Byzantine–Bulgarian wars

1627: 2206: 1557: 2253: 2163: 3957: 2023: 1349: 1959: 2293:), Basil II was able to corner the main Bulgarian army and force a battle while Samuel was away. He won a crushing victory and, according to later legend, he blinded 14,000 prisoners, leaving one man in every hundred with sight in one eye to lead his comrades home. According to the legend, the sight of this atrocity was too much even for Samuel, who blamed himself for the defeat and died less than three months later, on October 6. This story is a later invention, which gave rise to the nickname by which Basil II was known from the 12th century onwards: the 'Bulgar-slayer'. 2347: 1951:(or Anchialus) on 20 August 917, one of the largest in medieval history, the Bulgarians completely routed the Byzantines and killed many of their commanders, although Phokas managed to escape to Mesembria. As a result of the victory Simeon drew into his orbit the Pecheneg leaders and started a major offensive against the European dominions of Byzantium. The Bulgarians sent to pursue the remnants of the Byzantine army approached Constantinople and encountered Byzantine forces under Leo Phokas, who had returned to the capital, at the village of 2191:) while claiming to act as Boris' ally and protector and treating the Bulgarian monarch with due respect. After Sviatoslav had come to terms and set out for Kiev, the Byzantine emperor returned to Constantinople in triumph. Far from liberating Bulgaria as he had claimed, John brought along Boris II and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury in 971. In a public ceremony in Constantinople, Boris II was ritually divested of his imperial insignia and was given the Byzantine court title of 3733: 1885: 1821: 1455:, Constantine VI mocked the demand by having dung sent instead of gold as "fitting tribute" and promising to lead a new army against the elderly Kardam at Marcellae. Once again the emperor's army headed north, and once again it encountered Kardam in the vicinity of Adrianople. The armies faced each other for 17 days without entering into battle, while the two monarchs probably engaged in negotiations. In the end, conflict was averted and the peace resumed on the same terms as in 792. 2911:

Emperor. Forewarned by his grandson, Andronikos II prudently kept the Bulgarian detachment away from the capital and his person. Giving up on his ploy, Michael Asen III attempted to gain the lands by force but retreated before the advance of Andronikos III. Another showdown in front of Adrianople in 1328 ended without battle and with the renewal of the peace treaty, after which Michael Asen III returned to his country, but not before securing a large payoff.

2080:. He was successful, as Zaharije fled to Croatia. In the summer of the same year, Simeon arrived at Constantinople and demanded to see the patriarch and the emperor. He conversed with Romanos on the Golden Horn on 9 September 924 and arranged a truce, according to which Byzantium would pay Bulgaria an annual tax, but would be ceded back some cities on the Black Sea coast. In 926, Simeon's troops invaded Croatia, at the time a Byzantine ally, but were 4187: 3943: 66: 168: 25: 4124: 2714: 3728: 4199: 2839:, while a court scribe praised George Terter II as a "possessor of the Bulgarian and the Greek sceptre". A new campaign later the same year conquered several fortresses around Adrianople, but the Bulgarians were finally defeated by Andronikos III. The Byzantine emperor was preparing for an invasion of Bulgaria, when he heard the news that George Terter II had died, apparently of natural causes. 3723: 1466: 2733:, the current Bulgarian ruler, defeated several of these attempts, but he was blockaded for three months in Drăstăr (Silistra) by the Mongol allies of the Byzantine emperor. In the meantime, a Byzantine force besieged the Bulgarian capital and, after hearing a rumor of Ivailo's death in battle, the local nobility surrendered and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in 1279. 1531:, which fell to the emperor on July 20. Here Nikephoros, who had been a financial minister before becoming emperor, helped himself to the treasures of Krum, while setting the city ablaze and turning his army on the population. A new diplomatic tentative from Krum was rebuffed. Nikephorus showed great cruelty, ordering his army to kill the population of the capital. 2240:. The movement was regarded as a "revolt" by the Byzantine emperor, but it apparently saw itself as a sort of regency for the captive Boris II. As they began to raid neighboring territories under Byzantine rule, the Byzantine government resorted to a stratagem intended to compromise the leadership of this "revolt". This involved allowing Boris II and his brother 292: 1602:, offered to negotiate and arranged for a meeting with Krum. As Krum arrived, he was ambushed by Byzantine archers and was wounded as he made his escape. Furious, Krum ravaged the environs of Constantinople and headed home, capturing Adrianople en route and transplanting its inhabitants (including the parents of the future Emperor 2944:, the Turks pillaged the countryside and attacked the Bulgarian cities in the vicinity. Restrained by his own demands, Ivan Alexander invaded the Byzantine Empire again at the end of 1341, claiming that he had been summoned by the people of Adrianople. There his troops were defeated twice by Turkish allies of the Byzantines. 2174:

forces against Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev, whom the Byzantine emperor had pitted against the Bulgarians. In 969 a new Kievan invasion defeated the Bulgarians again, and Peter I abdicated to become a monk. In circumstances that are not entirely clear, Boris II was allowed to return to Bulgaria and sit on his father's throne.

2274:

Arabs, and Samuel was forced to retreat into his country's heartland. Still, by harassing the powerful Byzantine army, Samuel hoped to force Basil to the peace table. For a dozen years, his tactics maintained Bulgarian independence and even kept Basil away from the main Bulgarian cities, including the capital of

1852:, moved the marketplace for Bulgarian goods from Constantinople to Thessaloniki, where Bulgarian merchants were heavily taxed. Forced to take action, in the autumn of 894 Simeon invaded the Byzantine Empire from the north, meeting little opposition due to the concentration of most Byzantine forces in eastern 1908:, from the palace, Simeon claimed the imperial title and tried to replace Byzantium as the biggest power in the region, perhaps building a new Bulgarian–Byzantine empire. Alexander died on 6 June 913, leaving the capital in anarchy and the rule of the empire in the hands of a regency council headed by 2273:

to recognize him as Tsar, and he was crowned in Rome in 997. In 1002, a full-scale war broke out. By this time, Basil's army was stronger, and the emperor was determined to conquer Bulgaria once and for all. He deployed much of the imperial army, battle-seasoned from the Eastern campaigns against the

2173:

In 968 Boris II, future emperor of Bulgaria, went to Constantinople again to negotiate a peace settlement with Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, and apparently to serve as an honorary hostage. This arrangement was intended to put an end to the conflict between Bulgaria and Byzantium, which would now join

1584:

In February 813, the Bulgars raided into Thrace but were repelled by the emperor's forces. Encouraged by this success, Michael I summoned troops from the entire empire and headed north, hoping for a decisive victory. Krum led his army south towards Adrianople and pitched camp near Versinikia. Michael

1576:

and scaring the population of nearby fortresses to flee towards Constantinople. From this position of strength, Krum offered a return to the peace treaty of 716. Unwilling to compromise his regime by weakness, the new Emperor Michael I refused to accept the proposal, seemingly opposing the clause for

2219:

Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. These remained under the rule of their own governors, especially a noble family led by four brothers called the

2186:

advanced northwards. Failing to secure the defense of the Balkan passes, Sviatoslav allowed the Byzantines to penetrate into Moesia and lay siege to the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Although Bulgarians and Russians joined in defending the city, the Byzantines managed to set afire the wooden structures

2130:

to arrange a Kievan attack against Bulgaria from the north. Sviatoslav readily launched a campaign with a vast force and routed the Bulgarians on the Danube, seizing some 80 Bulgarian fortresses in 968. Stunned by the success of his ally and suspicious of his actual intentions, Emperor Nikephoros II

2698:

by the combined forces of John III and Ivan Asen II. Later on, the Bulgarians decided to aid neither the Latin Empire nor the Nicaeans because both were too involved fighting each other to attack Bulgaria. During 1240s and 1250s the Emperors John III Doukas Vatatzes and his son Theodore II Laskaris

2408:

One night in 1041, during dinner, Alusian took advantage of Peter II's inebriation and cut off his nose and blinded him with a kitchen knife. Since Alusian was of the blood of Samuel, he was quickly proclaimed emperor in place of Peter II by his troops, but he conspired to defect to the Byzantines.

2244:

to escape from their honorary captivity at the Byzantine court, in the hope that their arrival in Bulgaria would cause a division between the Cometopuli and other Bulgarian leaders. As the brothers entered the region under Bulgarian control in 977, Boris II dismounted and went ahead of his brother.

1387:

in 763. During their next campaigns, both sides failed to gain significant success because the Byzantines could not pass through the Balkan Mountains, and their fleet was destroyed twice in heavy storms (2,600 ships sank in just one of the storms in 765). In 774, they defeated an inferior Bulgarian

2959:

sided with John VI Kantakouzenos, Ivan Alexander backed John V Palaiologos and his regency. Although the two Balkan rulers picked opposite sides in the Byzantine civil war, they maintained their alliance with each other. As the price for Ivan Alexander's support, the regency for John V Palaiologos

2653:

Although during the period of time from 1204 to 1261 the Bulgarians and the Byzantines mainly fought the Latins, both still held resentment towards each other. In spite of the initially welcome successes of the Bulgarians against the Latins, the Byzantine aristocracy now began to rebel or conspire

1990:

Romanos Lekapenos replaced Zoe as regent of the young Constantine VII in 919 and advanced himself to the rank of co-emperor in December 920, effectively assuming control of the empire. No longer able to climb to the Byzantine throne by diplomatic means, the infuriated Simeon once again had to wage

1267:

came to him and asked for his aid, supported Justinian in an attempted restoration to the Byzantine throne in exchange for friendship, gifts and his daughter in marriage. With an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel, Justinian suddenly advanced on Constantinople and managed to gain entrance

2980:

in the western part of Byzantine Thrace and in the Rhodopes. His son, Matthew, who ruled the territory, was removed and received a new one, located to the east and centered in Adrianople. The two princes were soon quarreling over boundaries, and Matthew refused to recognize John V as heir to the

1534:

Increasingly concerned about the breakdown of discipline in his army, Nikephoros finally began to retreat towards Thrace. In the meantime, Krum had mobilized as many of his subjects as he could (including the women) and had begun to set traps and ambushes for the retreating imperial army in the

1400:

sent a secret emissary to Constantine V indicating his intention to flee Bulgaria and seek refuge with the emperor, and seeking assurances of hospitality. Telerig succeeded in having the emperor betray his own agents in Bulgaria, who were duly rounded up and executed. In response, Constantine V

2910:

Nevertheless, Michael Asen III entered into negotiations with Andronikos II, offering military support in exchange for money and border lands. Marching to the frontier with his army, Michael Asen III sent a detachment to ostensibly help Andronikos II, but which actually intended to capture the

2556:

After the passing of the Third Crusade, Isaac II Angelos decided to deal with the Bulgarians decisively. The expedition was planned on a grand scale and reached Tărnovo before besieging it for a protracted period. By this time Peter IV had crowned Ivan Asen I as co-emperor in 1189 and, without

1930:

Shortly after Simeon visited Constantinople, Constantine's mother Zoe returned to the palace on the insistence of the young emperor and immediately proceeded to eliminate the regents. Through a plot, she managed to assume power in February 914, practically removing Patriarch Nicholas from the

1589:

but were immediately turned to flight. With Krum's cavalry in pursuit, the rout of Michael I was complete, and Krum advanced on Constantinople, which he besieged by land. Discredited, Michael was forced to abdicate and become a monk—the third Byzantine emperor undone by Krum in as many years.

2874:

Although Michael Asen III managed to force Andronikos III to retreat, the Byzantines managed to capture Philippopolis while the Bulgarians were changing garrisons. In spite of this loss, Michael Asen III expelled Vojsil and recovered control over northern and northeastern Thrace in 1324. The

2108:

renewed the war and raided Byzantine Thrace. Following this show of strength, Peter dispatched a diplomatic mission to Constantinople seeking peace. A peace was obtained with the frontiers restored to those defined in treaties of 897 and 904. Simeon's conquests in Thrace were restored to the

1792:

In 863 Boris made a decision to embrace Christianity, and he sought a mission from the Franks. The Byzantines could not countenance so close a neighbor as Bulgaria falling under Frankish religious control. Byzantium had recently gained a major victory over the Arabs and was free to field a

2920: 2640:

of Flanders. Although Kaloyan had offered the crusaders an alliance against the Byzantine Empire, his offer had been spurned, and the Latin Empire expressed the intention of conquering all the lands of the former Byzantine Empire, including the territories ruled by Kaloyan. The

2139:, to two Bulgarian princesses. Two of Peter's sons were sent to Constantinople as both negotiators and honorary hostages. In the meantime, Peter managed to secure the retreat of the Kievan forces by inciting Bulgaria's traditional allies, the Pechenegs, to attack Kiev itself. 2095:

After 14 years of war Simeon was ultimately too frustrated in his designs on the Byzantine throne. In the year following the destruction of his army in Croatia, while planning another attack on the Byzantines, he died of a heart attack in his palace in Preslav on May 27, 927.

1915:. This gave the Bulgarian ruler a great opportunity to attempt a campaign towards the Byzantine capital, so he attacked in full force in late July or August 913, reaching Constantinople without any serious resistance. The protracted negotiations resulted in the payment of the 2931:

demanded the extradition of his cousin Shishman (Šišman), one of the sons of Michael Asen III, threatening the Byzantine government with war. His show of force backfired, however, as the Byzantines called his bluff and sent against him the fleet of their ally, the Turkish

2500:, but their request was dismissively refused and Ivan Asen was slapped in the ensuing argument. The insulted brothers returned home to Moesia and, taking advantage of discontent caused by the heavy taxation imposed by the Byzantine emperor to finance his campaigns against 1543:

was carried to safety by the imperial bodyguard after receiving a paralyzing wound to his neck. According to tradition, Krum had the Emperor's skull lined with silver and used it as a drinking cup. This enhanced his reputation for brutality and won him the nickname "New

2459:

the Byzantines, but in vain. In another battle Peter III was taken captive by the Byzantines and sent, together with Georgi Voiteh, as prisoners to Constantinople. Voiteh died en route, while the former Peter III languished in prison first at Constantinople and then at

2378:, who promptly turned over the bulk of the treasury to Peter outside the city. Thessalonica remained in Byzantine hands, but Macedonia, Durazzo, and parts of northern Greece were taken by Peter II's forces. This inspired further Slavic revolts against Byzantine rule in 1200:

allied with the Latin Empire, Boril's successors sided with the Nicaeans, despite a few continuing attacks from them. After the Latin Empire collapsed, the Byzantines, took advantage of the Bulgarian civil war and captured portions of Thrace, but the Bulgarian emperor

2121:

Phokas refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria in 966, complaining of the Bulgarian alliance with the Magyars, and undertook a show of force at the Bulgarian border. Dissuaded from a direct attack against Bulgaria, Nikephoros II dispatched a messenger to the

2557:

abdicating, retired to Preslav. In charge of the defense of the Tărnovo, Ivan Asen I incited the Byzantine emperor to a hasty retreat by spreading rumors about the arrival of a great Cuman army to the relief of the besieged city. The retreating Byzantine army

2768:, who unsuccessfully tried to advance into Bulgaria with a Byzantine army in about 1302. As a consequence of his success, Theodore felt secure enough to take the offensive by 1303 and captured several fortresses in northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria ( 2975:

and John V, who was reaching his majority and becoming restless at being excluded from power by his father-in-law, John VI Cantacuzenus. In an attempt to pacify him, and also to remove him from the capital, the emperor assigned him in late 1351 or 1352 an

2397:, in 1015. Alusian joined Peter II's ranks as an apparent deserter from the Byzantine court, where he had been disgraced, and was welcomed by Peter II, who gave him an army to attack Thessalonica. The siege was raised by the Byzantines, however, and the 1703:) and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgar victories and others to the continuation of construction activities in and near Pliska. The war ended, however, when Slavs in the vicinity of 1613:

Krum spent the winter preparing for a major attack on Constantinople, where rumor reported the assemblage of an extensive siege park to be transported on 5,000 carts. He died before he set out, however, on April 13, 814, and was succeeded by his son

2409:

As the Bulgarian and Byzantine troops were preparing for battle, Alusian deserted to the enemy and headed for Constantinople, where his possessions and lands were restored to him, and he was rewarded with the high courtly rank of magistros.

1763:

Another conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarians started in 855–856. The Empire wanted to regain its control over some areas of inland Thrace and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea. The Byzantine forces, led by the

2092:. A peace was mediated by the papal legate Madalbert between Simeon and Tomislav. Though the army he sent to Croatia was destroyed, Simeon retained sufficient military forces to contemplate renewed aggression against the Byzantines. 1440:, which he proceeded to fortify. Kardam arrived with his army on July 20 and occupied the neighboring heights. After some time passed with the two forces sizing up each other, Constantine VI ordered the attack, but in the resulting 1610:) and carrying off some 50,000 captives. The loot from Thrace was used to enrich Krum and his nobility and included architectural elements utilized in the reconstruction of Pliska, perhaps largely by captured Byzantine artisans. 2245:

Mistaken for a Byzantine noble due to his attire, Boris was shot in the chest by a deaf and mute border patrol. Roman managed to identify himself to the other guards and was duly accepted as emperor. However, since he was a

2264:

Although the Byzantines eventually managed to capture all of Bulgaria, Samuel resisted Basil II for decades and is the only man to ever defeat him in battle, when in 986 Samuel drove Basil II's army from the field at the

1642:, and Omurtag escaped the battlefield on his swift horse. The battle was not a decisive blow for the Bulgars, though it certainly had some effect. The possibility of an anti-Bulgar alliance between the Byzantine and the 1674:

rebelled against the Byzantine Emperor and laid siege to Constantinople, seeking to seize the imperial throne for himself. Khan Omurtag sent an army to help Michael II put down the rebellion, attacking the rebels at the

1931:

government, disowning and obscuring his recognition of Simeon's imperial title, and rejecting the planned marriage of her son to one of Simeon's daughters. In retaliation, Simeon invaded Thrace in the summer of 914 and

1754:

Soon after coming to power Boris launched a brief campaign against the Byzantines in 852. No details of the outcome of this war are extant, though it is possible he may have gained some territory in inland Macedonia.

2879:

was confirmed by a peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire, which was cemented by Michael Asen III's marriage to Theodora Palaiologina, the sister of Andronikos III Palaiologos, who had been previously married to

2417:, the Byzantines defeated the Bulgarian troops, and Peter II Delyan was captured and taken to Constantinople, where he was perhaps executed. Norse sagas refer to the participation of the future Norwegian King 2177:

Boris II was unable to stem the Kievan advance and found himself forced to accept Sviatoslav of Kiev as his ally and puppet-master, turning against the Byzantines. A Kievan campaign into Byzantine Thrace was

2412:

Meanwhile, though blind, Peter II Delyan resumed command of the Bulgarian forces, but the Byzantine Emperor Michael IV determined to take advantage of the situation and advanced against them. In an obscure

1860:

invasions. Informed of the Bulgarian offensive, the surprised Leo sent an army consisting of guardsmen and other military units from the capital to halt Simeon, but his troops were routed somewhere in the

3556: 2523:

population north of the Danube, Peter IV and Ivan Asen recovered their positions and raided into Thrace. When Isaac II Angelos penetrated into Moesia again in 1187 he failed to capture either Tărnovo or

1797:

far to the northwest, he had little choice but to yield immediately. He broke off the Frankish alliance, allowed Greek clergy to enter Bulgaria, and was eventually baptized, with the Byzantine emperor

2993:, the Emperor John Cantacuzenus then retook all the cities that had surrendered to John V, who retreated west seeking Serbian help. Stefan Dušan obliged by sending him four thousand horsemen. However, 3306:

The 7th Ancient Civilizations in Bulgaria Civilization, Byzantine Civilization, Bulgarian Civilization, Islamic Civilization] Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation", Sofia, 2005 (108 p.)

1802:

as his sponsor; Boris took the additional name of Michael at his baptism. The Bulgarians were allowed to recover the debatable region of Zagora as a reward for their change of religious orientation.

1336:

and the territorial concessions in Thrace, as well as regulating commercial relations and the treatment of political refugees), and he was also the Bulgarian ruler who helped relieve the second Arab

1280:), which made him second only to the emperor and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and possibly a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called 2249:, as the Byzantines had castrated him so that he could not have any heirs, he was unable to assume the throne. Instead, the youngest of the Cometopuli brothers, Samuel, resisted the Byzantines. 1722:, where Theophilos set up a surviving memorial inscription in a local church. Isbul's campaign may have resulted in the establishment of Bulgar suzerainty over the Slavic tribe of the Smoljani. 2519:, presumably the center of the revolt. In 1186 the rebels suffered a defeat, but Isaac II Angelos failed to exploit his victory and returned to Constantinople. With the help of the chiefly 1451:

By 796, the imperial government was recalcitrant and Kardam found it necessary to demand the tribute while threatening to devastate Thrace if it were not paid. According to the chronicler

2682:, the main Byzantine successor state, remained strong, as the new pro-Nicaean alignment of Bulgaria culminated with the marriage between Tsar Ivan Asen II's daughter Elena and the future 3003:, provided Cantacuzenus with ten thousand. The Ottoman cavalry met the Serbs and possibly a Bulgarian force—since after the battle, Turkish forces plundered Bulgaria—in an open field 742: 2540:, was advancing towards Constantinople, representatives of Peter IV and Ivan Asen approached him with offers of military assistance against the latently hostile Isaac II Angelos at 2426: 2654:

against its rule. Kaloyan also changed course and turned mercilessly on his former allies, adopting the sobriquet Rōmaioktonos ("slayer of Romans"), as a counter-derivative from

1793:

considerable military force against Bulgaria. A fleet was sent into the Black Sea and an army dispatched to invade Bulgaria. As the bulk of Boris' army was campaigning against

1714:

delta and undertake a clandestine evacuation of some of the Byzantine captives settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria by Krum and Omurtag. In retaliation Isbul campaigned along the

769: 3388:

Bulgarian Historical Review (2005), United Center for Research and Training in History, Published by Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, v. 33: no. 1–4.

2187:

and roofs with missiles, and they took the fortress. Boris II now became a captive of John I Tzimiskes, who continued to pursue the Russians, besieging Sviatoslav in Drăstăr (

1943:), where they were supposed to be reinforced by troops transported by the navy, Phokas' forces stopped to rest near the river of Acheloos, not far from the port of Anchialos ( 1240:. Suffering from bad health, the emperor had to leave the army, which allowed itself to panic and be defeated by the Bulgars. In 681 Constantine was forced to acknowledge the 1166:

and completely conquered Bulgaria in 1018. There were rebellions against Byzantine rule from 1040 to 1041, and in the 1070s and the 1080s, but these failed. In 1185, however,

2678:

in 1230. Theodore's empire soon collapsed and Ivan Asen conquered large territories in Macedonia, Thessaly and Thrace. But generally the relations between the Bulgarians and

3714: 1634:

The reign of Khan Omurtag opened with an invasion of the Byzantine Empire after the rejection of Byzantine offers for peace. The Bulgars penetrated as far south as modern

2804:, who had also rebelled against their Byzantine employers. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1307, cemented with a marriage between the widowed Theodore Svetoslav and 2313:

and received troubling intelligence that Ivan Vladislav was attempting to induce the Pechenegs to come to his aid, following up the general practice of his predecessors.

1444:

the Byzantine forces lost formation and once again were defeated and turned to flight. Kardam captured the imperial tent and the emperor's servants. After his return to

2985:(long-time enemies of Cantacuzenus), John marched against Matthews' appanage. One after another, Matthew's towns, including Adrianople, quickly surrendered to the young 2796:

seems to have entered into some sort of agreement with the Byzantines, and Theodore Svetoslav annexed his lands. In 1306 Svetoslav gained the services of the rebellious

1932: 1287:

A mere three years later Justinian II himself violated this arrangement and apparently commenced military operations to recover the ceded area. Tervel routed him at the

1679:(winter 822 or spring 823). Although Byzantine accounts report that Thomas's army was routed, modern scholars consider the battle a victory, albeit costly, for Thomas. 1646:

empires, the need to consolidate Bulgar authority in the newly conquered lands, and the new stirring of the tribes in the steppes gave reason for Omurtag to conclude a

1947:). Once informed of the invasion, Simeon rushed to intercept the Byzantines, and he attacked them from the nearby hills while they were resting disorganized. In the 1935:. In 917, a particularly strong Byzantine army led by Leo Phokas, son of Nikephoros Phokas, invaded Bulgaria accompanied by the Byzantine navy under the command of 1873:

in Eastern Thrace. The market was returned to Constantinople, and the Byzantine Emperor had to pay annual tribute to Bulgaria. More importantly, with help from the

1919:

in the Byzantine tribute, the promise that Constantine VII would marry one of Simeon's daughters, and, most importantly, Simeon's official recognition as Emperor (

1299:, Justinian was captured and executed, while his Bulgar allies were allowed to retire to their country. Tervel took advantage of the disorder in Byzantium to raid 2792:

was turned to flight. Nevertheless, the war continued, with Michael IX and Theodore Svetoslav taking turns pillaging each other's lands. In 1305 Theodore's uncle

2752:

During the 13th century the Byzantine and Bulgarian empires were beginning to fade, and they often allied with each other to ward off powerful foes, such as the

1368:. Due to the frequent change of rulers (eight Khans held the throne in twenty years) and the constant political crisis, Bulgaria was on the verge of destruction. 2645:

was precipitated by the Byzantine aristocracy in Thrace, which rebelled against Latin rule in 1205 and called on Kaloyan for help, offering him its submission.

1360:, Bulgaria descended into a long period of crisis and unrest, while the Byzantines consolidated their positions. Between 756 and 775, the new Byzantine Emperor 2740:

a larger Byzantine relief force near Varna and another in the Balkan passes. Desperate for relief, Ivan Asen III fled Tărnovo in 1280, and his brother-in-law,

1626: 735: 2007:. Simeon's forces appeared before Constantinople in 921, when they demanded the deposition of Romanos and captured Adrianople; in 922 they were victorious at 1606:) across the Danube. In spite of the approach of winter, Krum took advantage of good weather to send a force of 30,000 into Thrace, capturing Arkadioupolis ( 1519:). Here Krum attempted to negotiate on July 11, 811, but Nikephoros was determined to continue his advance. His army managed to avoid Bulgar ambushes in the 1507:

to settle Anatolian populations along the frontier to protect it and to attempt to retake and refortify Serdica, although this enterprise ultimately failed.

2109:

Byzantine Empire, which in return recognised Bulgarian control over inland Macedonia. Peter also gained a Byzantine bride, Maria Lecapena, granddaughter of

2896:

in the Byzantine Empire, taking the side of his brother-in-law Andronikos III, while his grandfather and rival, Andronikos II, obtained the support of the

2402: 1248:

and to pay protection money to avoid further inroads into Byzantine Thrace. Eight years later, Asparuh led a successful campaign against Byzantine Thrace.

854: 1392:, but this was the last success of Constantine V: as a result of their defeat, the Bulgars took serious precautions to get rid of the Byzantine spies in 2736:

Shortly after this, still in 1279, Ivailo suddenly appeared before Tărnovo with an army, but he failed to take the well-fortified city. He nevertheless

2800:, who had previously worked as mercenaries for the Byzantines, settling them in Bulgaria, and he made unsuccessful overtures to the mercenaries of the 1492:

valley in 807, where he defeated a Byzantine army and captured an enormous amount of gold intended as wages for the whole Byzantine army. In 809, Krum

189: 182: 728: 3404: 2197:

as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and lower Moesia now became part of the Byzantine Empire and were placed under Byzantine governors.

1651: 2053:

agreed and sent his own representatives back with the Bulgarians to arrange the alliance. However, the envoys were captured by the Byzantines at

1295:, Justinian again sought the aid of Tervel but obtained only lukewarm support manifested in an army of 3,000. Outmaneuvered by the rebel emperor 2528:, and he signed a treaty effectively recognizing the Second Bulgarian Empire, but neither side had any intention of keeping the peace. When the 2831:. Taking advantage of the situation, George invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of 232: 130: 3007:

in October 1352. The more numerous Ottomans crushed the Serbs and Bulgars in the first major battle in Europe between Ottomans and Europeans.

2612:. The coalition was quickly dissolved, as the Byzantines overcame both Ivanko and Dobromir Hriz. Nevertheless, Kaloyan conquered Konstanteia ( 204: 102: 83: 38: 2851:. The Byzantines overran northeastern Thrace and captured a number of important cities. At the same time, a Byzantine-sponsored pretender, 4057: 1710:

Emperor Theophilos sought Bulgar support in putting down the rebellion, but he simultaneously arranged for his fleet to sail through the

3956: 2847:

The death of George Terter II was followed by a brief period of confusion and uncertainty, which was exploited by the Byzantine Emperor

211: 109: 3450: 3441: 2989:

emperor. Expecting serious retaliation John V sought and was promised help from both Serbia and Bulgaria. Meanwhile, after hiring more

2805: 2332:

and his sons, submitted to the advancing Basil II in exchange for guarantees of the preservation of their lives, status, and property.

2316:

While Byzantine armies had penetrated deep into Bulgaria in 1016, Ivan Vladislav was able to rally his forces and commenced a siege of

1837: 1815: 1811: 884: 870: 1585:

I lined up his army against the Bulgars, but neither side initiated an attack for two weeks. Finally, on June 22, 813, the Byzantines

4092: 2981:

throne. Soon war broke out between them. After hiring a large number of Turkish mercenaries and with the promise of support from the

2309:

in 1015 and survived an assassination plot undertaken by Byzantine agents. Although the Byzantines sacked Ohrid, they failed to take

2835:(Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322 or 1323. A Bulgarian garrison was installed under the command of a general named 1174:

started a revolt, and the weakening Byzantine Empire, facing internal dynastic troubles of its own, was unable to quash the revolt.

2900: 2852: 218: 116: 4062: 2269:, and the emperor (barely surviving the heavy defeat) soon turned to the east for new conquests. The victory by Samuel prompted 2117:

status of the Bulgarian church. This peace lasted until 966. After Peter's empress died in the mid 960s, the Byzantine emperor

1909: 1564:

Staurakios was forced to abdicate after a brief reign (he died from his wound in 812) and was succeeded by his brother-in-law,

4224: 3807: 3783: 2370:, who had led a rebellion in the region of Durazzo. After this Peter II marched on Thessalonica, where the Byzantine Emperor 1647: 1325: 200: 98: 3822: 2968: 2893: 2820: 2148: 2081: 1991:

war to impose his will. Between 920 and 922, Bulgaria increased its pressure on Byzantium, campaigning in the west through

1337: 914: 3933: 3322: 2515:

The rebellion failed to immediately capture Bulgaria's historic capital Preslav, but established a new capital city at

1523:

and defeated an army of 12,000 that tried to block their advance into Moesia. Another hastily assembled army of 50,000

4000: 1836:

to the throne in 893, the long-lasting peace with the Byzantine Empire established by his father was about to end. A

1780:, in northeastern Thrace. At the time of this campaign the Bulgarians were distracted by a war with the Franks under 1014: 269: 251: 149: 52: 44: 2205: 4234: 3419: 2947:

In 1341–1347, the Byzantine Empire was plunged into a second protracted civil war, between the regency for Emperor

2374:

was staying. Michael fled, leaving his treasury to a certain Michael Ivac, probably a son of Ivac, a general under

1135:

negotiated another long-lasting peace treaty. His rule was followed by a period of decline of the Bulgarian state.

1535:

mountain passes. At dawn on July 26 the Byzantines found themselves trapped against a moat and wooden wall in the

3405:"The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages" 2533: 2089: 1371:

In his first campaign in 756, Constantine V was successful and managed to defeat the Bulgars twice, but in 759,

3732: 3434: 2881: 2761: 2695: 2152: 1202: 933: 905: 523: 87: 1776:, Anchialus and Mesembria being among them, and also the frontier region between Sider and Develtus, known as 1556: 1379:. Vinekh then sought to make peace with the Byzantines but was assassinated by Bulgar nobles. The new ruler, 1188:, the Bulgarian emperor, tried to establish friendly relations with the crusaders. However, the newly created 225: 123: 3965: 3837: 2398: 2355: 2329: 2266: 1043: 1009: 970: 960: 940: 844: 617: 2252: 1340:

in 717–718 by land. According to Theophanes, the Bulgars slaughtered some 22,000 Arabs in the battle.

4229: 4142: 3847: 3768: 3692: 3016: 2871:

marched south to fight Andronikos III, while another Byzantine army was besieging Philippopolis (Plovdiv).

2868: 2444: 2328:, Ivan Vladislav was killed. After his death much of the Bulgarian nobility and court, including his widow 2325: 2179: 1731: 995: 945: 921: 533: 1192:

spurned any offer of alliance with the Bulgarians. Because of his cold reception, Kaloyan allied with the

3866: 3763: 3354:. Centre Culturel du Monde Byzantin 1 (in English, French, and Italian). Villach, Austria: Verlag Baier. 2994: 2860: 2637: 2371: 2050: 2046: 2031: 1666:. The treaty was honoured by both sides and was renewed after the accession of the new Byzantine Emperor 1515:

In early 811, Nikephoros I undertook a massive expedition against Bulgaria, advancing to Marcellae (near

1063: 665: 2744:, seized the throne, uniting the factious aristocracy and gradually taking away the support for Ivailo. 3923: 3778: 3709: 3697: 2848: 2828: 2509: 2473: 2394: 2302: 2131:

now hastened to make peace with Bulgaria and arranged the marriage of his wards, the underage emperors

1691:

ravaged the regions within the Bulgarian frontier. The Bulgars retaliated, and under the leadership of

1650:

with the Byzantines in 815, which was partly inscribed on a surviving column found near the village of

1167: 710: 543: 463: 458: 3366:

Short history of Bulgaria / D. Kossev, H. Hristov D. Angelov; Vladislav Paskalev]. Kossev, D. 1963.

2162: 2077: 1401:

invaded Bulgaria once again, in 775, but became ill and died on his return journey to Constantinople.

1276:, alongside many of their supporters. Justinian rewarded Tervel with many gifts, the title of kaisar ( 4152: 3918: 3427: 2904: 2897: 2824: 2726: 2691: 2666:, after 1228, but the Latin aristocrats did not support Ivan Asen. He inflicted a crushing defeat on 2663: 2456: 2438: 2367: 1384: 1376: 1288: 839: 794: 789: 784: 779: 700: 2596:, the murderer of Ivan Asen I, who had entered Byzantine service in 1196 and had become governor of 1687:

After the expiration of the original 20-year peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire in 836, Emperor

1577:

exchange of deserters. To apply more pressure on the emperor, Krum besieged and captured Mesembria (

3913: 3832: 3773: 3682: 2722: 2687: 2667: 2628:

The war between the Bulgarians and the Byzantines was stalled in 1204, when Catholic forces of the

2341: 2073: 2038:

Desperate to conquer Constantinople, Simeon planned a large campaign in 924 and sent envoys to the

1948: 1927:. Until the end of his reign, Simeon used the style of "Emperor of the Bulgarians and the Romans". 1889: 1452: 1317: 1002: 890: 876: 695: 685: 538: 297: 2022: 1131:

had multiple successful campaigns against the Byzantines during his rule from 893 to 927. His son

4147: 3990: 3975: 3746: 3741: 3672: 3519: 3458: 3041: 2819:

became the Bulgarian ruler after his father died in 1322, and he became actively involved in the

2671: 2585: 2577: 2483: 1987: 1870: 1825: 1321: 1171: 1026: 985: 358: 178: 76: 1958: 1658:. According to that inscription the treaty specified the border in Thrace, the issue with those 1284:. Whether Justinian's daughter Anastasia was married to Tervel as had been arranged is unknown. 4157: 4082: 4030: 3827: 3513: 3454: 3020: 2789: 2690:

of Nicaea. The dynastic union was celebrated in 1235 and coincided with the restoration of the

1866: 1539:

pass. Nikephoros was killed in the ensuing battle along with many of his troops, while his son

1493: 1241: 1181: 1116: 819: 705: 503: 354: 3339:

Balkans: A history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey / by Nevill Forbes ... . 1915.

3309:

12 Myths in Bulgarian History/ Bozhidar Dimitrov; Published by "KOM Foundation", Sofia, 2005.

1500:), slaughtering the Byzantine garrison in spite of his promise of safe conduct. This provoked 4087: 3995: 3871: 3297:

Jordan Andreev, Ivan Lazarov, Plamen Pavlov, Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija, Sofia 1999.

2952: 2675: 1699:, they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgars captured Philippopolis ( 1348: 1119:

continued to clash over the next century with variable success, until the Bulgarians, led by

1058: 1053: 528: 1123:, inflicted a series of crushing defeats on the Byzantines. After Krum died in 814, his son 4102: 4040: 3886: 3648: 3623: 3538: 2972: 2683: 2642: 2564:

Success now definitely swung in favor of the Bulgarians, who captured the areas of Sredec (

2501: 2479: 2418: 2290: 2127: 1952: 1924: 1833: 1688: 1586: 1448:, Constantine VI signed a peace treaty and undertook to pay an annual tribute to Bulgaria. 1413:

embarked on an expedition against Bulgaria, in retaliation for Bulgarian incursions in the

1324:

in 718 or 719. If Tervel did survive this long, he was the Bulgarian ruler who concluded a

1236:, with a combined land and sea operation and successfully besieged their fortified camp in 1143: 1128: 1083: 950: 895: 861: 834: 690: 632: 622: 602: 478: 448: 438: 1820: 8: 4025: 3985: 3901: 3812: 3677: 3653: 3643: 3638: 2764:

had several bloody encounters with the Byzantines. He first defeated the former emperor

2589: 2505: 2390: 2105: 1901: 1735: 1696: 1676: 1441: 1364:

led nine campaigns against his northern neighbour to establish a Byzantine border on the

1185: 1132: 926: 849: 804: 799: 680: 627: 518: 488: 443: 433: 428: 423: 418: 383: 301: 3315:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

2346: 1979: 1738:

was not a particularly successful leader in war, being at various times defeated by the

1142:, the Byzantine emperor, subjugated much of the weakening Bulgarian Empire by defeating 4112: 3928: 3881: 3842: 3727: 3658: 3628: 3561: 3501: 3004: 2948: 2903:. Andronikos III and Michael Asen III met and concluded an aggressive alliance against 2708: 2592:

continued an aggressive policy against the Byzantine Empire by making an alliance with

2561:

by Ivan Asen I in the Balkan passes and Isaac II barely escaped with his life in 1190.

2537: 2375: 2282: 2237: 1996: 1865:.The Magyars managed to defeat Simeon's army twice, but in 896 they were routed in the 1849: 1639: 1599: 1418: 1389: 1380: 1372: 1205:

retook these lands. The Byzantine-Bulgarian relations continued to fluctuate until the

1163: 1151: 1068: 980: 975: 670: 660: 597: 513: 453: 403: 388: 3970: 3891: 3876: 3861: 3597: 3370: 3355: 3328: 3318: 3149: 2961: 2785: 2662:(reign 1218 to 1241) tried to achieve the regency for the 11-year-old Latin Emperor, 2558: 2414: 2366:, first co-opting and then eliminating another potential leader in the person of one 2241: 2229: 2225: 1971: 1912: 1862: 1772:, were successful in the conflict and reconquered a number of cities, Philippopolis, 1565: 1501: 1357: 1197: 1078: 1038: 1019: 829: 647: 592: 473: 398: 4123: 3449: 4137: 4045: 4020: 3896: 3817: 3532: 3291: 2960:

ceded him the city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and nine important fortresses in the

2836: 2816: 2737: 2679: 2573: 2491: 2487: 2233: 2211: 2183: 2136: 1905: 1878: 1787: 1781: 1663: 1569: 1524: 1520: 1477: 1237: 1209: 1139: 1120: 1112: 1100: 1073: 1048: 990: 955: 824: 675: 651: 637: 583: 363: 329: 3722: 2927:

In the early 1340s, relations with the Byzantine Empire temporarily deteriorated.

1268:

into the city in 705. The restored emperor executed his supplanters, the emperors

4191: 4162: 4035: 3980: 3802: 3385:

Short history of Bulgaria / Nikolai Todorov ; . Todorov, Nikolai, 1921–1975.

2801: 2765: 2741: 2617: 2422: 2008: 1983: 1967: 1897: 1841: 1777: 1671: 1655: 1281: 1206: 1033: 965: 900: 774: 612: 498: 16:

Series of conflicts fought between the Byzantines and Bulgarians from 680 to 1355

3551: 2956: 2389:

Peter II Delyan's successes ended, however, with the interference of his cousin

1730:

Despite his able diplomacy, statesmanship, and his importance in the process of

1193: 4203: 3687: 3591: 3379:

Runciman, Steven (1929) The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign. Cambridge.

3036: 3024: 2933: 2928: 2757: 2629: 2593: 2516: 2270: 2257: 2142: 1845: 1489: 1445: 1414: 1410: 1329: 1277: 1233: 1178: 1158:. Near the end of his rule, the Byzantines got the upper hand again, and under 559: 508: 2725:, he became involved in a civil war in Bulgaria. Michael gave his support for 1220:

The Byzantines first clashed with the founders of Bulgaria (the Bulgars) when

4218: 4097: 2990: 2986: 2955:. The neighbors of the Byzantines took advantage of the civil war, and while 2601: 2529: 2452: 2118: 2085: 1794: 1536: 1361: 574: 305: 3359: 2421:, who allegedly cut down Peter II in the field of battle as a member of the 1896:

After the death of Leo VI on 11 May 912 and the accession of his infant son

1884: 1607: 1432:

In 792, Constantine VI led another army against the Bulgars and encamped at

4077: 3332: 2982: 2941: 2753: 2659: 2633: 2613: 2425:. This tradition may be supported by a laconic reference in the so-called " 2114: 1704: 1504: 1273: 1264: 1189: 720: 579: 564: 493: 468: 1970:

principalities that tended to support Byzantium. Bulgarian troops led by

1154:

managed to stabilize the Bulgarian state with a center around the town of

3496: 3376:

History of Bulgaria / Hristo Hristov; . Khristov, Khristo Angelov. c1985.

2864: 2620:

from the Byzantine Empire in 1201, and most of Slavic Macedonia in 1202.

2209:

The victory of the Byzantines over the Bulgarians, from the 12th century

2157: 2012: 2000: 1799: 1765: 1545: 1296: 1196:, which reduced the crusaders' power in the area. Even though his nephew 607: 569: 483: 1939:, which sailed to the Bulgarian Black Sea ports. En route to Mesembria ( 4167: 4015: 2317: 2221: 2200: 1715: 1667: 1540: 1422: 1292: 1229: 2769: 2358:

later led a large revolt against the Byzantines. Peter II Delyan took

1488:

engaged in an aggressive policy within the Balkans, raiding along the

1375:, the Bulgar Khan, defeated the Byzantine army comprehensively in the 4107: 3942: 2286: 2193: 2113:, an annual tribute, and recognition of his title of tsar and of the 2110: 2004: 1936: 1874: 1433: 1260: 393: 2784:) in the following year. The Byzantine counter-attack failed at the 2321: 1320:

ascribes Tervel a role in an attempt to restore the deposed Emperor

304:; The rulers of Bulgaria and Byzantium negotiate for peace; Emperor 167: 65: 4132: 3027:, this was the end of the long series of Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars. 2977: 2937: 2655: 2609: 2569: 2448: 2188: 2132: 2066: 2054: 1992: 1853: 1773: 1719: 1635: 1516: 1473: 1437: 1333: 1269: 1159: 1104: 642: 3391:

Woodhouse 1986, 109; Sp. Lambros, Argyropouleia, Athens 1910, 7,29

2863:, assuming control of the valley between the Balkan mountains and 2525: 3573: 3491: 2919: 2832: 2793: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2597: 2496: 2461: 2383: 2167: 2062: 2058: 2042: 2027: 1975: 1944: 1940: 1916: 1700: 1615: 1603: 1578: 1470: 1397: 1308: 1225: 1212:

the Bulgarian capital in 1393 and the Byzantine capital in 1453.

1147: 1124: 1108: 408: 3194:

Bulgarian historical review, v. 33:no. 1–4, p. 9.

2713: 1788:

Military conflict connected to the Christian conversion of Boris

1332:

in 716 (confirming the annual tribute paid by the Byzantines to

3579: 3567: 2856: 2730: 2729:

and sent several Byzantine armies to assert him on the throne.

2581: 2545: 2447:

took Niš and Ohrid but suffered a crippling defeat in front of

2379: 2363: 2310: 2306: 2246: 2061:, supplementing this offer with generous gifts, and ruined the 2039: 1769: 1743: 1739: 1711: 1643: 1573: 1528: 1426: 1393: 1365: 1313: 1300: 1256: 1245: 1221: 1155: 2541: 2429:". In either case, Peter II Delyan may have perished in 1041. 2359: 1638:(Bulgarophygon then), but there they were defeated by Emperor 3603: 3585: 3352:

Medieval Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Black Sea, Venice, Genoa

2797: 2565: 2520: 2393:, whose father, Ivan Vladislav, had murdered Peter's father, 2275: 1692: 1659: 1497: 1303:

in 712, plundering as far as the vicinity of Constantinople.

3527:

De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire

2451:. The Byzantine counter-attack took Skopje with the help of 2143:

Sviatoslav's invasion and the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria

3633: 2467: 2123: 2016: 1920: 1869:. The war ended in 896 with a great Bulgarian victory near 1857: 1485: 1291:(or Ankhialo) in 708. In 711, faced by a serious revolt in 811: 413: 2760:. In 1301, however, the new, aggressive Bulgarian emperor 2049:, who possessed a powerful navy, which Simeon needed. The 1465: 2999: 1904:, who expelled Leo's last wife and Constantine's mother, 1662:

who remained in Byzantium, and the exchange of the other

1421:

pre-empted the Byzantine invasion and met the enemy near

291: 2551: 2099: 1999:, and in the east in Thrace, reaching and crossing the 1805: 1718:

coasts of Thrace and Macedonia and captured the city of

1429:. The Byzantine army was defeated and turned to flight. 2914: 2580:

in 1196, while raiding parties reached as far south as

1404: 2694:

with the consent of the eastern patriarchs and with a

2158:

Campaigns of Sviatoslav and John Tzimiskes in Bulgaria

3140:

Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 489–492

3113:

Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 484–486

3059:

Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, pp. 357–360

2747: 1881:

invasion, which was coordinated with the Byzantines.

3294:, Les Européens, pp. 150, Herman (Paris), 2000. 2867:. At this point the newly elected Bulgarian emperor 2201:

Tsar Samuel and the conquest of Bulgaria by Basil II

2811: 2721:Soon after the Byzantine empire was restored under 2632:captured and sacked Constantinople and created the 1593: 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1966:Simeon pursued an aggressive policy regarding the 1551: 1306:According to the chronological information of the 1232:. Asparuh defeated the Byzantines, who were under 3010: 2892:In 1327 Michael Asen III involved himself in the 2717:Constantine Tikh, emperor of Bulgaria (1257–1277) 2658:'s Boulgaroktonos ("slayer of Bulgarians"). Tsar 1923:) of the Bulgarians by Patriarch Nicholas in the 4216: 3104:Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p. 437 1978:invaded the country, deposing local rulers like 1560:Krum assembles his army to defeat the Byzantines 1824:The Bulgarians routing the Byzantine forces at 1316:died in 715. However, the Byzantine Chronicler 3539:Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna) 3086:Nicephorus. Opuscula historica, pp. 69–70 2699:led successful campaigns against the Tsardom. 1955:in the immediate proximity of Constantinople. 1707:rebelled against the Byzantine Empire in 837. 1099:were a series of conflicts fought between the 3435: 1510: 736: 2350:The Bulgarians proclaim Peter Delyan emperor 1682: 750: 4058:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School 3317:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2623: 2057:. Romanos offered peace to Egypt under the 1527:before the walls of the Bulgarian capital, 1228:moved westward, occupying today's southern 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3442: 3428: 3271: 3269: 3095:Nicephorus. Opuscula historica, p. 73 3077:Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p.431 3068:Theophanes Confessor. Chronographia, p.429 2855:, brother of the former Bulgarian emperor 2842: 2823:, where the throne was being contested by 2166:The Byzantines sack the Bulgarian capital 1630:Omurtag sends delegation to the Byzantines 743: 729: 2401:. Alusian barely escaped and returned to 1621: 270:Learn how and when to remove this message 252:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 3402: 3349: 3182: 2918: 2712: 2468:Theodore and the Second Bulgarian Empire 2455:, who first betrayed Peter III and then 2345: 2251: 2204: 2161: 2021: 1957: 1883: 1819: 1625: 1555: 1464: 1347: 4063:Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School 3266: 2702: 2600:(Plovdiv). Another ally of Kaloyan was 2354:The newly proclaimed Bulgarian emperor 2224:(i.e., "the sons of the Count"), named 2104:Soon after his accession, Simeon's son 1343: 1127:negotiated a thirty-year peace treaty. 4217: 2887: 2486:appeared before the Byzantine emperor 2182:in 970, and the new Byzantine Emperor 1900:, under the guidance of Leo's brother 1844:, acting under pressure from his wife 1263:texts in 704 when the deposed emperor 188:Please improve this article by adding 3423: 3161:Georgius Monachus. Chronicon, col.981 2788:near Sozopolis, where the co-emperor 2552:Isaac II Angelos' failed retaliations 2100:Peter's relations with the Byzantines 1806:Simeon I the Great Imperial ambitions 724: 3344:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 3312: 3260: 3203: 3170: 3122:Anonymus Vaticanus, pp. 148–149 2915:Ivan Alexander's defence of Bulgaria 1405:Constantine VI's failed retaliations 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 3131:Chronique de Michel de Syrien, p.17 2969:civil war erupted in Thrace in 1352 1732:converting Bulgaria to Christianity 1460: 13: 4122: 3955: 3941: 3934:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin 3396: 3369:History of Bulgaria, 1393–1885 / 3019:to the Ottoman Turks, and in 1453 2748:Theodore Svetoslav's Byzantine war 2324:) in the winter of 1018. During a 2072:In 924 Simeon sent an army led by 1962:The Bulgarian victory at Anchialos 1816:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 1812:Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896 1725: 1352:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars (741–775) 14: 4246: 3403:Stoyanov, Aleksandr (July 2019). 2821:civil war in the Byzantine Empire 2504:and to celebrate his marriage to 2296: 2149:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 1877:Simeon successfully fended off a 1758: 1494:besieged and forced the surrender 915:Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 34:This article has multiple issues. 4197: 4185: 3960:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander 3823:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854 3731: 3726: 3721: 3023:. Since both became part of the 2812:George Terter II's Byzantine war 2443:The troops of the newly crowned 2076:to depose a former ally of his, 1594:Conflict with Leo V the Armenian 1251: 1215: 1115:after 680 AD. The Byzantine and 290: 166: 64: 23: 4008:Prominent writers and scholars: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3197: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3155: 3143: 3134: 2305:restored the fortifications of 2090:Battle of the Bosnian Highlands 1890:Battle of Achelous or Anchialos 1552:Conflict with Michael I Rangabe 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3011:Fall of Bulgaria and Byzantium 2882:Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria 2584:. When the Bulgarian emperor 2427:Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle 2281:On July 29, 1014, however, at 2153:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 1409:In 791, the Byzantine emperor 934:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 1: 3838:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 3313:Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1983). 3284: 2648: 2026:Simeon sending envoys to the 1749: 1670:to the throne in 820. In 821 190:secondary or tertiary sources 3152:. Historia. pp. 337–339 3047: 2808:, a daughter of Michael IX. 2608:), who governed the area of 2588:was murdered, his successor 2432: 2003:to lay siege on the town of 7: 3409:Journal of Military History 3301:Concise history of Bulgaria 3030: 3021:Constantinople was captured 2786:battle on the river Skafida 2335: 2326:battle in front of the city 2065:newly formed alliance with 2047:Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 1888:Map of the progress of the 666:Michael IV the Paphlagonian 10: 4251: 3924:Uprising of Asen and Peter 3382:John Skylitzes II, 455, 13 3277:the Governance of Basil II 2951:and his intended guardian 2849:Andronikos III Palaiologos 2829:Andronikos III Palaiologos 2706: 2482:) and his younger brother 2474:Uprising of Asen and Peter 2471: 2436: 2339: 2256:Bulgarian army conquering 2146: 1809: 1511:Conflict with Nikephoros I 711:Andronikos III Palaiologos 643:Basil II the Bulgar-slayer 296:Clockwise from right: The 201:"Byzantine–Bulgarian wars" 99:"Byzantine–Bulgarian wars" 4180: 4093:Holy Forty Martyrs Church 3919:Uprising of Georgi Voyteh 3465: 2825:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2439:Uprising of Georgi Voiteh 1746:, Serbs, and Byzantines. 1683:Brief war with Theophilos 1377:Battle of the Rishki Pass 1259:, first mentioned in the 1150:, the Bulgarian capital. 762: 701:Andronikos II Palaiologos 369: 348: 312: 289: 284: 4225:Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 3914:Uprising of Peter Delyan 3769:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 3759:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 2723:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2688:John III Doukas Vatatzes 2668:Theodore Komnenos Doukas 2624:Rise of the Latin Empire 2512:against Byzantine rule. 2342:Uprising of Peter Delyan 2260:and killing its governor 2180:defeated at Arcadiopolis 1476:killing the Christians ( 1453:Theophanes the Confessor 1318:Theophanes the Confessor 1182:conquered Constantinople 1097:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 1003:Uprising of Peter Delyan 754:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 696:Michael VIII Palaiologos 686:John III Doukas Vatatzes 285:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 4235:Wars of the Middle Ages 3991:Preslav Literary School 3976:Early Cyrillic alphabet 3855:Second Bulgarian Empire 3808:Siege of Constantinople 3764:Croatian–Bulgarian wars 3666:Second Bulgarian Empire 3520:Second Bulgarian Empire 3459:Second Bulgarian Empire 3042:Medieval Bulgarian army 2859:, ensconced himself in 2843:Michael Asen III's wars 2696:siege of Constantinople 2078:Zaharije Pribisavljević 1840:when Byzantine Emperor 1832:With the ascendance of 1338:siege of Constantinople 1111:conquered parts of the 1027:Second Bulgarian Empire 359:Second Bulgarian Empire 4158:Archbishopric of Ohrid 4128: 4031:Constantine of Preslav 3961: 3946: 3828:Battle of Southern Buh 3796:First Bulgarian Empire 3784:Bulgarian–Serbian wars 3779:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 3617:First Bulgarian Empire 3514:First Bulgarian Empire 3455:First Bulgarian Empire 3303:. R.J. Crampton. 1997. 2924: 2790:Michael IX Palaiologos 2718: 2692:Bulgarian patriarchate 2672:Empire of Thessalonica 2636:, electing as emperor 2568:) and Niš in 1191, of 2351: 2301:The Bulgarian Emperor 2261: 2216: 2170: 2035: 2011:, burning much of the 1963: 1893: 1867:Battle of Southern Buh 1829: 1631: 1622:Omurtag's peace treaty 1581:) in the fall of 812. 1568:. In 812 Krum invaded 1561: 1481: 1383:, was defeated at the 1353: 1177:After the army of the 1117:First Bulgarian Empire 1107:which began after the 706:Michael IX Palaiologos 370:Commanders and leaders 355:First Bulgarian Empire 177:relies excessively on 4126: 3996:Ohrid Literary School 3959: 3945: 3872:Battle of Klokotnitsa 3848:Battle of Dyrrhachium 3350:Gjuzelev, V. (1988). 2953:John VI Kantakouzenos 2922: 2806:Theodora Palaiologina 2716: 2686:, the son of Emperor 2676:Battle of Klokotnitsa 2349: 2255: 2208: 2165: 2025: 1961: 1887: 1823: 1629: 1559: 1468: 1351: 4052:Art and architecture 3966:Bulgarian literature 3887:Battle of Rusokastro 3867:Battle of Adrianople 3774:Bulgarian–Latin wars 3005:battle near Demotika 2973:Matthew Cantacuzenus 2780:), and Agathopolis ( 2703:Bulgarian civil wars 2684:Theodore II Laskaris 2502:William II of Sicily 2291:Blagoevgrad Province 2128:Sviatoslav Igorevich 1648:30-year peace treaty 1344:Constantine V's wars 691:Theodore II Laskaris 633:Nikephoros II Phokas 623:Leo Phokas the Elder 320:680–1355 (675 years) 306:Nikephoros II Phokas 84:improve this article 4230:Invasions of Europe 4192:Bulgaria portal 4026:Chernorizets Hrabar 3986:Old Church Slavonic 3902:Battle of Nicopolis 3892:Battle of Chernomen 3813:Battle of Marcellae 3557:Great Boyar Council 3263:, pp. 160–161. 3233:Runciman, pp. 90–96 3224:Runciman, pp. 85–89 3215:Runciman, pp. 53–56 3206:, pp. 118–119. 2888:Byzantine civil war 2506:Margaret of Hungary 2457:attempted to betray 2415:battle near Ostrovo 2074:Časlav Klonimirović 2034:. Madrid Skylitzes. 1933:captured Adrianople 1784:and the Croatians. 1677:Battle of Kedouktos 1442:Battle of Marcellae 1385:Battle of Anchialus 1356:After the death of 1289:Battle of Anchialus 681:Alexios III Angelos 628:Romanos I Lekapenos 298:Battle of Anchialus 4204:History portal 4153:Bulgarian Orthodox 4129: 4041:Evtimiy of Tarnovo 3962: 3947: 3929:Uprising of Ivaylo 3882:Battle of Velbazhd 3843:Battle of Kleidion 3833:Battle of Achelous 3562:Council of Preslav 3502:Old Great Bulgaria 3275:Catherine Holmes, 2967:Another Byzantine 2949:John V Palaiologos 2925: 2762:Theodore Svetoslav 2719: 2709:Uprising of Ivaylo 2643:impending conflict 2538:Holy Roman Emperor 2478:In 1185 Theodore ( 2376:Samuel of Bulgaria 2352: 2262: 2217: 2171: 2036: 1997:Isthmus of Corinth 1964: 1949:Battle of Achelous 1894: 1863:theme of Macedonia 1850:Stylianos Zaoutzes 1830: 1695:, the minister of 1640:Leo V the Armenian 1632: 1600:Leo V the Armenian 1562: 1482: 1417:valley since 789. 1354: 1203:Theodore Svetoslav 1164:Battle of Kleidion 1069:Uprising of Ivaylo 906:3rd Constantinople 845:2nd Constantinople 770:1st Constantinople 671:Michael VII Doukas 661:Nikephoros Ouranos 598:Leo V the Armenian 524:Theodore Svetoslav 4212: 4211: 4175: 4174: 3971:Glagolitic script 3877:Battle of Skafida 3862:Battle of Tryavna 3715:Bulgarian economy 3710:Bulgarian coinage 3371:Mercia MacDermott 3150:Scriptor Incertus 2962:Rhodope Mountains 2940:. Landing in the 2894:renewed civil war 2827:and his grandson 2399:army was defeated 2082:severely defeated 1986:. Meanwhile, the 1972:Theodore Sigritsa 1937:Romanos Lekapenos 1925:Blachernai Palace 1913:Nicholas Mystikos 1598:The new emperor, 1566:Michael I Rangabe 1502:Byzantine Emperor 1092: 1091: 719: 718: 648:Gregory Taronites 593:Michael I Rangabe 344: 343: 280: 279: 272: 262: 261: 254: 236: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 4242: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4148:Eastern Orthodox 4143:Christianisation 4070:Famous examples: 4046:Gregory Tsamblak 4021:Clement of Ohrid 3897:Siege of Tarnovo 3818:Battle of Pliska 3735: 3730: 3725: 3693:Michael Shishman 3611:Important rulers 3541:(1337/1346–1413) 3535:(1371–1396/1422) 3533:Tsardom of Vidin 3522:(1185–1396/1422) 3468: 3467: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3363: 3336: 3292:Helene Ahrweiler 3279: 3273: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3057: 2901:Stephen Dečanski 2869:Michael Asen III 2837:Ivan the Russian 2817:George Terter II 2616:) in Thrace and 2488:Isaac II Angelos 2212:Madrid Skylitzes 2184:John I Tzimiskes 2137:Constantine VIII 1980:Petar Gojniković 1968:Medieval Serbian 1906:Zoe Karbonopsina 1848:and her father, 1782:Louis the German 1664:prisoners of war 1570:Byzantine Thrace 1521:Balkan Mountains 1461:Khan Krum's wars 1140:John I Tzimiskes 1113:Balkan peninsula 1101:Byzantine Empire 1044:2nd Arcadiopolis 1015:5th Thessalonica 1010:4th Thessalonica 971:3rd Thessalonica 961:2nd Thessalonica 946:1st Thessalonica 922:1st Arcadiopolis 757: 755: 745: 738: 731: 722: 721: 676:Isaac II Angelos 656: 638:John I Tzimiskes 588: 534:Michael Asen III 379:Khans and Tsars: 364:Byzantine Empire 330:Balkan peninsula 314: 313: 294: 282: 281: 275: 268: 257: 250: 246: 243: 237: 235: 194: 170: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4138:Slavic Paganism 4121: 4073: 4054: 4036:John the Exarch 4011: 3981:Cyrillic script 3954: 3939: 3910: 3908:Major uprisings 3803:Battle of Ongal 3792: 3755: 3720: 3706: 3613: 3548: 3510: 3488: 3461: 3448: 3399: 3397:Further reading 3394: 3342:Edward Gibbon, 3325: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3251:Runciman, p. 96 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3033: 3013: 2917: 2890: 2845: 2814: 2802:Catalan Company 2766:Michael Asen II 2750: 2742:George Terter I 2711: 2705: 2651: 2626: 2554: 2476: 2470: 2441: 2435: 2423:Varangian Guard 2419:Harald Hardråda 2344: 2338: 2299: 2289:) (present day 2267:Gates of Trajan 2203: 2160: 2155: 2147:Main articles: 2145: 2102: 2084:by the army of 1995:, reaching the 1898:Constantine VII 1842:Leo VI the Wise 1818: 1810:Main articles: 1808: 1790: 1768:and the caesar 1761: 1752: 1728: 1726:Wars of Boris I 1685: 1672:Thomas the Slav 1656:Shumen Province 1624: 1596: 1554: 1513: 1463: 1407: 1346: 1254: 1242:Bulgarian state 1218: 1093: 1088: 758: 753: 751: 749: 715: 652: 613:Leo VI the Wise 584: 548: 499:Michael II Asen 357: 332: 295: 276: 265: 264: 263: 258: 247: 241: 238: 195: 193: 187: 183:primary sources 171: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4248: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4163:Roman Catholic 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083:Great Basilica 4080: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4004: 4003: 4001:Royal charters 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3747:Bulgarian navy 3744: 3742:Bulgarian army 3737: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3698:Ivan Alexander 3695: 3690: 3688:Konstantin Tih 3685: 3680: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3546:Administration 3544: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3524: 3523: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3367: 3364: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3324:978-0472100255 3323: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3265: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3196: 3187: 3185:, p. 130. 3175: 3173:, p. 112. 3163: 3154: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3037:Byzantine army 3032: 3029: 3025:Ottoman Empire 3012: 3009: 2997:, the Ottoman 2934:emir of Smyrna 2929:Ivan Alexander 2923:Ivan Alexander 2916: 2913: 2889: 2886: 2844: 2841: 2813: 2810: 2776:), Sozopolis ( 2772:), Ankhialos ( 2749: 2746: 2707:Main article: 2704: 2701: 2650: 2647: 2630:Fourth Crusade 2625: 2622: 2553: 2550: 2472:Main article: 2469: 2466: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2395:Gavril Radomir 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2303:Ivan Vladislav 2298: 2297:Ivan Vladislav 2295: 2271:Pope Gregory V 2202: 2199: 2159: 2156: 2144: 2141: 2101: 2098: 1984:Pavle Branović 1846:Zoe Zaoutzaina 1838:conflict arose 1807: 1804: 1789: 1786: 1760: 1759:War of 855–856 1757: 1751: 1748: 1727: 1724: 1684: 1681: 1623: 1620: 1595: 1592: 1553: 1550: 1512: 1509: 1462: 1459: 1446:Constantinople 1411:Constantine VI 1406: 1403: 1345: 1342: 1330:Theodosius III 1253: 1250: 1234:Constantine IV 1217: 1214: 1179:Fourth Crusade 1168:Theodore Peter 1146:and capturing 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1064:2nd Adrianople 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1012: 999: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 941:Trajan's Gates 930: 929: 924: 911: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 885:War of 913–927 881: 880: 879: 877:Boulgarophygon 871:War of 894–896 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 840:1st Adrianople 837: 832: 827: 822: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 763: 760: 759: 748: 747: 740: 733: 725: 717: 716: 714: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 577: 572: 567: 562: 560:Constantine IV 557: 551: 549: 547: 546: 544:Ivan Alexander 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 509:Konstantin Tih 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 464:Ivan Vladislav 461: 459:Gavril Rodomir 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 375: 372: 371: 367: 366: 361: 351: 350: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 328: 326: 322: 321: 318: 310: 309: 287: 286: 278: 277: 260: 259: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4247: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4127:Saint Theodor 4125: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Boyana Church 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3790:Major battles 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3415:(3): 719–746. 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346:, chapter 53. 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3248: 3242:Fine, pp. 157 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3191: 3184: 3183:Gjuzelev 1988 3179: 3172: 3167: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3017:Bulgaria fell 3008: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2991:Ottoman Turks 2988: 2984: 2983:Thessalonians 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2833:Philippopolis 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2710: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:Dobromir Hriz 2599: 2598:Philippopolis 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2549: 2547: 2544:and again at 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Third Crusade 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2498: 2494:to request a 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2453:Georgi Voiteh 2450: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2119:Nikephoros II 2116: 2112: 2107: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2086:King Tomislav 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871:Bulgarophygon 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1826:Bulgarophygon 1822: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1756: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1362:Constantine V 1359: 1350: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1328:with Emperor 1327: 1323: 1322:Anastasius II 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252:Tervel's wars 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224:youngest son 1223: 1222:Khan Kubrat's 1216:Asparuh's war 1213: 1211: 1208: 1207:Ottoman Turks 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162:they won the 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 916: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 886: 882: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 868: 867: 866: 865: 863: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 815: 813: 806: 805:2nd Marcellae 803: 801: 798: 796: 795:2nd Anchialus 793: 791: 788: 786: 785:1st Marcellae 783: 781: 780:1st Anchialus 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 766: 761: 756: 746: 741: 739: 734: 732: 727: 726: 723: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 655: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 587: 581: 578: 576: 575:Constantine V 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 550: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 374: 373: 368: 365: 362: 360: 356: 353: 352: 347: 339: 336: 335: 331: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 293: 288: 283: 274: 271: 256: 253: 245: 242:February 2024 234: 231: 227: 224: 220: 217: 213: 210: 206: 203: – 202: 198: 197:Find sources: 191: 185: 184: 180: 175:This article 173: 169: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 140:February 2024 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 4118: 4088:Round Church 4078:Madara Rider 4069: 4068: 4067: 4051: 4007: 4006: 4005: 3951: 3938: 3907: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3758: 3752: 3719: 3703: 3683:Ivan Asen II 3665: 3664: 3663: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3545: 3526: 3525: 3507: 3485: 3412: 3408: 3351: 3343: 3314: 3300: 3276: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3199: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3157: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3014: 2998: 2987:Palaeologian 2966: 2957:Stefan Dušan 2946: 2942:Danube Delta 2926: 2909: 2898:Serbian king 2891: 2876: 2873: 2846: 2815: 2754:Golden Horde 2751: 2735: 2720: 2660:Ivan Asen II 2652: 2634:Latin Empire 2627: 2614:Simeonovgrad 2605: 2572:in 1195, of 2563: 2559:was ambushed 2555: 2514: 2495: 2477: 2442: 2411: 2407: 2388: 2353: 2315: 2300: 2280: 2263: 2218: 2210: 2192: 2176: 2172: 2115:autocephalus 2103: 2094: 2071: 2037: 2015:and seizing 1965: 1929: 1895: 1831: 1791: 1762: 1753: 1729: 1709: 1705:Thessalonica 1686: 1633: 1612: 1597: 1583: 1563: 1533: 1525:was defeated 1514: 1505:Nikephoros I 1496:of Serdica ( 1483: 1469:Menologium. 1457: 1450: 1431: 1408: 1370: 1355: 1307: 1305: 1286: 1274:Tiberios III 1265:Justinian II 1255: 1219: 1190:Latin Empire 1176: 1137: 1096: 1094: 1025: 1024: 1001: 1000: 932: 931: 913: 912: 883: 869: 864:'s campaigns 860: 859: 814:'s campaigns 810: 809: 764: 752: 653: 585: 580:Nikephoros I 565:Justinian II 554: 539:Ivan Stephen 494:Ivan Asen II 378: 349:Belligerents 340:Inconclusive 266: 248: 239: 229: 222: 215: 208: 196: 176: 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 3673:Ivan Asen I 3606:(1393–1396) 3600:(1393–1396) 3594:(1185–1393) 3552:Aristocracy 3497:South Slavs 2865:Sredna Gora 2586:Ivan Asen I 2534:Frederick I 2508:, raised a 2051:Ubayd Allah 2032:Ubayd Allah 2013:Golden Horn 2001:Dardanelles 1856:to counter 1800:Michael III 1546:Sennacherib 1297:Philippicus 1059:Klokotnitsa 996:Dyrrhachium 790:Rishki Pass 608:Michael III 570:Philippicus 484:Ivan Asen I 4219:Categories 4168:Bogomilism 4016:Saint Naum 3952:Literature 3588:(992–1018) 3566:Capitals: 3516:(681–1018) 3285:References 2877:status quo 2664:Baldwin II 2649:Latin Wars 2546:Adrianople 2372:Michael IV 2318:Dyrrachium 2222:Cometopuli 1953:Katasyrtai 1750:War of 852 1689:Theophilos 1668:Michael II 1608:Lüleburgaz 1541:Staurakios 1478:Byzantines 1423:Adrianople 1326:new treaty 1293:Asia Minor 1230:Bessarabia 1084:Rusokastro 951:Spercheios 927:Dorostolon 896:Katasyrtai 835:Versinikia 765:Early wars 603:Theophilos 504:Mitso Asen 212:newspapers 179:references 110:newspapers 39:improve it 4108:Baba Vida 4103:Tsarevets 3753:Conflicts 3598:Nicopolis 3582:(972–992) 3576:(893–972) 3570:(681–893) 3474:Military 3261:Fine 1983 3204:Fine 1983 3171:Fine 1983 3048:Footnotes 2964:in 1344. 2727:Ivan Asen 2674:, in the 2638:Baldwin I 2484:Ivan Asen 2445:Peter III 2433:Peter III 2287:Belasitsa 2194:magistros 2111:Romanus I 2005:Lampsacus 1910:Patriarch 1902:Alexander 1875:Pechenegs 1572:, taking 1471:Bulgarian 1434:Marcellae 1388:force at 1261:Byzantine 1184:in 1204, 1172:Ivan Asen 981:Strumitsa 850:Mesembria 800:Litosoria 618:Alexander 555:Emperors: 529:George II 474:Peter III 429:Presian I 394:Kormisosh 45:talk page 4133:Tengrism 4119:Religion 3649:Simeon I 3624:Asparukh 3477:Culture 3360:22360461 3031:See also 3015:In 1396 2978:appanage 2971:between 2938:Umur Beg 2756:and the 2738:defeated 2656:Basil II 2610:Strumica 2570:Belgrade 2480:Peter IV 2449:Kastoria 2356:Peter II 2336:Peter II 2283:Kleidion 2189:Silistra 2133:Basil II 2067:Bulgaria 2063:Fatimids 2059:Fatimids 2055:Calabria 1993:Thessaly 1854:Anatolia 1834:Simeon I 1774:Develtus 1720:Philippi 1644:Frankish 1636:Babaeski 1587:attacked 1517:Karnobat 1438:Karnobat 1390:Berzitia 1334:Bulgaria 1270:Leontios 1210:captured 1194:Nicaeans 1160:Basil II 1144:Boris II 1129:Simeon I 1105:Bulgaria 976:Kleidion 891:Achelous 862:Simeon I 855:Burdizon 830:Debeltos 479:Peter IV 469:Peter II 449:Boris II 439:Simeon I 325:Location 4113:Cherven 3704:Economy 3678:Kaloyan 3654:Peter I 3644:Boris I 3639:Omurtag 3592:Tarnovo 3574:Preslav 3492:Bulgars 3453:on the 3333:8494947 2794:Aldimir 2782:Ahtopol 2778:Sozopol 2774:Pomorie 2770:Nesebăr 2670:of the 2606:Chrysos 2590:Kaloyan 2532:led by 2517:Tărnovo 2497:pronoia 2492:Kypsela 2462:Antioch 2403:Ostrovo 2391:Alusian 2384:Albania 2368:Tihomir 2322:Durazzo 2168:Preslav 2126:prince 2106:Peter I 2088:in the 2043:Fatimid 2028:Fatimid 1988:admiral 1976:Marmais 1945:Pomorie 1941:Nesebǎr 1917:arrears 1795:Moravia 1766:emperor 1736:Boris I 1701:Plovdiv 1697:Malamir 1616:Omurtag 1604:Basil I 1579:Nesebar 1537:Vărbica 1436:, near 1398:Telerig 1396:. Khan 1309:Imennik 1226:Asparuh 1186:Kaloyan 1148:Preslav 1138:In 971 1133:Peter I 1125:Omurtag 1109:Bulgars 1079:Skafida 1039:Tryavna 1020:Ostrovo 820:Serdica 654:† 586:† 519:Smilets 489:Kaloyan 444:Peter I 434:Boris I 424:Malamir 419:Omurtag 409:Telerig 384:Asparuh 302:Omurtag 300:; Khan 226:scholar 124:scholar 3659:Samuel 3629:Tervel 3580:Skopje 3568:Pliska 3508:States 3486:Origin 3471:State 3451:Topics 3358: 3331: 3321: 2905:Serbia 2857:Smilec 2853:Vojsil 2731:Ivailo 2680:Nicaea 2594:Ivanko 2582:Serres 2578:Prosek 2574:Melnik 2536:, the 2510:revolt 2380:Epirus 2364:Skopje 2311:Pernik 2307:Bitola 2258:Edessa 2247:eunuch 2238:Samuel 2236:, and 2124:Kievan 2045:ruler 2030:ruler 1879:Magyar 1828:in 896 1778:Zagora 1770:Bardas 1744:Croats 1740:Franks 1716:Aegean 1712:Danube 1652:Seltsi 1574:Develt 1529:Pliska 1490:Struma 1474:pagans 1427:Thrace 1419:Kardam 1415:Struma 1394:Pliska 1381:Telets 1373:Vinekh 1366:Danube 1314:Tervel 1301:Thrace 1282:Zagore 1278:Caesar 1257:Tervel 1246:Moesia 1238:Ongala 1156:Prespa 1152:Samuel 1074:Devina 1049:Serres 1034:Lovech 991:Setina 986:Bitola 956:Skopje 825:Pliska 650: 582: 514:Ivaylo 454:Samuel 404:Telets 389:Tervel 337:Result 228: 221: 214: 207: 199: 126: 119: 112: 105: 97: 3604:Vidin 3586:Ohrid 2995:Orhan 2798:Alans 2758:Turks 2618:Varna 2566:Sofia 2526:Loveč 2521:Cuman 2330:Maria 2276:Ohrid 2242:Roman 2230:Moses 2226:David 2017:Bizye 2009:Pigae 1693:Isbul 1660:Slavs 1498:Sofia 1484:Khan 1358:Sevar 1198:Boril 1054:Varna 966:Kreta 901:Pegae 775:Ongal 399:Vineh 233:JSTOR 219:books 131:JSTOR 117:books 3634:Krum 3457:and 3356:OCLC 3329:OCLC 3319:ISBN 2861:Krăn 2576:and 2382:and 2362:and 2285:(or 2234:Aron 2151:and 2135:and 2040:Shia 1982:and 1974:and 1921:tzar 1858:Arab 1814:and 1486:Krum 1272:and 1170:and 1121:Krum 1103:and 1095:The 812:Krum 414:Krum 317:Date 205:news 103:news 3000:bey 2542:Niš 2490:at 2360:Niš 1548:". 1425:in 1244:in 181:to 86:by 4221:: 3413:83 3411:. 3407:. 3327:. 3268:^ 2936:, 2907:. 2884:. 2548:. 2464:. 2405:. 2386:. 2278:. 2232:, 2228:, 2069:. 2019:. 1742:, 1734:, 1654:, 1618:. 1312:, 192:. 48:. 3443:e 3436:t 3429:v 3373:. 3362:. 3335:. 2604:( 2320:( 2215:. 1892:. 1480:) 744:e 737:t 730:v 308:. 273:) 267:( 255:) 249:( 244:) 240:( 230:· 223:· 216:· 209:· 186:. 153:) 147:( 142:) 138:( 128:· 121:· 114:· 107:· 80:. 55:) 51:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Byzantine–Bulgarian wars

Index