163:
37:
1376:, also a Byzantine dependency. Thus the extent of effective Byzantine control in the Caucasus reached its zenith historically. Also, unlike previous truces and peace treaties, which had usually involved the Byzantines making monetary payments either for peace, for the return of occupied territories, or as a contribution towards the defence of the Caucasus passes, no such payments were included on this occasion, marking a major shift in the balance of power. Emperor Maurice was even in a position to overcome his predecessor's omissions in the
1198:(r. 590–628). Bahram pressed on with his revolt regardless and the defeated Khosrow was soon forced to flee for safety to Byzantine territory, while Bahram took the throne as Bahram VI, marking the first interruption of the Sassanid dynasty's rule since their empire's foundation. With support from Maurice, Khosrow set out to regain the throne, winning the support of the main Persian army at Nisibis and returning Martyropolis to his Byzantine allies. Early in 591, an army sent by Bahram was defeated by Khosrow's supporters near Nisibis, and
1236:
1104:
134:
1030:
forces under al-Mundhir III failed to make progress, while the
Persians under Adarmahan mounted a devastating campaign in Mesopotamia. Maurice and al-Mundhir blamed each other for these difficulties, and their mutual recriminations led to al-Mundhir's arrest in the following year on suspicion of treachery, triggering war between Byzantines and Ghassanids and marking the beginning of the end of the Ghassanid kingdom.
838:; the Persians soon retook the city but shortly afterwards it was captured again by combined Armenian and Byzantine forces and direct hostilities between Byzantines and Persians began. Despite frequent revolts in the 5th century, during the earlier wars of the 6th century the Armenians had largely remained loyal to their Sassanid overlords, unlike their neighbours and fellow Christians in Iberia and
774:. It was part of an intense sequence of wars between these two empires which occupied the majority of the 6th and early 7th centuries. It was also the last of the many wars between them to follow a pattern in which fighting was largely confined to frontier provinces and neither side achieved any lasting occupation of enemy territory beyond this border zone. It preceded
846:). By joining the Iberians, Lazi, and Byzantines in a coalition of the region's Christian peoples, the Armenians dramatically shifted the balance of power in the Caucasus, helping Byzantine forces to carry the war deeper into Persian territory than had previously been possible on this front: throughout the war, Byzantine forces were able to invade as far as
1029:
was put in charge of the situation in
Armenia, where he succeeded in convincing most of the rebel leaders to return to Sassanid allegiance, although Iberia remained loyal to the Byzantines. The following year, an ambitious campaign along the Euphrates by Byzantine forces under Maurice and Ghassanid
980:
of the East; pillaging the undefended city of
Melitene as they fled, his army suffered further heavy losses as they crossed the Euphrates under Byzantine attack. Khosrow was reportedly so shaken by this fiasco and his own narrow escape that he established a law forbidding any of his successors from
1194:, Bahram was contemptuously dismissed by Hormizd IV. The general, enraged at this humiliation, raised a revolt which soon gained the support of much of the Sassanid army. Alarmed by his advance, in 590 members of the Persian court overthrew and killed Hormizd, raising his son to the throne as
790:
of 562, tensions mounted at all points of intersection between the two empires' spheres of influence, as had happened before when war broke out in the 520s. In 568–569, the
Byzantines were engaged in ultimately abortive negotiations (cf. the embassy of
1073:
in 584 led to the fragmentation of the
Ghassanid kingdom, which reverted to a loose tribal coalition and never regained its former power. In 588, a mutiny by unpaid Byzantine troops against their new commander,
661:
1025:(r. 579–590) broke off the negotiations. In 580, the Ghassanids scored yet another victory over the Lakhmids, while Byzantine raids again penetrated east of the Tigris. However, around this time the future
1384:. However, this situation was soon dramatically overturned, as the alliance between Maurice and Khosrow helped trigger a new war only eleven years later, with catastrophic results for both empires.
1187:
934:
In 575, the
Byzantines managed to settle their differences with the Ghassanids; this renewal of their alliance at once bore dramatic fruit as the Ghassanids sacked the Lakhmid capital at
1078:, seemed to offer the Sassanids a chance for a breakthrough, but the mutineers themselves repulsed the ensuing Persian offensive; after a subsequent defeat at Tsalkajur, the Byzantines
654:
1062:. During the mid-580s, the war continued inconclusively through raids and counter-raids, punctuated by abortive peace talks; the one significant clash was a Byzantine victory at the
1296:
Having played a vital role in restoring
Khosrow II to the throne, the Byzantines were left in a dominant position in their relations with Persia. Khosrow not only returned Dara and
647:
981:
leading an army in person, unless to face another monarch also campaigning in person. The
Byzantines exploited Persian disarray by raiding deep into Caucasian Albania and
348:
1257:
1125:
710:
382:
1300:
in exchange for
Maurice's assistance, but also agreed to a new partition of the Caucasus by which the Sassanids handed over to the Byzantines many cities, including
700:
715:
908:
The fall of Dara, the main
Byzantine stronghold in Mesopotamia, reportedly drove Justin II to insanity, and control of the Byzantine Empire passed to his wife
685:
894:
and a number of other cities. They were only pushed away from Syria proper by a bumbling Byzantine defence near Antioch. To make matters worse, in 572 the
705:
1174:
fell to the Persians through the treachery of an officer named Sittas and Byzantine attempts to retake it failed, although the Byzantines won a battle at
993:, wintering in Persian territory and continuing their attacks into the summer of 577. Khosrow now sued for peace, but a victory in Armenia by his general
905:; as a result of the unsuccessful attempt on his life, al-Mundhir severed his alliance with the Byzantines, leaving their desert frontier exposed.
870:
and were apparently on the point of capturing this, the chief bulwark of the Persian frontier defences, when the abrupt dismissal of their general
341:
1210:
led a combined army of Byzantine and Persian troops from Mesopotamia into Azerbaijan to confront Bahram, while a second Byzantine army under the
1005:
In 578, the truce in Mesopotamia came to an end and the main focus of the war shifted to that front. After Persian raids in Mesopotamia, the new
758:
under Persian hegemony, although other events also contributed to its outbreak. The fighting was largely confined to the southern Caucasus and
1170:
In 589, the course of the war was abruptly transformed. In spring, the Byzantine pay dispute was settled, bringing an end to the mutiny, but
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334:
269:
971:
775:
628:
191:
946:
set out on what was to be his last campaign and one of his most ambitious, staging a long-range strike through the Caucasus into
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Early in 572, the Armenians under Vardan II Mamikonian defeated the Persian governor of Armenia and captured his headquarters at
387:
1207:
458:
221:
1789:
1784:
1733:
1703:
1679:
598:
424:
1086:. During this year, a group of prisoners taken at the fall of Dara 15 years earlier reportedly escaped from their prison in
453:
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510:
1829:
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1283:
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1151:
603:
187:
115:
1265:
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1774:
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In Mesopotamia, however, the war began disastrously for the Byzantines. After a victory at Sargathon in 573, they
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409:
216:
41:
Map of the Byzantine–Sasanian frontier, including the long-standing borders of 387 and the Byzantine gains of 591
922:
for a one-year truce, and later in the year extended this to five years, secured by an annual payment of 30,000
1261:
1129:
1070:
938:. In the same year, Byzantine forces took advantage of the favourable situation in the Caucasus to campaign in
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1381:
1087:
871:
419:
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1079:
902:
725:
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was subsequently taken for Khosrow by Mahbodh. Having restored Dara to Byzantine control, Khosrow and the
1178:
later. Meanwhile, in the Caucasus, Byzantine and Iberian offensives were repulsed by the Persian general
591:
500:
28:
1839:
1834:
1075:
1182:, who had recently been transferred from the Central Asian front where he had brought a war with the
1021:. Khosrow again sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor
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567:
515:
434:
429:
201:
926:. However, these truces applied only to the Mesopotamian front; in the Caucasus, the war continued.
1824:
1246:
1114:
1059:
1050:(r. 574–582). The advantage gained at Constantina was lost later in the year when his successor as
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300:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1250:
1118:
1047:
787:
577:
535:
520:
446:
439:
371:
1317:
1222:
they decisively defeated Bahram, restoring Khosrow II to power and bringing the war to an end.
863:
690:
545:
525:
495:
485:
463:
358:
823:, clients of the Byzantines; and in 570, the Byzantines made a secret agreement to support an
819:, launched raids on Byzantine territory, although on both occasions they were defeated by the
1039:
562:
490:
397:
1297:
1171:
1083:
874:
led to a disorderly retreat. Taking advantage of Byzantine confusion, Sassanid forces under
1746:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
913:
540:
36:
8:
1215:
883:
835:
730:
695:
557:
241:
1063:
879:
720:
1728:. Vol. III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
827:
rebellion against the Sassanids, which began in 571, accompanied by another revolt in
1750:
1729:
1699:
1675:
1651:
1641:
1341:
1046:
in which the latter was killed, Maurice was acclaimed emperor following the death of
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939:
895:
847:
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808:
584:
572:
478:
473:
377:
206:
111:
1650:. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
1309:
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to a successful conclusion. However, after he was defeated by the Byzantines under
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before withdrawing. On the way home, he was intercepted and severely defeated near
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260:
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103:
639:
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1723:
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over his recent nemesis Justinian stiffened his resolve and the war continued.
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608:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1768:
1722:
Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992).
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1179:
1055:
891:
468:
315:
211:
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of Armenia John Mystacon staged a pincer movement from the north. At the
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305:
146:
70:
62:
1313:
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1026:
1022:
994:
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851:
820:
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226:
155:
142:
99:
86:
1013:, mounted raids on both sides of the Tigris, captured the fortress of
16:
War between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire
1647:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
1305:
1199:
943:
898:
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326:
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183:
81:
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1103:
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951:
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310:
236:
171:
66:
1377:
1369:
1353:
1345:
1325:
1018:
1014:
967:
959:
955:
901:(r. 565-578) had ordered the assassination of the Ghassanid king
843:
231:
1373:
1219:
839:
246:
963:
767:
754:. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the
1333:
990:
812:
771:
150:
1329:
1069:
The arrest by the Byzantines of al-Mundhir's successor
1671:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1
950:, where Persian armies had not been since the time of
799:
for an alliance against Persia; in 570, the Sassanids
1674:. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks.
942:
and secure hostages from the native tribes. In 576,
878:(r. 531–579) swiftly counter-attacked and encircled
776:
a much more wide-ranging and dramatic final conflict
1749:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
669:
1090:and fought their way back to Byzantine territory.
811:as a client state; in 570 and 571, the Sassanids'
1368:became Byzantine dependencies. Also, the city of
886:. At the same time, a smaller Persian army under
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1000:
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342:
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1639:
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1531:
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1495:
1480:
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1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
929:
1725:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
1698:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
1264:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1132:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
662:
648:
349:
335:
1284:Learn how and when to remove this message
1152:Learn how and when to remove this message
762:, although it also extended into eastern
1058:, was defeated on the river Nymphios by
22:Byzantine–Persian War over Armenia
1491:
1489:
916:. The new regents agreed to pay 45,000
1767:
1664:
1507:
1093:
962:were thwarted, but he managed to sack
356:
954:(r. 240–270). His attempts to attack
643:
330:
1695:The History of Theophylact Simocatta
1486:
1262:adding citations to reliable sources
1229:
1130:adding citations to reliable sources
1097:
1845:Military history of ancient Armenia
13:
1714:
781:
89:is restored to the Sasanian throne
14:
1856:
744:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
1234:
1102:
161:
132:
35:
1613:
1601:
1585:
1573:
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1537:
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1513:
1501:
857:
1474:
1462:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1:
1692:; Whitby, Mary, eds. (1986).
1632:
1166:Sasanian civil war of 589–591
985:, launching raids across the
882:, capturing the city after a
786:Less than a decade after the
746:was a war fought between the
459:Campaign of Severus Alexander
116:Sasanian civil war of 589–591
1790:580s in the Byzantine Empire
1785:570s in the Byzantine Empire
1387:
1225:
1033:
803:, expelling the Byzantines'
257:Al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir
7:
1038:In 582, after a victory at
854:) and even wintered there.
553:Julian's Persian expedition
531:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
10:
1861:
1344:, including the cities of
1340:. The western part of the
1163:
1001:War returns to Mesopotamia
778:in the early 7th century.
420:Trajan's Parthian campaign
388:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
133:
930:Khosrow I's last campaign
807:allies and restoring the
748:Sasanian Empire of Persia
681:
435:Parthian war of Caracalla
383:Caesar's planned invasion
368:
177:
125:
45:
34:
26:
21:
1830:Armenia in the Roman era
1743:Whitby, Michael (1988).
1624:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1620:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1608:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1596:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1592:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1580:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1568:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1556:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1544:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1532:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1520:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1496:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1481:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1469:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1450:, pp. 146–149, 150.
1448:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1436:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1424:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1412:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1400:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
197:Al-Mundhir ibn al-Harith
1048:Tiberius II Constantine
890:ravaged Syria, sacking
788:Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
592:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
425:Lucius Verus' campaigns
168:Sasanian Persian Empire
154:Sasanian supporters of
29:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
410:Mark Antony's campaign
178:Commanders and leaders
672:Byzantine–Persian War
415:Armenian War of 58–63
1640:Greatrex, Geoffrey;
1594:, pp. 167–169;
1258:improve this section
1126:improve this section
914:Tiberius Constantine
110:and western half of
1780:6th century in Iran
1775:Roman–Sasanian Wars
1582:, pp. 166–167.
1570:, pp. 163–166.
1558:, pp. 162–163.
1546:, pp. 160–162.
1534:, pp. 158–160.
1522:, pp. 153–158.
1510:, pp. 378–383.
1483:, pp. 151–153.
1438:, pp. 142–145.
1414:, pp. 138–142.
1402:, pp. 135–138.
1216:Battle of Blarathon
1094:Civil War in Persia
1080:won another victory
1042:over Adarmahan and
447:Roman–Sasanian wars
372:Roman–Parthian Wars
242:Musel II Mamikonian
1642:Lieu, Samuel N. C.
1459:persianempire.info
1064:Battle of Solachon
360:Roman–Persian Wars
1840:Maurice (emperor)
1835:Wars of Khosrow I
1735:978-0-521-20160-5
1705:978-0-19-822799-1
1681:978-0-88402-214-5
1626:, pp. 72–78.
1598:, pp. 44–49.
1342:Kingdom of Iberia
1294:
1293:
1286:
1162:
1161:
1154:
989:against northern
940:Caucasian Albania
896:Byzantine emperor
829:Kingdom of Iberia
809:Himyarite Kingdom
739:
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637:
636:
325:
324:
121:
120:
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1709:
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1238:
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1212:magister militum
1204:magister militum
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1146:
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1137:
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1098:
1052:magister militum
1007:magister militum
977:magister militum
884:four-month siege
752:Byzantine Empire
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363:
361:
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139:Byzantine Empire
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104:Byzantine Empire
47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
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1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1825:Byzantine Syria
1765:
1764:
1763:
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1742:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1715:Further reading
1712:
1706:
1690:Whitby, Michael
1682:
1658:
1644:, eds. (2002).
1635:
1630:
1622:, p. 170;
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782:Outbreak of war
770:, and northern
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108:Persian Armenia
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73:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:590s conflicts
1802:
1800:580s conflicts
1797:
1795:570s conflicts
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1612:
1610:, p. 166.
1600:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1498:, p. 153.
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 136.
1461:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1426:, p. 149.
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956:Theodosiopolis
931:
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903:al-Mundhir III
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631:
629:War of 602–628
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624:War of 572–591
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616:
611:
609:Anastasian War
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601:
599:War of 421–422
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511:Caesarea (260)
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393:Cilician Gates
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1778:
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1758:
1756:0-19-822945-3
1752:
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1707:
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1691:
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1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:Shahîd, Irfan
1663:
1659:
1657:0-415-14687-9
1653:
1649:
1648:
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1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1380:by extensive
1379:
1375:
1372:was given to
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
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1343:
1339:
1335:
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1303:
1299:
1288:
1285:
1277:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:This section
1241:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:on the river
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:Bahram Chobin
1177:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:This section
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:John Mystacon
1054:of the East,
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:of the East,
1008:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
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941:
937:
927:
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921:
920:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:clients, the
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:invaded Yemen
798:
794:
789:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
732:
729:
727:
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719:
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714:
712:
709:
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554:
551:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
521:Carrhae (296)
519:
517:
516:3rd Ctesiphon
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Nisibis (252)
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
464:Nisibis (235)
462:
460:
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:
450:
449:
448:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:2nd Ctesiphon
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
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376:
375:
374:
373:
367:
362:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
332:
329:
321:
317:
316:Bahram Chobin
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:
289:
284:
279:
277:
271:
266:
264:
258:
253:
250:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
212:John Mystacon
208:
203:
198:
193:
189:
185:
182:
181:
176:
173:
169:
159:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
130:
129:
124:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
93:
92:
88:
83:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1745:
1724:
1694:
1670:
1646:
1615:
1603:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1476:
1464:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1298:Martyropolis
1295:
1280:
1271:
1256:Please help
1244:
1211:
1206:of the East
1203:
1172:Martyropolis
1169:
1148:
1139:
1124:Please help
1112:
1084:Martyropolis
1068:
1051:
1037:
1006:
1004:
975:
933:
923:
917:
907:
861:
858:Fall of Dara
833:
785:
743:
741:
726:Martyropolis
671:
623:
590:
589:
563:Maiozamalcha
501:Dura-Europos
445:
444:
370:
293:
275:
262:
126:Belligerents
1508:Shahîd 1995
1322:Vardkesavan
1314:Valarsakert
1302:Tigranokert
1017:and sacked
987:Caspian Sea
795:) with the
760:Mesopotamia
716:Constantina
614:Iberian War
546:2nd Singara
536:1st Singara
491:Barbalissos
454:Mesopotamia
403:Mt Gindarus
398:Amanus Pass
306:Izadgushasp
217:Philippicus
147:Mamikonians
94:Territorial
63:Mesopotamia
1769:Categories
1633:References
1274:March 2023
1196:Khosrow II
1176:Sisauranon
1164:See also:
1142:March 2023
1060:Kardarigan
1044:Tamkhosrau
1040:Constantia
1027:Khosrow II
1023:Hormizd IV
995:Tamkhosrow
983:Azerbaijan
864:laid siege
852:Azerbaijan
821:Ghassanids
674:of 572–591
604:War of 440
558:Pirisabora
301:Kardarigan
288:Tamkhosrau
227:Khosrow II
156:Khosrow II
143:Ghassanids
114:after the
102:gives the
100:Khosrow II
87:Khosrow II
1388:Citations
1382:campaigns
1306:Manzikert
1245:does not
1226:Aftermath
1200:Ctesiphon
1113:does not
1088:Khuzestan
1071:al-Nu'man
1034:Stalemate
972:Justinian
964:Sebasteia
944:Khosrow I
924:nomismata
919:nomismata
899:Justin II
888:Adarmahan
876:Khosrow I
793:Zemarchus
731:Blarathon
706:Sebasteia
686:Sargathon
619:Lazic War
585:Bagrevand
568:Ctesiphon
283:Adarmahan
270:Khorianes
252:Khosrow I
192:Justinian
184:Justin II
82:Byzantine
1668:(1995).
1362:Mtskheta
1184:Göktürks
1066:in 586.
968:Melitene
960:Caesarea
952:Shapur I
948:Anatolia
850:(modern
825:Armenian
817:Lakhmids
805:Aksumite
797:Gokturks
764:Anatolia
756:Caucasus
750:and the
721:Solachon
711:Melitene
311:Fariburz
237:Vinduyih
172:Lakhmids
106:most of
67:Caucasus
58:Location
27:Part of
1378:Balkans
1354:Dmanisi
1346:Ardahan
1338:Zarisat
1326:Yerevan
1318:Bagaran
1310:Baguana
1266:removed
1251:sources
1188:Romanus
1134:removed
1119:sources
1076:Priscus
1019:Singara
1015:Aphumon
1011:Maurice
872:Marcian
868:Nisibis
848:Albania
844:Colchis
691:Nisibis
578:Samarra
573:Maranga
496:Antioch
479:Misiche
474:Resaena
440:Nisibis
378:Carrhae
294:†
276:†
263:†
232:Vistahm
207:Maurice
188:Marcian
96:changes
84:victory
53:572–591
1753:
1732:
1702:
1678:
1654:
1374:Lazica
1370:Cytaea
1366:Tontio
1364:, and
1358:Lomsia
1336:, and
1220:Ganzak
1208:Narses
1192:Araxes
974:, the
910:Sophia
892:Apamea
840:Lazica
701:Apamea
526:Satala
506:Edessa
290:
272:
259:
247:Apsich
222:Narses
112:Iberia
78:Result
1218:near
768:Syria
541:Amida
469:Hatra
202:Cours
71:Syria
1820:590s
1815:580s
1810:570s
1751:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1350:Lori
1334:Kars
1249:any
1247:cite
1117:any
1115:cite
991:Iran
958:and
936:Hira
912:and
880:Dara
836:Dvin
813:Arab
772:Iran
742:The
696:Dara
151:Huns
50:Date
1330:Ani
1260:by
1128:by
1082:at
970:by
866:to
1771::
1488:^
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1332:,
1328:,
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1312:,
1308:,
1304:,
831:.
766:,
69:,
65:,
1759:.
1738:.
1708:.
1684:.
1660:.
1287:)
1281:(
1276:)
1272:(
1268:.
1254:.
1155:)
1149:(
1144:)
1140:(
1136:.
1122:.
842:(
663:e
656:t
649:v
350:e
343:t
336:v
313:,
308:,
303:,
298:,
285:,
280:,
267:,
254:,
244:,
239:,
234:,
229:,
224:,
219:,
214:,
209:,
204:,
199:,
194:,
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