654:Atabegs of Yazd
4554:Rawadid dynasty
4524:Ziyarid dynasty
4464:Tahirid dynasty
4362:
4360:Medieval period
4352:
4351:
4336:6th century–785
4322:Sasanian Empire
4292:Kings of Persis
4262:Parthian Empire
4232:Seleucid Empire
4213:
4177:
4123:
4121:Imperial period
4113:
4112:
4027:Akkadian Empire
3974:Lullubi Kingdom
3934:
3924:
3923:
3872:Zarzian culture
3847:
3825:
3818:
3807:
3644:
3633:
3317:
3164:
3153:
3142:
3139:Sultan al-Dawla
3131:
3100:
2976:
2965:
2962:Samsam al-Dawla
2954:
2951:Sharaf al-Dawla
2943:
2932:
2737:
2726:
2715:
2402:
2153:
2150:Mu'izz al-Dawla
2134:
2113:
1822:
1756:Buyids in Basra
1750:
1717:Sultan al-Dawla
1705:Sharaf al-Dawla
1699:Samsam al-Dawla
1681:Mu'izz al-Dawla
1610:Sultan al-Dawla
1598:Samsam al-Dawla
1592:Sharaf al-Dawla
1556:
1535:
1515:
1495:
1463:
1410:
1381:Sahib ibn Abbad
1328:
1323:
1315:payment in kind
1269:
1208:
1200:Abbasid caliphs
1105:Badh ibn Dustak
1082:
1046:
1030:Mu'izz ad-Dawla
983:Fasanjas family
945:Ziyarid dynasty
929:
924:
916:Sasanian Empire
898:
826:
735:
700:Sasanian Empire
693:Mu'izz al-Dawla
559:
545:
531:
517:
503:
498:Uqaylid dynasty
489:
475:
461:
436:
422:
408:
394:
334:
324:
310:
296:
257:
245:
244:• 934–949
207:
203:
199:
194:
182:
141:
133:
122:
111:
97:
77:
60:
52:
51:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11102:
11092:
11091:
11089:Shia dynasties
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11033:
11024:
11022:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10988:
10987:
10976:
10974:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10963:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10941:
10940:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10884:
10883:
10878:
10868:
10863:
10857:
10855:
10846:
10845:
10844:
10843:
10838:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10813:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10796:
10791:
10790:
10789:
10784:
10779:
10769:
10764:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10725:
10715:
10714:
10713:
10708:
10698:
10693:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10634:
10629:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10612:
10611:
10610:
10605:
10595:
10594:
10593:
10588:
10578:
10573:
10572:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10541:
10536:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10495:
10493:
10487:
10486:
10484:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10467:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10426:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10414:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10394:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10300:
10299:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10117:
10116:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10053:
10048:
10047:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9994:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9967:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9950:
9949:
9948:
9943:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9899:
9897:
9895:Post-classical
9891:
9890:
9888:
9887:
9886:
9885:
9875:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9863:
9853:
9852:
9851:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9760:
9750:
9745:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9702:
9701:
9696:
9694:Middle Kingdom
9691:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9650:Neo-Babylonian
9647:
9642:
9640:Old Babylonian
9632:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9615:
9610:
9604:
9602:
9590:
9589:
9582:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9559:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9513:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9505:
9500:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9484:
9479:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9425:
9423:
9422:
9420:Bavand dynasty
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9343:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9320:
9309:
9306:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9278:
9276:
9272:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9226:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9214:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9148:
9134:
9129:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9040:
9034:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8959:
8954:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8923:
8918:
8908:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8843:
8832:
8830:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8770:
8760:
8759:
8747:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8629:
8619:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8578:
8577:
8572:
8562:
8551:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8373:
8372:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8346:Supreme Leader
8343:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8308:Local councils
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8208:
8203:
8194:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8185:Women's rights
8182:
8177:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8116:
8115:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8036:Climate change
8028:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8006:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7984:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7920:Jiroft culture
7917:
7916:
7915:
7908:Iranic peoples
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7884:Persianization
7881:
7876:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7758:
7753:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7712:
7710:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7654:
7652:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7600:
7592:
7584:
7576:
7568:
7560:
7552:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7517:
7509:
7502:
7494:
7491:(1135/36-1225)
7486:
7478:
7470:
7462:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7411:
7403:
7395:
7387:
7379:
7370:
7368:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7338:
7336:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7320:
7312:
7304:
7301:(c.295–220 BC)
7296:
7288:
7280:
7272:
7264:
7255:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7237:
7229:
7221:
7213:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7181:
7173:
7165:
7160:Proto-Elamite
7157:
7148:
7146:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7122:
7121:
7109:
7108:
7100:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7077:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7050:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7008:'Adud al-Dawla
7004:
7002:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6986:Sama' al-Dawla
6983:
6981:Shams al-Dawla
6978:
6976:Fakhr al-Dawla
6973:
6967:
6965:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6917:'Adud al-Dawla
6914:
6908:
6906:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6880:Jalal al-Dawla
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6850:'Adud al-Dawla
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6813:Fakhr al-Dawla
6810:
6805:
6803:Fakhr al-Dawla
6800:
6794:
6792:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6771:Qawam al-Dawla
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6751:'Adud al-Dawla
6748:
6742:
6740:
6730:
6729:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6675:'Adud al-Dawla
6672:
6666:
6664:
6654:
6653:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6616:
6615:
6609:
6592:
6586:
6565:
6534:
6507:
6501:
6480:
6474:
6453:
6447:
6417:
6411:
6396:
6390:
6372:
6366:
6351:
6340:
6331:
6312:
6307:978-1780760612
6306:
6293:
6287:
6266:
6261:978-1138780149
6260:
6245:
6232:
6217:
6211:
6190:
6173:
6167:
6152:
6113:Kramers, J. H.
6109:Gibb, H. A. R.
6095:
6089:
6062:
6056:
6043:
6037:
6010:
6004:
5988:
5968:Krämer, Gudrun
5957:
5951:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5877:
5868:
5852:
5844:
5819:
5813:
5792:
5780:
5776:Tafazzoli 1999
5768:
5756:
5754:, p. 155.
5741:
5739:, p. 157.
5724:
5712:
5710:, p. 252.
5700:
5687:
5675:
5673:, p. 244.
5663:
5661:, p. 287.
5651:
5635:
5633:, p. 251.
5623:
5611:
5598:
5586:
5571:
5569:, p. 290.
5559:
5557:, p. 289.
5544:
5542:, p. 234.
5532:
5514:
5512:, p. 256.
5502:
5500:, p. 257.
5490:
5488:, p. 213.
5475:
5473:, p. 255.
5463:
5461:, p. 212.
5451:
5449:, p. 211.
5439:
5424:
5422:, p. 157.
5412:
5400:
5388:
5371:
5352:
5337:
5331:978-0813338859
5330:
5304:
5302:, p. 103.
5292:
5273:(3): 475–504.
5257:Rein Taagepera
5248:
5210:
5179:
5177:, p. 156.
5158:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Heads of state
5018:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4814:Timurid Empire
4810:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:Nasrid dynasty
4600:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4498:pre-879 – 1215
4496:
4494:Ghurid dynasty
4490:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4474:Samanid Empire
4470:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4454:Alid dynasties
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4052:
4050:Avestan period
4046:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3961:Jiroft culture
3957:
3956:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3935:
3932:Ancient period
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:5th millennium
3913:
3907:
3906:
3905:6th millennium
3900:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:Abu Mansur Ali
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3161:Jalal al-Dawla
3157:
3155:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3128:Qawam al-Dawla
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3097:Sama' al-Dawla
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:Baha' al-Dawla
2969:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2929:Shams al-Dawla
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2730:
2728:
2723:'Adud al-Dawla
2719:
2717:
2712:Fakhr al-Dawla
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2409:Sanad al-Dawla
2406:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1800:Qawam al-Dawla
1791:
1790:
1787:Sama' al-Dawla
1784:
1781:Shams al-Dawla
1778:
1766:
1765:
1762:Diya' al-Dawla
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1729:Jalal al-Dawla
1726:
1720:
1714:
1711:Baha' al-Dawla
1708:
1702:
1696:
1693:'Adud al-Dawla
1690:
1684:
1675:Buyids in Iraq
1672:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:Fakhr al-Dawla
1650:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1604:Baha' al-Dawla
1601:
1595:
1589:
1586:'Adud al-Dawla
1583:
1574:Buyids in Fars
1555:
1552:
1534:
1531:
1519: 224–242
1494:
1491:
1462:
1459:
1409:
1406:
1346:Middle Persian
1338:served as the
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1268:
1265:
1261:malik al-muluk
1259:("king"), and
1207:
1204:
1081:
1078:
1045:
1042:
937:Makan ibn Kaki
928:
927:Rise (934–945)
925:
923:
920:
902: 420–438
841:Middle Persian
825:
822:
810:Middle Persian
772:following the
768:, they became
739: 949–983
621:Al-Buwayhiyyah
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
556:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
528:
522:
521:
514:
508:
507:
500:
494:
493:
486:
480:
479:
472:
466:
465:
458:
449:
446:
445:
440:
432:
431:
426:
418:
417:
412:
404:
403:
398:
386:
385:
380:
370:
369:
360:
356:
355:
352:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
318:
315:
314:
311:
304:
301:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
272:
271:Historical era
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
201:Zoroastrianism
188:
184:
183:
181:
180:
174:
168:
165:Middle Persian
162:
149:
147:
143:
142:
140:
139:
128:
117:
105:
103:
99:
98:
87:
79:
78:
75:
67:
66:
62:
61:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11101:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11059:Buyid dynasty
11057:
11056:
11054:
11037:
11036:Soviet empire
11034:
11032:
11029:
11028:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11021:Miscellaneous
11019:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10986:
10983:
10982:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10939:
10936:
10935:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10873:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10850:
10842:
10839:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10773:
10770:
10768:
10765:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10748:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10719:
10716:
10712:
10709:
10707:
10704:
10703:
10702:
10699:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10652:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10620:German Empire
10618:
10617:
10616:
10613:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10600:
10599:
10596:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10431:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10362:
10361:
10360:Turco-Persian
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10304:
10301:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10268:
10267:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10228:
10227:
10224:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10153:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9999:
9998:
9995:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9972:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9896:
9892:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9842:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9636:
9633:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9580:
9575:
9573:
9568:
9566:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9524:Seljuk Empire
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9504:
9503:Sajid dynasty
9501:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9468:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:Buyid dynasty
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9376:
9371:
9364:
9359:
9357:
9352:
9350:
9345:
9344:
9341:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9319:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9273:
9263:
9262:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9219:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9146:
9142:
9141:news agencies
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9127:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8949:
8947:
8943:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8748:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8597:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8502:Privatization
8500:
8497:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7989:
7985:
7971:
7970:Years in Iran
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7894:Turco-Persian
7892:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7763:War (1980–88)
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7695:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7555:Qara Qoyunlu
7553:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7532:
7526:
7524:
7518:
7516:
7510:
7508:
7503:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7477:
7471:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7356:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:550 BC–AD 224
7250:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7208:Neo-Assyrian
7206:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7190:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7110:
7105:
7098:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7078:
7075:
7058:
7054:
7051:
7044:
7040:
7039:Diya al-Dawla
7037:
7036:
7034:
7032:Minor domains
7030:
7024:
7023:Baha al-Dawla
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6927:Baha al-Dawla
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6865:Baha al-Dawla
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6818:Majd al-Dawla
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:Rukn al-Dawla
6796:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Baha al-Dawla
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6690:Baha al-Dawla
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Imad al-Dawla
6668:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6650:Buyid dynasty
6644:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6612:
6610:9780415966917
6606:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6454:
6450:
6448:0-521-20093-8
6444:
6440:
6437:. Cambridge:
6436:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6412:9789004097360
6408:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6376:Kennedy, Hugh
6373:
6369:
6367:9780300122633
6363:
6359:
6358:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6332:9789004093676
6328:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:. Routledge.
6253:
6252:
6246:
6235:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6189:
6188:81-87570-19-9
6185:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6168:90-04-12860-3
6164:
6160:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6090:0-521-20093-8
6086:
6082:
6079:. Cambridge:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6057:0-231-10714-5
6053:
6049:
6044:
6040:
6038:0-521-06936-X
6034:
6030:
6027:. Cambridge:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6005:9788121505734
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5952:9789004093676
5948:
5944:
5943:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:Bosworth 1996
5894:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5872:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5847:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5672:
5667:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5596:, p. 37.
5595:
5594:Bosworth 1968
5590:
5583:
5582:Bosworth 1963
5578:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5480:
5472:
5467:
5460:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5368:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5350:, p. 36.
5349:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5155:
5154:Bosworth 1996
5150:
5146:
5131:
5127:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4921:Modern period
4917:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:Afsharid Iran
4891:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:Hotak dynasty
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:Seljuk Empire
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4544:Buyid dynasty
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:Sajid dynasty
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:132 BC–224 AD
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:141 BC–222 AD
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:147 BC–224 AD
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:247 BC–224 AD
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:320s BC–17 AD
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4214: 323 BC
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:331 BC–428 AD
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:550 BC–330 BC
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4164:626 BC–539 BC
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:635 BC–550 BC
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:Median Empire
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:Proto-Elamite
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3914:
3912:
3911:Dalma culture
3909:
3908:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:20,000–10,000
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:36,000–18,000
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3788:
3781:
3741:
3739:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3622:
3597:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3508:
3506:
3494:
3492:
3469:
3467:
3409:
3407:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3315:
3278:
3275:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3184:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3026:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2940:Majd al-Dawla
2931:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2829:
2827:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2546:
2499:
2497:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2281:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2152:
2151:
2133:
2132:
2131:Rukn al-Dawla
2112:
2111:
2110:Imad al-Dawla
2100:
2097:
2057:
2055:
2039:
2037:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1953:
1951:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:'Izz al-Dawla
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1668:Majd al-Dawla
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:Rukn al-Dawla
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:Buyids in Ray
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:Imad al-Dawla
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1479:occulted Imam
1476:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:lingua franca
1337:
1333:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1297:Shi'i Muslims
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1227:amir al-umara
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:(r.1024-1048)
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Adud al-Dawla
1084:The death of
1077:
1076:independent.
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1038:Rukn al-Dawla
1035:
1034:Imād al-Dawla
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Baloch people
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:'Ali ibn Buya
919:
917:
913:
912:
907:
906:King of Kings
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
857:
851:
846:
842:
838:
835:
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
761:in the east.
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:Adud al-Dawla
727:
725:
721:
717:
707:
706:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
680:Rukn al-Dawla
676:
672:
668:
667:
666:Imad al-Dawla
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
616:
607:
603:
598:
592:
583:
579:
578:Buyid dynasty
557:
555:
552:
551:
543:
541:
538:
537:
529:
527:
524:
523:
515:
513:
510:
509:
501:
499:
496:
495:
487:
485:
482:
481:
473:
471:
470:Seljuk Empire
468:
467:
459:
457:
454:
453:
450:
444:
441:
434:
433:
430:
427:
420:
419:
416:
413:
406:
405:
402:
399:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
330:
326:
322:
321:Adud al-Dawla
316:
312:
308:
307:Imad al-Dawla
302:
298:
292:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
269:
265:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:Imad al-Dawla
247:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
197:
192:
189:
185:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
158:lingua franca
154:
151:
150:
148:
144:
137:
132:
129:
126:
121:
118:
115:
110:
107:
106:
104:
100:
95:
91:
90:Adud al-Dawla
85:
80:
73:
68:
63:
56:
47:
34:Buyid Dynasty
31:
19:
10787:Contemporary
10637:Indo-Persian
10625:Nazi Germany
10569:Contemporary
10471:Vijayanagara
10370:Great Seljuk
10281:Thessalonica
10209:Golden Horde
10139:
9849:Carthaginian
9628:Neo-Assyrian
9613:Neo-Sumerian
9451:Hasanwayhids
9404:
9275:Other topics
9259:
9187:Persian name
9126:Islamization
9068:
9028:Architecture
8981:universities
8926:Zoroastrians
8921:Christianity
8911:Baháʼí Faith
8861:Azerbaijanis
8768:Demographics
8582:Construction
8570:Central Bank
8512:Space Agency
8407:Child labour
8242:Principlists
8222:Cyberwarfare
8170:Human rights
8135:Constitution
7930:Azerbaijanis
7899:Indo-Persian
7879:Greater Iran
7750:siege (1980)
7709:1979–present
7437:
7360:early modern
7358:Medieval and
7152:Kura-Araxes
7053:Taj al-Dawla
6845:Izz al-Dawla
6649:
6600:
6577:
6570:"Fahlavīyāt"
6552:
6515:
6492:
6465:
6458:"Deylamites"
6433:
6401:
6380:
6356:
6345:
6336:
6317:
6297:
6270:
6250:
6237:. Retrieved
6226:. Springer.
6222:
6202:
6179:
6157:
6139:
6132:
6075:
6047:
6023:
5995:
5975:
5941:
5931:
5901:Kennedy 2004
5880:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5833:
5822:
5804:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5720:Davaran 2010
5715:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5678:
5671:Kennedy 2004
5666:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5626:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5589:
5562:
5540:Kennedy 2004
5535:
5526:
5517:
5505:
5493:
5486:Kennedy 2004
5466:
5459:Kennedy 2004
5454:
5447:Kennedy 2004
5442:
5420:Davaran 2010
5415:
5403:
5391:
5315:
5307:
5295:
5270:
5264:
5251:
5241:12 September
5239:. Retrieved
5227:
5223:
5213:
5175:Davaran 2010
5149:
5130:
5031:LGBT history
4991:1979–present
4940:Pahlavi Iran
4903:Zand dynasty
4871:Safavid Iran
4834:Qara Qoyunlu
4724:Kurt dynasty
4564:Hasanwayhids
4543:
4364:
4342:Qarinvandids
4246:281 BC–62 BC
4236:312 BC–63 BC
3849:
3786:
3779:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3639:
3628:
3619:
3340:
3323:
3312:
3203:
3196:Fana-Khusrau
3194:
3159:
3148:
3137:
3126:
3095:
2982:
2971:
2960:
2949:
2938:
2927:
2732:
2721:
2710:
2653:
2646:
2637:
2438:Ali ibn Kama
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2399:Izz al-Dawla
2397:
2388:
2191:
2148:
2129:
2108:
1851:
1813:Taj al-Dawla
1806:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1768:
1767:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:Minor rulers
1674:
1673:
1640:
1639:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1554:Major rulers
1533:Buyid rulers
1504:
1496:
1493:Architecture
1483:
1464:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1411:
1404:and Arabic.
1391:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1339:
1329:
1304:
1301:
1286:
1278:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:, or senior
1225:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1185:
1165:Seljuk Turks
1158:
1142:
1083:
1073:
1059:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1007:
980:
957:
930:
909:
866:
859:
855:
836:
829:
827:
802:Zoroastrians
798:Central Asia
791:
770:Twelver Shia
763:
728:
703:
697:
678:
664:
650:
630:Twelver Shia
628:and, later,
601:
577:
575:
383:Succeeded by
382:
377:
205:Christianity
156:
10375:Khwarezmian
10308:Carolingian
10113:Rashtrakuta
9817:Shaishunaga
9716:Hellenistic
9699:New Kingdom
9689:Old Kingdom
9292:Tehrangeles
9255:Traditional
8992:Nationality
8930:persecution
8915:persecution
8866:Circassians
8815:Neo-Aramaic
8795:Azerbaijani
8667:State-owned
8592:Health care
8555:Agriculture
8392:Brain drain
8331:Ambassadors
8026:Earthquakes
7563:Aq Qoyunlu
7512:Muzaffarid
7489:Eldiguzids
7481:Anushtegin
7307:Kingdom of
7283:Kingdom of
7275:Kingdom of
7267:Atropatene
7259:Achaemenid
7200:Kingdom of
7145:3400–539 BC
6937:Abu Kalijar
6885:Abu Kalijar
6776:Abu Kalijar
6700:Abu Kalijar
6518:. New York.
6129:Pellat, Ch.
6121:Schacht, J.
4714:Mihrabanids
4674:Hazaraspids
4434:Baduspanids
4312:Paratarajas
4306:19 AD–224/5
3824:History of
3314:Abu Kalijar
1820:Family tree
1802:(1012–1028)
1789:(1021–1024)
1743:(1048–1055)
1737:(1044–1048)
1735:Abu Kalijar
1731:(1025–1044)
1725:(1021–1025)
1719:(1012–1021)
1636:(1051–1062)
1630:(1051–1054)
1624:(1048–1051)
1618:(1024–1048)
1616:Abu Kalijar
1612:(1012–1024)
1332:New Persian
1311:tax farming
1137:Abu Kalijar
1064:(967), the
871:Zoroastrian
747:Band-e Amir
708:"Emperor" (
632:dynasty of
540:Banu Mazyad
378:Preceded by
277:Middle Ages
196:Sunni Islam
171:New Persian
138:, 945–1055)
134:(Buyids of
127:, 943–1029)
123:(Buyids of
116:, 934–1062)
112:(Buyids of
11053:Categories
10945:Portuguese
10826:Revival Le
10816:Vietnamese
10459:Later Tran
10429:Vietnamese
10325:Singhasari
10313:Holy Roman
9937:Bulgarian
9873:Satavahana
9844:Phoenician
9780:Achaemenid
9741:Indo-Greek
9721:Macedonian
9635:Babylonian
9519:Ghaznavids
9498:Banu Ilyas
9446:Shaddadids
9192:Philosophy
9151:newspapers
9132:Literature
9037:architects
9032:Achaemenid
8952:Corruption
8412:Corruption
8252:Reformists
8247:Propaganda
8145:Corruption
8130:Censorship
8073:Lake Urmia
7761:Iran–Iraq
7457:Ghaznavid
7335:AD 224–651
7299:Frataraka
7131:Prehistory
6960:Tabaristan
6951:(976–1024)
6904:(966–1048)
6832:(945–1055)
6790:(943–1029)
6738:(940–1048)
6662:(934–1062)
6239:3 February
6099:Cahen, Cl.
5909:Cahen 1960
5905:Karsh 2007
5893:Nagel 1990
5885:Busse 1975
5708:Busse 1975
5683:Busse 1975
5659:Busse 1975
5631:Busse 1975
5619:Kabir 1964
5567:Busse 1975
5555:Busse 1975
5510:Busse 1975
5498:Busse 1975
5471:Busse 1975
5435:Nagel 1990
5408:Busse 1975
5300:Blair 1992
5230:(2): 222.
5141:References
4930:Qajar Iran
4844:Aq Qoyunlu
4828:1370s–1592
4664:Salghurids
4644:Eldiguzids
4614:Shabankara
4588:990/1–1117
4332:Zarmihrids
4252:Fratarakas
4206:Atropatene
4144:652–625 BC
4134:678–550 BC
1783:(997–1021)
1713:(989–1012)
1670:(997–1029)
1606:(998–1012)
1512:Ardashir I
1487:Christians
1419:Persepolis
1415:Achaemenid
1393:fahlaviyat
1385:panegyrics
1366:Persepolis
1250:Shahanshah
1213:hereditary
1206:Government
1190:conquered
1161:Ghaznavids
911:shahanshah
845:diminutive
766:Zaydi Shia
753:border in
720:Persepolis
716:Achaemenid
705:Shahanshah
526:Shabankara
456:Ghaznavids
429:Banu Ilyas
230:Shahanshah
215:Government
198:(majority)
191:Shia Islam
96:not shown)
92:'s death (
10938:Couronian
10576:Ethiopian
10564:Manchukuo
10519:Brazilian
10365:Ghaznavid
10335:Srivijaya
10286:Trebizond
10271:Byzantine
10253:North Sea
10248:Norwegian
10236:Almoravid
10219:Ilkhanate
10189:Majapahit
10162:Muromachi
10071:Solomonic
10056:Ethiopian
9970:Caliphate
9903:Aragonese
9731:Ptolemaic
9482:Ma'munids
9477:Afrighids
9441:Marwanids
9157:Mythology
9063:Calendars
9053:Astronomy
8962:Education
8871:Georgians
8856:Assyrians
8851:Armenians
8777:Languages
8669:companies
8632:Transport
8612:Petroleum
8397:Companies
8336:President
8323:Officials
8257:Terrorism
8206:Air Force
8150:Elections
8088:Provinces
8083:Mountains
7993:Geography
7913:languages
7651:1925–1979
7579:Afsharid
7540:1370–1925
7528:Chobanid
7422:Saffarid
7374:Rashidun
7342:Sasanian
7323:Kings of
7315:Parthian
7291:Seleucid
7232:Scythian
7192:Kassites
7176:Akkadian
7057:Khuzestan
7000:(978-989)
6963:(980–997)
6561:1875-9831
6405:. BRILL.
6148:495469456
6138:Volume I:
6125:Lewis, B.
5984:1873-9830
5764:Paul 2000
5236:1076-156X
4944:1925–1979
4934:1789–1925
4907:1751–1794
4897:1736–1796
4887:1722–1729
4875:1501–1736
4848:1468–1508
4838:1406–1468
4818:1370–1507
4808:1359–1596
4804:Mar'ashis
4798:1349–1504
4788:1335–1357
4778:1337–1376
4774:Sarbadars
4768:1337–1376
4758:1335–1393
4748:1335–1357
4738:1256–1335
4728:1244–1396
4718:1236–1537
4708:1223-1306
4698:1184-1597
4688:1155–1231
4678:1155–1424
4668:1148–1282
4658:1141–1319
4648:1135–1225
4638:1077–1231
4628:1037–1194
4618:1030–1355
4608:1029–1236
4598:1008–1141
4444:Justanids
4414:Bavandids
4282:Characene
4044:1500–1155
4031:2400–2150
4021:2400–1700
4008:2550-2020
3968:3100–2200
3955:3200–2700
3945:3400–2000
3892:6000–5000
3645:1048–1055
3634:1048–1062
3318:1024–1048
3204:Abu Dulaf
3165:1027–1044
3154:1021–1025
3143:1012–1024
3132:1012–1028
3101:1021–1024
2430:Abu Tahir
1777:(976–983)
1707:(987–989)
1701:(983–987)
1695:(978–983)
1689:(966–978)
1683:(945–967)
1661:(980–983)
1655:(976–980)
1649:(935–976)
1600:(989–998)
1594:(983–989)
1588:(949–983)
1582:(934–949)
1523:mausoleum
1508:Firuzabad
1500:Hamdanids
1417:ruins of
1247:title of
1243:used the
1198:kept the
1186:In 1055,
1177:Ghaznavid
1003:Khuzestan
914:) of the
828:The word
787:Isma'ilis
751:Byzantine
732:پناه خسرو
718:ruins of
687:and made
655:and made
634:Daylamite
624:), was a
615:romanized
597:Âl-i Bōye
591:romanized
512:Marwanids
193:(dynasty)
187:Religion
55:Âl-i Būya
10918:Japanese
10881:Scottish
10861:American
10853:Colonial
10782:Imperial
10750:Moroccan
10686:Japanese
10664:Afsharid
10523:Burmese
10509:Austrian
10464:Later Le
10439:Early Le
10424:Venetian
10350:Tiwanaku
10263:Hellenic
10226:Moroccan
10157:Kamakura
10147:Japanese
10130:Saffarid
10083:Georgian
9997:Chalukya
9975:Rashidun
9965:Calakmul
9933:Bruneian
9812:Haryanka
9790:Sasanian
9785:Parthian
9736:Bactrian
9726:Seleucid
9706:Goguryeo
9684:Egyptian
9618:Assyrian
9608:Akkadian
9599:Colonies
9512:See also
9456:Annazids
9318:Category
9211:football
9202:Scouting
9112:Iranians
9102:Folklore
8898:Religion
8810:Georgian
8790:Armenian
8651:shipping
8646:railways
8636:airlines
8602:Industry
8467:Taxation
8281:Councils
8197:Military
8112:Politics
8093:Wildlife
8058:Caucasus
7940:Persians
7867:See also
7691:Iranian
7658:Pahlavi
7571:Safavid
7547:Timurid
7450:977–1432
7430:Ziyarid
7406:Tahirid
7398:Samanid
7390:Abbasid
7382:Umayyad
7367:632–1090
7184:Lullubi
7168:Elamite
6551:(eds.).
6540:"Būyids"
6485:"Buyids"
6423:(1975).
6378:(2004).
6182:, 2002,
6131:(eds.).
6101:(1960).
5994:(1963).
5974:(eds.).
5860:Abbasids
5850:, p. 135
5830:(2003).
5058:Timeline
5016:Monarchs
4594:Kakuyids
4584:Annazids
4578:977–1186
4568:959–1095
4558:955–1070
4548:934–1062
4534:Ilyasids
4528:930–1090
4518:919–1062
4488:861–1003
4438:665–1598
4418:651–1349
4404:Dabuyids
4398:750–1258
4057:1500–500
4037:Kassites
3995:2700–539
3985:3100-675
3851:BCE / BC
3815:a series
3813:Part of
3805:See also
2977:998–1012
2944:997–1029
2933:997–1021
2416:Marzuban
1467:Twelvers
1461:Religion
1442:Istakhri
1431:Mehregan
1326:Language
1267:Military
1245:Sassanid
1109:Diyabakr
1101:Marwanid
1074:de facto
941:Mardavij
895:Bahram V
794:Samanids
759:Khorasan
610:البويهية
602:Buwayhid
554:Annazids
484:Kakuyids
415:Ziyarids
359:Currency
351:980 est.
65:934–1062
10985:largest
10980:Empires
10960:Swedish
10955:Spanish
10950:Russian
10913:Italian
10888:Chinese
10876:English
10871:British
10866:Belgian
10841:Vietnam
10831:Tay son
10777:Tsarist
10772:Russian
10767:Ottoman
10733:Dzungar
10728:Khoshut
10701:Mexican
10696:Maratha
10679:Pahlavi
10659:Safavid
10654:Iranian
10581:Haitian
10544:Chinese
10504:Ashanti
10476:Wagadou
10402:Eastern
10397:Western
10380:Timurid
10340:Tibetan
10330:Songhai
10320:Serbian
10241:Almohad
10231:Idrisid
10135:Samanid
10125:Tahirid
10120:Iranian
10098:Kannauj
10078:Genoese
10014:Chinese
10007:Eastern
10002:Western
9990:Fatimid
9985:Abbasid
9980:Umayyad
9953:Burmese
9913:Ayyubid
9908:Angevin
9878:Xianbei
9866:Eastern
9861:Western
9807:Magadha
9770:Iranian
9763:Xiongnu
9748:Hittite
9657:Chinese
9645:Kassite
9594:Ancient
9586:Empires
9261:Ey Iran
9209: (
9169: (
9145:student
9143: (
9139: (
9124: (
9092:Cuisine
9077:Fashion
9065: (
9045: (
9030: (
9016:Culture
8964: (
8928: (
8913: (
8886:Turkmen
8838: (
8829:Peoples
8800:Kurdish
8756:Society
8657:Tourism
8634: (
8624: (
8614: (
8594: (
8587:Defense
8557: (
8547:Sectors
8534: (
8494: (
8399: (
8380:General
8369:Economy
8259: (
8229: (
8199: (
8152: (
8137: (
8123:General
8078:Islands
8014:largest
8004:Borders
7473:Seljuk
7465:Ghurid
7414:Alavid
7224:Median
7216:Urartu
7138:Ancient
7118:History
6948:Hamadan
6576:(ed.).
6491:(ed.).
6464:(ed.).
6431:(ed.).
6201:(ed.).
6073:(ed.).
6021:(ed.).
5923:Sources
5287:2600793
4784:Injuids
4538:932–968
4508:889–929
4478:819–999
4468:821–873
4428:651–760
4408:642–760
4388:661–750
4378:632-661
4366:CE / AD
4326:224–651
4316:125–300
4272:Elymais
4216:–226 AD
4107:720-670
4103:Saparda
4097:750-521
4093:Zikirti
4087:850–616
4083:Mannaea
4077:860–590
4067:911–609
4001:Marhaši
3787:Surkhab
3651:Kamrava
2983:Shahnaz
2966:983–998
2955:983–989
2738:980–983
2727:949–983
2716:976–997
2423:Zubayda
2403:967–978
2154:945–967
2135:935–976
2114:934–949
1423:Jamshid
1321:Culture
1196:Seljuks
1192:Baghdad
1188:Tughril
1107:seized
1098:Kurdish
1011:Isfahan
999:Baghdad
972:Abbasid
968:Arrajan
922:History
904:), the
839:) is a
824:Origins
724:Jamshid
711:شاهنشاه
689:Baghdad
617::
593::
586:آل بویه
582:Persian
319:•
305:•
209:Judaism
177:Daylami
131:Baghdad
102:Capital
46:Persian
39:آل بویه
10923:Mongol
10908:German
10903:French
10893:Danish
10836:Dainam
10811:Tongan
10799:Somali
10794:Sokoto
10760:'Alawi
10738:Kalmyk
10718:Mongol
10711:Second
10691:Korean
10642:Mughal
10632:Indian
10615:German
10608:Second
10598:French
10591:Second
10527:Second
10499:Afghan
10491:Modern
10417:Kyrgyz
10412:Uighur
10407:Second
10387:Turkic
10355:Toltec
10291:Epirus
10276:Nicaea
10199:Mongol
10152:Yamato
10088:Huetar
9946:Second
9883:Rouran
9832:Shunga
9827:Maurya
9802:Kushan
9775:Median
9753:Hunnic
9711:Harsha
9328:Portal
9087:Cinema
9069:Nowruz
8966:higher
8840:abroad
8805:Hebrew
8711:Places
8607:Mining
8432:Energy
8009:Cities
7925:Aryans
7644:Modern
7595:Qajar
7438:Buyid
7106:topics
6997:Jazira
6956:Gorgan
6735:Kerman
6607:
6584:
6559:
6499:
6472:
6445:
6409:
6388:
6364:
6329:
6325:–356.
6304:
6285:
6258:
6230:
6209:
6186:
6165:
6146:
6127:&
6087:
6054:
6035:
6002:
5982:
5949:
5842:
5811:
5523:"Ewer"
5328:
5285:
5234:
4170:Sogdia
4073:Urartu
3817:on the
1815:(980s)
1764:(980s)
1471:Zaydis
1446:ma‘mur
1435:Nowruz
1402:Syriac
1336:Arabic
1293:Sunnis
1070:Gorgan
1066:Jazira
991:Kerman
976:Shiraz
959:vizier
889:, and
875:Daylam
867:-uwayh
864:Arabic
837:Buwayh
834:Arabic
818:Arabic
814:Syriac
657:Shiraz
606:Arabic
363:dirham
234:
153:Arabic
109:Shiraz
42:
18:Buyids
10973:Lists
10928:Omani
10898:Dutch
10804:Isaaq
10755:Saadi
10723:Oirat
10706:First
10674:Qajar
10603:First
10586:First
10559:China
10532:Third
10392:First
10345:Tikal
10296:Morea
10266:Roman
10184:Latin
10179:Khmer
10174:Kanem
10140:Buyid
10066:Zagwe
10061:Aksum
10051:Chola
9958:First
9941:First
9928:Bornu
9923:Benin
9918:Aztec
9856:Roman
9837:Gupta
9822:Nanda
9758:White
9222:Music
9207:Sport
9137:Media
9122:Islam
9058:Blogs
9002:Women
8957:Crime
8945:Other
8906:Islam
8876:Kurds
8641:metro
8559:fruit
8517:Setad
7587:Zand
7497:Kart
7043:Basra
6572:. In
6543:. In
6487:. In
6460:. In
6427:. In
6197:. In
6107:. In
6069:. In
6017:. In
5283:JSTOR
5123:Notes
3978:Zamua
2647:Salar
1564:Jibal
1427:Sadeh
1305:iqtāʾ
1289:Kurds
1282:Egypt
1256:malik
1241:amirs
1122:Basra
1027:laqab
1019:Jibal
987:Turks
953:Karaj
949:Gilan
891:Hasan
883:Ahmad
879:Islam
873:from
860:-ūyeh
755:Syria
671:Jibal
661:laqab
626:Zaydi
367:dinar
125:Jibal
94:Yemen
10743:Bogd
10669:Zand
10647:Sikh
10554:Qing
10549:Ming
10481:Wari
10449:Tran
10434:Dinh
10204:Yuan
10194:Mali
10103:Pala
10093:Inca
10044:Yuan
10034:Song
10029:Liao
10024:Tang
9797:Kush
9679:Dʿmt
9250:Rock
9235:Jazz
9230:Folk
9096:wine
8881:Jews
8211:Navy
8201:Army
8180:LGBT
7104:Iran
7061:980s
7047:980s
6958:and
6901:Oman
6829:Iraq
6659:Fars
6605:ISBN
6582:ISBN
6557:ISSN
6530:link
6497:ISBN
6470:ISBN
6443:ISBN
6407:ISBN
6386:ISBN
6362:ISBN
6327:ISBN
6302:ISBN
6283:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6241:2014
6228:ISBN
6207:ISBN
6184:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6144:OCLC
6085:ISBN
6052:ISBN
6033:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5980:ISSN
5947:ISBN
5840:ISBN
5809:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5243:2016
5232:ISSN
5046:Wars
5011:Name
4981:1979
4971:1979
3991:Elam
3826:Iran
2192:Kama
1852:Buya
1568:Iraq
1566:and
1560:Fars
1543:Iran
1429:and
1236:amīr
1232:amir
1221:amir
1163:and
1062:Oman
1023:Iraq
964:Fars
887:'Ali
850:ـویه
830:Būya
816:and
685:Iraq
653:Fars
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