V-1 flying bomb - Knowledge

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as a centre of gravity balance and attachment point for a variety of equipment sets. A rigid towbar with a pitch pivot at the forward end connected the flying tank to the Me 262. The operational procedure for this unusual configuration saw the tank resting on a wheeled trolley for take-off. The trolley was dropped once the combination was airborne, and explosive bolts separated the towbar from the fighter upon exhaustion of the tank's fuel supply. A number of test flights were conducted in 1944 with this set-up, but inflight "porpoising" of the tank, with the instability transferred to the fighter, meant that the system was too unreliable to be used. An identical utilisation of the V-1 flying tank for the Ar 234 bomber was also investigated, with the same conclusions reached. Some of the "flying fuel tanks" used in trials utilised a cumbersome fixed and spatted undercarriage arrangement, which (along with being pointless) merely increased the drag and stability problems already inherent in the design.

817: 1131: 63: 1885: 968:, the WR 2.3 Schlitzrohrschleuder consisted of a small gas generator trailer, where the T-Stoff and Z-Stoff combined, generating high-pressure steam that was fed into a tube within the launch rail box. A piston in the tube, connected underneath the missile, was propelled forward by the steam. It is a common misconception that the steam launch was to allow the engine to start running but the real reason was that the Argus had insufficient power to propel the V1 to a speed above its extremely high stall speed. The launch rail was 49 m (160 ft) long, consisting of eight modular sections, each 6 m (20 ft) long, and a muzzle brake. Production of the Walter catapult began in January 1944. 1224:

coast, descend to an exceptionally low altitude. When the launch point was neared, the bombers would swiftly ascend, fire their V-1s, and then rapidly descend again to the previous "wave-top" level for the return flight. Research after the war estimated a 40% failure rate of air-launched V-1s, and the He 111s used in this role were vulnerable to night-fighter attack, as the launch lit up the area around the aircraft for several seconds. The combat potential of air-launched V-1s dwindled during 1944 at about the same rate as that of the ground-launched missiles, as the British gradually took the measure of the weapon and developed increasingly effective defence tactics.

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but the most obvious solution was to extend the missile's range. Thus, the F-1 version developed. The weapon's fuel tank was increased in size, with a corresponding reduction in the capacity of the warhead. Additionally, the nose cones and wings of the F-1 models were made of wood, affording a considerable weight saving. With these modifications, the V-1 could be fired at London and nearby urban centres from prospective ground sites in the Netherlands. Frantic efforts were made to construct a sufficient number of F-1s in order to allow a large-scale bombardment campaign to coincide with the

2518: 1376:, but numerous factors (bombing of the factories producing the missiles, shortages of steel and rail transport, the chaotic tactical situation Germany was facing at this point in the war, etc.) delayed the delivery of these long-range V-1s until February/March 1945. Beginning on 2 March 1945, slightly more than three weeks before the V-1 campaign finally ended, several hundred F-1s were launched at Britain from Dutch sites under Operation "Zeppelin". Frustrated by increasing Allied dominance in the air, Germany also employed V-1s to attack the RAF's forward airfields, such as 1174: 4725: 4894: 1348:, but in reverse) atop the aircraft. In the latter configuration, a pilot-controlled, hydraulically operated dorsal trapeze mechanism would elevate the missile on the trapeze's launch cradle about 2.4 m (8 ft) clear of the 234's upper fuselage. This was necessary to avoid damaging the mother craft's fuselage and tail surfaces when the pulsejet ignited, as well as to ensure a "clean" airflow for the Argus motor's intake. A somewhat less ambitious project undertaken was the adaptation of the missile as a "flying fuel tank" 1776: 4677: 4396: 3907: 1322: 2849: 2647: 1043: 734: 932: 1083: 1238: 2437: 2604: 2551: 1625: 872:, but the government decided instead to use the missile against London. Some flying bombs were equipped with a basic radio transmitter operating in the range of 340–450 kHz. Once over the channel, the radio would be switched on by the vane counter, and a 120-metre (400 ft) aerial deployed. A coded Morse signal, unique to each V-1 site, transmitted the route, and impact zone calculated once the radio stopped transmitting. 480:. On one occasion, several Finnish soldiers saw a German plane launch what they described as a bomb shaped like a small, winged aircraft. The flight and impact of another prototype was seen by Finnish frontline soldiers; they noted that its engine stopped suddenly, causing the V-1 to descend sharply, and explode on impact, leaving a crater 20–30 metres (66–98 ft) wide. These V-1s became known to Finnish soldiers as " 1916:). If the Germans had been supplied these data, they would have been able to adjust their aim and correct any shortfall. However, the double agents would have been endangered because there was no plausible reason why they could not supply accurate data; the impacts would be common knowledge amongst Londoners and very likely reported in the press, which the Germans had ready access to through the neutral nations. As 678: 883:. Before launch, it was set to count backwards from a value that would reach zero upon arrival at the target in the prevailing wind conditions. As the missile flew, the airflow turned the propeller, and every 30 rotations of the propeller counted down one number on the odometer. This odometer triggered the arming of the warhead after about 60 km (37 mi). When the count reached zero, two 2032: 972: 805: 1313:

gain valuable flying experience. Reichenburg III was to be the operational piloted version of the V1, fitted with the amatol warhead in the nose. The front windscreen had 75 mm (3.0 in) thick bullet-proof glass for pilot protection. The V1 pilot's kit consisted of parachute, helmet and life vest. A small case contained two small flares in a waterproof container.

1717:. Early attempts to intercept and destroy V-1s often failed, but improved techniques soon emerged. These included using the airflow over an interceptor's wing to raise one wing of the V-1, by sliding the wingtip to within 6 in (15 cm) of the lower surface of the V-1's wing. If properly executed, this manoeuvre would tip the V-1's wing up, over-riding the 1702:

operations rooms at Horsham and Maidstone, and vectored fighters direct from the ROC's plotting tables. The critics who had said that the Corps would be unable to handle the fast-flying jet aircraft were answered when these aircraft on their first operation were actually controlled entirely by using ROC information both on the coast and at inland.

1005:. The Stellungsystem locations included distinctive catapult walls pointed towards London, several J-shaped stowage buildings referred to as "ski" buildings as on aerial reconnaissance photographs the buildings looked like a ski on its side, and a compass correction building which was constructed without ferrous metal. In the spring of 1944, 769:, connected to altitude and ram pressure instruments, controlled fuel flow. Schmidt's spring-controlled flap valve system provided an efficient straight path for incoming air. The flaps momentarily closed after each explosion, the resultant gas compressed in the venturi chamber, and its tapered portion accelerated the exhaust gases creating 2012:. 7,500 incoming missiles were observed by the British defenders of which 1,847 were downed by fighters, 1,878 were destroyed by anti aircraft fire and 232 struck barrage balloons. 2,419 V-1s reached the London civil defence region, inflicting 6,184 fatalities and 17,981 serious injuries. On the 28 March the last V-1 reached London. 919:, 52A+ high-grade, blast-effective explosive with three fuses. An electrical fuse could be triggered by nose or belly impact. Another fuse was a slow-acting mechanical fuse allowing deeper penetration into the ground, regardless of the altitude. The third fuse was a delayed action fuse, set to go off two hours after launch. 1983:

the radio transmitters, as he had been assured that the agents were completely reliable. It was later calculated that if Wachtel had disregarded the agents' reports and relied on the radio data, he would have made the correct adjustments to the V-1's guidance, and casualties might have increased by 50 per cent or more.

660:. Then on Christmas Eve, the V-1 flew 900 m (1,000 yd), for about a minute, after a ground launch. On 26 May 1943 Germany decided to put both the V-1 and the V-2 into production. In July 1943 the V-1 flew 245 kilometres (152 mi) and impacted within a kilometre (1,100 yards) of its target. 1982:

Max Wachtel, commander of Flak Regiment 155 (W), which was responsible for the V-1 offensive, compared the data gathered by the transmitters with the reports obtained through the double agents. He concluded, when faced with the discrepancy between the two sets of data, that there must be a fault with

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These electronic aids arrived in quantity from June 1944, just as the guns reached their firing positions on the coast. Seventeen per cent of all flying bombs entering the coastal "gun belt" were destroyed by guns in their first week on the coast. This rose to 60 per cent by 23 August and 74 per cent

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assured the committee that the ROC could again rise to the occasion and prove its alertness and flexibility. He oversaw plans for handling the new threat, codenamed by the RAF and ROC as "Operation Totter", which included a proposal whereby ROC posts would fire 'Snowflake' illuminating rocket flares

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One variant of the basic Fi 103 design did see operational use. The progressive loss of French launch sites as 1944 proceeded and the area of territory under German control shrank meant that soon the V-1 would lack the range to hit targets in England. Air launching was one alternative utilised,

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bomber. The pulsejet, internal systems and warhead of the missile were removed, leaving only the wings and basic fuselage, now containing a single large fuel tank. A small cylindrical module, similar in shape to a finless dart, was placed atop the vertical stabiliser at the rear of the tank, acting

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Once near the launch ramp, the wing spar and wings were attached and the missile was slid off the loading trolley, Zubringerwagen, onto the launch ramp. The ramp catapult was powered by the Dampferzeuger trolley. The pulse-jet engine was started by the Anlassgerät, which provided compressed air for

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device cut off the control hoses to the rudder servo, setting the rudder in neutral. These actions put the V-1 into a steep dive. While this was originally intended to be a power dive, in practice the dive caused the fuel flow to cease, which stopped the engine. The sudden silence after the buzzing

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The statistics of this report, however, have been the subject of some dispute. The V-1 missiles launched from bombers were often prone to exploding prematurely, occasionally resulting in the loss of the aircraft to which they were attached. The Luftwaffe lost 77 aircraft in 1,200 of these sorties.

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the opportunity to outflank the increasingly effective ground and air defences put up by the British against the missile. To minimise the associated risks (primarily radar detection), the aircrews developed a tactic called "lo-hi-lo": the He 111s would, upon leaving their airbases and crossing the

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The purpose of the third fuse was to avoid the risk of this secret weapon being examined by the British. Its time delay was too short to be a useful booby trap but was instead meant to destroy the weapon if a soft landing had not triggered the impact fuses. These fusing systems were very reliable,

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While the British decided how to react, Pujol played for time. On 18 June it was decided that the double agents would report the damage caused by V-1s fairly accurately and minimise the effect they had on civilian morale. It was also decided that Pujol should avoid giving the times of impacts and

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The average speed of V-1s was 550 km/h (340 mph) and their average altitude was 1,000 m (3,300 ft) to 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Fighter aircraft required excellent low altitude performance to intercept them and enough firepower to ensure that they were destroyed in the air

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Three different versions of the piloted FZG-76 were produced. The Reichenburg I was a one or two-seat unpowered glider intended for use as a training glider for pilot training. Reichenburg II was a single-seat FZG-76 fitted with a pulse jet power plant. A skid was fitted for dead stick landing to

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Mass production of the FZG-76 did not start until the spring of 1944, and FR 155(W) was not equipped until late May 1944. Operation Eisbär, the missile attacks on London, commenced on 12 June. However, the four launch battalions could only operate from the Pas-de-Calais area, amounting to only 72

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The Walter catapult accelerated the V-1 to a launch speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), well above the needed minimum operational speed of 240 km/h (150 mph). The V-1 made British landfall at 550 km/h (340 mph), but accelerated to 640 km/h (400 mph) by the time it

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was called "Antwerp-X" and given the object of protecting an area with a radius of 6,400 m (7,000 yd) covering the city and dock area. Initially attacks came from the south-east, accordingly a screen of observers and searchlights was deployed along the attack azimuth, behind which were

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never left the design stage, but technical drawings and notes suggest that several versions were considered: an air-launched version with the engine under the fuselage, a ground-launched version that could take off without a ramp and a submarine launched version with the engine moved forwards.

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who pretended to have agents reporting from London. He told the Germans that London had been devastated and had been mostly evacuated as a result of enormous casualties. The Germans could not perform aerial reconnaissance of London and believed his damage reports in preference to Pujol's. They

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decided on launching the V-1, using the Walter catapult, in both large launch bunkers, called Wasserwerk, and lighter installations, called the Stellungsystem. The Wasserwerk bunker measured 215 m (705 ft) long, 36 m (118 ft) wide, and 10 m (33 ft) high. Four were

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mobile gun could not cope with the altitude and speed of the V-1. However, the static version of the QF 3.7-inch, designed for a permanent concrete platform, had a faster traverse. The cost and delay of installing new permanent platforms for the guns was fortunately found to be unnecessary, a

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identified the very first of these weapons and within seconds of their report the anti-aircraft defences were in action. This new weapon gave the ROC much additional work both at posts and operations rooms. Eventually RAF controllers actually took their radio equipment to the two closest ROC

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On the first night of sustained bombardment, the anti-aircraft crews around Croydon were jubilant—suddenly they were downing unprecedented numbers of German bombers; most of their targets burst into flames and fell when their engines cut out. There was great disappointment when the truth was

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The conventional launch sites could theoretically launch about 15 V-1s per day, but this rate was difficult to achieve on a consistent basis; the maximum rate achieved was 18. Overall, only about 25% of the V-1s hit their targets, the majority being lost because of a combination of defensive

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began in October 1944, with the last V-1 launched against Antwerp on 30 March 1945. The shorter range improved the accuracy of the V-1 which was 10 km (5 nmi) deviation per 160 km (85 nmi) of flight, the flight level was also reduced to around 900 m (3,000 ft).

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spark plug was only needed to start the engine, while residual flame ignited further mixtures of gasoline and air, and the engine would be at full power after 7 seconds. The catapult would then accelerate the bomb above its stall speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), ensuring sufficient

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Mosquito night fighter on the night of 14/15 June 1944. As daylight grew stronger after the night attack, a Spitfire was seen to follow closely behind a V-1 over Chislehurst and Lewisham. Between June and 5 September 1944, a handful of 150 Wing Tempests shot down 638 flying bombs, with

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announced. Anti-aircraft gunners soon found that such small fast-moving targets were, in fact, very difficult to hit. The cruising altitude of the V-1, between 600 and 900 m (2,000 and 3,000 ft), meant that anti-aircraft guns could not traverse fast enough to hit the missile.

1461:, which could not attain the stated range of 210 kilometres (130 miles). However, they later considered other types of engine, and by the time German scientists had achieved the needed accuracy to deploy the V-1 as a weapon, British intelligence had a very accurate assessment of it. 1301:. After release, the pilot would start the pulse jet engine, select a target, set the controls then bail out. The chance of survival were considered very small, yet many pilots volunteered. Possibly 175 of these piloted V1s were converted at Darmesbury after initial development by 1736:

were also pressed into service against the V-1s; they had boosted engines (2,100 kW or 2,800 hp) and had half their .50 calibre (12.7 mm) machine guns and half their fuel tanks, all external fittings and all their armour plate removed to reduce weight. In addition,

2494:(CVEs) and long-range 4-engine reconnaissance aircraft. Waterproof carriers for the KGW-1 were developed for launches of the missile from surfaced submarines. Both the USAAF JB-2 and Navy KGW-1 were put into production and were planned to be used in the Allied invasion of Japan ( 2299:

The radar was effective from 26,000 m (28,000 yd), the M9 director predicted the target location position based on course, height and speed which combined with the gun, shell and fuse characteristics predicted an impact position, adjusted each gun and fired the shell.

703:. The simple, Argus-built pulsejet engine pulsed 50 times per second, and the characteristic buzzing sound gave rise to the colloquial names "buzz bomb" or "doodlebug" (a common name for a wide variety of flying insects). It was known briefly in Germany (on Hitler's orders) as 1706:(ideally, also from a sufficient distance, to avoid being damaged by the strong blast) rather than the V-1 crashing to earth and detonating. Most aircraft were too slow to catch a V-1 unless they had a height advantage, allowing them to gain speed by diving on their target. 1309:. When Hitler banned the use of the piloted V1, most converted models were scrapped. However, a few were captured by the Allied Technical Air Intelligence crews in Germany. At least one was sent to England, and two, possibly three, were sent to the US for inspection. 1986:

The policy of diverting V-1 impacts away from central London was initially controversial. The War Cabinet refused to authorise a measure that would increase casualties in any area, even if it reduced casualties elsewhere by greater amounts. It was thought that

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were deployed, in the hope that V-1s would be destroyed when they struck the balloons' tethering cables. The leading edges of the V-1's wings were fitted with Kuto cable cutters, and fewer than 300 V-1s are known to have been brought down by barrage balloons.

1055:. None of the nine missiles launched on the 12th reached England, while only four did so on the 13th. The next attempt to start the attack occurred on the night of 15/16 June, when 144 missiles reached England, of which 73 struck London, while 53 struck 780:

known as the Tornado, in which a boat loaded with a 700 kg (1,543 lb) warhead was steered towards a target ship either by remote control or by a pilot who would leap out of the back at the last moment. The Tornado was assembled from surplus

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of the United States Army Air Forces was concerned that this weapon would make his long-range bombers less important, since they were much cheaper and could be built of steel and wood, in 2,000 man-hours and approximate cost of US$ 600 (in 1943).

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In daylight, V-1 chases were chaotic and often unsuccessful until a special defence zone was declared between London and the coast, in which only the fastest fighters were permitted. The first interception of a V-1 was by F/L J. G. Musgrave with a

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region. Stellungsystem-II, with 32 sites, was to act as a reserve unit. Stellungsystem-I and II had nine batteries manned by February 1944. Stellungsystem-III, operated by FR 255(W), was to be organized in the spring of 1944, and located between

1158:. These measures were so successful that by August 1944 about 80% of V-1s were being destroyed The Meteors suffered from frequent cannon failures, and accounted for only 13 V-1s destroyed.) In all, about 1,000 V-1s were destroyed by aircraft. 1263:

when she was asked to find out why test pilots were unable to land it and had died as a result. She discovered, after simulated landing attempts at high altitude, where there was air space to recover, that the craft had an extremely high

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The intended operational altitude was originally set at 2,750 m (9,000 ft), but repeated failures of a barometric fuel-pressure regulator led to the operational height being halved in May 1944, bringing V-1s into range of the

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measures, mechanical unreliability or guidance errors. With the capture or destruction of the launch facilities used to attack England, the V-1s were employed in attacks against strategic points in Belgium, primarily the port of

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in Berlin to regulate altitude and airspeed. A pair of gyroscopes controlled yaw and pitch, while azimuth was maintained by a magnetic compass. Altitude was maintained by a barometric device. Two spherical tanks contained

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The use of land-launched V-1s against Great Britain ended on 1 September after which the campaign continued using air-launched missiles. In total, 10,492 V-1s were launched against Britain, with a nominal aiming point of

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aircraft. Flying at an altitude of 100 ft (30 m) over the North Sea at night, it directed Mosquito and Beaufighters charged with intercepting He 111s from Dutch airbases that sought to launch V-1s from the air.

1598:: "It was the proximity fuse which made possible the 100 per cent successes that A.A. Command was obtaining regularly in the early months of last year...American scientists...gave us the final answer to the flying bomb." 852:

The magnetic compass was located near the front of the V-1, within a wooden sphere. Shortly before launch, the V-1 was suspended inside the Compass Swinging Building (Richthaus). There the compass was corrected for

438:. At peak, more than one hundred V-1s a day were fired at southeast England, 9,521 in total, decreasing in number as sites were overrun until October 1944, when the last V-1 site in range of Britain was overrun by 1752:

were tuned to make them fast enough. At night airborne radar was not needed, as the V-1 engine could be heard from 10 mi (16 km) away or more and the exhaust plume was visible from a long distance.

2483: in) wider and the length was extended less than 0.6 m (2 ft). The difference gave the JB-2 5.64 m (60.7 sq ft) of wing area versus 5.1 m (55 sq ft) for the V-1. 1824:

The next most successful interceptors were the Mosquito (623 victories), Spitfire XIV (303), and Mustang (232). All other types combined added 158. Even though it was not fully operational, the jet-powered

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for V-1 sightings). Attacking a V-1 was dangerous: machine guns had little effect on the V-1's sheet steel structure, and if a cannon shell detonated the warhead, the explosion could destroy the attacker.

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A V-1 replica is displayed at The Muckleburgh Collection near Weybourne in Norfolk. According to the collection's website, the replica is displayed on a section of the original Peenemunde launch ramp.

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in the last week of the month, when on one day 82 per cent were shot down. The rate improved from thousands of shells for every one V-1 destroyed to 100 for each. This mostly ended the V-1 threat. As

312: 1408:, which delivered a comparable payload. Approximately 10,000 were fired at England; 2,419 reached London, killing about 6,184 people and injuring 17,981. The greatest density of hits was received by 1441:

target apparatus" helped to hide the nature of the device, and some time passed before references to FZG 76 were linked to the V-83 pilotless aircraft (an experimental V-1) that had crashed on

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was recognised by both the German and Allied high commands as a very important port. It was essential logistically for the further progression of Allied armies into Germany, although initially

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Initially, V-1s landed within a circle 31 km (19 mi) in diameter, but by the end of the war, accuracy had been improved to about 11 km (7 mi), which was comparable to the

2402:, with further launches from ground sites and from aircraft of improved versions continuing into the late 1940s. The inaccuracy of the guidance system when compared with new methods such as 2020:

Unlike the V-2, the V-1 was a cost-effective weapon for the Germans as it forced the Allies to spend heavily on defensive measures and divert bombers from other targets. More than 25% of

992:, Wasserwerk Valognes, and Wasserwerk Cherbourg. Stellungsystem-I was to be operated by Flak Regiment 155(W), with 4 launch battalions, each having 4 launchers, and located in the 469:, and fighter aircraft, to intercept the bombs before they reached their targets, while the launch sites and underground storage depots became targets for Allied attacks including 3228:

this code name refers to the idea of spitting cherry stones and successively improving the hit accuracy by monitoring the impact points, also by reports of local spies in London.

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had the 20 mm cannon on his Tempest adjusted to converge at 300 yd (270 m) ahead. This was so successful that all other aircraft in 150 Wing were thus modified.

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brought from Paris. Additional radar units and observers were deployed up to 40 miles from Antwerp to give early warning of V-1 bombs approaching. The introduction of the

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wrote a paper that strongly demonstrated the cost-effectiveness for the Germans of the V-1 when compared with conventional bombers. The following is a table he produced:

1900:) was requested by his German controllers to give information on the sites and times of V-1 impacts, with similar requests made to the other German agents in Britain, 3015:

has a V-1 display which consists of a post-war "hybrid" of German-machined and American parts. In particular, it has a JB-2 Loon-style forward engine support fairing.

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forced a retreat from the French launch sites in August, with the last battalion leaving on 29 August. Operation Donnerschlag began from Germany on 21 October 1944.

2736:. Although this was intended as a V-2 launch site the museum on the site has a display devoted to the V-1, including a V-1 cruise missile and an entire launch ramp. 2457:

The United States reverse-engineered the V-1 in 1944 from salvaged parts recovered in England during June. By 8 September, the first of thirteen complete prototype

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It had the appearance of a standard V1 with the addition of cockpit, ailerons, landing skids and flight instruments. The pilot would have been airlifted by either

1217:. Apart from the obvious motive of permitting the bombardment campaign to continue after static ground sites on the French coast were lost, air launching gave the 1009:

Schmalschläger had developed a more simplified launching site, called Einsatz Stellungen. Less conspicuous, 80 launch sites and 16 support sites were located from

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on 5 June 1942, the specifications included a range of 300 km (186 miles), a speed of 700 km/h (435 mph), and capable of delivering a 500-kilogram (

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and at other targets in Belgium, launching a further 2,448 V-1s. The attacks stopped only a month before the war in Europe ended, when the last launch site in the

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would reverse this decision later (he was then away at a conference); but the delay in starting the reports to Germans might be fatal to the deception. So Sir

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should mostly report on those which occurred in the northwest of London, to give the impression to the Germans that they were overshooting the target area.

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The Tempest fleet was built up to over 100 aircraft by September, and during the short summer nights the Tempests shared defensive duty with twin-engined

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forced gasoline from the 640 L (140 imp gal; 170 US gal) fuel tank through the fuel jets which consisted of three banks of three

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The trial versions of the V-1 were air-launched. Most operational V-1s were launched from static sites on land, but from July 1944 to January 1945, the

9217: 1714: 8832: 8700: 8578: 8554: 8520: 8132: 4361: 2783:, displays a restored Fieseler 103 A1, launched on 13 June from Pont-Montauban base and crashed in the mud without exploding after flying 10 km. 1809:) destroyed 44 (with a further nine shared), W/C Roland Beamont destroyed 31, and F/Lt Arthur Umbers (No. 3 squadron) destroyed 28. A Dutch pilot in 1721:

and sending the V-1 into an out-of-control dive. At least sixteen V-1s were destroyed this way (the first by a P-51 piloted by Major R. E. Turner of

644:, State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Aviation and Inspector General of the Air force, awarded Argus the contract for the engine, Fieseler the 550:, a remote-controlled aircraft carrying a payload of one ton, that could return to base after releasing its bomb. Argus worked in co-operation with 9187: 8911: 8485: 8470: 8147: 8123: 7691: 7544: 1457:

on V-1 construction and a place of development (Peenemünde). Initially, British experts were sceptical of the V-1 because they had considered only

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Heinkel He 111 H-22. This version could carry FZG 76 (V1) flying bombs, but only a few aircraft were produced in 1944. Some were used by bomb wing

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A certain number of the V-1s fired had been fitted with radio transmitters, which had clearly demonstrated a tendency for the V-1 to fall short.

2269:) and US Army anti-aircraft batteries (30th AAA Group) were sent to Antwerp together with a searchlight regiment. The zone of command under the 9212: 8986: 7716: 1924:, commented, "If, for example, St Paul's Cathedral were hit, it was useless and harmful to report that the bomb had descended upon a cinema in 1404:

Almost 30,000 V-1s were made; by March 1944 they were each produced in 350 hours (including 120 for the autopilot), at a cost of just 4% of a

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declined to award them a development contract. In 1940, Schmidt and Argus began cooperating, integrating Schmidt's shutter system with Argus'

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The Soviets also worked on a piloted attack aircraft based on the Argus pulsejet engine of the V-1, which began as a German project, the

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coast. The deployments were prompted by changes to the approach tracks of the V-1 as launch sites were overrun by the Allies' advance.

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Beginning in January 1941, the V-1's pulsejet engine was also tested on a variety of craft, including automobiles and an experimental

9030: 9015: 8623: 1535: 3889: 3844: 3746: 6475: 837: 765:. These nine atomizing nozzles were in front of the air inlet valve system where it mixed with air before entering the chamber. A 9237: 6756: 5007: 4169: 2769: 2747:. Disabled by Allied bombing in December 1943, before completion. Remains of blockhouses, with recreated launch ramp and mock V1. 2024:'s bombs in July and August 1944 were used against V-weapon sites, often ineffectively. In early December 1944, American General 1999:

took responsibility for starting the deception programme immediately, and his action was approved by Churchill when he returned.

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fashion. Ultimately insufficient Argus 014 pulse-jets were available as all production was allocated to the V-1 missile program.

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Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.

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To adjust and correct settings in the V-1 guidance system, the Germans needed to know where the V-1s were impacting. Therefore,

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and rails was found to be adequate for the static guns, making them considerably easier to re-deploy as the V-1 threat changed.

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jet bomber to launch V-1s either by towing them aloft or by launching them from a "piggy back" position (in the manner of the

9232: 9222: 6268: 5918: 5907: 5889: 5871: 5853: 5794: 5745: 5726: 5707: 5661: 5643: 5625: 5606: 5569: 5548: 5521: 5460: 5437: 5419: 5381: 5341: 5320: 5284: 5236: 4046: 3604: 2862:

A restored original V-1 is on display, as well as one of only six worldwide remaining original Reichenberg (Re 4–27), at the

2220:

was being delivered by early 1945. After the end of the war in Europe it was in consideration for use against Japan. General

965: 4191: 4144: 9192: 3118: 2334:

conducted a joint study of the feasibility of mounting a similar engine on a piloted plane. The resulting design was named

2303:

In November attacks began from the north-east and additional batteries were deployed along the new azimuths, including the

6322: 5353:

V1-"Eifelschreck", Abschüsse, Abstürze und Einschläge der fliegenden Bombe aus der Eifel und dem Rechtsrheinischen 1944/45

5037: 3810:

Kloeppel, Major Kirk M., The Military Utility of German Rocketry During World War II, Air Command and Staff College, 1997.

1709:

When V-1 attacks began in mid-June 1944, the only aircraft with the low-altitude speed to be effective against it was the

1130: 9167: 6171: 5955:

Fi-103/V-1 "Buzz Bomb", from the Luftwaffe Resource Center website, hosted by The Warbirds Resource Group; with 42 photos

4310: 2304: 2296:(94 mm) and two radar units, preferably the US SCR-584 with M9 director as it was more accurate than the British system. 2314:

From October 1944 to March 1945, 4,883 V-1s were detected. Of these, only 4.5% fell into the designated protected area.

62: 9197: 6749: 4500: 4022: 2831: 1845: 6305: 434:

The Wehrmacht first launched the V-1s against London on 13 June 1944, one week after (and prompted by) the successful

404: 6776: 5831: 5812: 5764: 5587: 5496: 5478: 5400: 5360: 2590: 1664: 6730: 3103: 2568: 1642: 1884: 9227: 6772: 6586: 6273: 5991: 3204: 2660: 1445:

in the Baltic and to reports from agents of a flying bomb capable of being used against London. Importantly, the

1163: 5950:

The V-Weapons, from Marshall Stelzriede's Wartime Story website with June 1944 UK/US news reports on V-1 attacks

3356: 7613: 6596: 2572: 2387: 1646: 1248: 1113:, from under a Focke-Wulf Fw 200. The first powered trial was on 10 December, launched from beneath an He 111. 7069: 2744: 1952:

thought that the Allies would make every effort to destroy the V-1 launch sites in France. They also accepted

1123:("65th Army Corps for special deployment) formed during the last days of November 1943 in France commanded by 1051:

launchers. They had been supplied with missiles, Walter catapults, fuel, and other associated equipment since

423:"Cherry Stone". Due to its limited range, the thousands of V-1 missiles launched into England were fired from 8966: 7808: 6618: 6441: 5108: 2990: 2950: 2639: 6397: 3481: 2729: 1833:

to fight the V-1s. It had ample speed but its cannons were prone to jamming, and it shot down only 13 V-1s.

936: 8162: 7637: 7628: 7623: 7445: 6237: 6103: 3087: 3040: 2930: 2825: 2673: 2466: 1810: 5965:

Swedish site (in English) with text and many details of the V-1 cruise missile and its supporting hardware

4369: 8981: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8535: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8084: 8075: 8020: 7901: 7599: 7472: 6644: 2902: 2465:. The United States JB-2 was different from the German V-1 in only the smallest of dimensions, with only 2036: 1738: 656:, and the first flight of the Fi 103 V7 took place on 10 December 1942, when it was airdropped by a 7138: 6741: 5787:

The Flying Bomb War -Contemporary Eyewitness Accounts of the German V1 and V2 Raids On Britain 1942–1945

1474: 577:

sketched out the design of an aircraft with the pulse-jet above the tail, the basis for the future V-1.

9202: 9172: 8768: 7990: 7906: 7892: 7803: 7799: 7050: 6242: 6232: 5984: 3153: 3044: 2331: 2266: 1794: 1117: 424: 8308: 7738: 6708: 6649: 6448: 6317: 5967: 3029: 2327: 2021: 1841: 1581: 1550: 1454: 1286: 869: 563: 4431: 2875: 2323: 8024: 6581: 6528: 6436: 4954:

Now in the #WarMuseum Lobby: a V-1 Flying Bomb – Fi103 R-IV "Reichenberg" collected by #FarleyMowat

3072: 3051: 1689: 1487: 1446: 1425: 17: 9010: 5130: 2982:

FZG-76 is on display as a war memorial at the southwest corner of the Putnam County Courthouse in

9070: 7939: 6959: 6482: 6417: 6382: 6164: 5373:

12 Seconds of Silence: How a Team of Inventors, Tinkerers, and Spies Took Down a Nazi Superweapon

5090: 4994: 4849: 4272: 2754: 2618: 2561: 1966: 1635: 1510:

to attacks from the east. In September 1944 a new linear defence line was formed on the coast of

1424:

For Allied intelligence activities and German counterintelligence regarding the flying bomb, see

1284:

s were air-launched rather than fired from a catapult ramp, as erroneously portrayed in the film

493: 331: 8961: 8907: 8355: 8293: 8253: 8248: 8209: 8181: 8157: 7756: 7751: 7743: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7316: 7152: 7045: 6470: 6427: 6108: 6053: 5782: 2895: 2378:

bomber. More than 400 were produced, some of which were exported to the UK, Sweden, and Italy.

1996: 1862: 1722: 1275: 439: 6247: 5513: 3491: 2967: 2362:

After reverse-engineering captured V-1s in 1946, the French began producing copies for use as

1105:

The first complete V-1 airframe was delivered on 30 August 1942, and after the first complete

8817: 8783: 8754: 8515: 8440: 8176: 7957: 7452: 7022: 5699: 5446: 4414: 2905:; the museum also has a partially recreated launch ramp with a mock–up V-1 displayed outside. 2863: 2254: 1729: 1589: 888: 665: 8360: 5192: 3263:

Squadrons 91, 322 (Dutch) and 610. The top ace was S/L Kynaston of 91 Sqn with 21 destroyed.

9099: 9050: 9025: 8921: 8886: 8807: 8778: 8773: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8416: 8407: 8402: 8389: 8380: 8303: 8089: 8080: 8045: 7887: 7877: 7852: 7813: 7795: 7786: 7781: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7262: 7143: 6963: 6694: 6392: 5068: 4219: 2983: 2880: 2664: 2311:

in January 1945 improved the effectiveness of the guns and reduced ammunition consumption.

1960: 1917: 1830: 1806: 1798: 1785: 1768: 1746: 1678: 1355: 1330: 989: 884: 1897: 1173: 942:

Ground-launched V-1s were propelled up an inclined launch ramp by an apparatus known as a

8: 8445: 7842: 7248: 6831: 6826: 6601: 6591: 6487: 6377: 3133: 2940: 2806: 2669: 2286: 1878: 1742: 1573: 957: 892: 809: 555: 497: 35: 3852: 282:

640 km/h (400 mph) flying between 600 and 900 m (2,000 and 3,000 ft)

9177: 8094: 7632: 7618: 6566: 6497: 6465: 6453: 6157: 4969: 4957: 3392: 3143: 3023: 3012: 2920: 2765: 2495: 2487: 2458: 2452: 2293: 2282: 2250: 2217: 2213: 1837: 1790: 1570: 1558: 1530: 1373: 858: 454: 435: 5015: 4177: 2469:

from the original German pilotless ordnance design. The wingspan was only 65 mm (

635: 9040: 8956: 8941: 8607: 8345: 8065: 7967: 7962: 7930: 7915: 7771: 7729: 7720: 7133: 7124: 7017: 6796: 6701: 6680: 6295: 6290: 6058: 5949: 5914: 5903: 5885: 5867: 5849: 5827: 5808: 5790: 5760: 5741: 5722: 5703: 5657: 5639: 5621: 5602: 5583: 5565: 5544: 5517: 5492: 5474: 5456: 5433: 5415: 5396: 5377: 5356: 5337: 5316: 5300: 5280: 5232: 4042: 4036: 3600: 3386: 3019: 3001: 2979:

A V-1 is on display at the US Army Air Defense Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

2913: 2690: 2462: 1992: 1905: 1577: 1458: 1298: 1209: 1026: 949: 854: 470: 462: 152: 5450: 5155: 4035:

Cull, Brian (2008). "The assault on Antwerp and Liège - October 1944 - March 1945".

984: 8847: 8450: 8167: 7188: 7179: 7175: 7147: 7036: 6874: 6845: 6278: 5954: 5939: 5215:

Aeronautical Staff of Aero Publishers in cooperation with Edward T Maloney (1966).

4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4524: 4315: 3926: 3123: 3058: 2793: 1921: 1775: 1562: 1095: 829: 515: 416: 321: 255: 4701: 4535: 1109:

was delivered in September, the first glide test flight was on 28 October 1942 at

1087: 1042: 879:

on the nose determined when the target area had been reached, accurate enough for

849:

servomotors controlling the rudder and elevator, and pressurized the fuel system.

9065: 8798: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8573: 8568: 8505: 8412: 8332: 7925: 7920: 7832: 7827: 7818: 7766: 7761: 7608: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7529: 7426: 6654: 6576: 6507: 6492: 6252: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 5971: 5507: 5371: 5331: 4713: 4504: 4197: 3098: 3082: 3033: 2761: 2503: 2335: 2270: 2246: 2025: 1802: 1764: 1607: 1491: 1393: 1377: 1321: 1147: 1071: 876: 762: 649: 569:. Tests began in January 1941, and the first flight made on 30 April 1941 with a 466: 316: 31: 3946: 3944: 2342:("plum blossom") but bore no more than a superficial resemblance to the Fi 103. 1877:

was requested to obtain this impact data from their agents in Britain. However,

1486:

The British defence against German long-range weapons was known by the codename

9117: 9113: 9109: 9089: 9085: 9060: 9045: 9035: 9020: 9000: 8976: 8971: 8936: 8931: 8902: 8861: 8852: 8812: 8735: 8720: 8710: 8690: 8549: 8539: 8530: 8495: 8480: 8465: 8435: 8327: 8142: 8128: 8118: 8113: 8103: 7952: 7943: 7896: 7882: 7872: 7790: 7776: 7539: 7534: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7410: 7401: 7396: 7391: 6613: 6365: 6339: 6310: 6093: 6088: 6083: 5976: 5960:

The Lambeth Archives, includes a sound recording of an incoming V-1, circa 1944

5041: 4528: 3251: 3077: 2491: 2414: 2216:

the V-1 from the remains of one that had failed to detonate in Britain and the

1826: 1818: 1757: 1754: 1710: 1546: 1507: 1359: 1294: 1198: 1155: 1151: 1031: 842: 766: 566: 400: 327: 73: 6460: 4841: 3763: 2934: 1502:

redeployed in several movements: first in mid-June 1944 from positions on the

9161: 8857: 8715: 8525: 8204: 8200: 8055: 8040: 7934: 7436: 7431: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7277: 7272: 7257: 7228: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7183: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7129: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7040: 7008: 6932: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6841: 6836: 6811: 6659: 6639: 6634: 6571: 6502: 6344: 6334: 6078: 6073: 5224: 3941: 3148: 3108: 2848: 2499: 2367: 2278: 1858: 1682: 1495: 1254: 1167: 1146:

Launches against Britain were met by a variety of countermeasures, including

993: 980:

reached London, as its 570 L (150 US gal) of fuel burned off.

865: 574: 531: 525: 447: 428: 131: 8099: 6850: 6300: 4497: 3199:

can also be translated as "retribution", "reprisal" or "retaliation"), also

1110: 895:

were released, the linkage between the elevator and servo was jammed, and a

9104: 9075: 9005: 8995: 8990: 8866: 8559: 8341: 8312: 8283: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8185: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7867: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7467: 7457: 7078: 7012: 6988: 6983: 6869: 6687: 6285: 6227: 6180: 6068: 6063: 5557: 2677: 2523: 2363: 2209: 2009: 1913: 1539: 1515: 1499: 1337: 1326: 1106: 1086:

On 13 June 1944, the first V-1 struck London next to the railway bridge on

880: 793: 754: 728: 641: 580:

Lusser produced a preliminary design in April 1942, P35 Erfurt, which used

570: 551: 539: 535: 116: 83: 5656:. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 113. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 4928: 2949:

A V-1 replica and original launch rail and equipment is on display at the

1396:

low-cost turbojet engine with about 500 kgf (1,100 lbf) thrust.

733: 8951: 8837: 8583: 8336: 8317: 7822: 7462: 7386: 7381: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7291: 7282: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7206: 7096: 6998: 6993: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6949: 6936: 6927: 6816: 6771: 6533: 5064:"Exhibit of the Week: V1 flying bomb gyroscope, Eden Camp Museum, Malton" 3008: 2780: 2773: 2723: 2486:

A navalised version, designated KGW-1, was developed to be launched from

2407: 2403: 1511: 1503: 1265: 1098: 1060: 931: 777: 738: 710: 696: 507: 458: 294: 6387: 6149: 2776:, displays a French copy of the V-1; actually a CT 10 target drone. 2370:

and were smaller than the V-1. The CT 10 could be ground-launched using

1082: 9080: 8322: 7972: 7253: 6606: 6523: 6402: 6360: 6210: 6203: 5103: 3163: 3158: 3138: 2924: 2750: 2733: 2715: 2702: 2575: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2391: 2221: 1649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1237: 1067: 1056: 1022: 904: 896: 669:

journalist Hans Schwarz Van Berkl in June 1944 with Hitler's approval.

631: 614: 481: 845:

at 6.2 megapascals (900 psi), that drove the gyros, operated the

476:

In 1944 a number of tests of this weapon were apparently conducted in

9094: 7197: 6878: 6543: 6184: 6022: 3364: 2888: 2815:

National Military Museum in Soesterberg has a V1 and a V1 Reichenberg

2626: 2603: 2532: 2044: 1988: 1925: 1718: 1698: 1594: 1566: 1554: 1519: 1478:

A battery of static QF 3.7-inch guns on railway-sleeper platforms at

1450: 1214: 846: 833: 786: 758: 607: 581: 519: 511: 502: 410: 396: 351: 298: 106: 5935: 5292: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 2550: 1677:

The Defence Committee expressed some doubt as to the ability of the

1624: 6941: 6412: 6407: 6327: 6007: 4517:

Self, Brian (January 2011), "Hudson, John Pilkington (1910–2007)",

3219:

In contemporary accounts it is also referred to as a "robot bomb".

3200: 2740: 2622: 2441: 2436: 2399: 2238: 1935:

While Pujol downplayed the extent of V-1 damage, trouble came from

1479: 1442: 1389: 1091: 1014: 782: 746: 692: 653: 645: 603: 420: 258: 141: 4249:

Aloyse Raths – Unheivolle Jahre für Luxemburg 1940–1945 p. 259-261

3561: 3559: 3557: 30:"Buzzbomb" redirects here. For the song by the Dead Kennedys, see 8871: 8793: 8788: 8213: 8195: 8190: 8050: 7986: 7981: 7120: 6372: 4507:

Ex Air Gunners Association. via Commonwealth Training Plan Museum

3093: 2997: 2972: 2422:, in the latter stages of the war. The Soviet development of the 2308: 2234: 1681:

to adequately deal with the new threat, but the ROC's Commandant

1416:, Belgium was hit by 2,448 V-1s from October 1944 to March 1945. 1413: 1409: 1306: 1227: 1140: 961: 953: 750: 700: 599: 443: 208: 3625: 2946:

The Aeropark at East Midlands Airport also has a V-1 on display.

1565:

helped to counter the V-1's high speed and small size. In 1944,

1127:

Erich Heinemann was responsible for the operational use of V-1.

7026: 4004: 3956: 3554: 2650:

V-1 flying bomb on display at the Stampe & Vertongen Museum

2375: 1977: 1963:, however, the Allies read his messages and adjusted for them. 1948: 1942: 1928:, since the truth would inevitably get through to Germany ..." 1874: 1713:. Fewer than 30 Tempests were available. They were assigned to 1693:

ROC personnel preparing a battery of 'Snowflake' rocket flares.

1514:, and finally in December there was a further layout along the 1343: 1010: 1006: 916: 770: 657: 477: 383: 371: 204: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4689: 4055: 3968: 1213:(3rd Bomber Wing, the so-called "Blitz Wing") flying over the 900:

alerted people under the flight path to the impending impact.

677: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4072: 4070: 3678: 3676: 2852:

V-1 launch ramp recreated at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford

2467:

the forward pulsejet support pylon visibly differing in shape

2031: 1733: 1245:

Late in the war, several air-launched piloted V-1s, known as

1052: 998: 773:. The operation proceeded at a rate of 42 cycles per second. 442:

forces. After this, the Germans directed V-1s at the port of

5313:

AA Command: Britain's Anti-aircraft Defences of World War II

5299:. Defense Technical Information Center. 1971. Archived from 5277:

Deceiving Hitler: Double Cross and Deception in World War II

5259:

Flying Bomb, The Story of Hitler's V-Weapons in World War II

5229:

The Guns at Last Light: the War in Western Europe, 1944–1945

4626: 971: 5620:, Missisagua, ON, Canada: German Canadian Heritage Museum, 5452:

Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939–1945

4863: 4542: 4311:"The American Scientists Who Saved London from Nazi Drones" 4226: 3980: 3813: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3128: 2898:. It was presented to the museum in 1945 by the War Office. 2719: 2395: 2371: 1438: 1274:

volunteer pilots. It was for this that she was awarded the

1021:

the engine intake, and electrical connection to the engine

1002: 277: 5964: 5864:

Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II

5618:

The V2 and the German, Russian and American Rocket Program

4442: 4126: 4099: 4082: 4067: 3792: 3673: 1779:

A Spitfire using its wingtip to "topple" a V-1 flying bomb

804: 757:, tail pipe, and spark plug. Compressed air rather than a 4602: 3992: 3661: 3637: 3542: 3413:

Tornio 1944 by Osmo Hyvönen page 262, Ilmasotaa Torniossa

3309: 2909: 1814: 1506:

to the south coast of England, then a cordon closing the

1405: 4566: 4554: 4252: 3888:(in German). April 1944. pp. 98–118. Archived from 3452: 2939:

A V-1 is on display with a V-2 in the new Atrium of the

2933:—the piloted version of the V1—is usually on display at 2428:

ended in 1946 after a crash that killed the test pilot.

1881:

and were acting as double agents under British control.

1686:

in order to alert RAF fighters to the presence of a V-1.

1305:(DFS/German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight) at 915:

The warhead consisted of 850 kg (1,870 lb) of

5541:

US Air Force Tactical Missiles, 1949–1969, The Pioneers

5512:(illus. ed.), National Library Australia, p. 5471:

German Jet Engine and Gas Turbine Development 1930-1945

4667: 4665: 4330: 4290: 3649: 3530: 3440: 3336: 3299: 3297: 2398:. Initial tests began in March 1945 at a test range in 1793:

alone claiming 305. One Tempest pilot, Squadron Leader

1392:-propelled upgraded variant proposed, meant to use the 948:("steam generator"), in which steam was generated when 4478: 4342: 4150: 3825: 3700: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3284: 3282: 3280: 2343: 2336: 2274:

three rows of batteries with additional searchlights.

1801:), shot down 59 V-1s, the Belgian ace Squadron Leader 1358:

jet fighter, which was initially test-towed behind an

4909: 4882: 4638: 4590: 3745:(in German). April 1944. pp. 7–8. Archived from 3712: 3518: 3428: 3416: 3326: 3324: 2955:

A V-1 is on display at the RAF Manston History Museum

2753:, near Saint-Omer, has a V-1 that it was lent by the 2386:

The Soviet Union captured V-1s when they overran the

4662: 4650: 4614: 4578: 4384: 3780: 3688: 3294: 2292:

British gun batteries were each equipped with eight

1821:, managed to destroy 12 in 1944, flying a Spitfire. 1336:

There were plans, not put into practice, to use the

820:

A reconstructed starting ramp for V-1 flying bombs,

5093:

eastmidlandsairport.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.

4466: 3613: 3571: 3497: 3469: 3277: 3250:, after the head of Anti-Aircraft Command, General 2394:. The 10Kh was their copy of the V-1, later called 2035:A V-1 and launching ramp section on display at the 1253:, were built, but these were never used in combat. 514:engine, while previous work dating back to 1915 by 431:) and Dutch coasts or by modified He 111 aircraft. 5689:, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press 5680:, Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press 5532:The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945 4840:Winter, Frank; Neufeld, Michael J. (August 2000). 3321: 2935:Headcorn (Lashenden) Airfield's Air Warfare Museum 2919:a V-1 is on display at the other RAF Museum site, 606:Fi 103 was approved on 19 June, and assigned 419:, and during initial development was known by the 335: 5884:, vol. 3, London: Battle of Britain Prints, 5506:Lloyd, Clement John; Hall, Richard, eds. (1997), 2894:Fi-103 serial number 442795 is on display at the 1592:put it in an April 5, 1946 article in the London 9159: 6006: 5848:, Boylston, MA: Monogram Aviation Publications, 5634:Sharp, C. Martin; Bowyer, Michael J. F. (1995), 5294:"The defence of Antwerp against the V-1 missile" 1070:ordered attacks on the V-1 sites as a priority. 652:. By 30 August Fieseler had completed the first 620:76 (FZG-76). Flight tests were conducted at the 9136:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 5601:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 5412:Hitler's Terror Weapons: The Price of Vengeance 1763:The anti-V-1 sorties by fighters were known as 1257:made some flights in the modified V-1 Fieseler 6773:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations 5538: 5350: 5252:, The Mill, Gloucestershire, UK: History Press 5219:. Fallbrook, California, USA: Aero Publishers. 4903: 4695: 3962: 3565: 3237:From the low hum resembling that of the insect 2253:had not given high priority to seizure of the 1228:Experimental, piloted, and long-range variants 1077: 6757: 6165: 5992: 5696:Fulfilment: Memoirs of a Criminal Court Judge 5193:"The Fieseler Fi 103 (V1) German "Buzz Bomb"" 4839: 3597:German Secret Weapons of the Second World War 3114:List of German guided weapons of World War II 2260: 1464: 753:, fuel jets, flap valve grid, mixing chamber 691:(cherry stone) by Lusser and Gosslau, with a 5214: 4997:lonelyplanet.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 4523:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, 4362:"Barrage Balloons for Low-Level Air Defense" 4105: 4093: 3354: 3194: 3188: 2530: 2423: 2417: 2047:(12 months) vs V-1 flying bombs (2¾ months) 1975: 1940: 1879:all German agents in Britain had been turned 1432: 1349: 1341: 1279: 1269: 1258: 1246: 1218: 1202: 1192: 1178: 943: 714: 704: 686: 625: 523: 408: 390: 376: 364: 344: 51: 5807:. Augsburg, Germany: Weltbild Verlag GmbH. 5633: 5564:, New York: Coward McCann & Geoghegan, 5489:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945 5351:Guckelhorn, Wolfgang; Paul, Detlev (2004). 5247: 4876: 4448: 4221:Impact points of V-1 and V-2 around Antwerp 4132: 4076: 4061: 3315: 2901:A V-1 is on a partial ramp section, at the 2289:to electrically control the battery guns. 1197:launched approximately 1,176 from modified 1101:. Eight civilians were killed in the blast. 988:initially to be built: Wasserwerk Desvres, 6764: 6750: 6172: 6158: 5999: 5985: 5390: 4683: 2366:, starting in 1951. These were called the 1164:40 mm Bofors light anti-aircraft guns 792:The engine made its first flight aboard a 510:. It was an innovative design that used a 354:). It was also known to the Allies as the 9218:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1944 6179: 5861: 5539:Mindling, George; Bolton, Robert (2009), 5529: 5505: 4828:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4816:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4804:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4792:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4780:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4768:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4756:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4744:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4732:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4720:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4708:Defense Technical Information Center 1971 4572: 4548: 4415:"4-Cannon Tempest Chases Nazi Robot Bomb" 3357:"War and peace and the price of cat-fish" 3342: 2812:Museum Vliegbasis Deelen in Schaarsbergen 2591:Learn how and when to remove this message 1840:bomber was modified for use by the RAF's 1767:(after "Diver", the codename used by the 1665:Learn how and when to remove this message 1536:Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 487: 457:, the British operated an arrangement of 5821: 5802: 5757:American Guided Missiles of World War II 5580:German Aircraft Of World War 2 in colour 5310: 5256: 5223: 4632: 4336: 4296: 3998: 3831: 3798: 3706: 3667: 3643: 3548: 2993:on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. 2966: 2874: 2847: 2645: 2602: 2435: 2410:saw development end in the early 1950s. 2317: 2030: 1965: 1888:Aftermath of a V-1 bombing, London, 1944 1883: 1861:officer to defuse an unexploded V-1 was 1774: 1688: 1482:on the south coast of England, July 1944 1473: 1399: 1320: 1303:Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug 1236: 1172: 1129: 1081: 1041: 970: 930: 815: 803: 732: 685:The V-1 was designed under the codename 676: 239:Time fuze to prevent examination of duds 9188:World War II guided missiles of Germany 5862:King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy (1998), 5781: 5684: 5670: 5582:. Poole, Dorsett, UK: Blandford Press. 5556: 5427: 5369: 4842:"Missile, Cruise, V-1 (Fi 103, FZG 76)" 4644: 4608: 4520:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4484: 4348: 4270: 3953:, pp. 10, 17–18, 24–39, 42, 47–48. 3913: 3718: 3463: 3303: 2770:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 1419: 1316: 923:and almost no dud V-1s were recovered. 822:Historical Technical Museum, Peenemünde 14: 9160: 6726:Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum 5879: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5651: 5615: 5596: 5577: 5486: 5274: 5265: 4915: 4888: 4656: 4620: 4596: 4560: 4472: 4402: 4390: 4308: 4010: 3986: 3974: 3950: 3819: 3786: 3694: 3682: 3655: 3631: 3619: 3582: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3475: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3288: 1412:, on the south-east fringe of London. 1241:Fieseler F103R Reichenberg piloted V-1 9213:Unmanned military aircraft of Germany 6745: 6153: 5980: 5897: 5826:. United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing. 5693: 5509:Backroom Briefings: John Curtin's War 5445: 5409: 5376:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 5329: 4972:[Hitler's Secret Weapon V1]. 4671: 4584: 4271:Hickman, Kennedy (10 December 2019). 4258: 3487: 3330: 2887:A reproduction V-1 is located at the 2540: 2322:In 1943 an Argus pulsejet engine was 1892:On 16 June 1944 British double agent 1569:started delivery of an anti-aircraft 1494:covering countermeasures to the V-1. 1469: 975:V-1 launch piston for Walter catapult 966:Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft 558:to develop the project. However, the 9208:German inventions of the Nazi period 9183:World War II jet aircraft of Germany 5395:. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5261:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 5182:; Bronze Plaque next to the memorial 4516: 4034: 3594: 3119:List of jet aircraft of World War II 2607:War Memorial in Greencastle, Indiana 2573:adding citations to reliable sources 2544: 2324:shipped to Japan by German submarine 1647:adding citations to reliable sources 1618: 5840: 5674:The Evolution of the Cruise Missile 5468: 4952:Canadian War Museum @CanWarMuseum: 4196:(in German), Verzet, archived from 4156: 3588: 2844:A V-1 in the Arboga Missile museum 2305:184th AAA Battalion (United States) 1601: 1037: 326:"Vengeance Weapon 1") was an early 24: 5491:, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 4117: 2879:V-1 flying bomb on display at the 2832:Museum of Transport and Technology 2638:The Stampe en Vertongen Museum at 2228: 1846:airborne early warning and control 1534:temporary platform devised by the 1232: 926: 864:The RLM at first planned to use a 799: 573:. On 27 February 1942 Gosslau and 546:). In October 1939 Argus proposed 27:German World War II cruise missile 25: 9249: 5928: 5432:, Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 5333:The Third Reich at War, 1939–1945 4120:The RAF Regiment at War 1942–1946 3851:. Antwerp Airport. Archived from 3028:V-1 #121536 is on display at the 1383: 749:'s major components included the 191:1.42 m (4 ft 8 in) 6398:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques (Watten) 5938:is available for viewing at the 5275:Crowdy, Terence "Terry" (2008), 5185: 5173: 5148: 5123: 5096: 5084: 5056: 5030: 5000: 4988: 4962: 4946: 4921: 4833: 3599:. Frontline Books. p. 270. 3104:Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane 3090:– The piloted version of the V-1 2549: 2516: 2431: 2326:. The Aeronautical Institute of 1623: 1498:guns of the Royal Artillery and 713:literally "May" + "chafer") and 61: 6587:Upper Atmosphere Research Panel 6539:WWII guided missiles of Germany 5898:Young, Richard Anthony (1978), 5599:The V1, The machine and its men 5266:Cooper, Michael "Mike" (1997), 5207: 5160:Muckleburgh Military Collection 5131:"Aircraft and Cockpit Displays" 4510: 4490: 4454: 4424: 4408: 4354: 4309:Holmes, Jamie (4 August 2020). 4302: 4273:"World War II: V-1 Flying Bomb" 4264: 4243: 4212: 4193:V-bommenterreur boven Antwerpen 4184: 4162: 4138: 4111: 4028: 4016: 3919: 3867: 3837: 3804: 3756: 3724: 3407: 3379: 3348: 3257: 3240: 2661:Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum 2560:needs additional citations for 2390:in Poland, as well as from the 2381: 1813:, Jan Leendert Plesman, son of 1697:Observers at the coast post of 1634:needs additional citations for 1614: 1046:V-1 (Fieseler Fi 103) in flight 935:V-1 on Walter catapult ramp at 405:Peenemünde Army Research Center 403:of London. It was developed at 9238:Single-engined pusher aircraft 6597:White Sands V-2 Launching Site 5913:. (1978, USA, Sky Book Press, 5250:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes 4170:"Deaths and injuries: 1939–45" 4145:Porsche 109-005 engine drawing 3231: 3222: 3213: 3182: 3109:Kettering "Bug" Aerial Torpedo 1836:In late 1944 a radar-equipped 1366: 1134:A German crew rolls out a V-1. 722: 672: 534:developed a remote-controlled 450:was overrun on 29 March 1945. 13: 1: 9139:Assigned to captured aircraft 6619:Operations Sandy and Pushover 5902:, Shepperton, UK: Ian Allan, 5740:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5738:German V-Weapon Sites 1943–45 5721:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 5109:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 4929:"Things to see, things to do" 4846:National Air and Space Museum 4368:. Summer 1989. Archived from 4366:Air & Space Power Journal 4041:. London : Grub Street. 3849:Stampe & Vertongen Museum 3170: 3018:A V-1 is also located at the 2991:National Air and Space Museum 2951:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 2726:, displays a V-1 flying bomb. 2640:Antwerp International Airport 2131:Structures damaged/destroyed 2015: 1829:was rushed into service with 741:, showing launch ramp section 695:constructed mainly of welded 389:The V-1 was the first of the 236:Backup mechanical impact fuze 167:2,150 kg (4,740 lb) 9233:IAI unmanned aerial vehicles 9223:Aircraft first flown in 1942 9145:Propaganda/cover designation 6238:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 5685:Werrell, Kenneth P. (2005), 5671:Werrell, Kenneth P. (1985), 5530:Masterman, John C. (1972) , 5414:, New York: Harper Collins, 5270:, Doncaster, UK: Mark Turner 4536:UK public library membership 4496:Ross H. Hamilton. June 2003 3088:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 3054:in Virginia Beach, Virginia. 3041:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2931:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2826:Auckland War Memorial Museum 2674:Fieseler Fi 103R Reichenberg 2509: 1868: 1739:North American P-51 Mustangs 342:and its suggestive name was 7: 9193:Single-engined jet aircraft 5455:, London: Hamish Hamilton, 5430:Britain's Greatest Aircraft 5393:Weapons of Mass Destruction 5391:Hutchinson, Robert (2003). 5008:"MOTAT & One Tree Hill" 3765:German V-1 Leaflet Campaign 3388:American Sub Rescues Airmen 3065: 3057:A V-1 is on display at the 3050:A V-1 is on display at the 2996:A V-1 is on display at the 2908:A V-1 is on display with a 2903:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2714:The Grand Bunker Museum in 2352: 2344: 2337: 2257:giving access to the port. 2037:Imperial War Museum Duxford 1852: 1734:Republic P-47M Thunderbolts 1683:Air Commodore Finlay Crerar 1125:General der Artillerie z.V. 1078:Operation and effectiveness 218:850 kg (1,870 lb) 10: 9254: 9168:Cruise missiles of Germany 6243:LXV Army Corps (Wehrmacht) 5805:Die V1: Eine Dokumentation 5803:Hellmold, Wilhelm (1991). 5473:, Airlife Publishing Ltd, 5330:Evans, Richard J. (2008), 5248:Christopher, John (2013), 5135:RAF Manston History Museum 4970:"V1 arme secrète d'Hitler" 4904:Mindling & Bolton 2009 4696:Mindling & Bolton 2009 3963:Guckelhorn & Paul 2004 3634:, pp. 19, 24, 28, 89. 3566:Guckelhorn & Paul 2004 3154:V-1 flying bomb facilities 3045:Flying Heritage Collection 2881:Imperial War Museum London 2450: 2332:Kawanishi Aircraft Company 2267:80th Anti-Aircraft Brigade 2261:Countermeasures at Antwerp 2153:Rate casualties/bombs tons 1465:Countermeasures in England 1423: 1066:Damage was widespread and 910: 726: 500:submitted a design to the 455:operations against the V-1 183:5.37 m (17.6 ft) 175:8.32 m (27.3 ft) 29: 9198:Pulsejet-powered aircraft 9126: 8896:Post-349 (non-sequential) 8895: 8616: 8033: 7419: 6784: 6718: 6672: 6627: 6559: 6552: 6516: 6426: 6353: 6261: 6220: 6191: 6046: 6015: 5822:Henshall, Philip (2002). 5543:, Raleigh, NC: Lulu.com, 4933:Stampe en Vetongen Museum 4013:, pp. 35, 38–39, 42. 3882:FZG 76 Equipment Handbook 3874:"Teil 4: Zünderanlage ". 3739:FZG 76 Equipment Handbook 3030:Pima Air and Space Museum 2440:A KGW-1 being fired from 2357: 2328:Tokyo Imperial University 2163: 2123: 2061: 2022:Combined Bomber Offensive 2002: 1959:s impact reports. Due to 1842:Fighter Interception Unit 1582:Allied invasion of Europe 1154:and newly introduced jet 1150:and aircraft such as the 1094:, which now carries this 436:Allied landings in France 286: 276: 272:250 km (160 mi) 264: 251: 246: 222: 214: 200: 195: 187: 179: 171: 163: 158: 147: 137: 127: 122: 112: 102: 94: 89: 80:Place of origin 79: 69: 60: 53:Flakzielgerät 76 (FZG-76) 45: 6354:Construction and bunkers 5882:The Blitz Then & Now 5880:Ramsay, Winston (1990), 5841:Kay, Anthony L. (1977), 5824:Hitler's V-Weapons Sites 5789:, London: Robson Books, 5578:Munson, Kenneth (1978). 5487:Levine, Alan J. (1992), 5428:Jackson, Robert (2007), 5311:Dobinson, Colin (2001). 5257:Cooksley, Peter (1979). 5231:. New York: Henry Holt. 3073:Aggregat (rocket family) 3052:Military Aviation Museum 1449:, as well as the Polish 1447:Luxembourgish Resistance 1426:V-1 and V-2 Intelligence 1166:commonly used by Allied 875:An odometer driven by a 868:system with the V-1 for 808:A V-1 on display in the 584:. When submitted to the 522:. While employed by the 415:at the beginning of the 6483:Operation Crossbow Site 6418:Fortress of Mimoyecques 5970:14 October 2011 at the 5755:Zaloga, Steven (2020). 5736:Zaloga, Steven (2008). 5719:V-1 Flying Bomb 1942–52 5717:Zaloga, Steven (2005). 5652:Thomas, Andrew (2013). 5638:, Somerset, UK: Crécy, 5562:Beyond Top Secret Ultra 5370:Holmes, Jamie (2020a). 5104:"The V-weapons Display" 4850:Smithsonian Institution 4503:15 January 2020 at the 4449:Sharp & Bowyer 1995 4432:"Plesman, Jan Leendert" 3977:, p. 17–18, 20–21. 3845:"The Doodlebug Project" 3061:in Seattle, Washington. 3047:in Everett, Washington. 2730:Blockhaus d'Éperlecques 2619:Australian War Memorial 2374:or air-launched from a 2281:units controlling four 1606:Eventually about 2,000 1580:, just in time for the 1545:The development of the 1455:contributed information 630:coastal test centre at 332:Reich Aviation Ministry 9228:London in World War II 5866:, New York: Sarpedon, 4529:10.1093/ref:odnb/99289 4498:"The Very First Awacs" 3877:FZG 76 Geräte-Handbuch 3734:FZG 76 Geräte-Handbuch 3195: 3193:"vengeance weapon 1" ( 3189: 3043:are on display at the 2975: 2971:V-1 on display at the 2896:Science Museum, London 2883: 2853: 2651: 2608: 2531: 2448: 2424: 2418: 2040: 1997:Home Defence Executive 1976: 1971: 1941: 1889: 1863:John Pilkington Hudson 1780: 1730:de Havilland Mosquitos 1723:356th Fighter Squadron 1694: 1590:General Frederick Pile 1483: 1433: 1380:, in the Netherlands. 1350: 1342: 1333: 1329:carrying a V-1 at the 1280: 1276:Iron Cross First Class 1270: 1259: 1247: 1242: 1219: 1203: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1135: 1102: 1047: 976: 944: 939: 825: 813: 742: 715: 705: 687: 682: 626: 524: 488:Design and development 409: 391: 377: 365: 345: 320: 233:Electrical impact fuze 52: 34:. For other uses, see 6553:Post-WWII development 6476:Bombing of Peenemünde 6403:La Coupole (Wizernes) 5845:(Monogram Close-Up 4) 5759:. Osprey Publishing. 5694:Vanek, David (1999). 5597:Oliver, John (2018). 5156:"Complete Collection" 4180:on 18 September 2003. 4023:LXV Armeekorps z.b.V. 3989:, pp. 84, 87–90. 3822:, pp. 28, 85–86. 3343:Lloyd & Hall 1997 3205:RLM's airframe number 2970: 2878: 2864:Swiss Military Museum 2851: 2649: 2642:has a V-1 on display. 2606: 2439: 2372:solid rocket boosters 2318:Japanese developments 2285:per battery using an 2034: 1969: 1887: 1778: 1732:. Specially modified 1692: 1529:The standard British 1477: 1400:Success of operations 1324: 1240: 1176: 1133: 1085: 1045: 1025:, and autopilot. The 974: 934: 819: 807: 736: 680: 663:The V-1 was named by 6383:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent 6306:Army Research Center 5469:Kay, Antony (2002), 5306:on 23 February 2017. 5069:The Scarborough News 4635:, pp. 107, 110. 4038:Diver! Diver! Diver! 3685:, pp. 137, 139. 3361:Uncle Fred's diaries 3246:This was known as a 2665:Halifax, Nova Scotia 2569:improve this article 2212:technical personnel 2165:3. Allied air effort 2080:Weight of bombs tons 1918:John Cecil Masterman 1831:No. 616 Squadron RAF 1786:No. 605 Squadron RAF 1769:Royal Observer Corps 1747:Supermarine Spitfire 1679:Royal Observer Corps 1643:improve this article 1420:Intelligence reports 1356:Messerschmitt Me 262 1331:Technikmuseum Speyer 1317:Air launch by Ar 234 737:Rear view of V-1 in 9133:Unofficial/proposed 6602:V-2 sounding rocket 6592:Operation Paperclip 6488:Operation Aphrodite 6248:Peenemünde Airfield 6008:Kassel and Fieseler 5698:. Dundurn. p. 5654:V1 Flying Bomb Aces 5616:Reuter, C. (2000), 5410:Irons, Roy (2003), 4958:23 May 2014 Twitter 4261:, pp. 523–542. 4200:on 10 February 2010 4064:, pp. 108–109. 4025:www.axishistory.com 3752:on 11 January 2019. 3176:Informational notes 3134:Operation Paperclip 3022:aviation museum in 2941:Imperial War Museum 2891:in North Yorkshire. 2807:Overloon War Museum 2779:Tosny Museum, near 2691:Danish War Museum ( 2670:Canadian War Museum 2461:, was assembled at 2048: 1875:German intelligence 1574:fire-control system 958:sodium permanganate 785:hulls connected in 699:and wings built of 556:Arado Flugzeugwerke 498:Georg Hans Madelung 399:) deployed for the 215:Warhead weight 36:V1 (disambiguation) 6709:Operation Crossbow 6650:Operation Backfire 6567:Republic-Ford JB-2 6498:Operation Teardrop 6466:Operation Crossbow 6454:Operation Most III 6323:The Bäckebo rocket 5355:. aachen: Helios. 5279:, Oxford: Osprey, 4611:, pp. 151–58. 4563:, pp. 273–74. 4551:, pp. 252–53. 4463:(pp. 203–204) 4372:on 2 February 2007 4159:, p. 153-155. 4122:. Pen & Sword. 4118:Oliver, Kingsley. 3895:on 11 January 2019 3855:on 21 January 2019 3801:, pp. 29, 37. 3731:"Teil 1: Zelle ". 3595:Hogg, Ian (1999). 3393:Universal Newsreel 3355:Frederick French. 3144:Republic-Ford JB-2 3024:Polk City, Florida 3013:Hutchinson, Kansas 2989:The Smithsonian's 2976: 2921:RAF Museum Cosford 2884: 2854: 2766:Colleville-sur-Mer 2652: 2609: 2541:Surviving examples 2496:Operation Downfall 2459:Republic-Ford JB-2 2453:Republic-Ford JB-2 2449: 2294:QF 3.7-inch AA gun 2277:US units deployed 2218:Republic-Ford JB-2 2214:reverse-engineered 2091:Fuel consumed tons 2063:1. Cost to Germany 2043: 2041: 1972: 1920:, chairman of the 1890: 1838:Vickers Wellington 1791:No. 3 Squadron RAF 1781: 1695: 1488:Operation Crossbow 1484: 1470:Anti-aircraft guns 1459:solid-fuel rockets 1374:Ardennes Offensive 1334: 1287:Operation Crossbow 1243: 1189: 1136: 1103: 1048: 990:Wasserwerk St. Pol 977: 940: 859:magnetic deviation 826: 814: 796:on 30 April 1941. 743: 683: 648:, and Askania the 463:anti-aircraft guns 427:along the French ( 362:and in Germany as 338:) designation was 123:Production history 9203:Mid-wing aircraft 9173:Fieseler aircraft 9155: 9154: 6739: 6738: 6702:Ministry of Space 6695:Gravity's Rainbow 6681:Battle of the V-1 6668: 6667: 6296:Walter Dornberger 6291:Wernher von Braun 6147: 6146: 5919:978-0-89402-072-8 5909:978-0-7110-0842-7 5891:978-0-900913-58-7 5873:978-1-885119-51-3 5855:978-0-914144-04-5 5796:978-1-86105-581-1 5747:978-1-84603-247-9 5728:978-1-84176-791-8 5709:978-1-4597-1502-8 5663:978-1-78096-292-4 5645:978-0-947554-41-5 5627:978-1-894643-05-4 5608:978-1-987754-75-9 5571:978-0-698-10882-0 5550:978-0-557-00029-6 5523:978-0-642-10688-9 5462:978-0-241-89746-1 5439:978-1-84415-383-1 5421:978-0-00-711263-0 5383:978-1-328-46012-7 5343:978-1-59420-206-3 5322:978-0-413-76540-6 5286:978-1-84603-135-9 5238:978-0-349-14048-3 5018:on 11 August 2009 4534:(Subscription or 4461:Ultimate Spitfire 4419:Popular Mechanics 4106:Aeronautical 1966 4094:Aeronautical 1966 4048:978-1-904943-39-6 4001:, pp. 32–35. 3965:, pp. 20–23. 3670:, pp. 29–30. 3658:, pp. 27–28. 3646:, pp. 30–32. 3606:978-1-8483-2781-8 3568:, pp. 12–19. 3551:, pp. 32–33. 3539:, pp. 19–24. 3466:, pp. 41–62. 3449:, pp. 56–59. 3020:Fantasy of Flight 2914:RAF Museum Hendon 2672:, manned version 2601: 2600: 2593: 2463:Republic Aviation 2388:Blizna test range 2203: 2202: 1993:Findlater Stewart 1906:Roman Czerniawski 1675: 1674: 1667: 1578:analogue computer 1559:gun-laying radars 1388:There was also a 1351:(Deichselschlepp) 1299:Focke-Wulf Fw 200 1210:Kampfgeschwader 3 1120:Armeekorps z.b.V. 956:) was mixed with 950:hydrogen peroxide 870:precision attacks 855:magnetic variance 471:strategic bombing 425:launch facilities 392:Vergeltungswaffen 304: 303: 16:(Redirected from 9245: 8948: 8928: 8883: 8829: 8824: 8805: 8765: 8760: 8751: 8727: 8707: 8697: 8687: 8682: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8604: 8565: 8546: 8502: 8492: 8477: 8462: 8457: 8427: 8377: 8367: 8352: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8260: 8245: 8240: 8154: 8139: 8110: 8072: 8062: 7979: 7950: 7913: 7864: 7859: 7849: 7839: 7749: 7736: 7727: 7698: 7606: 7527: 7408: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7323: 7298: 7269: 7033: 7005: 6956: 6947: 6925: 6905: 6823: 6808: 6803: 6793: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6731:Monkeys in space 6557: 6556: 6529:Aggregat rockets 6449:Polish Home Army 6279:Greifswalder Oie 6174: 6167: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5940:Internet Archive 5912: 5894: 5876: 5858: 5837: 5818: 5799: 5770: 5751: 5732: 5713: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5667: 5648: 5630: 5612: 5593: 5574: 5553: 5535: 5526: 5501: 5483: 5465: 5442: 5424: 5406: 5387: 5366: 5346: 5326: 5307: 5305: 5298: 5289: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5242: 5220: 5201: 5200: 5197:Museum of Flight 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5044:on 19 April 2012 5040:. Archived from 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5014:. Archived from 5012:Ball of Dirt.com 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4877:Christopher 2013 4874: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4698:, pp. 6–31. 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4514: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4421:, February 1945. 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4231:(map), V2 Rocket 4230: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4176:. 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Two 885:detonating bolts 810:Musée de l'Armée 718: 708: 690: 629: 627:Erprobungsstelle 597: 596: 592: 544:Flakzielgerät-43 529: 516:Sperry Gyroscope 482:flying torpedoes 467:barrage balloons 417:Second World War 414: 394: 380: 368: 348: 337: 322:Vergeltungswaffe 315: 279: 256:Argus As 109-014 65: 56: 55: 43: 42: 21: 9253: 9252: 9248: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9122: 8946: 8926: 8891: 8881: 8827: 8822: 8803: 8763: 8758: 8749: 8725: 8705: 8695: 8685: 8680: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8612: 8602: 8563: 8544: 8500: 8490: 8475: 8460: 8455: 8425: 8375: 8365: 8350: 8298: 8288: 8278: 8258: 8243: 8238: 8152: 8137: 8108: 8070: 8060: 8029: 7977: 7948: 7911: 7862: 7857: 7847: 7837: 7747: 7734: 7725: 7696: 7604: 7525: 7415: 7406: 7376: 7371: 7361: 7321: 7296: 7267: 7031: 7003: 6954: 6945: 6923: 6903: 6821: 6806: 6801: 6791: 6780: 6770: 6740: 6735: 6714: 6664: 6655:Project Big Ben 6623: 6577:PGM-11 Redstone 6548: 6517:Related weapons 6512: 6508:Barrage balloon 6493:Operation Diver 6471:Operation Hydra 6430:countermeasures 6422: 6349: 6257: 6253:Kawanishi Baika 6216: 6197:V-1 flying bomb 6187: 6178: 6148: 6143: 6042: 6011: 6005: 5972:Wayback Machine 5945:V-1 Launch Site 5936:of FZG 76 – V-1 5931: 5925: 5910: 5900:The Flying Bomb 5892: 5874: 5856: 5834: 5815: 5797: 5776:Further reading 5773: 5767: 5748: 5729: 5710: 5677: 5664: 5646: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5572: 5551: 5524: 5499: 5481: 5463: 5440: 5422: 5403: 5384: 5363: 5344: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5287: 5239: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5091:"The Aeropark." 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4684:Hutchinson 2003 4682: 4678: 4670: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4515: 4511: 4505:Wayback Machine 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4321: 4319: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4083: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3929:. Atlantic Wall 3925: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3572: 3564: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3527:, pp. 8–9. 3523: 3519: 3511: 3498: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437:, pp. 5–6. 3433: 3429: 3425:, pp. 3–5. 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3278: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3168: 3099:Henschel Hs 293 3083:Argus Fernfeuer 3068: 3034:Tucson, Arizona 2801:The Netherlands 2762:Overlord Museum 2739:Le Val Ygot at 2676:, collected by 2597: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2566: 2554: 2543: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2504:SSM-N-8 Regulus 2492:escort carriers 2479: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2434: 2384: 2360: 2355: 2320: 2271:21st Army Group 2263: 2255:Scheldt estuary 2247:Port of Antwerp 2233:The attacks on 2231: 2229:Belgian attacks 2026:Clayton Bissell 2018: 2005: 1956: 1871: 1855: 1803:Remy Van Lierde 1765:"Diver patrols" 1671: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1640: 1628: 1617: 1604: 1492:Operation Diver 1472: 1467: 1429: 1422: 1402: 1394:Porsche 109-005 1386: 1369: 1319: 1235: 1233:Piloted variant 1230: 1080: 1072:Operation Cobra 1040: 964:). Designed by 929: 927:Walter catapult 913: 877:vane anemometer 830:guidance system 802: 800:Guidance system 731: 725: 675: 650:guidance system 636:Peenemünde-West 594: 590: 589: 490: 478:Tornio, Finland 407:in 1939 by the 340:Fieseler Fi 103 330:. Its official 311: 308:V-1 flying bomb 291: 289: 269: 267: 247: 242: 227: 225: 196: 95:In service 90:Service history 50: 49:Fieseler Fi 103 48: 47:V-1 flying bomb 46: 39: 32:Buzzbomb (song) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9251: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8905: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8752: 8747: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8614: 8613: 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6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5930: 5929:External links 5927: 5923: 5922: 5908: 5895: 5890: 5877: 5872: 5859: 5854: 5838: 5832: 5819: 5813: 5800: 5795: 5783:Haining, Peter 5772: 5771: 5765: 5752: 5746: 5733: 5727: 5714: 5708: 5691: 5682: 5668: 5662: 5649: 5644: 5631: 5626: 5613: 5607: 5594: 5588: 5575: 5570: 5554: 5549: 5536: 5534:, London: Avon 5527: 5522: 5503: 5497: 5484: 5479: 5466: 5461: 5443: 5438: 5425: 5420: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5348: 5342: 5327: 5321: 5308: 5290: 5285: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5225:Atkinson, Rick 5221: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5184: 5172: 5147: 5122: 5095: 5083: 5072:. 29 July 2017 5055: 5029: 4999: 4987: 4961: 4945: 4920: 4908: 4893: 4881: 4879:, p. 193. 4862: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4674:, p. 199. 4661: 4649: 4647:, pp. 20. 4637: 4625: 4613: 4601: 4599:, p. 280. 4589: 4587:, p. 422. 4577: 4575:, p. 254. 4573:Masterman 1972 4565: 4553: 4549:Masterman 1972 4541: 4509: 4489: 4487:, p. 217. 4477: 4465: 4453: 4451:, p. 179. 4441: 4436:TracesOfWar.nl 4423: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4353: 4351:, p. 360. 4341: 4339:, p. 438. 4329: 4301: 4299:, p. 436. 4289: 4263: 4251: 4242: 4211: 4183: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4135:, p. 179. 4125: 4110: 4098: 4081: 4079:, p. 109. 4066: 4054: 4047: 4027: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3940: 3918: 3906: 3866: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3755: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3605: 3587: 3570: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3496: 3480: 3468: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3406: 3378: 3367:on 7 July 2017 3347: 3345:, p. 222. 3335: 3320: 3318:, p. 108. 3308: 3293: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3265: 3256: 3252:Frederick Pile 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203:Fi 103 by the 3180: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3080: 3078:Amerika Bomber 3075: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3048: 3037: 3026: 3016: 3005: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2937: 2927: 2917: 2916:, north London 2906: 2899: 2892: 2873: 2872: 2871:United Kingdom 2868: 2867: 2859: 2858: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2758: 2755:Science Museum 2748: 2737: 2727: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2667: 2657: 2656: 2644: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2614: 2613: 2599: 2598: 2557: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2527: 2526: 2511: 2508: 2451:Main article: 2433: 2430: 2415:Junkers EF 126 2383: 2380: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2319: 2316: 2265:Both British ( 2262: 2259: 2230: 2227: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193:Personnel lost 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2182:Aircraft lost 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113:Personnel lost 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2017: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1870: 1867: 1854: 1851: 1827:Gloster Meteor 1819:Albert Plesman 1758:Roland Beamont 1755:Wing Commander 1711:Hawker Tempest 1673: 1672: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1603: 1600: 1547:proximity fuze 1538:and made from 1508:Thames Estuary 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1431:The codename " 1421: 1418: 1401: 1398: 1385: 1384:FZG-76 version 1382: 1368: 1365: 1318: 1315: 1295:Heinkel He 111 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1199:Heinkel He 111 1156:Gloster Meteor 1152:Hawker Tempest 1079: 1076: 1039: 1036: 985:Hermann Göring 928: 925: 912: 909: 843:compressed air 832:used a simple 801: 798: 767:throttle valve 727:Main article: 724: 721: 674: 671: 567:fuel injection 496:and Professor 489: 486: 401:terror bombing 328:cruise missile 302: 301: 292: 287: 284: 283: 280: 278:Maximum speed 274: 273: 270: 265: 262: 261: 253: 249: 248: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 234: 230: 228: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 202: 198: 197: 193: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 159:Specifications 156: 155: 149: 148:Unit cost 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 74:Cruise missile 71: 67: 66: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9250: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9135: 9132: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8606: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8403:Me 263 (1945) 8400: 8399:Me 263 (1942) 8396: 8395:Me 263 (1941) 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7733: 7731: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7007: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6953: 6951: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6762: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6660:Ghost rockets 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Bumper Rocket 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:MGM-1 Matador 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6503:Project Danny 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6442:Double agents 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6345:Staveley Road 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Rocket U-boat 6333: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6318:Test launches 6316: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5833:0-7509-2607-4 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5814:3-89350-352-8 5810: 5806: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5768: 5766:9781472839268 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5687:Archie to SAM 5683: 5676: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5589:0-7137-0860-3 5585: 5581: 5576: 5573: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558:Montagu, Ewen 5555: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5500: 5498:0-275-94319-4 5494: 5490: 5485: 5482: 5480:9781840372946 5476: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5402:0-297-83091-0 5398: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5362:3-933608-94-5 5358: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5180:The Buzz Bomb 5176: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5059: 5043: 5039: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4918:, p. 33. 4917: 4912: 4905: 4900: 4898: 4891:, p. 80. 4890: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4830:, p. 54. 4829: 4824: 4818:, p. 68. 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 53. 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 51. 4793: 4788: 4782:, p. 45. 4781: 4776: 4770:, p. 40. 4769: 4764: 4758:, p. 36. 4757: 4752: 4746:, p. 34. 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4710:, p. 31. 4709: 4704: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4666: 4659:, p. 71. 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4633:Atkinson 2013 4629: 4623:, p. 40. 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4393:, p. 34. 4392: 4387: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4337:Dobinson 2001 4333: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4297:Dobinson 2001 4293: 4278: 4277:ThoughtCo.com 4274: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4246: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4108:, p. 47. 4107: 4102: 4096:, p. 45. 4095: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4063: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3999:Cooksley 1979 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3910: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3834:, p. 30. 3833: 3832:Cooksley 1979 3828: 3821: 3816: 3807: 3800: 3799:Cooksley 1979 3795: 3789:, p. 27. 3788: 3783: 3768:, Psy Warrior 3767: 3766: 3759: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3721:, p. 54. 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 39. 3708: 3707:Cooksley 1979 3703: 3697:, p. 33. 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3669: 3668:Cooksley 1979 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3644:Cooksley 1979 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3608: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3550: 3549:Cooksley 1979 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3333:, p. 81. 3332: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 53. 3305: 3300: 3298: 3291:, p. 11. 3290: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3248:Pyle platform 3243: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3149:SCR-584 radar 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2963:United States 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2595: 2592: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2558:This section 2556: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2500:MGM-1 Matador 2497: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2432:United States 2429: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2368:ARSAERO CT 10 2365: 2364:target drones 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279:SCR-584 radar 2275: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2236: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102:Aircraft lost 2101: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1859:bomb disposal 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1725:on 18 June). 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1632:This section 1630: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561:based on the 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:Anti-aircraft 1493: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453:intelligence 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1434:Flakzielgerät 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1364: 1361: 1360:He 177A Greif 1357: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1256: 1255:Hanna Reitsch 1251: 1250: 1239: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1205: 1201:H-22s of the 1200: 1195: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 994:Pas-de-Calais 991: 986: 981: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 946: 945:Dampferzeuger 938: 933: 924: 920: 918: 908: 906: 901: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 867: 866:radio control 862: 860: 856: 850: 848: 844: 839: 836:developed by 835: 831: 823: 818: 811: 806: 797: 795: 790: 788: 784: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 740: 735: 730: 720: 717: 712: 707: 702: 698: 694: 689: 679: 670: 668: 667: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 637: 633: 628: 623: 619: 618:Flakzielgerät 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 587: 583: 578: 576: 575:Robert Lusser 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532:Fritz Gosslau 528: 527: 526:Argus Motoren 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 499: 495: 485: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 449: 448:Low Countries 445: 441: 437: 432: 430: 429:Pas-de-Calais 426: 422: 418: 413: 412: 406: 402: 398: 393: 387: 385: 381: 379: 373: 369: 367: 361: 357: 353: 349: 347: 341: 333: 329: 325: 323: 318: 314: 309: 300: 296: 293: 285: 281: 275: 271: 263: 260: 257: 254: 250: 245: 238: 235: 232: 231: 229: 221: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: 199: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 154: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 132:Robert Lusser 130: 126: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9148: 9130:Not assigned 7440: 7286: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6688:633 Squadron 6686: 6679: 6437:Intelligence 6286:Meillerwagen 6228:Argus As 014 6209: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6098: 6038:SK3 Herkules 5934:A film clip 5924: 5899: 5881: 5863: 5846: 5842: 5823: 5804: 5786: 5775: 5774: 5756: 5737: 5718: 5695: 5686: 5673: 5653: 5635: 5617: 5598: 5579: 5561: 5540: 5531: 5508: 5488: 5470: 5451: 5429: 5411: 5392: 5372: 5352: 5332: 5312: 5301:the original 5276: 5267: 5258: 5249: 5228: 5216: 5208:Bibliography 5196: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5163:. Retrieved 5159: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5134: 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5107: 5098: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5067: 5058: 5046:. Retrieved 5042:the original 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5016:the original 5011: 5002: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4974:Tosny Museum 4973: 4964: 4953: 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4932: 4923: 4911: 4884: 4853:. Retrieved 4845: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4722:, p. 9. 4715: 4703: 4691: 4679: 4652: 4645:Werrell 2005 4640: 4628: 4616: 4609:Montagu 1978 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4518: 4512: 4492: 4485:Jackson 2007 4480: 4475:, p. 8. 4468: 4460: 4456: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4365: 4356: 4349:Holmes 2020a 4344: 4332: 4320:. Retrieved 4314: 4304: 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4276: 4266: 4254: 4245: 4233:, retrieved 4220: 4214: 4202:, retrieved 4198:the original 4192: 4186: 4178:the original 4173: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4119: 4113: 4101: 4057: 4037: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3931:. Retrieved 3921: 3914:Werrell 1985 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3890:the original 3881: 3876: 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3853:the original 3848: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3770:, retrieved 3764: 3758: 3747:the original 3738: 3733: 3726: 3719:Werrell 1985 3714: 3702: 3690: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3622:, p. 8. 3615: 3596: 3590: 3585:, p. 5. 3544: 3532: 3520: 3515:, p. 6. 3483: 3478:, p. 7. 3471: 3464:Werrell 1985 3442: 3430: 3418: 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3387: 3381: 3369:. Retrieved 3365:the original 3360: 3350: 3338: 3311: 3304:Werrell 1985 3270: 3269: 3259: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3184: 3175: 3174: 2697:Tøjhusmuseet 2696: 2692: 2678:Farley Mowat 2587: 2581:January 2021 2578: 2567:Please help 2562:verification 2559: 2524:Nazi Germany 2485: 2456: 2443: 2412: 2385: 2382:Soviet Union 2361: 2321: 2313: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2276: 2264: 2244: 2232: 2210:Wright Field 2208: 2204: 2164: 2124: 2062: 2019: 2010:Tower Bridge 2006: 1985: 1973: 1953: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1914:Wulf Schmidt 1909: 1901: 1893: 1891: 1872: 1856: 1835: 1823: 1811:322 Squadron 1807:164 Squadron 1799:501 Squadron 1795:Joseph Berry 1782: 1762: 1727: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1676: 1661: 1655:January 2021 1652: 1641:Please help 1636:verification 1633: 1615:Interceptors 1605: 1593: 1586: 1576:based on an 1544: 1528: 1524: 1516:Lincolnshire 1500:RAF Regiment 1485: 1430: 1403: 1387: 1370: 1338:Arado Ar 234 1335: 1327:Arado Ar 234 1325:Model of an 1311: 1292: 1285: 1249:Reichenbergs 1244: 1208: 1190: 1184: 1160: 1145: 1137: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1104: 1065: 1049: 1019: 982: 978: 941: 921: 914: 902: 881:area bombing 874: 863: 851: 827: 794:Gotha Go 145 791: 775: 744: 729:Argus As 014 684: 664: 662: 642:Erhard Milch 640: 621: 617: 610: 585: 579: 571:Gotha Go 145 559: 552:C. Lorenz AG 547: 543: 536:target drone 501: 494:Paul Schmidt 491: 475: 461:, including 459:air defences 452: 433: 388: 375: 363: 359: 355: 343: 339: 307: 305: 138:Manufacturer 117:World War II 103:Used by 84:Nazi Germany 40: 9142:Unconfirmed 8085:Me 209 (II) 6534:Wunderwaffe 6461:Réseau AGIR 5447:Jones, R.V. 5336:, Penguin, 5315:. Methuen. 5140:14 November 5038:"Startsida" 4976:(in French) 4916:Zaloga 2020 4906:, p. . 4889:Zaloga 2005 4734:, p. . 4686:, p. . 4657:Zaloga 2005 4621:Zaloga 2005 4597:Crowdy 2008 4561:Crowdy 2008 4473:Cooper 1997 4438:(in Dutch). 4405:, p. . 4403:Thomas 2013 4391:Zaloga 2005 4011:Zaloga 2008 3987:Oliver 2018 3975:Zaloga 2005 3951:Zaloga 2008 3916:, p. . 3820:Oliver 2018 3787:Oliver 2018 3695:Oliver 2018 3683:Levine 1992 3656:Oliver 2018 3632:Oliver 2018 3620:Zaloga 2005 3583:Zaloga 2005 3537:Oliver 2018 3525:Zaloga 2005 3513:Zaloga 2005 3476:Zaloga 2005 3447:Reuter 2000 3435:Zaloga 2005 3423:Zaloga 2005 3399:21 February 3289:Zaloga 2005 3196:Vergeltungs 3009:Cosmosphere 3004:, Michigan. 2984:Greencastle 2857:Switzerland 2820:New Zealand 2809:in Overloon 2781:Les Andelys 2774:Omaha Beach 2768:, near the 2745:Saint-Saëns 2743:, north of 2724:Sword Beach 2695:, formerly 2693:Krigsmuseet 2490:as well as 2408:TV guidance 2404:beam-riding 2396:Izdeliye 10 2287:M9 director 1970:Max Wachtel 1551:centimetric 1531:QF 3.7-inch 1512:East Anglia 1504:North Downs 1437: 76"—" 1367:F-1 version 1281:Reichenberg 1271:Reichenberg 1266:stall speed 1260:Reichenberg 1099:blue plaque 1061:Southampton 937:Éperlecques 778:attack boat 739:IWM Duxford 723:Power plant 697:sheet steel 681:V-1 cutaway 673:Description 598:-long-ton) 508:flying bomb 453:As part of 295:Gyrocompass 266:Operational 9162:Categories 8617:301 to 349 8081:Me 209 (I) 8034:201 to 300 7420:101 to 200 6673:In fiction 6607:V-2 No. 13 6524:Wasserfall 6361:Mittelwerk 6301:Peenemünde 6269:Facilities 6233:Facilities 6211:V-3 cannon 6204:V-2 rocket 5843:Buzz Bomb 5268:Meteor Age 5076:18 October 5022:20 October 4938:12 October 4672:Irons 2003 4585:Jones 1978 4538:required.) 4259:Jones 1978 4235:20 October 4204:20 October 4174:Home Front 3772:20 October 3490:, p. 3488:Evans 2008 3331:Vanek 1999 3171:References 3164:V-3 cannon 3159:V-2 rocket 3139:RAE Larynx 3039:A V-1 and 2986:, Indiana. 2925:Shropshire 2834:, Auckland 2828:, Auckland 2757:in London. 2751:La Coupole 2734:Saint-Omer 2716:Ouistreham 2703:Copenhagen 2392:Mittelwerk 2283:90 mm guns 2251:Montgomery 2222:Hap Arnold 2142:Casualties 2137:1,127,000 2134:1,150,000 2125:2. Results 2016:Assessment 1898:Juan Pujol 1857:The first 1817:president 1557:frequency 1111:Peenemünde 1107:As.109-014 1088:Grove Road 1068:Eisenhower 1057:Portsmouth 1023:spark plug 905:V-2 rocket 897:guillotine 745:The Argus 688:Kirschkern 632:Karlshagen 622:Luftwaffe' 615:cover name 611:Kirschkern 602:. Project 582:gyroscopes 520:propellers 518:relied on 374:stone) or 366:Kirschkern 346:Höllenhund 224:Detonation 9178:V-weapons 6544:Rheinbote 6393:Siracourt 6378:Sottevast 6185:V-weapons 6033:Kassel 25 6028:Kassel 20 6023:Kassel 12 5048:14 August 3271:Citations 2889:Eden Camp 2796:in Munich 2627:Australia 2612:Australia 2533:Luftwaffe 2510:Operators 2442:USS 1989:Churchill 1947:agent in 1926:Islington 1869:Deception 1865:in 1944. 1745:-engined 1699:Dymchurch 1571:predictor 1567:Bell Labs 1555:gigahertz 1553:, 3 1520:Yorkshire 1451:Home Army 1220:Luftwaffe 1215:North Sea 1204:Luftwaffe 1194:Luftwaffe 1180:Luftwaffe 1177:A German 847:pneumatic 834:autopilot 787:catamaran 763:atomizers 759:fuel pump 666:Das Reich 608:code name 586:Luftwaffe 560:Luftwaffe 548:Fernfeuer 530:company, 512:pulse-jet 503:Luftwaffe 411:Luftwaffe 397:V-weapons 360:doodlebug 356:buzz bomb 352:hellhound 313:‹See Tfd› 299:autopilot 226:mechanism 205:Amatol-39 107:Luftwaffe 98:1944–1945 8669:Zwilling 6785:1 to 100 6413:Raxwerke 6408:Lehesten 6388:Brécourt 6328:MW 18014 6047:Fieseler 6010:aircraft 5968:Archived 5785:(2002), 5636:Mosquito 5560:(1978), 5449:(1978), 5227:(2013). 5217:Kamikaze 5115:4 August 4995:"Motat." 4501:Archived 4376:16 April 4322:11 March 4282:11 March 4157:Kay 2002 3201:Fieseler 3066:See also 2943:, London 2741:Ardouval 2623:Canberra 2400:Tashkent 2353:Post-war 2330:and the 2239:Brussels 2171:Sorties 1853:Disposal 1480:Hastings 1443:Bornholm 1390:turbojet 1354:for the 1092:Mile End 1015:Normandy 893:elevator 889:spoilers 828:The V-1 783:seaplane 747:pulsejet 719:(crow). 706:Maikäfer 693:fuselage 654:fuselage 646:airframe 604:Fieseler 564:atomized 492:In 1935 421:codename 378:Maikäfer 288:Guidance 259:Pulsejet 207:, later 142:Fieseler 128:Designer 18:Buzzbomb 9071:ZSO 523 9031:DFS 468 9016:DFS 446 8982:ZMe 423 8872:DFS 346 8848:WNF 342 8794:DFS 332 8789:DFS 331 8745:ZMe 323 8624:DFS 301 8385:Me 261w 8214:DFS 230 8196:DFS 228 8191:FGP 227 8051:DFS 203 7987:DFS 194 7982:DFS 193 7496:He 111U 7482:Bf 109R 6719:Related 6373:Nucourt 6104:Fi 103R 5165:29 June 4980:25 July 3371:16 June 3094:Fritz X 3002:Portage 2998:Air Zoo 2973:Air Zoo 2912:at the 2866:in Full 2788:Germany 2732:, near 2718:, near 2684:Denmark 2633:Belgium 2478:⁄ 2447:in 1951 2309:VT fuse 2235:Antwerp 2177:44,770 2174:86,800 2148:22,892 2086:14,600 2069:Sorties 1750:Mk XIVs 1743:Griffon 1549:and of 1414:Antwerp 1410:Croydon 1307:Ainring 1170:units. 1141:Antwerp 1032:ram air 962:Z-Stoff 954:T-Stoff 911:Warhead 891:on the 838:Askania 812:, Paris 755:venturi 751:nacelle 711:May bug 701:plywood 600:warhead 593:⁄ 444:Antwerp 209:Trialen 201:Warhead 9118:Ju 635 9114:He 635 9110:Do 635 9105:Ar 632 9100:Me 609 9095:Me 600 9090:He 535 9086:Do 535 9076:Ar 532 9061:He 519 9056:Me 510 9051:Me 509 9046:He 500 9041:Fw 491 9036:Ju 488 9026:Me 462 9021:Ju 452 9006:Ar 440 9001:Do 435 8996:Ar 432 8991:Ka 430 8987:Ar 430 8977:He 419 8972:Do 417 8967:Me 410 8962:Me 409 8957:Ta 400 8952:Ar 396 8947:Ar 393 8942:Fw 391 8937:Ju 390 8932:Ju 388 8927:Me 368 8922:Me 364 8917:Me 362 8912:Ju 356 8908:Fi 356 8903:Ju 352 8887:Ba 349 8877:Rk 347 8867:Go 345 8862:So 344 8858:Rk 344 8853:He 343 8838:Ar 340 8833:Fl 339 8823:Ju 337 8818:Fa 336 8813:Do 335 8808:Me 334 8804:Ar 334 8799:Fi 333 8784:Fa 330 8779:Me 329 8774:Me 328 8769:Me 327 8759:Fw 325 8755:Fa 325 8741:Me 323 8736:Ju 322 8731:Me 321 8726:Me 320 8721:He 319 8716:Do 318 8711:Do 317 8701:Hs 315 8676:Me 310 8664:Me 309 8608:Fw 300 8603:Ju 299 8598:Hs 298 8593:Hs 297 8588:Hs 296 8584:Ar 296 8579:Hs 295 8574:Hs 294 8569:Hs 293 8564:Hs 292 8560:As 292 8555:Hs 291 8550:Ju 290 8545:Ju 289 8540:Ju 288 8536:Do 288 8531:Ju 287 8526:Ju 286 8521:Fl 285 8516:Fa 284 8511:Fa 283 8506:Fl 282 8501:He 281 8496:He 280 8491:He 279 8486:He 278 8481:He 277 8476:He 276 8471:He 275 8466:He 274 8461:He 273 8456:He 272 8451:We 271 8446:He 270 8441:Fa 269 8436:Ju 268 8431:Ho 267 8426:Go 266 8422:Fa 266 8417:Me 265 8413:Fl 265 8408:Me 264 8390:Me 262 8381:Me 261 8371:Fw 259 8361:SK 257 8356:Fi 256 8346:Ta 254 8342:Ho 254 8337:Ho 253 8333:Fi 253 8328:Ju 252 8323:Ho 252 8318:Ho 251 8313:Ho 250 8309:BV 250 8304:Ju 248 8294:BV 246 8289:Go 245 8284:Go 244 8279:Me 243 8274:Go 242 8269:Go 241 8264:Ar 240 8254:BV 238 8249:BV 237 8244:Fa 236 8239:Do 235 8234:Ar 234 8229:Ar 233 8224:Ar 232 8219:Ar 231 8205:Ho 229 8201:Go 229 8186:Ho 226 8182:BV 226 8177:Fa 225 8173:Ao 225 8168:Fa 224 8163:Fa 223 8158:BV 222 8153:Do 221 8148:He 220 8143:He 219 8138:Do 218 8133:Hs 217 8129:Do 217 8124:Do 216 8119:Do 215 8114:Do 214 8104:Do 212 8095:Hü 211 8090:Me 210 8076:Me 208 8066:Fw 206 8056:Si 204 8046:Si 202 8041:Si 201 8025:Fw 200 8021:Do 200 8016:Ar 199 8011:Ar 198 8006:Ar 197 8001:Ar 196 7996:Ar 195 7991:Me 194 7978:Ao 193 7973:Ao 192 7968:Fw 191 7963:Fw 190 7958:Fw 189 7953:Ju 188 7949:Fw 188 7944:Ju 187 7940:Fw 187 7935:Ju 186 7931:Fw 186 7926:Fl 185 7921:Fl 184 7916:Ta 183 7912:Bü 183 7907:Bü 182 7902:Bü 181 7897:He 180 7893:Bü 180 7888:He 179 7883:He 178 7878:He 177 7873:He 176 7863:He 174 7858:He 173 7853:He 172 7848:He 171 7843:He 170 7838:Fi 169 7833:Fi 168 7828:Fi 167 7823:FK 166 7819:Fi 166 7814:Bf 165 7804:Me 163 7800:Li 163 7796:Bf 163 7791:He 162 7787:Bf 162 7782:Bf 161 7777:Ju 160 7772:Fw 159 7767:Fi 158 7762:Fi 157 7757:Fi 156 7752:Me 155 7748:Kl 155 7744:BV 155 7739:Ta 154 7735:Kl 154 7730:Ta 153 7726:Kl 153 7721:Ta 152 7717:Kl 152 7712:Kl 151 7707:Go 150 7702:Go 149 7697:Go 148 7692:Ju 147 7688:Go 147 7683:Go 146 7678:Go 145 7673:BV 144 7668:BV 143 7663:BV 142 7658:BV 141 7653:Ha 140 7648:Ha 139 7643:BV 138 7638:Ha 137 7633:Hü 136 7629:Ha 136 7624:Ha 135 7619:Bü 134 7614:Bü 133 7609:Hs 132 7605:Bü 132 7600:Bü 131 7595:Hs 130 7590:Hs 129 7585:Hs 128 7580:Hs 127 7575:Hs 126 7570:Hs 125 7565:Hs 124 7560:Hs 123 7555:Hs 122 7550:Hs 121 7545:He 120 7540:He 119 7535:He 118 7530:Hs 117 7526:He 117 7521:He 116 7516:He 115 7511:He 114 7506:He 113 7501:He 112 7492:He 111 7487:Bf 110 7478:Bf 109 7473:Bf 108 7468:Kl 107 7463:Kl 106 7458:Kl 105 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