Byzantine Iconoclasm

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sets of letters (the earlier ones concerning Constantine, the later ones Thomas), Germanos reiterates a pro-image position while lamenting the behavior of his subordinates in the church, who apparently had both expressed reservations about image worship. Germanos complains "now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter". In both cases, efforts to persuade these men of the propriety of image veneration had failed and some steps had been taken to remove images from their churches. Significantly, in these letters, Germanos does not threaten his subordinates if they fail to change their behavior. He does not seem to refer to a factional split in the church, but rather to an ongoing issue of concern, and Germanos refers to Emperor Leo III, often presented as the original Iconoclast, as a friend of images. Germanos' concerns are mainly that the actions of Constantine and Thomas should not confuse the laity.

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influence. For instance, western regions such as the Cyclades contain evidence of iconoclastic loyalties from church decoration, while eastern areas such as Cyprus (then jointly-ruled by the Byzantines and the Arabs) maintained a continuous tradition of icons. Instead, iconodules escaped Iconoclasm by fleeing to peripheral regions away from the iconoclastic imperial authority in both west (Italy and Dalmatia) and east, such as Cyprus, the southern coast of Anatolia, and eastern Pontus. It is also possible that the concentration of Iconoclasm in the eastern Anatolian areas of Isauria, Chaldia and Cappadocia was the result of the military victories of the Isaurian emperors in this border area against the Arabs, as well as the strong imperial authority established in this area.

1162:

as Christianity increasingly spread among gentiles with traditions of religious images, and especially after the conversion of Constantine (c. 312), the legalization of Christianity, and, later that century, the establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire, many new people came into the new large public churches, which began to be decorated with images that certainly drew in part on imperial and pagan imagery: "The representations of Christ as the Almighty Lord on his judgment throne owed something to pictures of Zeus. Portraits of the Mother of God were not wholly independent of a pagan past of venerated mother-goddesses. In the popular mind the saints had come to fill a role that had been played by heroes and deities."

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painting living creatures blasphemed the fundamental doctrine of our salvation--namely, the Incarnation of Christ, and contradicted the six holy synods. ... If anyone shall endeavor to represent the forms of the Saints in lifeless pictures with material colors which are of no value (for this notion is vain and introduced by the devil), and does not rather represent their virtues as living images in himself, etc. ... let him be anathema." This Council claimed to be the legitimate "Seventh Ecumenical Council", but its legitimacy is disregarded by both Orthodox and Catholic traditions as no patriarchs or representatives of the

626: 375:("Mother of God"), the saints, living holy men, women, and spiritual elders, followed by the rest of humanity. Thus, in order to obtain blessings or divine favour, early Christians, like Christians today, would often pray or ask an intermediary, such as the saints or the Theotokos, or living fellow Christians believed to be holy, to intercede on their behalf with Christ. A strong sacramentality and belief in the importance of physical presence also joined the belief in intercession of saints with the use of relics and holy images (or icons) in early Christian practices. 1079: 799: 971: 786:(741–775), was personally committed to an anti-image position. Despite his successes as an emperor, both militarily and culturally, this has caused Constantine to be remembered unfavorably by a body of source material that is preoccupied with his opposition to image veneration. For example, Constantine is accused of being obsessive in his hostility to images and monks; because of this he burned monasteries and images and turned churches into stables, according to the surviving iconophile sources. In 754 Constantine summoned the 344: 331:

to constantly deal with Arab raids. On the other hand, the wealthier Greeks of Constantinople and also the peoples of the Balkan and Italian provinces strongly opposed Iconoclasm. The claim of such a geopraphical distribution has, however, been disputed. Re-evaluation of the written and material evidence relating to the period of Byzantine Iconoclasm has challenged many of the basic assumptions and factual assertions of the traditional account. Byzantine iconoclasm influenced the later

771: 6500: 390:, or holy objects (rather than places), which were a part of the claimed remains of, or had supposedly come into contact with, Christ, the Virgin or a saint, were also widely utilized in Christian practices at this time. Relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, provided physical presence of the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake 942: 43: 1384: 1279: 1058: 140: 1114:- character) of the Word after the Incarnation with material colours, he is an adversary of God. .... If anyone shall endeavour to represent the forms of the Saints in lifeless pictures with material colours which are of no value (for this notion is vain and introduced by the devil), and does not rather represent their virtues as living images in himself, he is an adversary of God" 566:, and accordingly made efforts to destroy the writings of the other side when they had the chance. Leo III is said to have ordered the destruction of iconodule texts at the start of the controversy, and the records of the final Second Council of Nicaea record that books with missing pages were reported and produced to the council. Many texts, including works of 500:

iconoclasm rejected any depictions of living people or animals, not only religious images. By contrast, Byzantine iconomachy concerned itself only with the question of the holy presence (or lack thereof) of images. Thus, although the rise of Islam may have created an environment in which images were at the forefront of intellectual question and debate,

1110:"Supported by the Holy Scriptures and the Fathers, we declare unanimously, in the name of the Holy Trinity, that there shall be rejected and removed and cursed one of the Christian Church every likeness which is made out of any material and colour whatever by the evil art of painters.... If anyone ventures to represent the divine image (χαρακτήρ, 695:, either resigned or was deposed following the ban. Surviving letters Germanos wrote at the time say little of theology. According to Patricia Karlin-Hayter, what worried Germanos was that the ban of icons would prove that the Church had been in error for a long time and therefore play into the hands of Jews and Muslims. 480:

like it was acceptable to make images of the saints and other humans. The events which have traditionally been labelled 'Byzantine Iconoclasm' may be seen as the efforts of the organised Church and the imperial authorities to respond to these changes and to try to reassert some institutional control over popular practice.

990:, which led to no resolution. However, Leo had apparently become convinced by this point of the correctness of the iconoclast position, and had the icon of the Chalke gate, which Leo III is fictitiously claimed to have removed once before, replaced with a cross. In 815 the revival of iconoclasm was rendered official by a 272:). These terms were, however, not a part of the Byzantine debate over images. They have been brought into common usage by modern historians (from the seventeenth century) and their application to Byzantium increased considerably in the late twentieth century. The Byzantine term for the debate over religious imagery, 864:(780–97). Though icon veneration does not seem to have been a major priority for the regency government, Irene called an ecumenical council a year after Leo's death, which restored image veneration. This may have been an effort to secure closer and more cordial relations between Constantinople and Rome. 1348:

two centuries before, the popes in Rome had been initially nominated by, and later merely confirmed by, the emperor in Constantinople, and many of them had been Greek-speaking. By the end of the controversy the pope had approved the creation of a new emperor in the West, and the old deference of the

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Assertion that the biblical commandment forbidding images of God had been superseded by the incarnation of Jesus, who, being the second person of the Trinity, is God incarnate in visible matter. Therefore, they were not depicting the invisible God, but God as He appeared in the flesh. They were able

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wrote his letter 51 to John, Bishop of Jerusalem (c. 394) in which he recounted how he tore down an image in a church and admonished the other bishop that such images are "opposed … to our religion", although the authenticity of this letter has also long been disputed, and remains uncertain. However,

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What accounts of iconoclast arguments remain are largely found in quotations or summaries in iconodule writings. It is thus difficult to reconstruct a balanced view of the popularity or prevalence of iconoclast writings. The major theological arguments, however, remain in evidence because of the need

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Leo next appointed a "commission" of monks "to look into the old books" and reach a decision on the veneration of images. They soon discovered the acts of the Iconoclastic Synod of 754. A first debate followed between Leo's supporters and the clerics who continued to advocate the veneration of icons,

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in which some 330 to 340 bishops participated and which was the first church council to concern itself primarily with religious imagery. Constantine seems to have been closely involved with the council, and it endorsed an iconoclast position, with 338 assembled bishops declaring, "the unlawful art of

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and historical writing as well as sermons and theological writings, were undoubtedly "improved", fabricated or backdated by partisans, and the difficult and highly technical scholarly process of attempting to assess the real authors and dates of many surviving texts remains ongoing. Most iconoclastic

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The rise of Islam in the seventh century had also caused some consideration of the use of holy images. Early Islamic belief stressed the impropriety of iconic representation. Earlier scholarship tried to link Byzantine Iconoclasm directly to Islam by arguing that Byzantine emperors saw the success of

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in 692 did not explicitly state that images should be prayed to, it stated that images of Christ had to render him in human form (instead of for example symbolically as a lamb) to testify to his human incarnation. Because Jesus manifested himself as human it was acceptable to make images of him just

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in supporting the veneration of images has also been asserted. Social and class-based arguments have been put forward, such as that iconoclasm created political and economic divisions in Byzantine society; that it was generally supported by the Eastern, poorer, non-Greek peoples of the Empire who had

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Emperors had always intervened in ecclesiastical matters since the time of Constantine I. As Cyril Mango writes, "The legacy of Nicaea, the first universal council of the Church, was to bind the emperor to something that was not his concern, namely the definition and imposition of orthodoxy, if need

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Iconophiles further argued that decisions such as whether icons ought to be venerated were properly made by the church assembled in council, not imposed on the church by an emperor. Thus the argument also involved the issue of the proper relationship between church and state. Related to this was the

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to break permanently with his previous adoption of Byzantine coin types to start a purely Islamic coinage with lettering only. This appears more like two opposed camps asserting their positions (pro and anti images) than one empire seeking to imitate the other. More striking is the fact that Islamic

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The Iconoclast Controversy caused Papal-Imperial relations to plummet. Pope Gregory III declared an excommunication for all iconoclasts, and the Emperor sent an expedition to Rome which failed. In 754 the Emperor then seized the Papal properties in Sicily, Calabria and Illyria, and in the same year

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John declared that he did not worship matter, "but rather the creator of matter." He also declared, "But I also venerate the matter through which salvation came to me, as if filled with divine energy and grace." He includes in this latter category the ink in which the gospels were written as well

714:

At this stage in the debate, there is no clear evidence for an imperial involvement in the debate, except that Germanos says he believes that Leo III supports images, leaving a question as to why Leo III has been presented as the arch-iconoclast of Byzantine history. Almost all of the evidence for

504:

does not seem to have had a direct causal role in the development of the Byzantine image debate; in fact Muslim territories became havens for iconophile refugees. However, it has been argued that Leo III, because of his Syrian background, could have been influenced by Islamic beliefs and practices,

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already were, as points of access to the divine. By praying before an image of a holy figure, the believer's prayers were magnified by proximity to the holy. This change in practice seems to have been a major and organic development in Christian worship, which responded to the needs of believers to

730:

During this initial period, concern on both sides seems to have had little to do with theology and more with practical evidence and effects. There was initially no church council, and no prominent patriarchs or bishops called for the removal or destruction of icons. In the process of destroying or

686:

Leo is said to have described mere image veneration as "a craft of idolatry." He apparently forbade the veneration of religious images in a 730 edict, which did not apply to other forms of art, including the image of the emperor, or religious symbols such as the cross. "He saw no need to consult

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of their own, and regarded at least in the popular mind as capable of possessing capacities in their own right, so that "the image acts or behaves as the subject itself is expected to act or behave. It makes known its wishes ... It enacts evangelical teachings, ... When attacked it bleeds, ... In

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instituted a second period of Iconoclasm in 815, again possibly motivated by military failures seen as indicators of divine displeasure, and a desire to replicate the military success of Constantine V. The Byzantines had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Bulgarian Khan

710:

This interpretation is now in doubt, and the debate and struggle may have initially begun in the provinces rather than in the imperial court. Letters survive written by the Patriarch Germanos in the 720s and 730s concerning Constantine, the bishop of Nakoleia, and Thomas of Klaudioupolis. In both

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Newer studies have discredited the former theory that Iconoclasm was primarily concentrated in the eastern regions of the Empire; the prevalence of Iconoclasm had nothing to do with distance from the eastern (Arab) border, suggesting that the spread of iconoclasm was independent of direct Islamic

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the early Caliphate and decided that Byzantine use of images (as opposed to Islamic aniconism) had angered God. This does not seem entirely plausible however. The use of images had probably been increasing in the years leading up to the outbreak of iconoclasm. One notable change came in 695, when

1226:

Further, in their view idols depicted persons without substance or reality while icons depicted real persons. Essentially the argument was that idols were idols because they represented false gods, not because they were images. Images of Christ, or of other real people who had lived in the past,

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Any true image of Jesus must be able to represent both his divine nature (which is impossible because it cannot be seen nor encompassed) and his human nature (which is possible). But by making an icon of Jesus, one is separating his human and divine natures, since only the human can be depicted

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or other human painters, and these stories were used to support the notion that Christ and the Virgin supported the icons and that they had been used continuously in Christianity since its start. G. E. von Grunebaum has said "The iconoclasm of the eighth and ninth centuries must be viewed as the

902:

On October 13, 787 the Second Council of Nicaea decreed that 'venerable and holy images are to be dedicated in the holy churches of God, namely the image of our Lord and God and Saviour Jesus Christ, of our immaculate Lady the Holy Theotokos, and of the angels and all the saints. They are to be

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all the emperors, who took up images and venerated them, met their death either in revolt or in war; but those who did not venerate images all died a natural death, remained in power until they died, and were then laid to rest with all honors in the imperial mausoleum in the Church of the Holy

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The goal of the iconoclasts was to restore the church to the strict opposition to images in worship that they believed characterized at the least some parts of the early church. Theologically, one aspect of the debate, as with most in Christian theology at the time, revolved around the

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accorded the veneration of honor, not indeed the true worship paid to the divine nature alone, but in the same way, as this is accorded to the life-giving cross, the holy gospels, and other sacred offerings' (trans. Price, The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea , 564-5, abbreviated).

562:. It is thus difficult to obtain a complete, objective, balanced, and reliably accurate account of events and various aspects of the controversy. The period was marked by intensely polarized debate amongst at least the clergy, and both sides came to regard the position of the other as 1368:

of 692, which no Western prelates had attended. Of the delegation of 13 Gregory was one of only two non-Eastern; it was to be the last visit of a pope to the city until 1969. There had already been conflicts with Leo III over his very heavy taxation of areas under Papal jurisdiction.

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For iconoclasts, the only real religious image must be an exact likeness of the prototype -of the same substance- which they considered impossible, seeing wood and paint as empty of spirit and life. Thus for iconoclasts the only true (and permitted) "icon" of Jesus was the

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were a symptom or cause, the late sixth to eighth centuries witnessed the increasing thinning of the boundary between images not made by human hands, and images made by human hands. Images of Christ, the Theotokos and saints increasingly came to be regarded, as relics,

1142:"Satan misled men, so that they worshipped the creature instead of the Creator. The Law of Moses and the Prophets cooperated to remove this ruin...But the previously mentioned demiurge of evil...gradually brought back idolatry under the appearance of Christianity." 843:

The surviving sources accuse Constantine V of moving against monasteries, having relics thrown into the sea, and stopping the invocation of saints. Monks were forced to parade in the Hippodrome, each hand-in-hand with a woman, in violation of their vows. In 765

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It has been suggested that monasteries became secret bastions of icon support, but this view is controversial. A possible reason for this interpretation is the desire in some historiography on Byzantine Iconoclasm to see it as a preface to the later

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among many in the church, although the progress and extent of these views is now unclear. Images in the form of mosaics and paintings were widely used in churches, homes and other places such as over city gates, and had since the reign of

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to adduce the issue of the incarnation in their favour, whereas the iconoclasts had used the issue of the incarnation against them. They also pointed to other Old Testament evidence: God instructed Moses to make two golden statues of

822:

The iconoclast Council of Hieria was not the end of the matter, however. In this period complex theological arguments appeared, both for and against the use of icons. Constantine himself wrote opposing the veneration of images, while

417:, images claimed to have been created miraculously or "not by human hands". These sacred images were a form of contact relic, which additionally were taken to prove divine approval of the use of icons. The two most famous were the 1065:, illustrates the line "They gave me gall to eat; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink" with a picture of a soldier offering Christ vinegar on a sponge attached to a pole. Below is a picture of the last Iconoclast 848:

was killed, and was later considered a martyr to the Iconophile cause. A number of large monasteries in Constantinople were secularised, and many monks fled to areas beyond effective imperial control on the fringes of the Empire.

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Soon after his accession, Leo V began to discuss the possibility of reviving iconoclasm with a variety of people, including priests, monks, and members of the senate. He is reported to have remarked to a group of advisors that:

460:

The events of the seventh century, which was a period of major crisis for the Byzantine Empire, formed a catalyst for the expansion of the use of images of the holy and caused a dramatic shift in responses to them. Whether the

444:, when the Patriarch paraded it around the walls of the city. Both were images of Christ, and at least in some versions of their stories supposedly made when Christ pressed a cloth to his face (compare with the later, western 1106:

Iconoclasm condemned the making of any lifeless image (e.g. painting or statue) that was intended to represent Jesus or one of the saints. The Epitome of the Definition of the Iconoclastic Conciliabulum held in 754 declared:

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in western Europe, which was opposed to monastic establishments. In opposition to this view, others have suggested that while some monks continued to support image veneration, many others followed church and imperial policy.

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rubbing out a painting of Christ with a similar sponge attached to a pole. John is caricatured, here as on other pages, with untidy straight hair sticking out in all directions, which was meant to portray him as wild and

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be by force." That practice continued from beginning to end of the Iconoclast controversy and beyond, with some emperors enforcing iconoclasm, and two empresses regent enforcing the re-establishment of icon veneration.

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is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious images and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called

609:, and the Patriarch Nikephoros, all of them iconodules. The theological arguments of the iconoclasts survive only in the form of selective quotations embedded in iconodule documents, most notably the Acts of the 513:. Iconoclasts believed that icons could not represent both the divine and the human natures of the Messiah at the same time, but only separately. Because an icon which depicted Jesus as purely physical would be 571:

texts are simply missing, including a proper record of the council of 754, and the detail of iconoclastic arguments have mostly to be reconstructed with difficulty from their vehement rebuttals by iconodules.

303:). The two periods of iconoclasm in the Byzantine Empire during the 8th and 9th centuries made use of this theological theme in discussions over the propriety of images of holy figures, including Christ, the 1157:(Emperor Constantine's sister) saying "To depict purely the human form of Christ before its transformation, on the other hand, is to break the commandment of God and to fall into pagan error"; Bishop 1293:

The iconoclastic period has drastically reduced the number of survivals of Byzantine art from before the period, both in large religious mosaics, which are now almost exclusively found in Italy and

311:) and saints. It was a debate triggered by changes in Orthodox worship, which were themselves generated by the major social and political upheavals of the seventh century for the Byzantine Empire. 3943: 276:, means "struggle over images" or "image struggle". Some sources also say that the Iconoclasts were against intercession to the saints and denied the usage of relics; however, it is disputed. 727:(741–775). As Constantine's father, Leo also became a target. Leo's actual views on icon veneration remain obscure, but in any case, may not have influenced the initial phase of the debate. 1265:

observation that it was foolish to deny to God the same honor that was freely given to the human emperor, since portraits of the emperor were common and the iconoclasts did not oppose them.

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A thorough understanding of the Iconoclast period in Byzantium is complicated by the fact that most of the surviving sources were written by the ultimate victors in the controversy, the

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in the 7th and 8th centuries that motivated Byzantine Christians to adopt the Islamic position of rejecting and destroying devotional and liturgical images. The role of women and

3651: 537:. However, no detailed writings setting out iconoclast arguments have survived; we have only brief quotations and references in the writings of the iconodules and the nature of 5379: 699: 1187:

as the paint of images, the wood of the Cross, and the body and blood of Jesus. This distinction between worship and veneration is key in the arguments of the iconophiles.

598:. No account of the period in question written by an iconoclast has been preserved, although certain saints' lives do seem to preserve elements of the iconoclast worldview. 452:). In other versions of the Mandylion's story it joined a number of other images that were believed to have been painted from the life in the New Testament period by 213:, and continued under his successors. It was accompanied by widespread destruction of religious images and persecution of supporters of the veneration of images. The 4296: 3445: 652:

and great loss of life. Many, probably including Leo III, interpreted this as a judgment on the Empire by God, and decided that use of images had been the offense.

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occurred between 814 and 842. According to the traditional view, Byzantine Iconoclasm was started by a ban on religious images promulgated by the Byzantine Emperor

2882:

Thomas Bremer, "Verehrt wird Er in seinem Bilde..." Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der Ikonentheologie. SOPHIA – Quellen östlicher Theologie 37. Paulinus: Trier 2015,

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associated with icons. Both Christ and the Theotokos were believed in strong traditions to have sat on different occasions for their portraits to be painted.

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Believers would, therefore, make pilgrimages to places sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints and martyrs, such as the site of the

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Western church to Constantinople had gone. Opposition to icons seems to have had little support in the West and Rome took a consistently iconodule position.

671:. Accounts of this event (written significantly later) suggest that at least part of the reason for the removal may have been military reversals against the 987: 475:

have access to divine support during the insecurities of the seventh century. It was not a change orchestrated or controlled by the Church. Although the

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could not be idols. This was considered comparable to the Old Testament practice of only offering burnt sacrifices to God, and not to any other gods.

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were present: Constantinople was vacant while Antioch, Jerusalem, and Alexandria were controlled by Muslims, and Rome did not send a representative.

1175:), who, living in Muslim territory as advisor to the Caliph of Damascus, was far enough away from the Byzantine emperor to evade retribution, and 517:, and one which showed Him as both human and divine would not be able to do so without confusing the two natures into one mixed nature, which was 1309:. A large mosaic of a church council in the Imperial Palace was replaced by lively secular scenes, and there was no issue with imagery per se. 1149:

Canon 36 states, "It has seemed good that images should not be in churches so that what is venerated and worshiped not be painted on the walls."

879:. Thus there were two councils called the "Seventh Ecumenical Council," the first supporting iconoclasm, the second supporting icon veneration. 667:, and its replacement with a cross. Fearing that they intended sacrilege, some of those who were assigned to the task were murdered by a band of 1548:"Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754 – EPITOME OF THE DEFINITION OF THE ICONOCLASTIC CONCILIABULUM, HELD IN CONSTANTINOPLE, A.D. 754" 871:, which first met in Constantinople in 786 but was disrupted by military units faithful to the iconoclast legacy. The council convened again at 6488: 4842: 4743: 3661: 3408: 1230:

Regarding the written tradition opposing the making and veneration of images, they asserted that icons were part of unrecorded oral tradition (

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had been forced to abdicate. In June 813, a month before the coronation of Leo V, a group of soldiers broke into the imperial mausoleum in the

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Pope Stephen II formed an alliance with the Frankish Kingdom, signalling the beginning of the end for Papal support of the Byzantine empire.

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some cases it defends itself against infidels with physical force ...". Key artefacts to blur this boundary emerged in c. 570 in the form of

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traditions in what was still a unified European Church, as well as facilitating the reduction or removal of Byzantine political control over

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It was also seen as a departure from ancient church tradition, of which there was a written record opposing religious images. The Spanish

407: 5777: 4763: 4738: 4392: 2788: 1219:. Moses was also instructed by God to embroider the walls and roofs of the Tabernacle tent with figures of cherubim angels according to 882:

Unlike the iconoclast council, the iconophile council included papal representatives, and its decrees were approved by the papacy. The

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the reign of Leo III is derived from textual sources, the majority of which post-date his reign considerably, most notably the Life by

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David Knowles – Dimitri Obolensky, "The Christian Centuries: Volume 2, The Middle Ages", Darton, Longman & Todd, 1969, p. 108-109.

1559: 1388: 5827: 5673: 5645: 5289: 5281: 4758: 4691: 3271: 1102:, and the validity of images of other figures followed on from this for both sides. The main points of the iconoclast argument were: 1696: 875:

in 787 and reversed the decrees of the previous iconoclast council held at Constantinople and Hieria, and appropriated its title as

291:, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:" ( 6023: 5384: 4437: 4387: 3694: 3307: 583: 107: 5872: 3699: 79: 6352: 5877: 4544: 4412: 3656: 3564: 3295: 3215: 3163: 2961: 1066: 759: 692: 1132:), or else confusing the human and divine natures, considering them one (union of the human and divine natures was considered 6276: 5036: 5029: 4585: 3173: 2908: 2887: 2876: 2833: 2618: 2597: 1706: 1679: 1488: 655:

The classic account of the beginning of Byzantine Iconoclasm relates that sometime between 726 and 730 the Byzantine Emperor

636:

An immediate precursor of the controversy seems to have been a large submarine volcanic eruption in the summer of 726 in the

60: 17: 201:(at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy. The 86: 6028: 5887: 5175: 3950: 2647:

Gwynn, David (2007). "From Iconoclasm to Arianism: The Construction of Christian Tradition in the Iconoclast Controversy".

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A History of the Councils of the Church: From the Original Documents, to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787

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Icon use for religious purposes was viewed as an inappropriate innovation in the Church, and a return to pagan practice.

5019: 4145: 1324:, photographs of the Church of the Dormition, taken before it was destroyed in 1922, show that a pre-iconoclasm standing 1242:, who was quoted twice in the record of the Second Council of Nicaea. What would have been useful evidence from modern 6552: 6357: 5770: 3743: 3646: 1846: 93: 6458: 5024: 4382: 2810: 2735: 2548: 2403: 2270: 2001: 1925: 1642: 1595: 1306: 126: 5521: 4578: 4160: 4059: 3518: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2901: 945: 217:

remained firmly in support of the use of religious images throughout the period, and the whole episode widened the

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in iconophile writings to record the positions being refuted. Debate seems to have centred on the validity of the

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is itself an almost unique survival, but careful inspection of some other buildings reveals similar changes. In

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The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842 Court and Frontier in Byzantium During the Last Phase of Iconoclasm

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or conventions. Conversely, people who revere or venerate religious images are derisively called "iconolaters" (

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living outside of Byzantine territory, became a major opponent of iconoclasm through his theological writings.

664: 64: 1722: 6547: 6527: 6320: 6310: 6225: 5980: 5765: 4549: 4539: 4303: 3960: 3758: 3728: 3569: 3420: 3373: 3111: 1216: 441: 168: 5200: 2841:

The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule: A Historical and Archaeological Study

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was replaced by a large cross, which was itself replaced by the new Theotokos seen in the photographs. The

1028:. Like Irene 50 years before her, Theodora presided over the restoration of icon veneration in 843 at the 1021: 703: 688: 687:

the Church, and he appears to have been surprised by the depth of the popular opposition he encountered".

538: 430: 300: 2022: 856:(775–80), was less rigorous, and for a time tried to mediate between the factions. When he died, his wife 6532: 6118: 5760: 5607: 5364: 5115: 4102: 3748: 3733: 3719: 3626: 3616: 3106: 1771:

von Grunebaum, G. E. (Summer 1962). "Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Influence of the Islamic Environment".

1312:

The plain Iconoclastic cross that replaced a figurative mosaic by Emperor Constantine V in the apse of

935: 6438: 6384: 6123: 5995: 5985: 5685: 5565: 5443: 5374: 5262: 5231: 5074: 5014: 3753: 3621: 3425: 1946: 1086: 1070: 1009:

lamented the appearance of image veneration in the church and such practices as making icons baptismal

876: 807: 457:

climax of a movement that had its roots in the spirituality of the Christian concept of the divinity."

2665:

Byzantine art in the making: main lines of stylistic development in Mediterranean art, 3rd-7th century

525:. Leo III did preach a series of sermons in which he drew attention to the excessive behaviour of the 6298: 5822: 5678: 5463: 5354: 5241: 4532: 4015: 3479: 3369: 2765:

A. Cameron, "The Language of Images: the Rise of Icons and Christian Representation" in D. Wood (ed)

1394: 886:

considers it to be the last genuine ecumenical council. Icon veneration lasted through the reign of

398: 2824:

A. Karahan, "Byzantine Iconoclasm: Ideology and Quest for Power". In: Eds. K. Kolrud and M. Prusac,

246:), a term that has come to be applied figuratively to any person who breaks or disdains established 5597: 5349: 4836: 4715: 4554: 4522: 4417: 4097: 3910: 3403: 3339: 2230:

The Oxford History of Byzantium: Iconoclasm, Patricia Karlin-Hayter, Oxford University Press, 2002.

1521: 1427: 868: 720: 610: 579: 226: 3938: 2843:(Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 2) Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1995, pp. 180–219. 2442:

Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur

2393: 100: 6503: 5927: 5653: 5473: 5359: 3825: 3765: 3641: 3523: 3322: 2924: 2437: 2193: 1154: 887: 883: 774:

14th-century miniature of the destruction of a church under the orders of the iconoclast emperor

733:

confiscated valuable church plate, altar cloths, and reliquaries decorated with religious figures

496: 198: 53: 492:

of his gold coins. The effect on iconoclast opinion is unknown, but the change certainly caused

6428: 6018: 5860: 5304: 5110: 5084: 5079: 4852: 4828: 4824: 4791: 4485: 4372: 3990: 3611: 3532: 3508: 2940: 845: 836: 323: 304: 159: 2541:

Papers from the First and Second Postgraduate Forums in Byzantine Studies Sailing to Byzantium

1585: 314:

Traditional explanations for Byzantine iconoclasm have sometimes focused on the importance of

6146: 6000: 5190: 5100: 5064: 4949: 4679: 4674: 4480: 4422: 4313: 4308: 4186: 4180: 3980: 3528: 3493: 3398: 3312: 3094: 2032: 1941: 1158: 625: 327: 2608: 2137: 1968: 1962: 1746: 1456: 594:, which includes a detailed, but highly biased, account of persecutions during the reign of 359:

of saints. This belief was also influenced by a concept of hierarchy of sanctity, with the

6389: 6372: 6193: 5952: 5917: 5800: 5737: 5267: 5210: 4470: 4427: 4377: 4165: 4117: 4112: 4087: 3923: 3877: 3780: 3770: 3606: 3450: 3364: 3136: 3126: 3089: 2778: 2286: 1547: 1519: 1425: 1176: 1150: 1041: 1017: 975: 952:

under the Byzantine empress Theodora over iconoclasm in 843. (National Icon Collection 18,

938:, opened the sarcophagus of Constantine V, and implored him to return and save the empire. 755: 656: 606: 218: 210: 2819: 1817:

Freeman, Evan (2021). "The Iconoclastic Controversy and Mosaics". In Freeman, Evan (ed.).

8: 5299: 5215: 5205: 5069: 4832: 4820: 4707: 4494: 4475: 4215: 4210: 4137: 3855: 3830: 3709: 3689: 3636: 3537: 3435: 3332: 3300: 3244: 1834: 1247: 1200: 1078: 1032:, on the condition that Theophilus not be condemned. Since that time the first Sunday of 811: 716: 630: 418: 180: 6377: 6367: 6241: 5912: 5795: 5712: 5575: 4927: 4907: 4887: 4877: 4643: 4442: 4192: 4122: 4039: 4027: 4004: 3800: 3574: 3415: 3359: 3349: 3151: 2935: 1898: 1796: 1788: 1555: 1399: 1329: 1239: 1234:, sanctioned in Catholicism and Orthodoxy as authoritative in doctrine by reference to 1099: 949: 918: 680: 501: 422: 315: 222: 3513: 2083:

I. Ševčenko, "Hagiography in the iconoclast period," in A. Bryer and J. Herrin, eds.,

6499: 6433: 6338: 6271: 6251: 6219: 6151: 6138: 6059: 6054: 5805: 5570: 5420: 4939: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4367: 4286: 4281: 4235: 4175: 4044: 3840: 3225: 3146: 3084: 2883: 2872: 2829: 2806: 2799: 2731: 2723: 2691: 2668: 2633: 2614: 2593: 2574: 2544: 2399: 2350: 2266: 1997: 1972: 1921: 1842: 1800: 1702: 1675: 1638: 1591: 1581: 1502: 1494: 1484: 1365: 931: 853: 787: 319: 4230: 1036:

has been celebrated in the Orthodox Church and in Byzantine Rite Catholicism as the

970: 798: 735:", but he took no severe action against the former patriarch or iconophile bishops. 6303: 6096: 6044: 5990: 5957: 5907: 5700: 5690: 5468: 5156: 5048: 4971: 4954: 4932: 4917: 4902: 4816: 4601: 4127: 4067: 3455: 3440: 3141: 3121: 3116: 3099: 3079: 1780: 1667: 1476: 1472: 1357: 1341: 1287: 1172: 979: 923: 824: 739: 602: 510: 476: 445: 343: 284: 186: 2801:

The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261

6448: 6281: 6261: 6256: 6211: 6201: 6161: 6156: 6106: 6101: 5882: 5488: 5405: 5400: 5140: 5130: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4922: 4912: 4897: 4500: 4402: 4340: 4082: 4033: 3579: 3234: 2660: 1353: 1235: 1146: 1090: 1062: 1006: 857: 723:. These important sources are fiercely iconophile and are hostile to the Emperor 434: 348: 190: 185:'image struggle', 'war on icons') were two periods in the history of the 2505:

Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (The Penguin History of the Church, 1993), 283.

1238:, etc.), and pointed to patristic writings approving of icons, such as those of 6286: 6166: 5899: 5658: 5552: 5538: 5337: 5041: 4796: 4504: 4490: 4465: 4460: 4251: 4225: 4155: 3970: 3872: 3867: 3850: 3790: 3684: 3631: 3460: 3380: 3229: 2820:

Fordham University, Medieval Sourcebook: John of Damascus: In Defense of Icons.

2476: 2466:

The letter's text is incomplete, and its authenticity and authorship uncertain.

1405: 1317: 1208: 953: 861: 746:

and condemned Leo's actions, and in response, Leo confiscated papal estates in

438: 379: 292: 2869:

Image of the Invisible. Image Veneration and Iconoclasm in the Eighth Century.

1752: 1480: 397:

The use of images had greatly increased during this period, and had generated

6521: 6206: 6083: 6049: 5787: 5722: 5695: 5580: 5195: 5135: 4407: 4344: 4333: 4220: 4107: 4010: 3998: 3862: 3835: 3775: 3254: 3074: 2792:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 272–275. 2783: 2592:. Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies. Vol. 7. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2590:

Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850: the sources: an annotated survey

1889:

Gero, Stephen (1974). "Notes On Byzantine Iconoclasm In The Eighth Century".

1551: 1498: 1254: 1133: 783: 775: 724: 595: 518: 467: 413: 1671: 1356:

had been pope since 715, not long after accompanying his Syrian predecessor

1124:, the Body and Blood of Christ, according to Orthodox and Catholic doctrine. 5967: 5942: 5922: 5727: 5705: 5560: 4808: 4803: 4637: 4432: 4362: 4240: 4049: 4020: 3887: 3584: 3327: 3286: 2205:

According to accounts by Patriarch Nikephoros and the chronicler Theophanes

1361: 1332:

in Constantinople appears to have been destroyed, as mentions of it cease.

1298: 1129: 927: 891: 514: 485: 449: 356: 355:

Christian worship by the sixth century had developed a clear belief in the

280: 205:, as it is sometimes called, occurred between about 726 and 787, while the 4570: 2893: 586:, both of whom were ardent iconodules. Many historians have also drawn on 6468: 6443: 5937: 5747: 5514: 5120: 5105: 4072: 3933: 3904: 3845: 3820: 3815: 3679: 3594: 3488: 3469: 3178: 2705: 2683: 1345: 1313: 1243: 1025: 1002: 660: 587: 567: 403: 364: 332: 296: 144: 2846:

P. Brown, "A Dark-Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy,"

1902: 1013:

to infants. He confirmed the decrees of the Iconoclast Council of 754.

770: 5742: 5602: 5592: 5425: 5415: 5125: 4452: 4202: 4150: 3955: 3785: 3430: 3259: 3203: 3198: 2769:(Studies in Church History, 28) Oxford: Blackwell, 1992, pp. 1–42. 1792: 1278: 1212: 1207:, and God also told Moses to embroider the curtain which separated the 1033: 998: 668: 659:

ordered the removal of an image of Christ, prominently placed over the

637: 559: 530: 526: 453: 426: 391: 232: 31: 27:

Periods in Byzantine history during which religious images were banned

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Symbol and Icon: Dionysius the Areopagite and the Iconoclastic Crisis

1325: 1171:

The chief theological opponents of iconoclasm were the monks Mansur (

1121: 1037: 1010: 792: 676: 575: 383: 368: 308: 257: 1659: 1457:"Introduction: Contexts, Controversies, and Developing Perspectives" 941: 42: 5817: 5717: 5668: 5526: 5458: 5246: 4291: 4170: 3810: 3589: 3503: 3249: 3239: 3193: 3188: 3183: 1784: 1196: 1180: 758:

from Papal governance and placing them under the governance of the

747: 645: 148: 2777: 2138:"Icons and the Beginning of the Isaurian Iconoclasm under Leo III" 1506: 429:, by then in Constantinople. The latter was already regarded as a 6183: 6069: 6010: 5509: 5483: 5161: 4328: 4258: 3918: 3882: 2686:(1977). "Historical Introduction". In Bryer & Herrin (eds.). 1383: 1258: 672: 649: 489: 360: 247: 1660:"Destruction: Iconoclasm and the Reformation in Northern Europe" 1057: 867:

Irene initiated a new ecumenical council, ultimately called the

5812: 5587: 5453: 3344: 3264: 3131: 1964:

The Art of the Byzantine Empire 312-1453: Sources and Documents

1468: 1464: 1463:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 99. 1321: 872: 815: 751: 563: 522: 493: 387: 214: 139: 3892: 2860:

E. Kitzinger, "The Cult of Images in the Age of Iconoclasm,"

641: 267: 261: 251: 241: 197:

was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the

194: 2508: 698: 279:

Iconoclasm has generally been motivated theologically by an

6091: 2796: 828: 803: 743: 287:, which forbade the making, veneration and worshipping of " 173: 2690:. Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham. 2177: 2175: 2010: 978:

by the iconoclast Byzantine Emperor Michael II in 824, in

2373: 2361: 1867: 1360:

to Constantinople, where they successfully resolved with

897: 2448: 2319: 1855: 1554:: Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies at the 1340:

The period of Iconoclasm decisively ended the so-called

906: 2828:, Ashgate Publishing Ltd: Farnham Surrey, 2014, 75–94. 2744:

Theodoros Studites (759–826): zwischen Dogma und Pragma

2172: 1297:

in Egypt as well as portable icons. Important works in

1047: 894:(reigned 802–811), and the two brief reigns after his. 620: 505:

which could have inspired his first removal of images.

433:

that had won battles and saved Constantinople from the

4510:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

2871:

Veliko Turnovo University Press, Veliko Turnovo 2011.

2610:

Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c. 680-850: A History

2520: 2331: 2309: 2307: 2487: 2233: 574:

Major historical sources for the period include the

2573:(2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art (now Yale). 2304: 2287:"Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook" 1698:

Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire

1632: 1609: 1607: 1539: 974:The torture and martyrdom of the iconophile Bishop 529:, which Leo III stated was in direct opposition to 143:A simple cross: example of iconoclastic art in the 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2798: 2160: 601:Major theological sources include the writings of 1522:"The Iconoclastic Crisis in the Byzantine Empire" 1428:"The Iconoclastic Crisis in the Byzantine Empire" 6519: 2630:Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons 2538: 1604: 1587:A Study of History: Abridgement of volumes VII-X 1450: 1448: 1190:The iconophile response to iconoclasm included: 629:Argument about icons before the emperor, in the 2072:La vie d'Étienne le jeune par Étienne le Diacre 679:, which Leo possibly viewed as evidence of the 408:increasingly taking on a spiritual significance 4961:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 2606: 2587: 2543:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 205. 2016: 1742: 683:brought on by image veneration in the Church. 4586: 2909: 2213: 2211: 1770: 1445: 1364:the issues arising from the decisions of the 1257:, icons believed to be of divine origin, and 2805:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2219:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 544: 318:influencing Byzantine thought. According to 4600: 2923: 675:and the eruption of the volcanic island of 4593: 4579: 2916: 2902: 2208: 2199: 1250:was unavailable to iconodules at the time. 2772: 2659: 2514: 2194:Volcanism on Santorini / eruptive history 1861: 1758: 1657: 1454: 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 2719:Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians 2568: 2526: 2392:Hefele, Charles Joseph (February 2007). 2181: 1967:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 1590:. Oxford University Press. p. 259. 1550:. Internet History Sourcebooks Project. 1277: 1077: 1056: 969: 940: 797: 769: 697: 624: 488:put a full-faced image of Christ on the 342: 138: 5849: 4334:Fostering of early experimental science 2762:, Bristol Classical Press, London 2012. 2741: 2627: 2412: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2265:. Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 43. 2224: 1991: 1915: 1873: 1833: 1816: 1580: 1545: 1335: 1166: 1128:(separating the natures was considered 1052: 782:Leo died in 741, and his son and heir, 731:obscuring images, Leo is said to have " 394:or have contact with somebody who had. 14: 6520: 4438:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 2826:Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity 2391: 2260: 1694: 1637:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 20–21. 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1574: 930:had been killed in battle and emperor 898:Decree of the Second council of Nicaea 765: 322:, for example, it was the prestige of 6417: 5848: 5633: 5325: 4992: 4613: 4574: 2897: 2716: 2704: 2682: 2646: 2493: 2454: 2239: 2187: 2166: 2135: 2046:The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor 2028: 1960: 1884: 1882: 1812: 1810: 1761:, pp. 101 quoted, 85–87, 95–115. 1613: 907:The second iconoclast period: 814–843 5634: 2797:H.C. Evans & W.D. Wixom (1997). 2098:Three treatises on the divine images 1888: 1048:Arguments in the struggle over icons 621:The first iconoclast period: 730–787 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 6543:9th century in the Byzantine Empire 6538:8th century in the Byzantine Empire 5336: 2721:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2649:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 2421:, Iconoclast Council at Hieria, 754 1820:Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art 1619: 1461:A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm 1020:. Theophilus died leaving his wife 316:Islamic prohibitions against images 24: 2752: 1879: 1807: 1562:from the original on 21 March 2022 1016:Michael was succeeded by his son, 986:the latter group being led by the 860:took power as regent for her son, 421:(where it still remained) and the 25: 6564: 6459:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 2607:Brubaker, L.; Haldon, J. (2011). 2588:Brubaker, L.; Haldon, J. (2001). 2571:Early Christian and Byzantine Art 2221:, Stanford University Press, 1997 946:Late 14th-early 15th century icon 926:, in the course of which emperor 663:, the ceremonial entrance to the 363:at its pinnacle, followed by the 240:, Greek for 'breakers of icons' ( 6498: 2679:(US: Cambridge University Press) 2124:Discours contre les iconoclastes 1996:. London: Penguin. p. 355. 1920:. London: Penguin. p. 354. 1382: 1344:under which, since the reign of 1085:upholding an icon and trampling 41: 4848:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 4670:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 2774:Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis 2710:The Oxford History of Byzantium 2561: 2532: 2499: 2469: 2460: 2424: 2385: 2343: 2279: 2254: 2245: 2129: 2116: 2103: 2090: 2077: 2064: 2059:The short history of Nikephoros 2051: 2038: 1985: 1954: 1934: 1909: 1827: 1764: 1715: 1658:Schildgen, Brenda Deen (2008). 1303:Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 1282:19th-century Italian painting, 913:Council of Constantinople (843) 592:Life of St. Stephen the Younger 256:). They are normally known as " 52:needs additional citations for 5933:Great Palace of Constantinople 5674:Patriarchate of Constantinople 4993: 4297:Separation of church and state 3966:Formal and material principles 3951:Separation of church and state 2760:Inventing Byzantine Iconoclasm 2613:. Cambridge University Press. 2142:Historia: The Alpha Rho Papers 2126:(Paris, 1989), Exodus 20:1-17. 1701:. Princeton University Press. 1688: 1651: 1513: 1419: 1352:When the struggles flared up, 1083:Nikephoros I of Constantinople 1001:, who in an 824 letter to the 706:with icons supported by angels 665:Great Palace of Constantinople 367:, referred to in Greek as the 227:parts of the Italian Peninsula 13: 1: 3961:Hymnody of continental Europe 3112:Apostles in the New Testament 2398:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2044:C. Mango and R. Scott, trs., 1994:Byzantium The Early Centuries 1992:Norwich, John Julius (1990). 1918:Byzantium The Early Centuries 1916:Norwich, John Julius (1990). 1695:Herrin, Judith (2009-09-28). 1412: 1307:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 1183:monastery in Constantinople. 1153:may have written a letter to 338: 6395:University of Constantinople 5976:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 5326: 5126:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 4815:Byzantine successor states ( 2717:Noble, Thomas F. X. (2011). 2017:Brubaker & Haldon (2001) 1743:Brubaker & Haldon (2011) 1633:Juan Signes Codoñer (2016). 1459:. In Humphreys, Mike (ed.). 754:, detaching them as well as 704:Germanos I of Constantinople 689:Germanos I of Constantinople 541:has always been in dispute. 539:Biblical law in Christianity 301:biblical law in Christianity 174: 7: 6065:Saint Catherine's Monastery 5121:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 5116:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 4614: 3409:Eastern Orthodox opposition 2156:– via epubs.utah.edu. 2087:(Birmingham, 1977), 113–31. 1376: 1295:Saint Catherine's Monastery 1246:as to the use of images in 1067:Patriarch of Constantinople 1061:This page of the Iconodule 1024:regent for his minor heir, 936:Church of the Holy Apostles 760:Patriarch of Constantinople 693:Patriarch of Constantinople 10: 6569: 6454:Neo-Byzantine architecture 6418: 5075:Comes sacrarum largitionum 3426:Art patronage of Julius II 2136:Brown, Chad Scott (2012). 1947:World History Encyclopedia 994:held in the Hagia Sophia. 910: 877:Seventh Ecumenical Council 808:Seventh Ecumenical Council 553: 371:("birth-giver of God") or 324:Islamic military successes 268: 262: 252: 242: 221:between the Byzantine and 163: 29: 6553:Theological controversies 6481: 6424: 6413: 6334: 6234: 6192: 6137: 6082: 6037: 6024:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 6009: 5966: 5898: 5868: 5859: 5855: 5844: 5786: 5644: 5640: 5629: 5551: 5497: 5436: 5393: 5345: 5332: 5321: 5280: 5255: 5224: 5183: 5174: 5149: 5093: 5057: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4988: 4861: 4777: 4724: 4655: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4518: 4353: 4272: 4201: 4136: 4058: 3989: 3929:Calvinist–Arminian debate 3903: 3670: 3553: 3389: 3280: 3162: 3060: 2949: 2931: 2857:, Eugene: Pickwick, 2010. 2848:English Historical Review 2632:. London: George Philip. 2539:Savvas Neocleous (2009). 1520:El Riachy, Zeina (2014). 1481:10.1163/9789004462007_002 1426:El Riachy, Zeina (2014). 1395:Aniconism in Christianity 1273: 1030:Council of Constantinople 980:a 13th-century manuscript 545:Geographical distribution 5598:Droungarios of the Fleet 4418:Christian existentialism 2477:"Letter 51: Paragraph 9" 1961:Mango, Cyril A. (1986). 1455:Humphreys, Mike (2021). 869:Second Council of Nicaea 721:Theophanes the Confessor 611:Second Council of Nicaea 580:Theophanes the Confessor 6112:Early Byzantine mosaics 5474:Domestic of the Schools 2925:History of Christianity 2789:Encyclopædia Britannica 2767:The Church and the Arts 2628:Cormack, Robin (1985). 2569:Beckwith, John (1979). 2291:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 2057:C. Mango, ed. and tr., 1839:The Inheritance of Rome 1672:10.1057/9780230613157_3 1546:Halsall, Paul (2021) . 644:(modern Santorini) and 199:Ecumenical Patriarchate 6429:Byzantine commonwealth 5191:Praetorian prefectures 5111:Logothetes tou genikou 5085:Quaestor sacri palatii 5080:Comes rerum privatarum 4853:Fall of Constantinople 4792:Sack of Constantinople 4486:Fourth Great Awakening 4373:Second Great Awakening 3612:Fall of Constantinople 3404:Development of primacy 1723:"Byzantine iconoclasm" 1582:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph 1387:Quotations related to 1290: 1144: 1116: 1094: 1075: 982: 968: 957: 950:"Triumph of Orthodoxy" 846:St Stephen the Younger 837:Protestant Reformation 819: 779: 707: 640:between the island of 633: 521:, all icons were thus 352: 347:Byzantine Iconoclasm, 333:Protestant reformation 283:interpretation of the 151: 76:"Byzantine Iconoclasm" 6129:Komnenian renaissance 6124:Macedonian period art 6029:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 6001:Walls of Thessaloniki 5101:Logothetes tou dromou 4716:Twenty Years' Anarchy 4680:Valentinianic dynasty 4675:Constantinian dynasty 4481:Reformed epistemology 4423:Third Great Awakening 4393:Seventh-day Adventist 4314:First Great Awakening 4187:Book of Common Prayer 3981:Protestant work ethic 3524:Independent Catholics 3475:Monastery dissolution 2862:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2667:. Faber & Faber. 2436:, Cua, archived from 2261:Haldon, John (2005). 2122:M.-J. Mondzain, tr., 1281: 1159:Epiphanius of Salamis 1140: 1108: 1081: 1060: 997:Leo was succeeded by 973: 963: 944: 911:Further information: 801: 773: 719:and the Chronicle of 701: 628: 346: 266:), or "iconophiles" ( 142: 18:Byzantine Iconoclasts 6548:Leo III the Isaurian 6528:Byzantine Iconoclasm 6326:Units of measurement 6060:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 5953:Pammakaristos Church 5801:Corpus Juris Civilis 5752:Missionary activity 5211:Exarchate of Ravenna 5037:Imperial bureaucracy 4304:Edicts of toleration 4113:Three Forms of Unity 3878:Bohemian Reformation 3451:Catholic Reformation 3308:Roman state religion 3127:Council of Jerusalem 2850:88/346 (1973): 1–33. 2746:. Frankfurt am Main. 2742:Pratsch, T. (1997). 2196:at decadevolcano.net 1841:. England: Penguin. 1773:History of Religions 1526:hemed.univ-lemans.fr 1432:hemed.univ-lemans.fr 1389:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1336:Reaction in the West 1177:Theodore the Studite 1167:Iconophile arguments 1151:Eusebius of Caesaria 1053:Iconoclast arguments 1042:Triumph of Orthodoxy 988:Patriarch Nikephoros 976:Euthymius of Sardeis 657:Leo III the Isaurian 607:Theodore the Studite 584:Patriarch Nikephoros 511:two natures of Jesus 399:a growing opposition 211:Leo III the Isaurian 156:Byzantine Iconoclasm 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 5850:Culture and society 5713:Ecumenical councils 5216:Exarchate of Africa 5206:Quaestura exercitus 5070:Magister officiorum 5065:Praetorian prefects 4708:Byzantine Dark Ages 4476:Liberation theology 4383:Jehovah's Witnesses 4216:Radical Reformation 3944:Resistance theories 3831:Christian mysticism 3826:Early Scholasticism 3538:Ecclesial community 3436:Counter-Reformation 3301:Constantinian shift 2779:"Iconoclasts" 2517:, pp. 104–105. 2457:, pp. 227–245. 2354:349,1–18, cited by 2263:Byzantium A History 2070:M.-F. Auzépy, tr., 2061:(Washington, 1990). 1248:Early Christian art 1215:tent with cherubim 1201:Ark of the Covenant 1089:of Constantinople. 852:Constantine's son, 812:Novodevichy Convent 766:Ecumenical councils 742:held two synods at 717:Stephen the Younger 648:, probably causing 631:Skylitzis Chronicle 590:, most notably the 419:Mandylion of Edessa 6533:Byzantine Anatolia 6267:Flags and insignia 5913:Baths of Zeuxippus 5796:Codex Theodosianus 5686:Oriental Orthodoxy 4644:Later Roman Empire 4550:Oriental Orthodoxy 4193:King James Version 4005:Ninety-five Theses 3801:Apostolic Brethren 3575:Church of the East 3570:Oriental Orthodoxy 3416:Crusading movement 2936:Early Christianity 2382:, pp. 216–17. 2370:, pp. 211–12. 2217:Warren Treadgold, 2113:(Crestwood, 1981). 2100:(Crestwood, 2003). 2074:(Aldershot, 1997). 1950:. 30 October 2019. 1876:, pp. 98–106. 1664:Heritage or Heresy 1556:Fordham University 1475:. pp. 1–106. 1400:Feast of Orthodoxy 1330:Image of Camuliana 1291: 1240:Asterius of Amasia 1199:on the lid of the 1100:depiction of Jesus 1095: 1076: 983: 958: 919:Leo V the Armenian 820: 780: 708: 634: 535:Second Commandment 502:Islamic iconoclasm 423:Image of Camuliana 353: 219:growing divergence 152: 6515: 6514: 6477: 6476: 6434:Byzantine studies 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6220:Alexander Romance 6078: 6077: 6055:Nea Moni of Chios 5918:Blachernae Palace 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5806:Code of Justinian 5654:Eastern Orthodoxy 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5547: 5546: 5421:Scholae Palatinae 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5282:Foreign relations 5276: 5275: 5170: 5169: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4783:(1204–1453) 4568: 4567: 4545:Eastern Orthodoxy 4413:Finnish Awakening 4368:Holiness movement 4309:Congregationalism 4268: 4267: 4128:Metrical psalters 3565:Eastern Orthodoxy 3509:Neo-Scholasticism 3216:Canon development 3117:Jewish Christians 2888:978-3-7902-1461-1 2877:978-954-524-779-8 2867:Yuliyan Velikov, 2864:8 (1954): 83–150. 2834:978-1-4094-7033-5 2758:Leslie Brubaker, 2620:978-0-521-43093-7 2599:978-0-754-60418-1 2351:Scriptor Incertus 2328:, pp. 204–5. 2111:On the holy icons 1942:"Byzantine Icons" 1708:978-0-691-14369-9 1681:978-1-349-37162-4 1490:978-90-04-46200-7 1366:Quinisext Council 1301:were lost in the 1253:Much was made of 948:illustrating the 932:Michael I Rangabe 788:Council of Hieria 691:, the iconophile 477:Quinisext council 320:Arnold J. Toynbee 207:Second Iconoclasm 184: 172: 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6560: 6502: 6415: 6414: 6358:Imperial Library 6304:Byzantine Greeks 6045:Daphni Monastery 5996:Panagia Chalkeon 5991:Hagios Demetrios 5958:Prison of Anemas 5908:Basilica Cistern 5866: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5846: 5845: 5701:West Syriac Rite 5691:Alexandrian Rite 5642: 5641: 5635:Religion and law 5631: 5630: 5566:Maritime themata 5522:Palaiologan army 5375:Military manuals 5343: 5342: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5322: 5181: 5180: 5157:Megas logothetes 5008: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4989: 4863:By modern region 4784: 4731: 4730:(717–1204) 4662: 4624: 4623: 4611: 4610: 4602:Byzantine Empire 4595: 4588: 4581: 4572: 4571: 3987: 3986: 3374:Non-Chalcedonian 3355:Constantinople I 3147:General epistles 3142:Pauline epistles 3122:Paul the Apostle 3100:Great Commission 2918: 2911: 2904: 2895: 2894: 2816: 2804: 2793: 2781: 2747: 2722: 2713: 2701: 2678: 2661:Kitzinger, Ernst 2656: 2643: 2624: 2603: 2584: 2555: 2554: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2515:Kitzinger (1977) 2512: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2215: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2109:C.P. Roth, tr., 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2007: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1862:Kitzinger (1977) 1859: 1853: 1852: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1805: 1804: 1768: 1762: 1759:Kitzinger (1977) 1756: 1750: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1630: 1617: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1473:Brill Publishers 1452: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1423: 1386: 1358:Pope Constantine 1342:Byzantine Papacy 1288:Domenico Morelli 1173:John of Damascus 825:John of Damascus 740:Pope Gregory III 603:John of Damascus 533:as shown in the 446:Veil of Veronica 299:5:8-9, see also 285:Ten Commandments 271: 270: 265: 264: 255: 254: 245: 244: 203:First Iconoclasm 191:religious images 189:when the use of 187:Byzantine Empire 179: 177: 167: 165: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6508: 6473: 6449:Cyrillic script 6420: 6401: 6346: 6330: 6230: 6212:Digenes Akritas 6188: 6133: 6074: 6038:Other locations 6033: 6005: 5962: 5894: 5883:Cross-in-square 5851: 5832: 5782: 5636: 5617: 5543: 5493: 5489:Varangian Guard 5432: 5406:East Roman army 5401:Late Roman army 5389: 5328: 5309: 5272: 5251: 5220: 5166: 5145: 5141:Epi ton deeseon 5131:Epi tou eidikou 5089: 5053: 4995: 4976: 4963: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4843:Palaiologan era 4785: 4782: 4773: 4744:Nikephorian era 4732: 4729: 4720: 4663: 4661:(330–717) 4660: 4651: 4631: 4618: 4605: 4599: 4569: 4564: 4514: 4501:Christian right 4403:Oxford Movement 4378:Restorationists 4349: 4264: 4197: 4132: 4083:Presbyterianism 4054: 4034:Book of Concord 3985: 3909: 3907: 3899: 3666: 3556: 3549: 3385: 3284: 3276: 3235:Clement of Rome 3165: 3158: 3062: 3056: 2945: 2927: 2922: 2879:(in Bulgarian). 2813: 2755: 2753:Further reading 2750: 2698: 2675: 2640: 2621: 2600: 2581: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2537: 2533: 2527:Beckwith (1979) 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2440:on 2012-07-16, 2430: 2429: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2358:, p. 208). 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2273: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242:, pp. 2–3. 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2182:Beckwith (1979) 2180: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2096:A. Louth, tr., 2095: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2048:(Oxford, 1997). 2043: 2039: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1959: 1955: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1914: 1910: 1887: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1832: 1828: 1815: 1808: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1631: 1620: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1518: 1514: 1491: 1453: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1379: 1354:Pope Gregory II 1338: 1284:The Iconoclasts 1276: 1236:Basil the Great 1205:Exodus 25:18–22 1179:, abbot of the 1169: 1147:Synod of Elvira 1091:Chludov Psalter 1063:Chludov Psalter 1055: 1050: 1007:Louis the Pious 915: 909: 900: 884:Orthodox Church 810:(17th century, 793:five patriarchs 768: 623: 617:of Nikephoros. 556: 547: 349:Chludov Psalter 341: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5981:Byzantine Bath 5978: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5900:Constantinople 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5659:Byzantine Rite 5650: 5648: 5638: 5637: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5539:Grand domestic 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5505:Komnenian army 5501: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5380:Military units 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5350:Battle tactics 5346: 5340: 5330: 5329: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5042:Medieval Greek 5034: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4996: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4797:Fourth Crusade 4788: 4786: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4754:Macedonian era 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4687:Theodosian era 4684: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4634: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4619: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4498: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4466:Pentecostalism 4463: 4461:Jesus movement 4458: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4255: 4252:Martyrs Mirror 4248: 4243: 4238: 4236:Martyrs' Synod 4233: 4228: 4226:Swiss Brethren 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971:Law and Gospel 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3652:Ottoman Empire 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3395: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3381:Biblical canon 3378: 3377: 3376: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3292: 3290: 3282:Late antiquity 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3230:Church Fathers 3223: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2837: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2794: 2784:Chisholm, Hugh 2770: 2763: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2739: 2714: 2702: 2696: 2680: 2673: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2625: 2619: 2604: 2598: 2585: 2579: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2549: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2498: 2496:, p. 237. 2486: 2468: 2459: 2447: 2423: 2411: 2404: 2384: 2380:Pratsch (1997) 2372: 2368:Pratsch (1997) 2360: 2342: 2340:, p. 210. 2338:Pratsch (1997) 2330: 2326:Pratsch (1997) 2318: 2314:Cormack (1985) 2303: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2244: 2232: 2223: 2207: 2198: 2186: 2184:, p. 169. 2171: 2159: 2128: 2115: 2102: 2089: 2076: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2021: 2009: 2002: 1984: 1977: 1953: 1933: 1926: 1908: 1878: 1874:Cormack (1985) 1866: 1864:, p. 105. 1854: 1848:978-0140290141 1847: 1835:Wickham, Chris 1826: 1806: 1785:10.1086/462453 1763: 1751: 1735: 1714: 1707: 1687: 1680: 1650: 1643: 1618: 1603: 1596: 1573: 1538: 1512: 1489: 1444: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406:Libri Carolini 1402: 1397: 1392: 1378: 1375: 1337: 1334: 1318:Constantinople 1275: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1251: 1228: 1224: 1209:Holy of Holies 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1137: 1125: 1117: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 954:British Museum 908: 905: 899: 896: 890:'s successor, 862:Constantine VI 767: 764: 622: 619: 555: 552: 546: 543: 468:contact relics 380:Holy Sepulchre 351:, 9th century. 340: 337: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6565: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6480: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6353:Encyclopedias 6351: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6277:Hellenization 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235:Everyday life 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6207:Acritic songs 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6050:Hosios Loukas 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5723:Monophysitism 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5696:Armenian Rite 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5628: 5614: 5613:Naval battles 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Protasekretis 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4764:Komnenian era 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4702:Heraclian era 4700: 4698: 4697:Justinian era 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4555:Protestantism 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428:Azusa Revival 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408:Laestadianism 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4345:Old Lutherans 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4011:Diet of Worms 4009: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3911:Protestantism 3906: 3902: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3662:North America 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3272:Early African 3270: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3255:Justin Martyr 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3161: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3076: 3075:Life of Jesus 3073: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063:Apostolic Age 3059: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2853:F. Ivanovic, 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2812:9780810965072 2808: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2736:9780812202960 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2552: 2550:9781443815123 2546: 2542: 2535: 2529:, p. 88. 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2433:Elvira canons 2427: 2420: 2415: 2407: 2405:9781556352478 2401: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2356:Pratsch (1997 2353: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2274: 2272:0-7524-3472-1 2268: 2264: 2257: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2093: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2003:0-14-011447-5 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1929: 1927:0-14-011447-5 1923: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1644:9781317034278 1640: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1599: 1597:9780195050813 1593: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1418: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1271: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255:acheiropoieta 1252: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203:according to 1202: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1135: 1134:monophysitism 1131: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 981: 977: 972: 967: 962: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 914: 904: 895: 893: 889: 888:Empress Irene 885: 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 850: 847: 841: 838: 832: 830: 826: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 794: 789: 785: 784:Constantine V 777: 776:Constantine V 772: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 738:In the West, 736: 734: 728: 726: 725:Constantine V 722: 718: 712: 705: 700: 696: 694: 690: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 627: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 596:Constantine V 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 569: 565: 561: 551: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:Monophysitism 516: 512: 506: 503: 498: 495: 491: 487: 481: 478: 473: 472:acheiropoieta 469: 464: 463:acheiropoieta 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415: 414:acheiropoieta 409: 405: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 350: 345: 336: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:graven images 286: 282: 277: 275: 259: 249: 243:εἰκονοκλάσται 239: 234: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 182: 176: 170: 161: 160:Ancient Greek 157: 150: 146: 141: 131: 128: 120: 117:December 2017 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 6218: 5986:Hagia Sophia 5968:Thessalonica 5943:Hagia Sophia 5923:Chora Church 5861:Architecture 5738:Great Schism 5732: 5728:Paulicianism 5706:Miaphysitism 5561:Karabisianoi 4865:or territory 4825:Thessalonica 4809:Latin Empire 4804:Frankokratia 4779: 4739:Isaurian era 4726: 4657: 4642: 4638:Roman Empire 4628: 4471:Charismatics 4454: 4433:Gospel music 4363:Camp meeting 4355:1789–present 4287:Missionaries 4257: 4250: 4241:Menno Simons 4185: 4181:Church music 4032: 4003: 3888:Conciliarism 3873:Papal Schism 3715:Scandinavian 3607:Great Schism 3599: 3585:Nestorianism 3557:Christianity 3489:priest holes 3370:Chalcedonian 3333:Christianity 3287:Great Church 3095:Resurrection 2890:(in German). 2868: 2861: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2825: 2800: 2787: 2766: 2759: 2743: 2718: 2709: 2706:Mango, Cyril 2687: 2684:Mango, Cyril 2664: 2652: 2648: 2629: 2609: 2589: 2570: 2562:Bibliography 2540: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2501: 2494:Gwynn (2007) 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2455:Gwynn (2007) 2450: 2441: 2438:the original 2432: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2394: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2349: 2345: 2333: 2321: 2294:. Retrieved 2290: 2281: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2240:Mango (1977) 2235: 2226: 2218: 2201: 2189: 2169:, p. 1. 2167:Mango (1977) 2162: 2150:. Retrieved 2145: 2141: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2097: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2040: 2029:Noble (2011) 2024: 2012: 1993: 1987: 1963: 1956: 1945: 1936: 1917: 1911: 1894: 1890: 1869: 1857: 1838: 1829: 1819: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1754: 1738: 1726:. Retrieved 1717: 1697: 1690: 1663: 1653: 1634: 1614:Mango (2002) 1586: 1576: 1564:. Retrieved 1541: 1529:. Retrieved 1525: 1515: 1460: 1435:. Retrieved 1431: 1421: 1404: 1391:at Wikiquote 1371: 1362:Justinian II 1351: 1339: 1311: 1299:Thessaloniki 1292: 1283: 1268: 1231: 1217:Exodus 26:31 1189: 1185: 1170: 1141: 1130:nestorianism 1111: 1109: 1096: 1015: 996: 984: 964: 959: 928:Nikephoros I 916: 901: 892:Nikephoros I 881: 866: 851: 842: 833: 821: 781: 737: 732: 729: 713: 709: 685: 681:Wrath of God 654: 635: 615:Antirrhetics 614: 600: 591: 573: 557: 548: 515:Nestorianism 507: 497:Abd al-Malik 486:Justinian II 482: 471: 462: 459: 450:Turin shroud 442:siege of 626 412: 396: 377: 372: 357:intercession 354: 313: 281:Old Covenant 278: 273: 263:εἰκονόδουλοι 253:εἰκονολάτρες 237: 231: 206: 202: 175:Eikonomachía 155: 153: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 6469:Megali Idea 6444:Byzantinism 6147:Agriculture 5938:Hagia Irene 5771:Kievan Rus' 5748:Mount Athos 5571:Cibyrrhaeot 5515:Vestiaritai 5370:Mercenaries 5247:Catepanates 5106:Sakellarios 5025:Family tree 4950:Mesopotamia 4769:Angelid era 4749:Amorian era 4560:Catholicism 4497:Protestants 4491:Evangelical 4166:39 Articles 4161:Elizabethan 4138:Anglicanism 4118:Westminster 4028:Melanchthon 3991:Lutheranism 3956:Nicodemites 3934:Arminianism 3905:Reformation 3846:Bonaventure 3821:Inquisition 3816:Waldensians 3766:Investiture 3744:Kievan Rus' 3700:Anglo-Saxon 3680:Pelagianism 3672:Middle Ages 3595:Iconodulism 3470:Thomas More 3391:Catholicism 3313:Monasticism 3296:Constantine 3221:Persecution 3179:Adoptionism 3164:Ante-Nicene 3107:Holy Spirit 3090:Crucifixion 3061:Origins and 2962:2nd and 3rd 2839:R. Schick, 2639:054001085-5 1779:(1): 1–10. 1346:Justinian I 1314:Hagia Irene 1244:art history 1221:Exodus 26:1 1026:Michael III 1003:Carolingian 827:, a Syrian 661:Chalke Gate 588:hagiography 568:hagiography 404:Justinian I 373:Meter Theou 365:Virgin Mary 305:Virgin Mary 297:Deuteronomy 269:εἰκονόφιλοι 238:iconoclasts 223:Carolingian 164:Εἰκονομαχία 145:Hagia Irene 6522:Categories 6464:Third Rome 6390:University 6373:Philosophy 6363:Inventions 6226:Historians 6194:Literature 6177:Varangians 6019:San Vitale 5948:Hippodrome 5928:City Walls 5828:Mutilation 5823:Hexabiblos 5743:Bogomilism 5733:Iconoclasm 5603:Megas doux 5593:Greek fire 5576:Aegean Sea 5449:Kleisourai 5426:Excubitors 5416:Bucellarii 5268:Despotates 5237:Kleisourai 5176:Provincial 5020:Coronation 4994:Governance 4759:Doukid era 4692:Leonid era 4282:Revivalism 4203:Anabaptism 4151:Henry VIII 3976:Literature 3600:Iconoclasm 3580:Chrysostom 3533:Vatican II 3499:Jansenists 3485:Mass rocks 3421:Lateran IV 3340:Athanasius 3260:Tertullian 3204:Marcionism 3199:Gnosticism 3152:Revelation 3070:Background 2728:0812202961 2697:0704402262 2688:Iconoclasm 2674:0571111548 2655:: 226–251. 2580:0140560335 2481:New Advent 2085:Iconoclasm 2031:, p. 1978:0802066275 1745:, p. 1507:2021033871 1413:References 1213:Tabernacle 1155:Constantia 1034:Great Lent 1018:Theophilus 1011:godfathers 999:Michael II 778:Copronymus 702:Patriarch 669:iconodules 638:Aegean Sea 576:chronicles 560:iconodules 531:Mosaic Law 527:iconodules 454:Saint Luke 427:Cappadocia 392:pilgrimage 339:Background 274:iconomachy 258:iconodules 233:Iconoclasm 147:church in 87:newspapers 32:Iconoclasm 6292:Octoechos 6172:Silk Road 5664:Hesychasm 5532:Paramonai 5479:Hetaireia 5411:Foederati 5300:Diplomacy 5295:Diplomats 5201:Provinces 5030:Empresses 4833:Trebizond 4629:Preceding 4448:Ecumenism 4398:Adventism 4388:Mormonism 4324:Millerism 4319:Methodism 4274:1640–1789 4176:Civil War 4123:Orthodoxy 4078:Huguenots 4060:Calvinism 4045:Eucharist 4040:Orthodoxy 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4259:Ausbund 4231:Müntzer 4156:Cranmer 4103:Baptism 4068:Zwingli 3919:Erasmus 3868:Avignon 3851:Aquinas 3841:Francis 3836:Dominic 3796:Cathars 3791:Bosnian 3781:Bernard 3776:Abelard 3749:Moravia 3734:Bohemia 3720:Iceland 3642:Serbian 3622:Georgia 3617:Armenia 3555:Eastern 3456:Jesuits 3132:Gospels 3080:Baptism 2786:(ed.). 2419:Epitome 2296:Jun 17, 1793:1062034 1728:Jun 17, 1211:in the 806:of the 673:Muslims 554:Sources 490:obverse 435:Persian 361:Trinity 248:dogmata 183: 171:: 101:scholar 6504:Portal 6419:Impact 6299:People 6247:Cities 6097:Enamel 5878:Sacred 5813:Ecloga 5679:Saints 5588:Dromon 5464:Bandon 5454:Tourma 5437:Middle 5360:Beacon 5242:Bandon 5225:Middle 5094:Middle 5049:Senate 4972:Thrace 4955:Serbia 4933:Sicily 4918:Greece 4903:Cyprus 4821:Epirus 4817:Nicaea 4727:Middle 4604:topics 4221:Grebel 4073:Calvin 3999:Luther 3893:Synods 3771:Anselm 3754:Poland 3710:Gothic 3705:Franks 3690:Celtic 3657:Russia 3637:Syriac 3627:Greece 3514:Teresa 3461:Xavier 3399:Papacy 3345:Jerome 3265:Origen 3166:period 2941:Spread 2886: 2875: 2832: 2809: 2734: 2726: 2694: 2671: 2636: 2617: 2596: 2577: 2547: 2402: 2269: 2152:31 Oct 2000: 1975: 1924: 1901: 1845: 1799: 1791: 1705: 1678: 1641: 1594: 1531:8 July 1505: 1497: 1487: 1469:Boston 1465:Leiden 1437:8 July 1322:Nicaea 1274:In art 873:Nicaea 854:Leo IV 816:Moscow 752:Sicily 564:heresy 494:Caliph 388:Relics 293:Exodus 215:Papacy 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 6489:Index 6321:Death 6311:Women 6282:Music 6262:Dress 6257:Dance 6202:Novel 6162:Trade 6157:Mints 6102:Glass 6092:Icons 5888:Domes 5766:Serbs 5581:Samos 5394:Early 5184:Early 5058:Early 4967:Syria 4945:Malta 4923:Italy 4913:Egypt 4898:Crete 4829:Morea 4658:Early 4455:solae 4453:Five 4246:Smyth 4098:TULIP 4021:Bible 3729:Slavs 3632:Egypt 3590:Icons 3441:Trent 3431:Leo X 3328:Creed 2782:. 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