754:
116:
72:
482:
349:
92:
3448:
827:, or great estates, added to the troubles by forcing many of the smaller estates out of the market, which bled more labor from the labor force in order to sustain their estates. In the East, although there was a labor shortage, the population problem was not nearly as acute, rendering it stronger and more able to withstand a serious crisis. The West, in its reaction to the economic hardships that resulted in very high prices, had gone to a
374:
1218:. But Jones admits that "he was a conscientious administrator, careful of the interests of the humble. Like his brother, he was an earnest Christian." He diminished the oppressive burden of the taxes which had been instituted by Constantine and his sons, and was humbly deferential to his brother in the latter's edicts of reform, as the institution of
968:
to become sole ruler of both West and East by 324. The age of
Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire. He built a new imperial residence at Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople after himself. This marks the beginning of Byzantine history.
927:
Focus from the West to the East had been shifting over the course of the 2nd century because of economic strength of the usage of gold coinage and a stronger populace. The defensive situation under
Diocletian, however, had changed considerably in the East. The Persian
1152:, the social reformer, and the man of letters". He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire, and he believed that it was necessary to restore the empire's ancient Roman values and traditions in order to save it from dissolution. He purged the
1070:
upon their father's death. In 340, Constantius' brothers clashed over the western provinces of the empire. The resulting conflict left
Constantine II dead and Constans as ruler of the west until he was overthrown and assassinated in 350 by the
1105:, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature. Shortly thereafter, in 355, Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin, Gallus' younger half-brother, Julian, to the rank of
882:
To alleviate the concerns of territorial administration, Diocletian divided the whole of the empire into one hundred distinct provinces. Administrative control was brought under the auspices of the emperor, and the whole of
1186:
was hastily declared emperor by his soldiers. He sought peace with the
Persians on humiliating terms and reestablished Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire. His reign lasted only eight months.
821:. Drastic decreases in population throughout the western parts of the empire, along with a general degradation of society within the cities, exacerbated the crisis leading to a shortage of labor. The
1141:
Julian was mortally wounded, leaving his army trapped in
Persian territory. Following his death, the Roman forces were obliged to cede territory in order to escape, including the fortress city of
1290:, Glasgow (1881): The labarum of the emperors frequently bore upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family."
891:, twelve in total. Constantine organized the provinces even further by creating prefectures, each one consisting of several dioceses, and each diocese consisting of several provinces. The
847:
both played an important role in reforming the organization of the whole empire. The empire in its entirety had become difficult to control, and
Diocletian resolved this by creating a
3480:
782:
115:
2327:
1113:
in 360, leading to war between the two. Ultimately, no battle was fought as
Constantius became ill and died late in 361, though not before naming Julian as his successor.
1214:, and possessed no military ability: he betrayed his consciousness of inferiority by his nervous suspicion of plots and savage punishment of alleged traitors," writes
1160:
at the expense of
Christianity. Julian also forbade the Christians from teaching classical texts and learning. His rejection of Christianity and his promotion of
3475:
1479:
831:
system to survive. In contrast, the East had chosen to depend upon gold coinage for the most part, creating a very reliable means by which to sustain itself.
2560:
775:
988:, a gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganised to consist of
1089:
His subsequent military campaigns against
Germanic tribes were successful: he defeated the Alemanni in 354 and campaigned across the Danube against the
1540:
932:
had grown more menacing in their quest for previous territory, and the barbarians were becoming a more serious problem along the lower part of the
768:
919:. This enabled the empire to harness the control of each prefecture by providing a distinct difference between military and civil administration.
3436:
1790:
1691:
680:
584:
481:
3124:
1701:
1634:
594:
543:
367:
3485:
1649:
1644:
558:
553:
2725:
1711:
1686:
1097:
against the
Sassanids continued with mixed results. In 351, having difficulty managing the empire alone, Constantius elevated his cousin
604:
579:
3076:
3059:
1716:
1696:
609:
589:
2775:
2621:
2593:
2237:
2229:
1706:
1639:
599:
548:
2971:
2332:
464:
2820:
456:), which is the origin of the historiographical name for the Eastern Empire, which self-identified simply as the "Roman Empire".
3300:
2825:
1020:
3224:
1984:
1977:
1533:
1315:
726:
2976:
2835:
2123:
875:
would be selected. The only significant change made by Constantine to this system was the replacement of the selection of
1967:
1133:, but later the Persians flooded the area behind him and Julian took a risky decision to withdraw up the valley of the
399:
minted c. 337. The three dots represent "medallions" which are said to have shown portraits of Constantine and his sons.
3305:
2718:
1458:
1418:
91:
3406:
1972:
1267:
972:
As emperor, Constantine enacted administrative, financial, social, and military reforms to strengthen the empire. He
892:
817:
In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire suffered troubling economic difficulties that spread over a wide portion of its
887:
was relegated to the status of a regular province, now also compelled to pay taxes. Each province was assigned to a
2469:
1526:
884:
3441:
3263:
1795:
1563:
1094:
692:
473:
3495:
3490:
3411:
3401:
3273:
3194:
3012:
2880:
2452:
2396:
2317:
2184:
3268:
3258:
3173:
2928:
2713:
446:
71:
2148:
3342:
3310:
3214:
2923:
2895:
2703:
2242:
1032:
801:
1086:. Magnentius committed suicide after the latter battle, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire.
3066:
2708:
2555:
2312:
2063:
812:
960:) after his father's death in 306, and he emerged victorious in a series of civil wars against Emperors
3386:
3332:
3071:
2943:
2933:
2633:
2513:
2391:
2322:
2210:
2179:
2022:
1962:
174:
3246:
2770:
2626:
2411:
2302:
2189:
706:
2545:
2297:
1784:
1663:
1493:
1157:
1063:
1016:—even resettling territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century.
673:
563:
298:
3451:
2875:
2601:
2421:
2307:
1138:
1083:
1024:
758:
505:
1394:
Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia
3376:
2966:
2808:
2252:
2058:
2032:
2027:
1800:
1776:
1772:
1739:
697:
685:
663:
639:
437:
34:
3094:
2948:
2138:
2048:
2012:
1897:
1627:
1622:
1307:
1301:
1079:
973:
853:
844:
537:
533:
425:
294:
83:
3337:
3320:
3141:
2900:
2865:
2748:
2685:
2680:
2215:
2158:
1204:
1200:
1164:
1110:
121:
8:
2247:
2163:
2153:
2017:
1780:
1768:
1655:
1245:
1149:
1078:. Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius defeated him at the battles of
1000:. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—the
904:
859:
668:
659:
644:
3325:
3315:
3189:
2860:
2743:
2660:
2523:
1875:
1855:
1835:
1825:
1591:
1098:
977:
102:
1153:
3447:
3381:
3286:
3219:
3199:
3167:
3099:
3086:
3007:
3002:
2753:
2518:
2368:
1887:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1454:
1414:
1311:
1148:
Julian was a man of unusually complex character: he was "the military commander, the
916:
908:
731:
3251:
3044:
2992:
2938:
2905:
2855:
2648:
2638:
2416:
2104:
1996:
1919:
1902:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1764:
1549:
1250:
1183:
1122:
997:
981:
900:
654:
413:
229:
217:
1199:
after the latter's accession to the throne. Valens was defeated and killed in the
3396:
3229:
3209:
3204:
3159:
3149:
3109:
3104:
3054:
3049:
2830:
2436:
2353:
2348:
2088:
2078:
1914:
1908:
1892:
1870:
1860:
1845:
1448:
1408:
1126:
929:
912:
354:
936:. Judging the threats to be of dire importance, Diocletian took up residence in
3234:
3114:
2847:
2606:
2500:
2486:
2285:
1989:
1744:
1240:
1215:
1055:
985:
818:
741:
736:
625:
417:
205:
147:
133:
49:
3469:
3154:
3031:
2997:
2735:
2670:
2643:
2528:
2143:
2083:
1498:
The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey
1474:
1235:
1196:
721:
241:
193:
2915:
2890:
2870:
2675:
2653:
2508:
1756:
1751:
1585:
1161:
1028:
989:
857:
to rule in each of the western and eastern halves of the empire, while two
634:
629:
499:
421:
311:
159:
1518:
1392:
Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter, eds. (2016).
1182:
Upon the death of Julian during his campaign against the Sassanid Empire,
3416:
3391:
2885:
2695:
2462:
2068:
2053:
1044:
823:
2690:
2550:
2540:
2373:
2363:
2073:
1075:
1013:
840:
3239:
3119:
2611:
2479:
2426:
2358:
1130:
1040:
993:
961:
937:
848:
524:
433:
1129:. The campaign was initially successful, securing a victory outside
1027:
in 325 that produced the statement of Christian belief known as the
410:
Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties
2765:
2665:
2616:
2474:
2406:
2194:
1170:
1142:
1067:
1005:
965:
953:
941:
429:
290:
922:
795:
3131:
3017:
2958:
2457:
2431:
2109:
1223:
1072:
265:
154:
97:
78:
416:
history that saw a shift in government from Rome in the West to
2760:
2535:
2401:
1255:
1195:
Valens was given the eastern half of the empire by his brother
1134:
1059:
1001:
933:
828:
396:
253:
1090:
1036:
1009:
143:
26:
3039:
957:
451:
1437:, Vol. 8, No. 4 (December, 1939), pp. 303–315. See p. 305.
485:
Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
3481:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
1480:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1391:
863:
would be their seconds. In case of the loss of either
1450:
Rome in the Ancient World - From Romulus to Justinian
1410:
Rome in the Ancient World - From Romulus to Justinian
1500:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986), p. 139.
1433:
Glanville Downey, "Julian the Apostate at Antioch",
1203:, which marked the beginning of the collapse of the
952:
Constantine was acclaimed as emperor by the army at
120:
The territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, with the
984:authorities. To combat inflation he introduced the
428:and his successors. Constantinople, formally named
1210:"Valens was utterly undistinguished, still only a
940:, where he established his capital there, leaving
1035:was built on his orders at the purported site of
3467:
923:Military threats and the division of the empire
796:Prelude to the creation of the Byzantine Empire
3476:States and territories established in the 320s
1909:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1125:embarked on an ambitious campaign against the
1062:. He ascended to the throne with his brothers
1534:
776:
368:Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty
1167:in its place caused him to be remembered as
1548:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1299:
1019:Constantine was the first Roman emperor to
996:capable of countering internal threats and
395: Reconstructed from the depiction on a
41:
1541:
1527:
1050:
783:
769:
114:
947:
944:, his co-emperor, in charge of the West.
834:
1093:and Sarmatians in 357. In contrast, the
1058:was the second son of Constantine I and
2797:
3468:
1467:
1446:
1406:
1222:(a sort of substitute for the ancient
1109:. However, Julian claimed the rank of
3365:
2796:
2581:
2273:
1940:
1561:
1522:
1306:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
1158:traditional Roman religious practices
2582:
1453:. Thames & Hudson. p. 288.
1413:. Thames & Hudson. p. 289.
392:
3486:4th century in the Byzantine Empire
2284:
1226:, guardians of the lower classes).
13:
1509:
1473:
1190:
1177:
1116:
897:Praefectura praetorio per Orientem
871:would take their place, and a new
806:
480:
14:
3507:
3407:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1268:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
893:Praetorian prefecture of the East
3446:
1043:and became the holiest place in
899:) was made up of five dioceses-
879:with a succession by bloodline.
752:
372:
347:
90:
70:
1796:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1618:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1503:
1487:
1440:
1427:
693:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
530:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
474:History of the Byzantine Empire
412:was the earliest period of the
2881:Great Palace of Constantinople
2622:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1941:
1400:
1385:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1303:History of the Byzantine State
1293:
1280:
1:
1273:
432:, was founded in the city of
3343:University of Constantinople
2924:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2274:
2074:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1763:Byzantine successor states (
1300:Ostrogorsky, George (1997).
1033:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
802:Division of the Roman Empire
452:
7:
3013:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2069:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2064:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1562:
1261:
1229:
1154:top-heavy state bureaucracy
1101:to the subordinate rank of
974:restructured the government
813:Crisis of the Third Century
759:Byzantine Empire portal
651:Byzantine successor states
10:
3512:
3402:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3366:
2023:Comes sacrarum largitionum
810:
799:
441:
27:
3429:
3372:
3361:
3282:
3182:
3140:
3085:
3030:
2985:
2972:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2957:
2914:
2846:
2816:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2734:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2499:
2445:
2384:
2341:
2293:
2280:
2269:
2228:
2203:
2172:
2131:
2122:
2097:
2041:
2005:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1809:
1725:
1672:
1603:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1494:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin
388:
326:
322:
308:
287:
283:
275:
271:
259:
247:
235:
223:
211:
199:
187:
183:
173:
165:
153:
139:
129:
113:
66:
61:
18:
2546:Droungarios of the Fleet
1396:. ABC-CLIO. p. 998.
1156:and attempted to revive
572:Middle period (717–1204)
3060:Early Byzantine mosaics
2422:Domestic of the Schools
1051:Constantius II, 337–361
1025:First Council of Nicaea
1021:convert to Christianity
618:Late period (1204–1453)
420:in the East within the
391:
314:as Emperor of the East
3377:Byzantine commonwealth
2139:Praetorian prefectures
2059:Logothetes tou genikou
2033:Quaestor sacri palatii
2028:Comes rerum privatarum
1801:Fall of Constantinople
1740:Sack of Constantinople
1447:Potter, David (2009).
1407:Potter, David (2009).
1380:A History of Byzantium
1137:River, and eventually
948:Constantine I, 324–337
835:Administrative reforms
698:Fall of Constantinople
686:Despotate of the Morea
640:Principality of Achaea
517:Early period (330–717)
486:
289:• Resignation of
42:
3496:Valentinianic dynasty
3491:Constantinian dynasty
3077:Komnenian renaissance
3072:Macedonian period art
2977:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2949:Walls of Thessaloniki
2049:Logothetes tou dromou
1664:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1628:Valentinianic dynasty
1623:Constantinian dynasty
811:Further information:
800:Further information:
564:Twenty Years' Anarchy
538:Valentinianic dynasty
534:Constantinian dynasty
484:
426:Constantine the Great
310:• coronation of
140:Common languages
3274:Units of measurement
3008:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2901:Pammakaristos Church
2749:Corpus Juris Civilis
2700:Missionary activity
2159:Exarchate of Ravenna
1985:Imperial bureaucracy
1512:, chap. XXV., p. 859
1205:Western Roman Empire
1201:Battle of Adrianople
122:Western Roman Empire
2798:Culture and society
2661:Ecumenical councils
2164:Exarchate of Africa
2154:Quaestura exercitus
2018:Magister officiorum
2013:Praetorian prefects
1656:Byzantine Dark Ages
1246:Julian the Apostate
998:barbarian invasions
839:The Roman Emperors
3215:Flags and insignia
2861:Baths of Zeuxippus
2744:Codex Theodosianus
2634:Oriental Orthodoxy
1592:Later Roman Empire
1099:Constantius Gallus
990:mobile field units
487:
103:Byzantine insignia
3463:
3462:
3425:
3424:
3382:Byzantine studies
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3168:Alexander Romance
3026:
3025:
3003:Nea Moni of Chios
2866:Blachernae Palace
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2754:Code of Justinian
2602:Eastern Orthodoxy
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2495:
2494:
2369:Scholae Palatinae
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2230:Foreign relations
2224:
2223:
2118:
2117:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1731:(1204–1453)
1317:978-0-8135-1198-6
1139:during a skirmish
994:garrison soldiers
851:that allowed for
793:
792:
450:
407:
406:
384:
383:
380:
379:
360:
359:
124:depicted in pink.
106:
3503:
3450:
3363:
3362:
3306:Imperial Library
3252:Byzantine Greeks
2993:Daphni Monastery
2944:Panagia Chalkeon
2939:Hagios Demetrios
2906:Prison of Anemas
2856:Basilica Cistern
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2649:West Syriac Rite
2639:Alexandrian Rite
2590:
2589:
2583:Religion and law
2579:
2578:
2514:Maritime themata
2470:Palaiologan army
2323:Military manuals
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2129:
2128:
2105:Megas logothetes
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1811:By modern region
1732:
1679:
1678:(717–1204)
1610:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1550:Byzantine Empire
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1477:. "Chapter 23".
1471:
1465:
1464:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1367:Ostrogorsky 1997
1364:
1358:
1357:, pp. 34–35
1355:Ostrogorsky 1997
1352:
1346:
1343:Ostrogorsky 1997
1340:
1334:
1331:Ostrogorsky 1997
1328:
1322:
1321:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1023:. He called the
785:
778:
771:
757:
756:
755:
459:
458:
455:
445:
443:
400:
376:
375:
364:
363:
351:
350:
344:
343:
328:
327:
304:19 September 324
118:
100:
94:
74:
53:
45:
43:Imperium Romanum
38:
30:
29:
28:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων
16:
15:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3421:
3397:Cyrillic script
3368:
3349:
3294:
3278:
3178:
3160:Digenes Akritas
3136:
3081:
3022:
2986:Other locations
2981:
2953:
2910:
2842:
2831:Cross-in-square
2799:
2780:
2730:
2584:
2565:
2491:
2441:
2437:Varangian Guard
2380:
2354:East Roman army
2349:Late Roman army
2337:
2276:
2257:
2220:
2199:
2168:
2114:
2093:
2089:Epi ton deeseon
2079:Epi tou eidikou
2037:
2001:
1943:
1924:
1911:
1814:
1812:
1805:
1791:Palaiologan era
1733:
1730:
1721:
1692:Nikephorian era
1680:
1677:
1668:
1611:
1609:(330–717)
1608:
1599:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1264:
1232:
1193:
1191:Valens, 364–378
1180:
1178:Jovian, 363–364
1174:by the church.
1127:Sassanid Empire
1119:
1117:Julian, 361–363
1095:war in the east
1053:
950:
925:
837:
815:
809:
807:Economic strife
804:
798:
789:
753:
751:
746:
681:Palaiologan era
585:Nikephorian era
468:
403:
373:
355:Roman Tetrarchy
348:
315:
301:
262:
261:• 378–379
250:
249:• 364–378
238:
226:
225:• 363–364
214:
213:• 361–363
202:
201:• 337–361
190:
189:• 324–337
125:
109:
108:
107:
95:
87:
86:
75:
57:
56:
47:
32:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3509:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Byzantine Bath
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2848:Constantinople
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Byzantine Rite
2598:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2487:Grand domestic
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:Komnenian army
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2328:Military units
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Battle tactics
2294:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1990:Medieval Greek
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:Fourth Crusade
1736:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:Macedonian era
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Theodosian era
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1475:Gibbon, Edward
1466:
1460:978-0500251522
1459:
1439:
1435:Church History
1426:
1420:978-0500251522
1419:
1399:
1384:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1316:
1292:
1286:A. Macgeorge,
1278:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1241:Constantius II
1238:
1231:
1228:
1192:
1189:
1179:
1176:
1118:
1115:
1064:Constantine II
1056:Constantius II
1052:
1049:
949:
946:
924:
921:
836:
833:
808:
805:
797:
794:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
703:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
689:
688:
678:
677:
676:
671:
666:
657:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
626:Fourth Crusade
620:
619:
615:
614:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
595:Macedonian era
592:
587:
582:
574:
573:
569:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:Theodosian era
541:
527:
519:
518:
514:
513:
512:
511:
510:
509:
494:
493:
489:
488:
477:
476:
470:
469:
462:
424:under emperor
418:Constantinople
405:
404:
402:
401:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
370:
361:
358:
357:
352:
340:
339:
334:
324:
323:
320:
319:
318:19 January 379
316:
309:
306:
305:
302:
299:the Hellespont
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
260:
257:
256:
251:
248:
245:
244:
239:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
221:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
206:Constantius II
203:
200:
197:
196:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
141:
137:
136:
134:Constantinople
131:
127:
126:
119:
111:
110:
96:
89:
88:
76:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
54:
39:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3508:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3364:
3360:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Encyclopedias
3299:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Hellenization
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:Everyday life
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:Acritic songs
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Hosios Loukas
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Monophysitism
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Armenian Rite
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2562:
2561:Naval battles
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2268:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2084:Protasekretis
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1712:Komnenian era
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:Heraclian era
1648:
1646:
1645:Justinian era
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Constantine I
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Valentinian I
1188:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:Mons Seleucus
1081:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:, separating
975:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:Constantine I
842:
832:
830:
826:
825:
820:
814:
803:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
764:
763:
760:
750:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
704:
699:
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691:
687:
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683:
682:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
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650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
617:
616:
611:
608:
606:
605:Komnenian era
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
575:
571:
570:
565:
562:
560:
559:Heraclian era
557:
555:
554:Justinian era
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
535:
531:
528:
526:
525:Tetrarchy era
523:
522:
521:
520:
516:
515:
508:
507:
503:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
490:
483:
479:
478:
475:
472:
471:
466:
461:
460:
457:
454:
448:
439:
438:Ancient Greek
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
398:
394:
390:
387:
371:
369:
366:
365:
362:
356:
353:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
264:
258:
255:
252:
246:
243:
242:Valentinian I
240:
234:
231:
228:
222:
219:
216:
210:
207:
204:
198:
195:
194:Constantine I
192:
186:
182:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
158:
156:
152:
149:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:
117:
112:
104:
99:
93:
85:
84:Constantine I
81:
80:
73:
65:
60:
51:
44:
40:
36:
35:Ancient Greek
25:
24:
17:
3166:
2934:Hagia Sophia
2916:Thessalonica
2891:Hagia Sophia
2871:Chora Church
2809:Architecture
2686:Great Schism
2676:Paulicianism
2654:Miaphysitism
2509:Karabisianoi
1813:or territory
1773:Thessalonica
1757:Latin Empire
1752:Frankokratia
1727:
1687:Isaurian era
1674:
1617:
1605:
1590:
1586:Roman Empire
1576:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1469:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1369:, p. 44
1362:
1350:
1345:, p. 34
1338:
1333:, p. 41
1326:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1219:
1216:A.H.M. Jones
1211:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1147:
1120:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1054:
1029:Nicene Creed
1018:
971:
956:(modern-day
951:
926:
896:
888:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
852:
838:
822:
816:
664:Thessalonica
635:Latin Empire
580:Isaurian era
529:
504:
500:Roman Empire
422:Roman Empire
409:
408:
393:
337:Succeeded by
336:
331:
312:Theodosius I
77:
20:Roman Empire
3417:Megali Idea
3392:Byzantinism
3095:Agriculture
2886:Hagia Irene
2719:Kievan Rus'
2696:Mount Athos
2519:Cibyrrhaeot
2463:Vestiaritai
2318:Mercenaries
2195:Catepanates
2054:Sakellarios
1973:Family tree
1898:Mesopotamia
1717:Angelid era
1697:Amorian era
1169:Julian the
1162:Neoplatonic
1150:theosophist
1080:Mursa Major
1045:Christendom
610:Angelid era
590:Amorian era
332:Preceded by
295:Chrysopolis
237:• 364
3470:Categories
3412:Third Rome
3338:University
3321:Philosophy
3311:Inventions
3174:Historians
3142:Literature
3125:Varangians
2967:San Vitale
2896:Hippodrome
2876:City Walls
2776:Mutilation
2771:Hexabiblos
2691:Bogomilism
2681:Iconoclasm
2551:Megas doux
2541:Greek fire
2524:Aegean Sea
2397:Kleisourai
2374:Excubitors
2364:Bucellarii
2216:Despotates
2185:Kleisourai
2124:Provincial
1968:Coronation
1942:Governance
1707:Doukid era
1640:Leonid era
1274:References
1076:Magnentius
1039:' tomb in
1014:Sarmatians
1012:, and the
841:Diocletian
824:latifundia
727:Government
630:Latin rule
600:Doukid era
549:Leonid era
293:after the
166:Government
155:Demonym(s)
3240:Octoechos
3120:Silk Road
2612:Hesychasm
2480:Paramonai
2427:Hetaireia
2359:Foederati
2248:Diplomacy
2243:Diplomats
2149:Provinces
1978:Empresses
1781:Trebizond
1577:Preceding
1378:Gregory,
1220:Defensors
1212:protector
1165:Hellenism
1131:Ctesiphon
1041:Jerusalem
962:Maxentius
938:Nicomedia
930:Sassanids
849:Tetrarchy
819:provinces
669:Trebizond
492:Preceding
453:Byzántion
447:romanized
442:Βυζάντιον
434:Byzantium
430:Nova Roma
414:Byzantine
3333:Scholars
3326:Rhetoric
3316:Medicine
3291:Learning
3190:Calendar
3067:Painters
2766:Basilika
2704:Bulgaria
2666:Arianism
2617:Hayhurum
2594:Religion
2556:Admirals
2475:Allagion
2407:Droungos
2313:Generals
2275:Military
2238:Treaties
2144:Dioceses
1963:Emperors
1876:Sardinia
1856:Dalmatia
1836:Bulgaria
1826:Anatolia
1785:Theodoro
1779: /
1775: /
1767: /
1262:See also
1230:Emperors
1224:Tribunes
1171:Apostate
1121:In 363,
1111:Augustus
1068:Constans
1006:Alemanni
982:military
966:Licinius
954:Eboracum
942:Maximian
901:Aegyptus
713:By topic
707:Timeline
674:Theodoro
506:Dominate
465:a series
463:Part of
291:Licinius
169:Monarchy
3442:Outline
3387:Museums
3287:Science
3264:Slavery
3220:Gardens
3200:Cuisine
3132:Dynatoi
3100:Coinage
3087:Economy
3055:Mosaics
3018:Mystras
2959:Ravenna
2821:Secular
2709:Moravia
2458:Pronoia
2432:Akritai
2417:Tagmata
2392:Themata
2333:Revolts
2303:Battles
2211:Kephale
2180:Themata
2110:Mesazon
1952:Central
1888:Maghreb
1841:Corsica
1831:Armenia
1821:Albania
1564:History
1143:Nisibis
1073:usurper
986:solidus
917:Thracia
889:diocese
877:caesars
865:augusti
860:caesars
854:augusti
732:Economy
449::
276:History
266:Gratian
175:Emperor
130:Capital
98:Chi Rho
79:Labarum
62:324–379
3452:Portal
3367:Impact
3247:People
3195:Cities
3045:Enamel
2826:Sacred
2761:Ecloga
2627:Saints
2536:Dromon
2412:Bandon
2402:Tourma
2385:Middle
2308:Beacon
2190:Bandon
2173:Middle
2042:Middle
1997:Senate
1920:Thrace
1903:Serbia
1881:Sicily
1866:Greece
1851:Cyprus
1769:Epirus
1765:Nicaea
1675:Middle
1552:topics
1510:Gibbon
1457:
1417:
1314:
1256:Valens
1251:Jovian
1184:Jovian
1135:Tigris
1123:Julian
1107:caesar
1103:caesar
1060:Fausta
1031:. The
1008:, the
1004:, the
1002:Franks
934:Danube
915:, and
913:Asiana
909:Pontus
905:Oriens
885:Italia
873:caesar
869:caesar
867:, the
829:barter
660:Epirus
655:Nicaea
645:others
467:on the
397:follis
279:
254:Valens
230:Jovian
218:Julian
179:
46:
31:
3437:Index
3269:Death
3259:Women
3230:Music
3210:Dress
3205:Dance
3150:Novel
3110:Trade
3105:Mints
3050:Glass
3040:Icons
2836:Domes
2714:Serbs
2529:Samos
2342:Early
2132:Early
2006:Early
1915:Syria
1893:Malta
1871:Italy
1861:Egypt
1846:Crete
1777:Morea
1606:Early
1382:, 49.
1308:29–30
1288:Flags
1091:Quadi
1037:Jesus
1010:Goths
978:civil
160:Roman
148:Greek
144:Latin
101:(see
50:Latin
3235:Lyra
3115:silk
2726:Jews
2501:Navy
2446:Late
2286:Army
2253:Wars
2204:Late
2098:Late
1728:Late
1455:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1082:and
1066:and
992:and
980:and
964:and
958:York
843:and
742:Navy
737:Army
628:and
297:and
3032:Art
2736:Law
722:Art
82:of
3472::
1496:,
1310:.
1207:.
1145:.
1047:.
911:,
907:,
903:,
536:–
444:,
440::
146:,
1787:)
1783:–
1771:–
1658:"
1654:"
1542:e
1535:t
1528:v
1483:.
1463:.
1423:.
1320:.
895:(
784:e
777:t
770:v
662:/
540:)
532:(
436:(
105:)
52:)
48:(
37:)
33:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
