Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty

1587:

reestablished some control over Epirus and Thessaly. Throughout his reign, he was also able to work with competent administrators such as John Kantakouzenos who, along with many of the nobles, supported Andronikos during the civil war with Andronikos II. However, numerous reversals against Byzantium's enemies such as Serbia and the rising Ottomans at battles such as Pelekanon further drained the power Byzantium had in comparison to its neighbors. This would be a situation that would not be helped by his sudden death in the 1340s which resulted in a civil war between the regency of John V(a coalition of Anna of Savoy, Alexios Apokaukos and the patriarch of Constantinople, John XIV) and the nobility who promoted John Kantakouzenos as emperor. In addition, diplomacy became less useful, as Byzantium's enemies realized that the Emperor had not the military or even economic might to back his word. While there was a general decline in the Empire's fortunes, Andronikos III's death would be the

2413: 580: 2107: 891: 1566:, Serbian forces took five key forts from Byzantium in 1334 and forced it to recognize the new borders. Andronikos was then forced to recognize Serbian rule in Macedonia. In addition, Andronikos faced a further reversal when leading his army at Rousokastron where he was defeated by the Bulgarians under their leader Ivan Alexander. Nevertheless, Andronikos was able to bring back Epirus into the fold in 1341 through the use of diplomacy. The result was that while the Empire was reduced to its European territories, it had succeeded in bringing much of Greece under its control. Unfortunately for the newly expanded Byzantium, 83: 1668:, a nominal ally established by Andronikos III. The Regency of John V relied on Turkish mercenaries as well. However, Kantakouzenos began to draw support from the Ottoman Sultan Orhan, who wed Kantakouzenos' daughter in 1345. By 1347, Kantakouzenos had triumphed and entered Constantinople. However, in his hour of victory, he came to an accord with Anna and her son, John V: John V (now 15 years of age) and Kantakouzenos would rule as co-emperors, though John V would be the junior in this relationship. This unlikely partnership was not destined to last long. 1835: 619: 104: 555: 1149: 2622: 2253:. John VII was a favorite of Bayezid so Manuel II was in a dangerous position. He eventually sealed an agreement. However, the Ottoman Sultan became infuriated by Manuel II's attempts to reconcile his nephew John VII. Manuel was concerned that John VII might once again launch a coup against him so wished to end the threat diplomatically. Bayezid ordered Manuel's execution, but then reduced his furious response and instead demanded that Constantinople build another Mosque and that a colony of Turks be established. 2604:

who had been opened up to Byzantium by the maritime expansions of Genoa and Venice came to appreciate their achievements, facilitating the Renaissance. As such these scholars found themselves in Italian institutions, expressing their Greco-Roman culture for pay. Immigration to Italy was made less attractive by the idea of abandoning the Orthodox faith to practice Catholicism. Nonetheless, a significant and increasing number of Greeks began travelling to Italy, first temporarily to Italian colonies such as

1470:

brother Manuel Palaiologos had been accidentally murdered by Andronikos III's companions over a competitive love affair. His father (Michael IX), the son of Andronikos II, died of shock as a result of his son's death. Andronikos III did not take his disinheritance lightly — organizing an armed opposition, he succeeded in drawing support with promises of generous tax cuts, even beyond those enacted by Andronikos II. Andronikos II was powerless to stop the young usurper; he granted him

1296: 2233: 1512: 1603: 157: 2325: 2797: 5615: 2896: 2524: 167: 147: 1652:, sparked the civil conflict when he convinced the Empress that John V's rule was threatened by the ambitions of Kantakouzenos. In September 1341, while Kantakouzenos was in Thrace, Kalekas declared himself as regent and launched a vicious attack on Kantakouzenos, his supporters and family. In October, Anna ordered Kantakouzenos to resign his command. Kantakouzenos not only refused, but declared himself Emperor at 1071: 2398:

Manuel II Palaiologos re-established Byzantium as a vassal of the Ottomans — 300,000 silver coins were to be paid to the Sultan on annual basis. That the Empire managed to accomplish this at its lowest ebb is remarkable. Nonetheless, until the 1450s, the Ottomans would not make any concerted efforts to overcome the walls of Constantinople, and the city retained a tenuous security for the next two decades.

1579: 2964:" that would cut a swathe through Asia Minor and allow Byzantine troops to re-occupy the empire's ancient heartlands. However, by the late 14th century, the Byzantine Empire did not possess sufficient resources for the task, and in any case such Western undertakings would have required Byzantium to submit to Rome. If the price for political freedom was religious freedom, certain emperors such as 1736: 2492:. Murad II was in no position to stop these troublesome westerners since he was overwhelmed with problems by easterners in Anatolia, the core of the Ottoman realm. Therefore, Murad hastily concluded a peace treaty in the Balkans. The Hungarians soon broke the treaty, but at Varna a hastily assembled Ottoman army crushed the Crusaders and left the Balkans at the mercy of Ottoman vengeance. 1461:, thereby further reducing Byzantium's military capability. While these solved some problems that Michael VIII had left for his son, it unraveled his father's attempts at restoring the power of the Byzantine Empire; where Michael VIII had attempted to deal with problems outside the Empire, Andronikos aimed to solve the internal problems resulting from his father's reign. 2218:, where he "donated" religious relics made of precious metals to them for their support. John refused to give up his right to rule as Emperor of Byzantium until his death in 1408. By then however, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid had recognized Manuel II Palaiologos as co-emperor of Byzantium alongside his father John V, and finally, when John V died in 1391, as sole Emperor. 1775:

thinking of ways to stave off defeat. Amadeo returned to Europe via Rome and brought with him Byzantine envoys. The Pope again was uninterested, but called for John V to visit him. In 1369, when the Ottomans finally captured Adrianople (though some sources indicate 1365), John V rushed to Rome and confessed his Catholic faith both privately and at a public spectacle.

1693:, one of the few islands in the Aegean still under Byzantine control, while Kantakouzenos made his son Matthew co-emperor. John V would not give up so easy however, and in 1354 Ottoman troops began crossing over into Thrace in his support. The citizens of Constantinople became gripped with fear and in November of that same year, John V launched a successful coup with 2981:

severely weakened the empire from within, leaving it disastrously exposed to outside attack. Furthermore, the empire's military system had become increasingly disorganised and chaotic, following the demise of the theme system in the 11th–13th centuries. The result was persistent failure and defeat on every frontier.

2177:, useless. Again, prison break became the next event with John V and Manuel escaping Constantinople, offering the Ottoman Sultan higher tribute than normally paid, in return for help in taking over Constantinople. Andronikos IV, having been beaten yet again, evaded capture and slipped into the Genoese district of 1440: 2984:

Byzantium could only lose and decline for so long before it destroyed her; by the late 14th century, the situation had become so severe that Byzantium surrendered her political independence. By the mid 15th century, restoring both the religious and the political freedom of Byzantium was ultimately an

2971:

The proximate cause of the problem lay in Byzantium's numerous enemies, who combined during the course of the 14th century to overwhelm what remained of the empire's core territories. With each passing decade, the Byzantine Empire became weaker and lost more land. There were fewer resources available

1003:

in 1243. The Palaiologoi were engaged on several fronts, often continually, while the empire's supply of food and manpower dwindled. In this period, the Byzantine Empire found itself continually at war, both civil and interstate, with most interstate conflicts being with other Christian empires. Most

2603:

Despite much chaos in the Empire, the Byzantines experienced a revival in culture and art within their domain. Towards the 14th century, as the Empire entered into a phase of terminal crisis, such achievements became less valued. All was not lost for these seemingly rejected scholars — many in Italy

2561:

Mehmed II assembled a huge army to assail Constantinople's landward walls — some sources suggest 80,000 soldiers, while others suggest figures as high as 100,000 or even 200,000, including camp followers. A major feature of the Ottoman army was its high-quality artillery. Among others, it featured a

2495:

John VIII died in 1448. His reign lasted two decades. His achievement was the continued survival of the Empire. Yet Byzantium was now hanging by a thread. With insufficient military manpower for its own defense, an economy ruined by years of warfare, a depopulated capital, and insufficient territory

2381:

The Byzantines were the first to make a move when John VIII and his advisors made a risky decision by inciting a rebellion within the Ottoman Sultanate. In August 1421, they backed a man named Mustafa who claimed to be a long lost son of Bayezid the Thunderbolt. In Europe, Mustafa's rebellion worked

2261:

Manuel's next steps were bold and seemingly foolish — not only did he refuse to pay the Sultan tribute, he refused to answer the Sultan's messages and Bayezid set about laying siege to Constantinople. In 1394, his siege began and would continue for eight years. Manuel II realized that while the city

2193:

With Thessalonica surrendering in 1387 and his position rather hopeless, Manuel returned to John V and, with the Sultan's assent, began making conciliatory offers to his father. John V realized that accepting his second son back would cause his grandson to rebel in turn, and therefore he simply kept

1774:

arrived at and seized the fortress of Gallipoli from the Ottomans and handed it back to the Byzantines, hoping that this would stem the tide of Turkish emigration into Thrace. However, the Turks had by now firmly established themselves in Thrace. Amadeo and John spent much time between 1367 and 1369

1758:

and Michael VIII, John V now turned to the Pope and offered the promise of a Union of the two Churches in the hopes of receiving military assistance. As a guarantee of compliance, John V offered his son, Manuel. In the past, Byzantium's cry for assistance were answered with mixed results — pillaging

1586:

Although ultimately unsuccessful, the reign of Andronikos III was one of the last bright spots in Byzantine history, as the Empire's position was becoming increasingly precarious. Andronikos was able to score some successes in his life as he campaigned vigorously against the Genoese with success and

1469:

Andronikos II's policies were not successful in dealing with Byzantium's external problems; however, it would be threats from within the Empire that led to his abdication — in 1320 Andronikos III, the young (in his twenties) grandson of Andronikos II was disinherited by the Emperor. Andronikos III's

1448:

Andronikos II ordered the Union of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches to be canceled, a move which pleased many. But he also ordered drastic reductions in the military, and effectively disbanded the navy, which his father had worked hard to build up. As a result, tax reductions throughout the Empire

1382:

Unlike his father, Andronikos II recognized the gravity of the situation in Asia Minor, and tried to drive out the Turks, utilizing a variety of methods. His first action was to move his court to Asia Minor, where he could better oversee the construction of fortifications and raise troop morale. His

1326:

and the ostensible union of the two Churches did little to avert Catholic aggression, while at the same time the Orthodox population, led by large parts of the priesthood, denounced Michael VIII as a traitor. His death in 1282 came as a relief to many, and his body was denied an Orthodox funeral, as

1260:

arranged a pact, whereby Charles would receive land in the East in return for assisting a new military expedition to Constantinople. A delay on Charles' end meant that Michael VIII was given enough time to negotiate a union between the Church of Rome and that of Constantinople in 1274, thus removing

2579:

Constantine's rule is hard to assess due to the shortness of his reign. As a Despot, he had shown ability, but the fall of the Empire to the Turks was by his time inevitable, no matter how able and energetic an Emperor sat on the throne. What is most remembered of him is the stubborn defence of his

2443:

1391. John VIII was still hopeful that he could emulate his Father's success and more. Like his predecessors, his attempts were in vain. And just like his predecessors, he relied too heavily on a Pope not willing to give, but only take; take that is, the Church of a wretched state surrounded by the

1718:

The lands ravaged and depopulated by the civil war were filled up by arriving Turks who colonised the land through a mixture of conquest and trade. The result was that Byzantium's power was undermined beyond all recovery — two hundred years ago Byzantium could rely on the people living in the lands

1684:

Kantakouzenos had a son, Matthew Kantakouzenos — and any hope of keeping peace between John V and Matthew became more remote as the two grew older and more independent. John V wed Kantakouzenos' daughter, thus becoming his son in law, in a move designed to bind the two families, but it was destined

1491:

Andronikos II attempted to solve Byzantium's internal problems more than his father had. The solutions he chose however had severe repercussions. They undermined the military and financial basis of the state, and the disasters suffered by his foreign policy failures further worsened the situation.

2189:

and Epirus, thus "expanding" the Empire, at least nominally, and thereby catching the Ottoman Sultan's attention. Murad I besieged Thessalonica in 1383, beginning a siege that would last until 1387. Meanwhile, Andronikos IV died and his son, John VII, began quarreling with his grandfather, John V.

2873:

As the Empire descended into chaos, it could not spare any finances in its efforts to defend its borders. Study in the fields of science and mathematics naturally disappeared from the minds of those whose lands were raided and seized. It was due to this lack of patronage that led many scholars to

2869:

in order to survive. The most important source was from the Imperial court, especially before the destructive civil wars that were characterized by Andronikos III and his son John V. Other sources were from minor courts, from the wealthy, and from the Church, if not from individual Church clergy,

2397:

Manuel II was now out of tricks to save the erroneous rule of his son, John VIII. In September 1423, Thessalonika was surrendered to the Venetians, no doubt hoping to draw in the Western Powers into a new crusade and, if not, at least their wealth would enable them to defend it. In February 1424,

1426:

in Spain and now, for an extraordinarily high price, they drove the Turks back in Asia Minor. Once again, these successes were nullified when their leader, Roger de Flor, was assassinated on his way to meet Andronikos; the Catalans then revolted against imperial authority, and began pillaging and

2514:

Constantine's reign was short; from 1448 (some sources say 1449) until 1453. Constantine XI, like many of his predecessors who took the Union between Eastern and Western Christendom seriously, lived as a Catholic. Not much is known of his reign, except that he died with his soldiers in the final

1614:

swept through its diminished lands. The first outbreak occurred in 1347, and between the 1360s and 1420s, eight further outbreaks of plague are recorded. Cities were full of social unrest between the corrupt wealthy (who had been exploiting the tax system for their own benefit) and the countless

1211:

were all strengthened against a possible new expedition by the Latin West. Many hospitals, hospices, markets, baths, streets and churches were built, some with private patronage. Even a new Mosque was built to compensate for the one burnt during the Fourth Crusade. These attempts were costly and

2570:

engineer who had originally offered his services to Constantine, who rejected them for lack of money. After the rejection of terms of surrender by Constantine, the siege began on April 2, 1453, with Ottoman cannon firing from April 6. The defenders were few, but the mighty walls allowed them to

2240:

Manuel II's reign saw another temporary respite for the Byzantines. For an Empire in such trouble, he succeeded in retaking some territory and held it to the end of his reign. His limited success largely came through the resurrection of Mongol Power in the East and the great friendship achieved

2336:

considerably changed the mood within Constantinople. The rewards reaped by the Empire were outstanding considering that only a short time had passed since the city (and possibly the Empire itself) stood on the brink of destruction. John VII appeared to have achieved numerous other benefits for

2156:

and the two worked towards fomenting revolution in their peoples. Consequently, both the Byzantine and Ottoman rulers were facing their sons and as a result, coordinated efforts were made to defeat both. John V had his eldest son, Andronikos IV, along with the latter's son, John VII, partially

2980:

However, the most serious problems arose from the internal political and military organisation of the empire. The empire's political system, based as it was around an autocratic and semi-divine emperor who exercised absolute power, had become obsolete, while the civil wars the system produced

2571:

withstand the siege for some time. Finally however, on May 29, the Ottomans achieved a breach, and the city fell. Constantine XI charged at the oncoming Ottoman army; the last Roman Emperor died fighting, and since his body was never recognized, is assumed to have been buried in a mass grave.

1279:

For the remainder of his life, Michael campaigned to drive the Latins out of Greece and the Balkans, and secure his position versus the Bulgarians. He was largely successful, regaining several islands in the Aegean, and establishing a foothold in the Peloponnese, that would grow to become the

1677: 1335:

Michael VIII was a very energetic, ambitious and capable emperor who had enlarged and preserved the Empire and had once again made Byzantium a power to be reckoned with in the region. His army, however, was still small, and diplomacy was relied upon more than ever. An extortionate tax system

2976:

and Arabs), by the later 14th century the empire no longer possessed any significant territories (such as Asia Minor) to form the basis of a recovery. As a result, many attempts at driving back the Ottomans and Bulgarians failed, while the lack of territory, revenue and manpower meant that

2762:. As a result, Persian tables were used more often, even if in conjunction with Ptolemy's. The acceptance of Arab astronomy was made harder by the fact that it had to be translated, and only entered through "lowlier social channels", namely by men who travelled between Constantinople and 1659:

There were not nearly enough troops to defend Byzantium's borders at the time and there certainly was not enough for the two factions to split; consequently, foreigner mercenaries were brought in. Kantakouzenos hired Turks and Serbs — his main supply of Turkish mercenaries came from the

1318:

army, and while it was not as effective, it was just as burdensome on the treasury. The result was that heavy taxes were levied on the peasantry, something that the Ottomans would later use to their advantage, winning over these poverty-stricken peasants with promises of lower taxes.

2292:

The seemingly insurmountable pressure was ultimately relieved as a result of events in Anatolia. Bayezid, his position in Europe secure, turned his attentions to Anatolia and attempted to bring the various Turcoman tribes under formal Ottoman control. These actions greatly offended

2629:

The Fourth Crusade saw the destruction of many homes in Constantinople and much of the city on fire. It is difficult to determine what books were burned in the libraries of Constantinople, though one can only imagine that few would be available today were it not for the works of

2337:

Byzantium. The first was a non-aggression treaty between the local Christian powers (who were also free from Ottoman servitude), meaning that the disasters of Andronikos III's later rule would not be repeated. Next were a treaty between Byzantium and the successor of Bayezid,

1366:

in 1282 and raids against Macedonia were launched throughout the 1290s. Byzantine counter-attacks failed to stop these, and as a result Andronikos was forced to resort to diplomacy, marrying his 5-year-old daughter to the Serbian King and ceding a number of forts from

2472:, not only at the terms at which the Byzantine Church had to stoop to, but also at the non-existent aid to Byzantium. One can safely say that the most notable effect of the Union was the increased resentment between Byzantium's populace and the Imperial government. 2164:

Unfortunately for John V, Andronikos IV and his son John VII escaped. With Genoan and Turkish aid, they returned to Constantinople and succeeded in overthrowing John V, imprisoning him and Manuel. In exchange for Ottoman aid, Andronikos IV handed the fortress of

1593:

for the Empire — his 10-year-old son was led by a regency that was torn apart in dynastic rivalries which led to the Second Palaiologan Civil War and the recognition of John Kantakouzenos as emperor and a catastrophe from which Byzantium would never recover.

1336:

supported his ambitious and successful foreign policies of expansion, as well as his numerous bribes and gifts to various potentates. He had put Byzantium on the road of recovery, but his achievements were still perilously fragile, as events would soon show.

1623:— the fortress of Gallipoli was destroyed in 1354 by such an earthquake and the Ottoman Turks lost no time in taking it and establishing a bridgehead in Europe. Meanwhile, the Serbs continued pressing south, removing any nominal Imperial control in Epirus. 2612:

before returning to Byzantium, then as the Empire began to fail horribly, in more permanent manner. The Fall of Constantinople was marked by large numbers of Greek refugees escaping Turkic rule into Europe via Italy and thus accelerating the Renaissance.

2369:

Manuel II Palaiologos was 70 years of age in 1421 and believed that the time had come for him to retire and give his eldest son, John VIII, the opportunity to rule with a more aggressive manner than he had done so. At the same time, a far less restrained

2390:, the latter falling in 1430. Murad II was unable to take Constantinople by force. Nonetheless, the situation in the Capital was dire enough for Manuel II to come out of retirement and incite yet another rebellion in Asia Minor under Murad II's brother, 2181:

with his family and hostages. John V, only interested in securing his throne and stability, came to conclude a pact with Andronikos IV in 1381, recognizing him as heir with John VII as heir apparent, thus removing Manuel from the line of succession.

2382:

well and he gathered some support. However, in August 1422, Murad II had this rebellion crushed and Mustafa received the traditional execution (hanging) shortly after, something any rebel would have expected. Murad II was enraged and had an

1140:. Palaiologos was a leading noble of military standing and the main figure of the regency of John IV, who had used this role to propel himself to the throne, and set the stage for his becoming sole Emperor of the restored Byzantine Empire. 2788:

Such works, while being non-Christian and in many cases non-Hellenistic, were cultivated by the Greek Orthodox ecclesiastics. Both Choniades and Metochites established themselves in the Greek Orthodox Church; the former becoming Bishop of

1482:

Despite the calamities of the civil war, Andronikos III was about to revitalise the Empire. Although Asia Minor was at this point destined to fall to the Turks, it had been in a worse position in 1091 and yet still recovered by Byzantium.

1387:, was an able commander, campaigning with some success against the Turks in the Meander Valley. Unfortunately Byzantium was robbed of his services when he staged an unsuccessful coup, leading to his blinding. Next Andronikos sent his son, 2847:

Others went so far as to suggest that Byzantium would not live forever — a fundamental belief for every subject of the Byzantine Orthodox Church. Metochites did not see Byzantine civilization as superior to others and even considered the

2209:

John VII's rebellion succeeded initially, taking Constantinople from John V, but Manuel countered by rousing the rest of the empire and its few remaining military assets and turned them against John VII. Manuel also received aid from the

1656:, allegedly to protect John V's rule from Kalekas. Whether or not Kantakouzenos wished to be Emperor is not known, but the provocative actions of the Patriarch forced Kantakouzenos to fight to retain his power and started the civil war. 1519:

The rule of Andronikos III is characterized as the last genuine attempt to restore Byzantine fortunes. His attempts came close to fruition, but the many hostile neighbors of Byzantium eventually took their toll on an Empire in decline.

1478:

in 1321, the title of co-emperor in 1322, and after a small war where the Bulgarians and Serbians played the two sides against each other, Andronikos II was forced to abdicate and retire as a monk to a monastery, where he died in 1332.

2553:

succeeded his father Murad. Upon his succession to the throne, he received a demand by Constantine XI for subsidies, coupled with a threat to rebel if these were not met. Mehmed II responded with these bold declarations by building a

2360:

had emerged as the victor. However, the Byzantines had made sure to support the victor and Mehmed I did not forget the kindness of the Byzantines and was able to "control" his Turk subjects from expanding into Byzantine territory.

2864:

Philosophers had to find ways of bringing food to the table. The most common occupation in the Byzantine Empire would have either been agriculturally-based or, earlier in the Empire, trade-based. In contrast, philosophers needed

1313:

Michael VIII's foreign policy relied heavily on diplomacy; nevertheless, his construction projects and military campaigns against the remaining Latins were extensive as well as expensive; the Nicaean army was modeled around the

2394:. Initial rebel success, including a siege of Bursa was too much for Murad II to ignore so the siege of Constantinople was lifted to deal with this threat, and to the Byzantines' greatest despair, dealt with it successfully. 2774:, who acquainted themselves with this science. By the mid 14th century, when Byzantium was overwhelmed with troubles, the tables of Ptolemy were deemed by professionals as inadequate and slowly abandoned for Persian tables. 1523:

His first concern was that of Asia Minor. Nicaea, until 1261 the capital of the Empire, was under siege by Ottoman Turks. In the summer of 1329, Andronikos III launched a relief attempt which culminated in a defeat at the

1299:

Middle East c. 1263 KEY: Lighter red - Byzantine Empire; Dark red and magenta - other Greek states; Light green - Turkic lands; Dark green - Ottoman domain by the 1300s, dotted line indicates conquests up to 1326; Yellow

2496:

to provide a basis for recovery, the Empire's position was becoming untenable. John was severely constrained by his circumstances, and proved unable to improve the fortunes of the state. He was succeeded by his brother

1688:

In 1353, Kantakouzenos was still hopeful that peace would be maintained, but in that year, John V launched a military attack on Matthew, thereby re-igniting the civil war. John V was demoted and exiled to the island of

1709:

sometime between 1361 and 1383, though other sources indicate 1391 a possible date. At 25 years, John V had managed to establish himself firmly as ruler of the Empire, at the cost of bleeding out all its resources.

1198:

and their successors, the Latin Empire, had done much to reduce Byzantium's finest city to an underpopulated wreck. Michael VIII began the task of restoring many monasteries, public buildings and defence works. The

1443:

Andronikos II's debasement of the Byzantine currency, along with his co-rule with his father, his son and his grandson as well as his own sole rule, resulted in the minting of several different coins during his

1284:. The downside however was that Michael's efforts in the West absorbed most of the Empire's manpower and resources, and neglected the Asian provinces, where a new and fateful threat was rising: the beylik of 2824:. His works on computational astronomy using Hebrew and Persian tables were overshadowed by the neo-pagan beliefs he adopted in his old age. He proclaimed his belief in the "Seven Wise Men", the message of 1704:

was his brother-in-law, he was able to obtain troops from him, but had barely begun his campaign when he was captured in the summer of 1356. He was forced to renounce his claims in 1357 and exiled to the

1532:

or the other few remaining forts in Asia Minor suffer the same fate, Andronikos III sought to pay off the Ottomans with tribute — the Ottomans did not stop at this and seized Nicomedia as well in 1337.

2304:

Manuel, who was still in Europe, arrived in 1403 to a welcoming sight — Constantinople free from Ottoman siege. John VII had remained loyal, handing back control of the capital to Manuel. In addition,

2708:. As the Empire's borders shrunk, so too had its cultural diversity. By the late 13th century, the Empire consisted almost exclusively of traditionally Greek territory (inhabited by Greeks since 1178:

had already been taken by Nicaea in 1246. Following the capture of Constantinople, Michael ordered the blinding of John IV in December 1261, so as to become sole emperor. As a result, Patriarch

2972:

to deal with the Empire's opponents. Her power base was consequently ruined. While the empire had experienced difficulties before (in the 8th century much of Byzantium's lands were occupied by

2960:, there were high hopes that the Turks would be driven out of Europe. The Byzantines that pinned their dreams of restoration on the West had hoped that they could reap the benefits of another " 1536:

Despite this, Andronikos III scored a few successes in the Aegean: in 1329, Chios was recovered, and in 1335, Andronikos arranged an alliance involving financial indemnities with the Turkic

1719:

of Anatolia, Greece, Macedonia and several large islands like Cyprus and Crete. Now the population under its control was limited to the few remaining cities in Byzantine possession, namely

3784: 1882: 666: 2353:. The importance of the latter should not be underestimated as these would serve in the future as refuge for any seeking to escape Ottoman expansion, even if only as a temporary refuge. 1786:

In 1371, the Serbs mustered their strength and prepared to launch an attack to drive back the Turks from Thrace. In a crushing victory, the Ottomans annihilated the Serbian army at the

2301:

Bayezid in 1402 near Ankara. The defeat caused a panic amongst the Turks in Anatolia, who frantically began crossing over to Europe, with the assistance of Venetian and Genoese ships.

2135: 919: 1746:

now had to face the serious threat the Ottomans posed to Byzantium. In the 1360s, the Turks continued to drive through Thrace, taking Byzantine, Bulgarian and Serbian settlements.

1035:

and a few other isolated exclaves, which only nominally recognized the Emperor as their lord. Nonetheless, Byzantine diplomacy, political intrigue and the invasion of Anatolia by

2917: 1770:, and her nephew (being John V's cousin) was concerned for the safety of his Greek counterpart. Sailing from Venice in June 1366 with dreams of initiating yet another Crusade, 1615:

landless peasants burdened by the demands of the government. Religious controversy, the cancer of Byzantium in the 7th and 8th centuries, once again emerged in the form of the

1570:(ruling Serbia from 1331) decided to take these lands as well from Byzantium. The death of Andronikos III and the resulting chaos left the Empire in no position to fight back. 4494: 1763:

had been largely beneficial and no doubt John V envisioned a repeat of such a Crusade. This time, however, the Papacy was unmoved by the calamity facing the Byzantine Empire.

2198:. Eventually, John VII did rebel against his grandfather — news of Manuel's arrival at Constantinople and John V's reconciliation talks with him prompted John VII to head to 2541:

before his ascension to the throne. From this position, he had continued the aggressive policies of his father and his brothers against the Ottomans and their vassals, the

1727:. The immigration of Turks would be decisive in the survival of the Empire as it gave her most dire enemy, the Ottomans, a new power base, not in Asia but now in Europe. 1610:

The Byzantine Empire entered into a new era of decay in 1341. The Empire was ravaged by multiple serious disasters — alongside wars and civil wars, renewed epidemics of

1562:

In Europe, Andronikos III had mixed results; Thessaly returned to Imperial rule in 1333, but Serbia once again began expanding southwards: led by the Byzantine renegade

1268:. The Greek Church was excommunicated, and Charles was given renewed papal support for the invasion of Constantinople. In order to counter this, Michael VIII subsidized 541: 2273:

The situation was dire; so much so that John VII, Manuel's dire opponent, was left in charge of Constantinople. He made one grand tour of Europe in 1399, stopping at

2270:, Bayezid force-marched his army to a stunning yet costly victory. Thousands were killed, but now Bayezid was able to turn his armies fully against Constantinople. 1232:

invasions in ca. 1240. As a result, the greatest threat to Byzantium was not the Muslims but their Christian counterparts in the West — Michael VIII knew that the

2374:, son of Mehmed I, came to the Ottoman throne in May of that year. With two men uninterested in diplomacy on the thrones of Byzantium and the Ottoman Sultanate, 981:

had begun conducting raids and expanding into Byzantine territory in Asia Minor by 1263, just two years after the enthronement of the first Palaiologos emperor

5647: 2738:', instead of Romans. This enthusiasm for the glorious past, contained elements that were also present in the movement that led to the creation of the modern 4727: 2882:, who between them had travelled to Florence, Pavia, Rome, Padua and Milan. The end of the Byzantine Empire coincided with the beginning of the Renaissance. 2771: 2185:

Naturally, Manuel felt betrayed by this move which demoted him from co-emperor. Returning to Thessalonica in 1382, he rebelled and established his rule over

2128: 912: 3670:

Raybaud, L. P. (1968) Le gouvernement et l’administration centrale de l’empire Byzantin sous les premiers Paléologues (1258-1354). Paris, pp. 202–206

2646:. New editions of poets, such as Hesiod and Pindar, were made and their metric systems were reconstructed with competence. They wrote about such works as 2580:

city against the odds, and his death in battle, through which he entered popular legend. Despite his Catholic confession, he is viewed as a saint by many

2148:

John V's rule was an unhappy one, resulting in his vassalage to Murad I. However, it must have been even worse when his eldest son and heir to the throne

5642: 1121:, a Turkic force was repelled and an earlier assault on Nicaea led to the death of the Seljuk Sultan. In the west, the Latins were unable to expand into 1778:

Nevertheless, in 1371 John V returned empty-handed, having humiliated himself and done nothing to improve the deteriorating situation in the Balkans.

3707: 2121: 905: 3633:

Bentley, Jerry H., and Herb F. Ziegler. Traditions & Encounters a Global Perspective on the Past. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2006.

2289:; in England, he was well received and treated to a jousting tournament. However, Manuel was unable to secure any help from Western Christendom. 5603: 3858: 3663: 1937: 1834: 721: 618: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5291: 3868: 3801: 1947: 1896: 731: 680: 3816: 3811: 2968:

were willing to pay it. In the long run though, the Byzantines were not prepared to surrender their ancient customs and beliefs willingly.

2705: 1911: 1906: 1449:

were possible, earning him greater popularity while seriously undermining Byzantium's abilities to deal with its opponents. He debased the

695: 690: 2312:

as a gesture of goodwill and in an effort to curry favour at a time the Ottoman Empire was weakened by the war with Timur and effectively

4892: 3878: 3853: 1957: 1932: 741: 716: 1619:

controversy, which eventually became a doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox church. There were numerous earthquakes, destroying Byzantium's

5243: 5226: 3883: 3863: 2416: 1962: 1942: 746: 726: 3189:

Shepherd, William R. "The Byzantine Empire in 1265." Perry–Castañeda Library. 1926. University of Texas Libraries. June 15, 2007. See

2266:. At first, the situation was not so dire — a massive counter-attack by the West was to be launched as the Crusade of Nicopolis. In a 4942: 4788: 4760: 4404: 4396: 3873: 3806: 1952: 1901: 736: 685: 3281:

Editors of Britannica, editor. "Andronicus III Palaeologus", Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., June 11, 2018,

1697:

aid. Kantakouzenos now abdicated and retired to a monastery, where he would write his memoirs and thoughts until his death in 1383.

5138: 4499: 2484:

began launching successful campaigns against the Turks in Serbia, leading to the Serbian Despot and the Albanian resistance leader

1817: 601: 1074:

After 1204, the Byzantine Empire was partitioned into various successor states, with the Latin Empire in control of Constantinople

4987: 3636: 1427:

raiding cities in Thrace, leaving Asia Minor open to Turkish incursions. After this, Andronikos turned to diplomacy, asking the

1292:. Nevertheless, the border was kept relatively secure, and no significant losses occurred in Asia Minor during Michael's reign. 1212:

crippling taxes were placed on the peasantry. Nonetheless, the city grew new cultural and diplomatic contacts, notably with the

5467: 4992: 2488:

into direct opposition with their former masters. This led to one of the last great Crusades of a united Western Christendom —

2452:

Uniting the Church of Byzantium with that of Rome was a simple matter, since all the bargaining chips were in the hands of the

1179: 5672: 5391: 4151: 4144: 3700: 3507: 3190: 3014: 2079: 1700:

Matthew Kantakouzenos, no doubt disappointed with his father's failure, continued to resist John V. Since the Ottoman Sultan

863: 3680: 2297:, leader of the Timurid Empire, who saw Anatolia as within his sphere of influence. In response, Timur invaded Anatolia and 5143: 5002: 4290: 2464:

dispute arose from semantic confusion. Few on Byzantium's side were impressed with the Union between 1438 and 1439 held in

1807: 1642: 1632: 1183: 1023:

The loss of land in the East to the Turks and in the West to the Bulgarians coincided with two disastrous civil wars, the

4134: 2956:

The end of the Byzantine Empire did not seem inevitable to contemporaries. As late as 1444, a mere nine years before the

2712:). Consequently, this Greek culture soon came to dominate the Empire and the works of the Classical age such as those of 1359: 5472: 4885: 3123: 135: 2816:

Not all thinkers were welcome in Byzantium. Some who opened their minds to other beliefs would have strayed from the "

2412: 1090:, and Trebizond, with a multitude of Frankish and Latin possessions occupying the remainder, nominally subject to the 5573: 4139: 3559: 3535: 3029: 2943: 2480:

In the late 1440s, the Ottomans experienced difficulty in bringing their Christian vassals in the Balkans into line.

1162:

In 1261, while the bulk of the Latin Empire's military forces were absent from Constantinople, the Byzantine General

1055: 940:

dynasty in the period between 1261 and 1453, from the restoration of Byzantine rule to Constantinople by the usurper

2925: 1050:

However, the Palaiologan period witnessed a renewed flourishing in art and the letters, in what has been called the

4636: 3693: 103: 2727:

who characterized the interest in Science and Mathematics at the time. Astronomy was also a field of interest, as

1276:, a revolt that overthrew the Angevin King of Sicily and installed Peter III of Aragon as King of Sicily in 1281. 82: 5608: 5430: 3962: 3730: 3024: 2045: 1826: 829: 610: 5578: 5568: 5440: 5361: 5179: 5047: 4619: 4563: 4484: 4351: 3615: 2921: 2731:

illustrates with his proposal to modify the calendar before changes were put in place by the Gregorian reform.

2383: 1492:

Dissatisfaction from his failure, his old age and a "reckless grandson" culminated in his enforced abdication.

2152:

rebelled against his father in 1373. Curiously, this rebellion coincided with the rebellion of Murad I's son,

1680:

Byzantine coins showing John V and his co-emperor & guide Kantakouzenos during their peaceful co-existence

1213: 5435: 5425: 5340: 5095: 4880: 3009: 3004: 4315: 2241:

between Manuel II and Mehmed I. However, he lived long enough to see his son undo much of his achievements.

5652: 5509: 5477: 5381: 5090: 5062: 4870: 4409: 3019: 2387: 483: 88: 5233: 4875: 4722: 4479: 4230: 2999: 2994: 2734:

Moreover, some prominent personalities also proposed the change of the Imperial title to 'Emperor of the

1701: 1301: 1102:

was initially the strongest of the three Greek states, the Nicaeans succeeded in taking back the city of

999:

zeal, the prospect of economic gain, and the desire to seek refuge from the Mongols after the disastrous

3580:

John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.

2460:

head of the Byzantine Church ordered the Byzantine Church to accept Papal primacy and declared that the

1031:

which allowed the Turks to occupy the peninsula. By 1380, the Byzantine Empire consisted of the capital

5553: 5499: 5238: 5110: 5100: 4800: 4680: 4558: 4489: 4377: 4346: 4189: 4129: 1501: 458: 354: 299: 989:, which had formed the very heart of the shrinking empire, was systematically lost to numerous Turkic 5413: 4937: 4793: 4578: 4469: 4356: 3574:

Madden, Thomas F. Crusades the Illustrated History. 1st ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan P, 2005

2149: 2059: 1345: 1129:

against Bulgaria was a challenge that kept the Latins occupied for the duration of the Latin Empire.

843: 390: 330: 4712: 4464: 3951: 3830: 2906: 2170: 2026: 1916: 1157: 1137: 1118: 982: 941: 810: 700: 318: 186: 3282: 2341:

who was in Asia Minor, confirming Byzantium's freedom from paying tribute. The Empire also gained

5618: 5042: 4768: 4588: 4474: 2910: 2263: 2203: 2111: 1858: 1384: 1323: 1208: 1095: 1051: 1005: 1000: 895: 642: 5543: 5133: 4975: 4419: 4225: 4199: 4194: 3967: 3943: 3939: 3906: 2957: 2532: 2375: 2050: 2038: 2016: 1992: 1724: 1563: 1281: 1272:'s attempts to seize Sicily from Charles. Michael's efforts paid off with the outbreak of the 1163: 1040: 953: 834: 822: 800: 776: 500: 342: 247: 37: 3551: 2558:

on the European side of the Bosporus in order to better control traffic through the Bosporus.

5261: 5115: 4305: 4215: 4179: 4064: 3794: 3789: 2581: 2407: 2356:

Bayezid's sons lost no time fighting each other for their father's shattered realm. By 1413,

2227: 2158: 1890: 1886: 1350:

Andronikos II was the son of Michael VIII. He ascended the throne in 1282, at the age of 24.

1315: 674: 670: 446: 434: 378: 260: 243: 1431:

of Persia to send troops to attack the Turks, but negotiations for such an alliance failed.

1148: 5504: 5487: 5308: 5067: 5032: 4915: 4852: 4847: 4382: 4325: 2856:

as more enlightened in some aspects, such as morality, than his Christian co-religionists.

2631: 2338: 2309: 412: 3681:

Byzantine & Christian Museum, The Palaiologan period: The final flowering of Byzantium

1637:

John V, ten years old at his ascension, was guided by a regency consisting of his mother,

1358:

Andronikos II was tied down with events in the West and the East. The Serbians under King

8: 4414: 4330: 4320: 4184: 3947: 3935: 3822: 2973: 2837: 2801: 2782: 2758:'s tables for calculations. However, these proved to be inaccurate when compared to Arab 2728: 2709: 2677: 2635: 2538: 2333: 2313: 2286: 2267: 2211: 2021: 2012: 1525: 1269: 1264:

Unfortunately for Michael VIII, the new union was seen as a fake by Clement's successor,

1099: 1087: 1059: 1044: 1017: 805: 796: 182: 178: 109: 2704:

In the past, at its full height, the Byzantine Empire was composed of many territories,

1997: 1039:

allowed Byzantium to survive until 1453. The last remnants of the Byzantine Empire, the

781: 5492: 5482: 5356: 5027: 4910: 4827: 4690: 4042: 4022: 4002: 3992: 3758: 3657: 3604: 2879: 1771: 1755: 1743: 1245: 1233: 1094:

at Constantinople. In addition, the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire allowed the

366: 233: 223: 5614: 5548: 5453: 5386: 5366: 5334: 5266: 5253: 5174: 5169: 4920: 4685: 4535: 4054: 4007: 3997: 3987: 3611: 3555: 3531: 3503: 2875: 2817: 2767: 2262:

could endure a half-hearted blockade, it did not have the military assets to man the

2084: 1787: 1694: 1649: 1400: 1171: 868: 292: 265: 5418: 5211: 5159: 5105: 5072: 5022: 4815: 4805: 4583: 4271: 4163: 4086: 4069: 4047: 4032: 4017: 3931: 3716: 2643: 2567: 2489: 2298: 2007: 1273: 1225: 1133: 1098:, the Serbs, and the various Turcoman emirates of Anatolia to make gains. Although 1083: 933: 791: 546: 282: 1589: 1203:, looted in the Crusade of 1204, was refurbished to Greek Orthodox tradition. The 5563: 5396: 5376: 5371: 5326: 5316: 5276: 5271: 5221: 5216: 4997: 4603: 4520: 4515: 4255: 4245: 4081: 4075: 4059: 4037: 4027: 4012: 3641: 3624:

Parker, Geoffrey. Compact History of the World. 4th ed. London: Times Books, 2005

3495: 2693: 2639: 2625:

Classical literature that was studied included mythical figures such as Dionysus.

2621: 2584:, and many legends were created about the ultimate fate of the last Constantine. 2542: 2461: 2346: 1690: 1407: 1392: 1257: 212: 3577:

Mango, Cyril. The Oxford History of Byzantium. 1st ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2002

2555: 2169:

over to the Ottomans, thus rendering the only genuine European aid, provided by

5401: 5281: 5014: 4773: 4667: 4653: 4452: 4156: 3911: 2509: 2497: 2453: 2350: 2094: 2089: 1978: 1739:

Byzantium (in red) in 1369, after the Ottomans conquered the city of Adrianople

1620: 1611: 1195: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1079: 1032: 1009: 974: 961: 957: 949: 878: 873: 762: 573: 504: 199: 60: 1216:. Both had common enemies; Latin aggression, and later on, the Ottoman Turks. 5636: 5321: 5198: 5164: 4902: 4837: 4810: 4695: 4310: 4250: 3523: 3034: 2961: 2391: 2074: 1790:, and in its aftermath, many surviving lords submitted to the Ottoman Sultan 1767: 1760: 1638: 1567: 1415: 1253: 858: 238: 2836:

was burnt by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Plethon's ashes repose in the

5082: 5057: 5037: 4842: 4820: 4675: 3923: 3918: 3752: 2965: 2681: 2305: 1987: 1982: 1852: 1766:

Fortunately for John V, he had other European connections — his mother was

1720: 1653: 1241: 1204: 1200: 1175: 1091: 1013: 966: 945: 771: 766: 636: 560: 487: 3685: 3627:

Turnbull, Stephen. The Ottoman Empire 1326 – 1699. New York: Osprey, 2003.

2523: 2153: 1136:, a boy of 10 years. However, John IV was overshadowed by his co-emperor, 5583: 5558: 5052: 4862: 4629: 4235: 4220: 2751: 2598: 2342: 2232: 1511: 1295: 1024: 937: 269: 228: 3464:

The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy

2161:, the second son of John V, was made co-emperor and heir to the throne. 1602: 1439: 1082:, the Byzantine Empire had fractured into the Greek successor-states of 156: 4857: 4717: 4707: 4540: 4530: 4240: 2717: 2668: 2485: 2431: 2324: 1798:

from the defeated Serbs, John V swore allegiance as a vassal to Murad.

1582:

The Byzantine Empire in 1340 a year before the death of Andronikos III.

1451: 1411: 1388: 978: 3594:

Midway Through the Plunge: John Cantacuzenus and the Fall of Byzantium

2796: 2349:. As an added bonus, Imperial authority was asserted over a number of 2157:

blinded, while Murad I defeated his son, Savci, and had him executed.

5406: 5286: 4778: 4646: 4593: 4525: 2866: 2825: 2820:", as the Byzantines would have seen it. One such example is that of 2778: 2759: 2713: 2659: 2655: 2550: 2420: 2250: 2166: 1877: 1671: 1616: 1529: 1428: 1419: 1396: 1265: 1028: 661: 128: 44: 2895: 4932: 4832: 4783: 4641: 4573: 4361: 2829: 2735: 2724: 2685: 2673: 2546: 2469: 2425: 2371: 2357: 2186: 1548: 1540: 1475: 1376: 1122: 986: 3637:

Historical Dynamics in a Time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453

3630:

Haldon, John. Byzantium at War 600 – 1453. New York: Osprey, 2000.

1735: 1676: 1665: 5298: 5184: 5125: 4624: 4598: 4276: 2977:

Byzantium's armies became increasingly obsolete and outnumbered.

2849: 2821: 2763: 2755: 2647: 2481: 2465: 2236:

Byzantium in 1389. Thrace was lost in the previous three decades.

1791: 1556: 1457: 1285: 996: 277: 166: 146: 1597: 1379:

as a "dowry". Nonetheless, the Serbs continued their expansion.

1372: 4927: 4702: 4568: 3283:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andronicus-III-Palaeologus

2853: 2841: 2805: 2790: 2739: 2689: 2651: 2609: 2274: 2215: 2195: 2178: 1795: 1552: 1471: 1422:, these hardy mercenaries were used to skirmishing against the 1363: 1249: 1237: 1229: 1167: 1126: 1070: 2249:

Manuel II's first priority was to establish an agreement with

1578: 995:, whose raids evolved into conquering expeditions inspired by 3650:

The Byzantine provincial administration under the Palaiologoi

2809: 2605: 2563: 2500:. The new emperor would be Byzantium's last sovereign ruler. 2294: 2282: 2278: 2199: 2174: 1706: 1641:, John VI Kantakouzenos and the Patriarch of Constantinople ( 1423: 1368: 1289: 1036: 991: 218: 122: 29: 2439:

Manuel II's final years saw his gains wasted and the Empire

1723:

and Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, and the

5206: 2785:

published his thoughts using Persian and Ptolemaic tables.

2592: 2423:(1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "John the Palaiologos, 2256: 1537: 1528:

on June 10, and in 1331, the city fell. Not wishing to see

1182:

excommunicated Michael, but he was deposed and replaced by

1838:

Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

622:

Territorial development of the Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

2345:

and coastal land of the Black Sea from Constantinople to

1801: 1661: 1544: 2676:

and the Greek Anthology of epigrams. Works assembled by

1166:

used the opportunity to seize the city with 600 troops.

1113:

was successful in holding its own against its Latin and

973:

From the start, the regime faced numerous problems. The

2832:. Consequently, his work on a modified Greek Pantheon, 1794:. Byzantium was in no better position and after taking 1339: 2874:

flee to the West. Remarkable travels were recorded by

2781:

were translated into Greek as early as 1309. In 1352,

2742:

state, in 1830, after four centuries of Ottoman rule.

1143: 2745: 1515:

Byzantium at the beginning of Andronikos III's reign.

1455:

currency and heavily taxed the military elite of the

970:, this period is known as the late Byzantine Empire. 3644:, Great Ages of Man Byzantium, Time-Life Books, 1975 3177:

Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat

3056: 2793:and the latter the head of the Patriarchal school. 2706:

stretching from modern-day Iraq to modern-day Spain

2221: 1244:in Constantinople. The situation became worse when 1240:would no doubt launch another attempt to establish 3603: 3484:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 365–371. 3466:(2nd ed.). London: Robinson. pp. 234–35. 1672:Reign and fall of John VI Kantakouzenos, 1347–1357 1406:Not giving up, Andronikos hired the 6,500 strong " 3552:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324-1453, Vol. 2 2654:. Countless works are also included, such as the 2587: 2527:Constantine XI depicted in semi-classical armour. 1759:Crusaders would sack both friend and foe but the 1261:papal support for an invasion of Constantinople. 5634: 1189: 3601: 2800:Plethon's final resting place was moved to the 2518: 2444:Ottomans, soon-to-be Christendom's direst foe. 2319: 4076:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 3502:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–80. 3488: 2616: 1781: 1228:was in chaos and decentralized ever since the 5648:States and territories disestablished in 1453 3701: 2777:Despite this, Persian works such as those on 2285:, Paris and London, where he met the English 2129: 1626: 1598:The rise and fall of Kantakouzenos, 1341–1357 1395:to attack the Turks who were laying siege to 913: 16:Period of Byzantine history from 1261 to 1453 3610:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2364: 1495: 3715: 3448: 3446: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3109: 3107: 3083: 2924:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1464: 1132:In 1261, the Empire of Nicaea was ruled by 52: 5643:States and territories established in 1261 3708: 3694: 3662:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3647: 3590: 3516: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3097: 3095: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2870:although only bishops had such resources. 2417:Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos 2136: 2122: 920: 906: 165: 155: 145: 3528:Constantinople 1453: The end of Byzantium 3179:. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 93. 3159: 2944:Learn how and when to remove this message 2206:, to seek aid in order to topple John V. 130:Basileus Basileōn, Basileuōn Basileuontōn 124:Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων, Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων 3494: 3443: 3418: 3402: 3384: 3368: 3344: 3330: 3316: 3307: 3287: 3253: 3231: 3215: 3195: 3104: 2795: 2720:were meticulously copied and annotated. 2620: 2593:Second Byzantine/Palaiologan Renaissance 2522: 2411: 2323: 2257:Rebellion; Byzantium survives, 1394–1402 2231: 1734: 1675: 1601: 1577: 1510: 1438: 1362:had begun invading the Balkans and took 1294: 1147: 1069: 150: 4964: 3522: 3461: 3168: 3141: 3129: 3092: 3065: 3047: 2401: 1327:a result of his policies towards Rome. 5635: 3606:Byzantium: faith and power (1261–1557) 3479: 2545:, but had been forced to back down by 1802:Third Palaiologan Civil War, 1373–1379 1713: 1648:The Patriarch, aided by the ambitious 5532: 4963: 4748: 4440: 4107: 3728: 3689: 3475: 3473: 3174: 3015:Byzantium under the Justinian Dynasty 2308:was handed back to the Byzantines by 1058:to the West also helped to spark the 5668:15th century in the Byzantine Empire 5663:14th century in the Byzantine Empire 5658:13th century in the Byzantine Empire 4749: 2922:adding citations to reliable sources 2889: 2244: 2202:and then to the new Ottoman Sultan, 1730: 1340:Andronikos II Palaiologos, 1282–1328 4451: 2562:number of "super-cannons" built by 1749: 1506: 1353: 1308: 1144:Michael VIII Palaiologos, 1261–1282 13: 3584: 3550:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vasiliev 3470: 2746:Persian science enters, circa 1300 2699: 2447: 2328:Manuel II lived to 75 years of age 1833: 1434: 617: 14: 5684: 5574:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 3674: 3554:. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1952, 3530:. Osprey Publishing. p. 13. 3030:Family tree of Byzantine emperors 2684:can be found in the libraries of 2503: 2419:during his visit to Florence, by 1606:Byzantine Empire in the year 1350 1219: 944:following its recapture from the 5613: 3500:The Fall of Constantinople, 1453 3122:Lowe, Steven, and Martin Baker. 2894: 2222:Manuel II Palaiologos, 1391–1420 2105: 1808:Byzantine civil war of 1373–1379 1633:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 889: 578: 553: 539: 136:King of Kings, Ruling Over Kings 102: 81: 3963:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 3785:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 3544: 3482:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 3455: 3434: 3275: 3183: 3037:dynasty and related family tree 3025:Byzantium under the Macedonians 2885: 2672:, edits and "rediscoveries" on 2046:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 1883:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 1827:History of the Byzantine Empire 1056:migration of Byzantine scholars 830:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 667:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 611:History of the Byzantine Empire 5048:Great Palace of Constantinople 4789:Patriarchate of Constantinople 4108: 3116: 2588:Learning under the Palaiologoi 1399:, but they were beaten at the 1004:commonly, these comprised the 960:. Together with the preceding 1: 3568: 3010:Byzantium under the Isaurians 3005:Byzantium under the Heraclian 2723:Notable philosophers include 2574: 1190:Restoration of Constantinople 1065: 1027:, and the 1354 earthquake at 90: 5673:Fall of the Byzantine Empire 5510:University of Constantinople 5091:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 4441: 4241:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 3930:Byzantine successor states ( 3480:Norwich, John Julius (199). 3062:John Joseph Saunders, pp. 79 3020:Byzantium under the Komnenoi 2859: 2519:Defiance, defence and defeat 2320:Ottoman Interregnum, 1402–13 484:Reconquest of Constantinople 129: 45: 7: 5180:Saint Catherine's Monastery 4236:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 4231:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 3729: 3000:Byzantium under the Doukids 2995:Byzantium under the Angeloi 2988: 2617:Restoration of the Classics 2486:George Kastrioti Skanderbeg 2384:army sent to Constantinople 2112:Byzantine Empire portal 2004:Byzantine successor states 1782:Ottoman vassalage of John V 1573: 1486: 1288:, who by 1263 had captured 1047:, fell shortly afterwards. 896:Byzantine Empire portal 788:Byzantine successor states 10: 5689: 5569:Neo-Byzantine architecture 5533: 4190:Comes sacrarum largitionum 3462:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). 2596: 2530: 2515:fight for Constantinople. 2507: 2405: 2225: 1805: 1630: 1627:The civil war of 1341–1347 1551:, and was able to recover 1502:Andronikos III Palaiologos 1499: 1343: 1155: 1152:Hyperpyron of Michael VIII 123: 30: 5596: 5539: 5528: 5449: 5349: 5307: 5252: 5197: 5152: 5139:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 5124: 5081: 5013: 4983: 4974: 4970: 4959: 4901: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4666: 4612: 4551: 4508: 4460: 4447: 4436: 4395: 4370: 4339: 4298: 4289: 4264: 4208: 4172: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4103: 3976: 3892: 3839: 3770: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3126:21 Feb. 1992. 29 May 2007 2812:by his Italian disciples. 2365:Resumption of hostilities 2150:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 1496:Andronikos III, 1328–1341 1346:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1330: 518: 514: 497: 480: 476: 468: 464: 452: 440: 428: 418: 406: 396: 384: 372: 360: 348: 336: 324: 312: 308: 298: 288: 276: 256: 205: 195: 142: 118: 77: 72: 21: 4713:Droungarios of the Fleet 3602:Evans, Helen C. (2004). 3041: 2666:, Nonnus of Panaopolis' 2475: 2456:West. John VIII, as the 1925:Middle period (717–1204) 1465:Civil War and abdication 1158:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1138:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1119:Battle of Meander Valley 1052:Palaiologian Renaissance 942:Michael VIII Palaiologos 709:Middle period (717–1204) 187:Principality of Theodoro 171:Byzantine Empire in 1453 161:Byzantine Empire in 1341 151:Byzantine Empire in 1261 5227:Early Byzantine mosaics 4589:Domestic of the Schools 3648:Maksimović, L. (1988). 2656:tragedians of Sophocles 2537:Constantine XI was the 2264:walls of Constantinople 2204:Bayezid the Thunderbolt 1971:Late period (1204–1453) 1385:Alexios Philanthropenos 1324:Second Council of Lyons 1304:; Purple - Latin states 1209:walls of Constantinople 1106:from the Latin Empire. 1006:Second Bulgarian Empire 755:Late period (1204–1453) 5544:Byzantine commonwealth 4306:Praetorian prefectures 4226:Logothetes tou genikou 4200:Quaestor sacri palatii 4195:Comes rerum privatarum 3968:Fall of Constantinople 3907:Sack of Constantinople 2958:Fall of Constantinople 2813: 2626: 2533:Fall of Constantinople 2528: 2436: 2334:defeat of the Ottomans 2329: 2237: 2051:Fall of Constantinople 2039:Despotate of the Morea 1993:Principality of Achaea 1870:Early period (330–717) 1839: 1754:Like his predecessors 1740: 1725:Despotate of the Morea 1681: 1607: 1583: 1564:Syrgiannes Palaiologos 1516: 1445: 1360:Stefan Uroš II Milutin 1305: 1282:Despotate of the Morea 1164:Alexios Strategopoulos 1153: 1075: 1041:Despotate of the Morea 1012:, the remnants of the 954:Fall of Constantinople 835:Fall of Constantinople 823:Despotate of the Morea 777:Principality of Achaea 654:Early period (330–717) 623: 501:Fall of Constantinople 248:South Slavic languages 185:in light blue and the 53: 5244:Komnenian renaissance 5239:Macedonian period art 5144:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 5116:Walls of Thessaloniki 4216:Logothetes tou dromou 3831:Twenty Years' Anarchy 3795:Valentinianic dynasty 3790:Constantinian dynasty 2799: 2624: 2597:Further information: 2526: 2508:Further information: 2415: 2408:John VIII Palaiologos 2406:Further information: 2327: 2235: 2228:Manuel II Palaiologos 2226:Further information: 1917:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1891:Valentinianic dynasty 1887:Constantinian dynasty 1837: 1738: 1679: 1605: 1581: 1514: 1442: 1391:, and the Heteriarch 1298: 1151: 1073: 964:and the contemporary 701:Twenty Years' Anarchy 675:Valentinianic dynasty 671:Constantinian dynasty 621: 244:Old Anatolian Turkish 206:Common languages 5441:Units of measurement 5175:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 5068:Pammakaristos Church 4916:Corpus Juris Civilis 4867:Missionary activity 4326:Exarchate of Ravenna 4152:Imperial bureaucracy 3597:. Byzantine Emporia. 3175:Grant, R.G. (2005). 2918:improve this section 2766:. Such men included 2680:at the Monastery of 2632:Demetrius Triclinius 2402:John VIII takes over 948:, founded after the 5653:Palaiologos dynasty 4965:Culture and society 4828:Ecumenical councils 4331:Exarchate of Africa 4321:Quaestura exercitus 4185:Magister officiorum 4180:Praetorian prefects 3823:Byzantine Dark Ages 3591:Duval, Ben (2019). 3089:Madden, pp. 110–113 2838:Tempio Malatestiano 2802:Tempio Malatestiano 2783:Theodore Metochites 2772:George Chrysokokkes 2729:Nicephorus Gregoras 2678:Theodore Metochites 2636:Manuel Moschopoulos 2539:Despot of the Morea 2212:Knights of St. John 2194:Manuel in exile in 1714:Turkish immigration 1526:Battle of Pelekanon 1418:. Originating from 1270:Peter III of Aragon 1060:Italian Renaissance 1045:Empire of Trebizond 1018:Knights Hospitaller 183:Empire of Trebizond 179:Despotate of Epirus 5382:Flags and insignia 5028:Baths of Zeuxippus 4911:Codex Theodosianus 4801:Oriental Orthodoxy 3759:Later Roman Empire 2985:impossible cause. 2880:Manuel Chrysoloras 2814: 2627: 2529: 2437: 2330: 2238: 1840: 1772:Amadeo VI of Savoy 1756:Alexios I Komnenos 1744:John V Palaiologos 1741: 1682: 1608: 1584: 1517: 1446: 1306: 1256:in 1266. In 1267, 1246:Charles I of Anjou 1154: 1117:opponents. At the 1076: 1001:Battle of Köse Dağ 952:(1204), up to the 624: 181:in dark blue, the 5630: 5629: 5592: 5591: 5549:Byzantine studies 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5335:Alexander Romance 5193: 5192: 5170:Nea Moni of Chios 5033:Blachernae Palace 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4921:Code of Justinian 4769:Eastern Orthodoxy 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4662: 4661: 4536:Scholae Palatinae 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4397:Foreign relations 4391: 4390: 4285: 4284: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4094: 3898:(1204–1453) 3509:978-0-521-39832-9 3124:"Seljuks of Rum". 2954: 2953: 2946: 2876:John Argyropoulos 2818:one true Religion 2770:and his follower 2768:Gregory Choniades 2245:Vassalage to 1394 2146: 2145: 1788:Battle of Maritsa 1731:John V, 1354–1391 1650:Alexios Apokaukos 1559:from the Latins. 1401:Battle of Bapheus 936:was ruled by the 930: 929: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 566: 565: 454:• 1448–1453 442:• 1425–1448 430:• 1391–1425 420:• 1390–1391 398:• 1379–1390 386:• 1376–1379 374:• 1347–1354 362:• 1341–1376 350:• 1328–1341 338:• 1295–1320 326:• 1282–1328 314:• 1261–1282 293:Absolute monarchy 266:Roman Catholicism 263:(Predominantly), 190: 46:Basileía Rhōmaíōn 5680: 5617: 5530: 5529: 5473:Imperial Library 5419:Byzantine Greeks 5160:Daphni Monastery 5111:Panagia Chalkeon 5106:Hagios Demetrios 5073:Prison of Anemas 5023:Basilica Cistern 4981: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4816:West Syriac Rite 4806:Alexandrian Rite 4757: 4756: 4750:Religion and law 4746: 4745: 4681:Maritime themata 4637:Palaiologan army 4490:Military manuals 4458: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4437: 4296: 4295: 4272:Megas logothetes 4123: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4104: 3978:By modern region 3899: 3846: 3845:(717–1204) 3777: 3739: 3738: 3726: 3725: 3717:Byzantine Empire 3710: 3703: 3696: 3687: 3686: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3621: 3609: 3598: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3496:Runciman, Steven 3492: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3416: 3413: 3400: 3397: 3382: 3379: 3366: 3363: 3342: 3339: 3328: 3325: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3251: 3248: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3210: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3139: 3136: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3102: 3099: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 2949: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2898: 2890: 2696:and even Paris. 2644:Maximos Planudes 2490:Crusade of Varna 2378:was inevitable. 2138: 2131: 2124: 2110: 2109: 2108: 1812: 1811: 1750:Plea to the West 1643:John XIV Kalekas 1274:Sicilian Vespers 1226:Sultanate of Rum 1207:harbour and the 1134:John IV Laskaris 1125:; consolidating 934:Byzantine Empire 922: 915: 908: 894: 893: 892: 596: 595: 582: 581: 570: 569: 557: 556: 547:Empire of Nicaea 543: 542: 536: 535: 520: 519: 176: 172: 169: 162: 159: 152: 149: 132: 126: 125: 106: 95: 92: 85: 64: 56: 54:Imperium Romanum 49: 48: 41: 33: 32: 31:Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων 23:Byzantine Empire 19: 18: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5623: 5588: 5564:Cyrillic script 5535: 5516: 5461: 5445: 5345: 5327:Digenes Akritas 5303: 5248: 5189: 5153:Other locations 5148: 5120: 5077: 5009: 4998:Cross-in-square 4966: 4947: 4897: 4751: 4732: 4658: 4608: 4604:Varangian Guard 4547: 4521:East Roman army 4516:Late Roman army 4504: 4443: 4424: 4387: 4366: 4335: 4281: 4260: 4256:Epi ton deeseon 4246:Epi tou eidikou 4204: 4168: 4110: 4091: 4078: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3958:Palaiologan era 3900: 3897: 3888: 3859:Nikephorian era 3847: 3844: 3835: 3778: 3776:(330–717) 3775: 3766: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3677: 3655: 3654: 3642:Philip Sherrard 3618: 3587: 3585:Further reading 3571: 3566: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3471: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3419: 3414: 3403: 3398: 3385: 3380: 3369: 3364: 3345: 3340: 3331: 3326: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3254: 3249: 3232: 3227: 3216: 3211: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 2991: 2950: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2915: 2899: 2888: 2862: 2754:had to rely on 2748: 2702: 2700:Greek Byzantium 2640:Thomas Magister 2619: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2577: 2543:Duchy of Athens 2535: 2521: 2512: 2506: 2478: 2450: 2448:Union with Rome 2441:status quo ante 2435:of the Romans". 2410: 2404: 2388:to Thessalonika 2367: 2322: 2310:Prince Suleyman 2259: 2247: 2230: 2224: 2142: 2106: 2104: 2099: 2034:Palaiologan era 1938:Nikephorian era 1821: 1810: 1804: 1784: 1752: 1733: 1716: 1674: 1635: 1629: 1600: 1576: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1467: 1437: 1435:Domestic policy 1408:Catalan Company 1393:George Mouzalon 1356: 1348: 1342: 1333: 1311: 1258:Pope Clement IV 1222: 1192: 1160: 1146: 1068: 926: 890: 888: 883: 818:Palaiologan era 722:Nikephorian era 605: 579: 554: 540: 507: 490: 455: 443: 431: 421: 409: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 327: 315: 283:Byzantine Greek 264: 261:Greek Orthodoxy 252: 191: 174: 173: 170: 163: 160: 153: 133: 127: 114: 113: 112: 110:Byzantine eagle 107: 99: 98: 93: 86: 68: 67: 58: 43: 42: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5686: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5096:Byzantine Bath 5093: 5087: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5015:Constantinople 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4774:Byzantine Rite 4765: 4763: 4753: 4752: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4654:Grand domestic 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4620:Komnenian army 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4495:Military units 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4465:Battle tactics 4461: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4157:Medieval Greek 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3912:Fourth Crusade 3903: 3901: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3869:Macedonian era 3866: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Theodosian era 3799: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3734: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3675:External links 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3599: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3543: 3536: 3524:Nicolle, David 3515: 3508: 3487: 3469: 3454: 3442: 3433: 3417: 3401: 3383: 3367: 3343: 3329: 3315: 3306: 3286: 3274: 3252: 3230: 3214: 3194: 3182: 3167: 3165:Madden, p. 162 3158: 3140: 3128: 3115: 3113:Madden, p. 179 3103: 3091: 3082: 3064: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2987: 2952: 2951: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2861: 2858: 2747: 2744: 2701: 2698: 2618: 2615: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2576: 2573: 2531:Main article: 2520: 2517: 2510:Constantine XI 2505: 2504:Constantine XI 2502: 2498:Constantine XI 2477: 2474: 2454:Roman Catholic 2449: 2446: 2403: 2400: 2366: 2363: 2351:Aegean Islands 2321: 2318: 2268:titanic battle 2258: 2255: 2246: 2243: 2223: 2220: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2126: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2010: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1979:Fourth Crusade 1973: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948:Macedonian era 1945: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897:Theodosian era 1894: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1783: 1780: 1751: 1748: 1732: 1729: 1715: 1712: 1673: 1670: 1631:Main article: 1628: 1625: 1621:infrastructure 1612:bubonic plague 1599: 1596: 1575: 1572: 1541:Bahud-din Umur 1508: 1507:Foreign policy 1505: 1500:Main article: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1466: 1463: 1436: 1433: 1355: 1354:Foreign policy 1352: 1344:Main article: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1310: 1309:Foreign policy 1307: 1221: 1220:Foreign policy 1218: 1196:Fourth Crusade 1191: 1188: 1156:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1111:Nicaean Empire 1104:Constantinople 1092:Latin Emperors 1080:Fourth Crusade 1078:Following the 1067: 1064: 1033:Constantinople 1010:Serbian Empire 962:Nicaean Empire 958:Ottoman Empire 950:Fourth Crusade 928: 927: 925: 924: 917: 910: 902: 899: 898: 885: 884: 882: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 855: 852: 851: 847: 846: 840: 839: 838: 837: 832: 827: 826: 825: 815: 814: 813: 808: 803: 794: 786: 785: 784: 779: 774: 763:Fourth Crusade 757: 756: 752: 751: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 732:Macedonian era 729: 724: 719: 711: 710: 706: 705: 704: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 681:Theodosian era 678: 664: 656: 655: 651: 650: 649: 648: 647: 646: 631: 630: 626: 625: 614: 613: 607: 606: 599: 592: 591: 588: 587: 584: 583: 576: 574:Ottoman Empire 567: 564: 563: 558: 550: 549: 544: 532: 531: 526: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 498: 495: 494: 491: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 461: 459:Constantine XI 456: 453: 450: 449: 444: 441: 438: 437: 432: 429: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 415: 410: 407: 404: 403: 400: 397: 394: 393: 388: 385: 382: 381: 376: 373: 370: 369: 364: 361: 358: 357: 355:Andronikos III 352: 349: 346: 345: 340: 337: 334: 333: 328: 325: 322: 321: 316: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 302: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 280: 274: 273: 258: 254: 253: 251: 250: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 209: 207: 203: 202: 200:Constantinople 197: 193: 192: 175: 164: 154: 144: 143: 140: 139: 116: 115: 108: 101: 100: 87: 80: 79: 78: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 65: 50: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5685: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:Encyclopedias 5466: 5465: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Hellenization 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350:Everyday life 5348: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5322:Acritic songs 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Hosios Loukas 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4838:Monophysitism 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Armenian Rite 4809: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4743: 4729: 4728:Naval battles 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251:Protasekretis 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879:Komnenian era 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3817:Heraclian era 3815: 3813: 3812:Justinian era 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3561: 3560:9780299809263 3557: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3537:1-84176-091-9 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3458: 3452:Mango, p. 274 3449: 3447: 3440:Mango, p. 264 3437: 3431:Mango, p. 273 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3415:Mango, p. 272 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3399:Mango, p. 271 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3381:Mango, p. 270 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3365:Mango, p. 269 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3341:Mango, p. 268 3338: 3336: 3334: 3327:Mango, p. 267 3324: 3322: 3320: 3313:Mango, p. 266 3310: 3304:Mango, p. 265 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3272:Mango, p. 263 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3250:Mango, p. 262 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3228:Mango, p. 261 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3212:Mango, p. 260 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3156:Mango, p. 258 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3138:Mango, p. 257 3135: 3133: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3108: 3101:Mango, p. 256 3098: 3096: 3086: 3080:Mango, p. 254 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3059: 3053:Mango, p. 255 3050: 3046: 3036: 3035:Kantakouzenos 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2962:First Crusade 2959: 2948: 2945: 2937: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2903:This section 2901: 2897: 2892: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2750:At the time, 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2585: 2583: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2392:Kucuk Mustafa 2389: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2287:King Henry IV 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2254: 2252: 2242: 2234: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2214:stationed at 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1958:Komnenian era 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1912:Heraclian era 1910: 1908: 1907:Justinian era 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1878:Tetrarchy era 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768:Anna of Savoy 1764: 1762: 1761:First Crusade 1757: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1654:Didymoteichon 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639:Anna of Savoy 1634: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590:coup de grâce 1580: 1571: 1569: 1568:Stephen Dusan 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1503: 1493: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1453: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:Roger de Flor 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1303: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1254:Hohenstaufens 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1016:and even the 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 968: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 923: 918: 916: 911: 909: 904: 903: 901: 900: 897: 887: 886: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 854: 853: 849: 848: 845: 842: 841: 836: 833: 831: 828: 824: 821: 820: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 787: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 754: 753: 748: 745: 743: 742:Komnenian era 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 713: 712: 708: 707: 702: 699: 697: 696:Heraclian era 694: 692: 691:Justinian era 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 676: 672: 668: 665: 663: 662:Tetrarchy era 660: 659: 658: 657: 653: 652: 645: 644: 640: 639: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 628: 627: 620: 616: 615: 612: 609: 608: 603: 598: 597: 577: 575: 572: 571: 568: 562: 559: 552: 551: 548: 545: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506: 502: 496: 492: 489: 485: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 460: 457: 451: 448: 445: 439: 436: 433: 427: 423: 417: 414: 411: 405: 401: 395: 392: 391:Andronikos IV 389: 383: 380: 377: 371: 368: 365: 359: 356: 353: 347: 344: 341: 335: 332: 331:Andronikos II 329: 323: 320: 317: 311: 307: 303: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 284: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 259: 255: 249: 245: 242: 240: 239:Old Bulgarian 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 214: 211: 210: 208: 204: 201: 198: 194: 188: 184: 180: 168: 158: 148: 141: 137: 131: 121: 117: 111: 105: 97: 84: 76: 71: 62: 55: 51: 47: 39: 38:Ancient Greek 28: 27: 20: 5333: 5101:Hagia Sophia 5083:Thessalonica 5058:Hagia Sophia 5038:Chora Church 4976:Architecture 4853:Great Schism 4843:Paulicianism 4821:Miaphysitism 4676:Karabisianoi 3980:or territory 3957: 3940:Thessalonica 3924:Latin Empire 3919:Frankokratia 3894: 3854:Isaurian era 3841: 3772: 3757: 3753:Roman Empire 3743: 3652:. Amsterdam. 3649: 3605: 3595: 3592: 3546: 3527: 3518: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3463: 3457: 3436: 3309: 3277: 3185: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3118: 3085: 3058: 3049: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2966:Michael VIII 2955: 2940: 2931: 2916:Please help 2904: 2872: 2863: 2846: 2833: 2815: 2787: 2776: 2752:astrologists 2749: 2733: 2722: 2703: 2667: 2663: 2662:, Ptolemy's 2628: 2602: 2578: 2560: 2536: 2513: 2494: 2479: 2457: 2451: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2396: 2380: 2368: 2355: 2331: 2314:split in two 2306:Thessalonica 2303: 2291: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2239: 2208: 2192: 2184: 2163: 2147: 2033: 2017:Thessalonica 1988:Latin Empire 1933:Isaurian era 1857: 1853:Roman Empire 1785: 1777: 1765: 1753: 1742: 1721:Thessalonica 1717: 1699: 1687: 1683: 1658: 1647: 1636: 1609: 1588: 1585: 1561: 1535: 1522: 1518: 1490: 1481: 1468: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1405: 1381: 1357: 1349: 1334: 1321: 1312: 1278: 1263: 1223: 1205:Kontoskalion 1201:Hagia Sophia 1193: 1176:Thessalonica 1161: 1131: 1108: 1077: 1049: 1022: 1014:Latin Empire 990: 983:Michael VIII 972: 967:Frankokratia 965: 946:Latin Empire 931: 817: 801:Thessalonica 772:Latin Empire 717:Isaurian era 641: 637:Roman Empire 561:Latin Empire 529:Succeeded by 528: 523: 408:• 1390 319:Michael VIII 120:Motto: 119: 5584:Megali Idea 5559:Byzantinism 5262:Agriculture 5053:Hagia Irene 4886:Kievan Rus' 4863:Mount Athos 4686:Cibyrrhaeot 4630:Vestiaritai 4485:Mercenaries 4362:Catepanates 4221:Sakellarios 4140:Family tree 4065:Mesopotamia 3884:Angelid era 3864:Amorian era 2599:Renaissance 2549:. In 1451, 2343:Mount Athos 1963:Angelid era 1943:Amorian era 1458:pronoiarioi 1025:Black Death 938:Palaiologos 747:Angelid era 727:Amorian era 524:Preceded by 270:Sunni Islam 229:Old Catalan 134:(English: " 94: 1350 5637:Categories 5579:Third Rome 5505:University 5488:Philosophy 5478:Inventions 5341:Historians 5309:Literature 5292:Varangians 5134:San Vitale 5063:Hippodrome 5043:City Walls 4943:Mutilation 4938:Hexabiblos 4858:Bogomilism 4848:Iconoclasm 4718:Megas doux 4708:Greek fire 4691:Aegean Sea 4564:Kleisourai 4541:Excubitors 4531:Bucellarii 4383:Despotates 4352:Kleisourai 4291:Provincial 4135:Coronation 4109:Governance 3874:Doukid era 3807:Leonid era 3617:1588391132 3569:References 2886:Conclusion 2718:Theocritus 2669:Dionysiaca 2575:Conclusion 2432:autokrator 2080:Government 1983:Latin rule 1953:Doukid era 1902:Leonid era 1452:hyperpyron 1412:Almogavars 1389:Michael IX 1248:conquered 1242:Latin rule 1096:Bulgarians 1066:Background 979:Asia Minor 864:Government 767:Latin rule 737:Doukid era 686:Leonid era 343:Michael IX 289:Government 278:Demonym(s) 272:(Minority) 246:and other 215:(official) 189:in violet. 5407:Octoechos 5287:Silk Road 4779:Hesychasm 4647:Paramonai 4594:Hetaireia 4526:Foederati 4415:Diplomacy 4410:Diplomats 4316:Provinces 4145:Empresses 3948:Trebizond 3744:Preceding 3658:cite book 2905:does not 2867:patronage 2860:Patronage 2826:Zoroaster 2779:astrolabe 2764:Trebizond 2760:astronomy 2714:Sophocles 2710:Antiquity 2664:Geography 2660:Euripides 2568:Hungarian 2551:Mehmed II 2421:Pisanello 2251:Bayezid I 2167:Gallipoli 2154:Savcı Bey 2022:Trebizond 1845:Preceding 1685:to fail. 1617:Hesychasm 1530:Nicomedia 1429:Ilkhanids 1420:Catalonia 1414:, led by 1403:in 1302. 1397:Nicomedia 1383:General, 1316:Komnenian 1266:Martin IV 1252:from the 1234:Venetians 1214:Mamelukes 1172:Macedonia 1029:Gallipoli 806:Trebizond 629:Preceding 486:from the 447:John VIII 435:Manuel II 257:Religion 234:Aromanian 73:1261–1453 5500:Scholars 5493:Rhetoric 5483:Medicine 5458:Learning 5357:Calendar 5234:Painters 4933:Basilika 4871:Bulgaria 4833:Arianism 4784:Hayhurum 4761:Religion 4723:Admirals 4642:Allagion 4574:Droungos 4480:Generals 4442:Military 4405:Treaties 4311:Dioceses 4130:Emperors 4043:Sardinia 4023:Dalmatia 4003:Bulgaria 3993:Anatolia 3952:Theodoro 3946: / 3942: / 3934: / 3562:, p. 582 3526:(2000). 3498:(1990). 2989:See also 2934:May 2019 2834:The Laws 2830:Fatalism 2736:Hellenes 2725:Planudes 2686:Istanbul 2674:Plutarch 2582:Orthodox 2556:fortress 2547:Murad II 2470:Florence 2462:Filioque 2458:de facto 2426:basileus 2372:Murad II 2358:Mehmed I 2339:Süleyman 2299:defeated 2187:Thessaly 2066:By topic 2060:Timeline 2027:Theodoro 1859:Dominate 1818:a series 1816:Part of 1476:appanage 1377:Strumica 1236:and the 1184:Joseph I 1180:Arsenios 1123:Anatolia 1043:and the 987:Anatolia 850:By topic 844:Timeline 811:Theodoro 643:Dominate 602:a series 600:Part of 505:Ottomans 413:John VII 224:Armenian 5609:Outline 5554:Museums 5454:Science 5431:Slavery 5387:Gardens 5367:Cuisine 5299:Dynatoi 5267:Coinage 5254:Economy 5222:Mosaics 5185:Mystras 5126:Ravenna 4988:Secular 4876:Moravia 4625:Pronoia 4599:Akritai 4584:Tagmata 4559:Themata 4500:Revolts 4470:Battles 4378:Kephale 4347:Themata 4277:Mesazon 4119:Central 4055:Maghreb 4008:Corsica 3998:Armenia 3988:Albania 3731:History 2926:removed 2911:sources 2850:infidel 2822:Plethon 2756:Ptolemy 2694:Vatican 2648:Scholia 2482:Hungary 2466:Ferrara 2085:Economy 1792:Murad I 1691:Tenedos 1557:Phocaea 1302:Cilicia 1286:Osman I 997:Islamic 956:to the 869:Economy 503:to the 499:• 482:• 469:History 379:John VI 300:Emperor 196:Capital 5619:Portal 5534:Impact 5414:People 5362:Cities 5212:Enamel 4993:Sacred 4928:Ecloga 4794:Saints 4703:Dromon 4579:Bandon 4569:Tourma 4552:Middle 4475:Beacon 4357:Bandon 4340:Middle 4209:Middle 4164:Senate 4087:Thrace 4070:Serbia 4048:Sicily 4033:Greece 4018:Cyprus 3936:Epirus 3932:Nicaea 3842:Middle 3719:topics 3614: 3558: 3534: 3506: 2854:Tatars 2842:Rimini 2806:Rimini 2791:Tabriz 2692:, the 2690:Oxford 2652:Pindar 2610:Cyprus 2275:Venice 2216:Rhodes 2196:Lemnos 2179:Galata 2171:Amadeo 2159:Manuel 2013:Epirus 2008:Nicaea 1998:others 1820:on the 1796:Serres 1695:Genoan 1574:Legacy 1553:Lesbos 1487:Legacy 1474:as an 1472:Thrace 1444:reign. 1364:Skopje 1331:Legacy 1250:Sicily 1238:Franks 1230:Mongol 1168:Thrace 1127:Thrace 1115:Seljuk 1100:Epirus 1088:Epirus 1084:Nicaea 1054:. The 1008:, the 992:ghazis 797:Epirus 792:Nicaea 782:others 604:on the 488:Latins 472: 424:John V 402:John V 367:John V 304: 89:Flag ( 57: 34: 5604:Index 5436:Death 5426:Women 5397:Music 5377:Dress 5372:Dance 5317:Novel 5277:Trade 5272:Mints 5217:Glass 5207:Icons 5003:Domes 4881:Serbs 4696:Samos 4509:Early 4299:Early 4173:Early 4082:Syria 4060:Malta 4038:Italy 4028:Egypt 4013:Crete 3944:Morea 3773:Early 3042:Notes 2974:Avars 2810:Italy 2740:Greek 2682:Chora 2606:Crete 2564:Orban 2476:Varna 2347:Varna 2295:Timur 2283:Milan 2279:Padua 2200:Genoa 2175:Savoy 1707:Morea 1702:Orhan 1666:Aydın 1549:Aydın 1424:Moors 1410:" of 1369:Ohrid 1290:Sogut 1037:Timur 975:Turks 219:Latin 213:Greek 61:Latin 5402:Lyra 5282:silk 4893:Jews 4668:Navy 4613:Late 4453:Army 4420:Wars 4371:Late 4265:Late 3895:Late 3664:link 3612:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3532:ISBN 3504:ISBN 2909:any 2907:cite 2878:and 2828:and 2716:and 2658:and 2650:and 2642:and 2566:, a 2468:and 2429:and 2386:and 2332:The 2095:Navy 2090:Army 1981:and 1555:and 1538:Emir 1373:Stip 1322:The 1224:The 1194:The 1174:and 1109:The 932:The 879:Navy 874:Army 765:and 510:1453 493:1261 268:and 177:The 5199:Art 4903:Law 2920:by 2840:of 2804:in 2608:or 2376:war 2173:of 2075:Art 1664:of 1662:Bey 1645:). 1547:of 1545:Bey 1375:to 1371:to 977:of 859:Art 5639:: 3660:}} 3656:{{ 3472:^ 3445:^ 3420:^ 3404:^ 3386:^ 3370:^ 3346:^ 3332:^ 3318:^ 3289:^ 3255:^ 3233:^ 3217:^ 3197:^ 3143:^ 3131:^ 3106:^ 3094:^ 3067:^ 2852:" 2844:. 2808:, 2688:, 2638:, 2634:, 2316:. 2281:, 2277:, 1889:– 1543:, 1186:. 1170:, 1086:, 1062:. 1020:. 985:. 673:– 138:") 91:c. 3954:) 3950:– 3938:– 3825:" 3821:" 3709:e 3702:t 3695:v 3666:) 3620:. 3540:. 3512:. 3192:. 2947:) 2941:( 2936:) 2932:( 2928:. 2914:. 2848:" 2137:e 2130:t 2123:v 2015:/ 1893:) 1885:( 1300:- 921:e 914:t 907:v 799:/ 677:) 669:( 96:) 63:) 59:( 40:) 36:(

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