406:
1796:
594:, the military leader of the Greek city-states. The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. This led to a war based mainly on the water, which served as an advantage to the Carthaginians, as they were led by Hamilcar, a general who earned his surname Barca (meaning lightning) due to his fast attacks on Roman supply lines. Romans attempted to hide the weakness in their navy by using large moveable planks to invade enemy ships and forcing hand-to-hand combat, but they still struggled due to the lack of a talented general. Hamilcar and his mercenaries struggled to receive additional aid and reinforcements, as the Carthaginian government hoarded their wealth due to greed and belief that Hamilcar could win on his own. His victory at
994:
1732:
3711:
430:
1900:. The Mafia became an essential part of the social structure in the late 19th century because of the inability of the Italian state to impose its concept of law and its monopoly on violence in a peripheral region. The decline of feudal structures allowed a new middle class of violent peasant entrepreneurs to emerge who profited from the sale of baronial, Church, and common land and established a system of clientage over the peasantry. The government was forced to compromise with these "bourgeois mafiosi," who used violence to impose their law, manipulated the traditional feudal language, and acted as mediators between society and the state.
1904:
414:
1361:
1608:
1637:
Latin
America. The viceroys secured territorial control and sought to guarantee the loyalty of vassals by distributing patronage in the form of offices and grants in the name of the king. The monarchy, however, also exercised its power through royal councils and independent entities, such as the agents of the Inquisition and visitadores or inspectors. Local spheres of royal influence were never clearly defined, and various local political entities within the viceregal system competed for power, often rendering Sicily ungovernable.
3621:
618:
900:
319:
1855:
1185:
567:
3985:
1480:
231:
30:
1562:(also known as Frederick II of Sicily) reigned from 1298 to 1337. For the whole of the 14th century, Sicily was essentially an independent kingdom, ruled by relatives of the kings of Aragon, but for all intents and purposes they were Sicilian kings. The Sicilian parliament, already in existence for a century, continued to function with wide powers and responsibilities.
2012:, the Italian government's development Fund for the South (1950–1984). Cosa Nostra remained a secret criminal organization with a state-like structure until the 1970s. It utilized violence as an instrument of control and executed members who broke its rules as well as outsiders who threatened the organization or failed to cooperate with it. The
1525:, who was crowned King of Sicily by the island's barons. Peter III had previously married Manfred's daughter, Constance, and it was for this reason that the Sicilian barons effectively invited him. This victory split the Kingdom in two, with Charles continuing to rule the mainland part (still known as the Kingdom of Sicily as well).
1640:
The 16th century was a golden age for Sicily's wheat exports. Inflation, rapid population growth, and international markets brought economic and social changes. In the 17th century, Sicily's silk exports overtook its wheat exports. Internal colonization and the foundation of new settlements by feudal
1866:
The reluctance of
Sicilian men to allow women to take paid work meant that women usually remained at home, their seclusion often increased due to the restrictions of mourning. Despite such restrictions, women carried out a variety of important roles in nourishing their families, selecting wives for
629:
encouraged many of the
Sicilian cities to revolt against Roman rule in 215 BC. Rome sent troops to put down the rebellions in 213 BC (during the siege of Syracuse Archimedes was killed). Carthage briefly took control of parts of Sicily, but in the end was driven off. Many Carthaginian sympathisers
1834:
However, local elites across the island systematically opposed and nullified efforts of the national government to modernize the traditional economy and political system. For example, they frustrated government efforts to set up new town councils, new police forces, and a liberal judicial system.
1755:
The royal government in Naples saw the problem of Sicily as being purely administrative, a question of making existing institutions function properly. Neapolitan ministers had no interest in serious reforms. Ferdinand's failure, leading to disillusion and the revolt of 1837, was due mainly to his
1636:
The viceroy had to overcome the distance and poor communication with the royal court in Madrid. It proved almost impossible for the
Spanish viceroys both to comply with the demands of the crown and to satisfy the aspirations of the Sicilians – a situation also apparent in Spain's Viceroyalties in
1771:
The 1847-48 unrest enjoyed wide support in
Messina and produced an organized structure, and consciousness of the need to link the struggle to the whole of Sicily. The insurgents briefly gained control of the city but, despite bitter resistance, the Bourbon army was victorious and suppressed the
1767:
resulted in a sixteen-month period of independence from the
Bourbons before its armed forces took back control of the island on 15 May 1849. The city of Messina long harbored proponents of independence throughout the 19th century, and its urban Risorgimento leaders arose out of a diverse milieu
1644:
The baronage took advantage of increasing population and demand to build new estates, based mostly on wheat, and the new villages were inhabited mostly by landless laborers. The foundation of estates was a means toward social and political prominence for many families. The townspeople initially
1862:
The
Sicilian economy did not adapt easily to unification, and in particular competition by Northern industry made attempts at industrialization in the South almost impossible. While the masses suffered by the introduction of new forms of taxation and, especially, by the new Kingdom's extensive
1461:
was still quite young. A unique feature of all the
Swabian kings of Sicily, perhaps inherited from their Siculo-Norman forefathers, was their preference in retaining a regiment of Saracen soldiers as their personal and most trusted regiments. Such a practice, amongst others, ensured an ongoing
2016:
took place in response to a rise in organized crime violence around the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1984, the
Italian government initiated an anti-Mafia policy that sought to eliminate the organization by prosecuting its leaders. The early 1990s were the scenario of the dramatic death of
1845:
A limited, but long guerrilla campaign against the unionists (1861–1871) took place throughout southern Italy, and in Sicily, inducing the
Italian governments to a severe military response. These insurrections were unorganized, and were considered by the Government as operated by "brigands"
1751:
as king of the Two Sicilies in 1830 was hailed by Sicilians; they dreamed that autonomy would be returned to the island and the problems of poverty and maladministration of justice would be tackled by the count of Syracuse, the king's brother and lieutenant in Sicily.
1846:("Brigantaggio"). Ruled under martial law for several years, Sicily (and southern Italy) was the object of a harsh repression by the Italian army that summarily executed thousands of people, made tens of thousands prisoners, destroyed villages, and deported people.
1722:
The British were committed to preserving the security of the Kingdom of Sicily so as to keep Mediterranean sea routes open against the French. The British dispatched several expeditions of troops between 1806 and 1815 and built strong fortifications around Messina.
958:
affair; the local population resisted fiercely and the Arabs suffered considerable dissension and infighting among themselves. It took over a century to complete the conquest (although practically complete by 902, the last Byzantine strongholds held out until 965).
492:
As the Greek and Phoenician communities grew more populous and more powerful, the Sicels and Sicanians were pushed further into the centre of the island. The Greeks came into conflict with the Punic trading communities, by now effectively protectorates of
2173:
Nigro & Spagnoli Nigro, Landing on Motya: the Phoenician settlement in the excavations of Rome “La Sapienza” University, 2010–2016. Stratigraphy, architecture and finds (Quaderni di Archeologia fenicio-punica 4). Roma: Missione Archeologica a Mozia.
1411:, one of the first handbooks based on scientific observation rather than medieval mythology). He instituted far-reaching law reform formally dividing church and state and applying the same justice to all classes of society, and was the patron of the
1772:
revolt. This suppression resulted in further oppression, created a diaspora of Messinian and Sicilian revolutionaries outside Sicily and locked Sicily under the control of the reactionary government. The bombardments of Messina and Palermo earned
1267:
The Siculo-Norman kings relied mostly on the local Sicilian population for the more important government and administrative positions. For the most part, initially Greek, Arabic and Latin were used as languages of administration while
2028:
In the second decade of the 21st century, Sicily has become a destination for migrants coming from Africa and Middle Eastern countries, as well as Bangladesh, on their way to Europe, mainly Germany, Northern Italy, France and Sweden.
774:
gained most of Sicily for the payment of tribute to the Vandals. In 491 Theodoric gained control over the entire island after repulsing a Vandal invasion and seizing their remaining outpost Lilybaeum on the western tip of the island.
310:(bearers of the dolmens culture, recently discovered in this island and dating back to the neolithic Bronze Age), and that from the eastern Mediterranean. Complex urban settlements become increasingly evident from around 1300 BC.
1203:
The most significant changes that the Normans were to bring to Sicily were in the areas of religion, language and population. Almost from the moment that Roger I controlled much of the island, immigration was encouraged from
1710:
between 1806 and 1815, when the royal family lived in exile in Palermo. The Sicilian nobles welcomed British military intervention during this period and a new constitution was developed specifically for Sicily based on the
305:
The late prehistory of Sicily was complex and involved interactions between multiple ethnic groups. However, the impact of two influences remains clear: the Europeans coming from the north-west – for example, the peoples of
918:
caught wind of the matter and ordered that general Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to
1577:
was the language of the parliament and the general citizenry. These circumstances continued until 1409 when because of failure of the Sicilian line of the Aragonese dynasty, the Sicilian throne became part of the
1375:
Tancred died in 1194, just as Henry VI and Constance were travelling down the Italian peninsula to claim their crown. Henry rode into Palermo at the head of a large army unopposed and thus ended the Siculo-Norman
862:, which then occupied most of Southern Italy. The rumours that the capital of the empire was to be moved to Syracuse, along with small raids probably cost Constans his life as he was assassinated in 668. His son
1346:, an illegitimate grandson of Roger II. During his reign Tancred was able to put down rebellions, defeat an invasion by Henry VI and capture Empress Constance, but Pope Celestine III forced him to release her.
1961:
Although Sicily fell to the Allied armies with relatively little fighting, the German and Italian forces escaped to the mainland largely intact. Control of Sicily gave the Allies a base from which to advance
598:
in 249 BC was his last, as he was forced to withdraw. In 241 BC, after the Romans adapted better to battle at sea, the Carthaginians surrendered. By the end of the war in (242 BC), and with the death of
1236:
variety-speaking and more inclined to support the Western church. With time, Sicily would become overwhelmingly Roman Catholic and a new vulgar Latin idiom would emerge that was distinct to the island.
1426:, which resulted in a rebellion of Sicily's Muslims. This in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily. The Muslim problem plagued
1645:
welcomed the process as a way of alleviating poverty by draining off surplus population, but at the same time it led to a decline in their political and administrative control of the countryside.
2685:
545:. His large army and 200 ships succeeded in neutralising both the Carthaginian and Mamertine threats, but he was unable to take the Carthaginian stronghold at Lilybaeum and returned to Greece.
962:
Throughout this reign, continued revolts by Byzantine Sicilians happened, especially in the east, and part of the lands were even re-occupied before being quashed. Agricultural items, such as
1536:
in 1302, although it was to continue on and off for a period of 90 years. With two kings both claiming to be the King of Sicily, the separate island kingdom became known as the Kingdom of
767:
The Vandal attempt of 440 failed but another in 469 succeeded and they ruled the whole island for 7 years, J.B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, 1958 edition, pp. 254, 327.
653:
largely did away with that role. The empire made little effort to Romanize the region, which remained largely Greek. One notable event of this period was the notorious misgovernment of
497:, with its capital on the African mainland nearby. The dividing line between the Carthaginian west and the Greek east moved backwards and forwards frequently in the ensuing centuries.
649:. It was something of a rural backwater, important chiefly for its grain fields, which were a mainstay of the food supply for the city of Rome until the annexation of Egypt after the
1434:
and his son Frederick II. The rebellion abated, but direct papal pressure induced Frederick to transfer all his Muslim subjects deep into the Italian hinterland, to Lucera. In 1224,
1399:
Frederick was raised in Palermo and, like his grandfather Roger II, was passionate about science, learning and literature. He created one of the earliest universities in Europe (in
192:. Its central location and natural resources ensured that it has been considered a crucial strategic location due in large part to its importance for Mediterranean trade routes.
1942:. These were gradually able to extend their influence across all sectors over much of the island (and many of its operatives also emigrated to other countries, particularly the
1415:
of poetry, the first time an Italianate form of vulgar Latin was used for literary expression, creating the first standard that could be read and used throughout the peninsula.
1342:
and would later become Emperor Henry VI, meaning that the crown now legitimately transferred to him. Such an eventuality was unacceptable to the local barons, and they voted in
2768:
676:
A lasting legacy of the Roman occupation, in economic and agricultural terms, was the establishment of the large landed estates, often owned by distant Roman nobles (the
1565:
During this period, a sense of a Sicilian people and nation emerged, that is to say, the population was no longer divided between Greek, Arab and Latin peoples.
666:
1715:
of government, in that a two-chamber parliament was formed (instead of the three of the existing one). The formation of the parliament brought the end of
405:
1641:
aristocrats in Sicily was significant from 1590 to 1650, involving the redistribution of population away from the larger towns back to the countryside.
2452:
1330:
When William died in 1189 without an heir, this effectively signalled the end of the Hauteville succession. Some years earlier, Roger II's daughter,
441:
in the 8th century BC. Initially, this was restricted to the eastern and southern parts of the island. The most important colony was established at
574:
The constant warfare between Carthage and the Greek city-states eventually opened the door to an emerging third power. In the 3rd century BC, the
369:
later grew in power, these settlements sometimes came into conflict with them, as at Motya, and eventually came under Carthage's direct control.
2006:
The latifundia (large feudal agricultural estates) were abolished by sweeping land reform mandating smaller farms in 1950–1962, funded from the
2346:
1633:
via governors and viceroys. In the ensuing centuries, authority on the island was to become concentrated among a small number of local barons.
2771:
1785:
2619:
Orkneyinga Saga, Anderson, Joseph, (Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, 1873), FHL microfilm 253063., p. 134, 139, 144-145, 149-151, 163, 193.
1946:). After Mussolini came to power in the 1920s, he launched a fierce crackdown on organized crime, but they recovered quickly following the
1795:
1838:
In 1866, Palermo revolted against Italy. The city was bombed by the Italian navy, which disembarked on September 22 under the command of
1764:
3137:
1894:
Ongoing government neglect in the late 19th century ultimately enabled the establishment of organized crime networks, commonly known as
1921:
279:
500:
The Greek city-states enjoyed long periods of democratic government, but in times of social stress, in particular during wars against
302:
dating to the second half of the third millennium BC, provide new insights to the composite cultural panorama of prehistoric Sicily.
1487:
Throughout Frederick's reign, there had been substantial antagonism between the Kingdom and the Papacy, which was part of the wider
986:(tax on non-Muslims, imposed by Muslim rulers) to their rulers for their protection (Non-Muslims are not conscripted). However, the
1880:
declared a state of emergency, dissolving the organizations. The suppression of the strikes also led to an increase in emigration.
705:
275:
2479:
3205:
Pantalica in the Sicilian Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Excavations of the rock-cut chamber tombs by Paolo Orsi from 1895 to 1910
3501:
3451:
3307:
3292:
3003:
2646:
2427:
2327:
2275:
2117:
2075:
1462:
antagonism between the papacy and the Hohenstaufens. The Hohenstaufen rule ended with the death of Manfredi at the battle of
2390:
3587:
1229:
170:
2091:
1756:
making no attempt to gain support in the Sicilian middle class, with which he could have faced the power of the baronage.
3695:
3380:
2888:
It is a false myth that the Allies cooperated with the Mafia during the war. Salvatore Lupo,"The Allies and the Mafia,"
2710:
2038:
1759:
Simmering discontent with Bourbon rule and hopes of Sicilian independence led to major revolts in 1820 and 1848 against
1046:; but the most crucial battle was the siege of Palermo, which led to Sicily being completely in Norman control by 1091.
3515:
3082:
2304:
523:
Sicilian politics was intertwined with politics in Greece itself, leading Athens, for example, to mount the disastrous
3246:
2787:
Fernando Ciaramitaro, "Virrey, Gobierno Virreinal y Absolutismo: El Caso de la Nueva España y del Reino de Sicilia,"
2240:
1418:
Many repressive measures, passed by Frederick II, were introduced in order to please the Popes who could not tolerate
137:. During this period, Sicily was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of
3799:
3536:
3466:
3397:
3343:
3271:
2982:
2679:
2591:
2375:
2149:
1931:
1553:
1260:
was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe; even wealthier than
1128:
744:
603:, all of Sicily except Syracuse was in Roman hands, becoming Rome's first province outside of the Italian peninsula.
3229:
3177:
1506:, just to the north of the Kingdom's border. Manfred was killed in battle and Charles was crowned King of Sicily by
701:'s reign lauds the emperor as "The Restorer of Sicily", although it is not known what he did to earn this accolade.
685:
Despite its largely neglected status, Sicily was able to make a contribution to Roman culture through the historian
3609:
1773:
1748:
1602:
1435:
1393:
1316:
1179:
157:, the island passed to the latter. In the following centuries the Kingdom entered into the personal union with the
17:
1876:(Sicilian Workers Leagues). The proprietors and landowners asked the government to intervene, and Prime Minister
1963:
1740:
1339:
993:
1731:
3387:
3045:
2669:
2417:
1996:
1049:
Many historians have recently argued that the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily (1060–91) was the start of the
258:(from whom the island derives its name). Of these, the last was the latest to arrive and was related to other
3916:
1842:. Italian soldiers summarily executed the civilian insurgents, and once again took possession of the island.
1665:
162:
693:. The most famous archeological remains of this period are the mosaics of a nobleman's villa in present-day
3854:
3670:
3665:
3655:
3122:
2459:
1431:
1364:
1335:
927:
3023:
Dimico, Arcangelo, Alessia Isopi, and Ola Olsson. "Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: The market for lemons."
3804:
3794:
3764:
2803:
Francesco Benigno, "Vecchio e Nuovo Nella Sicilia del Seicento: Il Ruolo Della Colonizzazione Feudale",
2013:
1768:
comprising artisans, workers, students, clerics, Masons, and sons of English, Irish, and other settlers.
1744:
1618:
1541:
1529:
225:
146:
1870:
In the years between 1889 and 1894, there were labour agitations, through the radical left-wing, called
1311:(also known as William the Good) reigned from 1166 to 1189. His greatest legacy was the building of the
4007:
3882:
3859:
3779:
3774:
3700:
3690:
3241:
Militello, Paolo. "The Historiography on Early Modern Age Sicily Between the 20th and 21st Centuries."
2235:
1990:
1812:
1408:
911:
903:
1863:
military conscription, the Sicilian economy suffered, leading to an unprecedented wave of emigration.
3967:
3814:
3809:
3789:
3650:
2948:
2139:
1947:
1925:
1908:
1818:
1696:
1491:
conflict. This antagonism was transferred to the Hohenstaufen house, and ultimately against Manfred.
1355:
890:
3710:
2350:
3732:
3569:
2008:
779:
631:
612:
429:
2931:
The Two Italies: economic relations between the Norman kingdom of Sicily and the northern communes
1660:
from North Africa. The subsequent rebuilding created the distinctive architectural style known as
3972:
3894:
3427:
Discorso dell'origine ed antichità di Palermo, e de' primi abitatori della Sicilia, e dell'Italia
3118:
2944:
1559:
1488:
1293:
390:
150:
2513:
Paul E. Chevedden, " The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis,"
1821:
the annexation was ratified by a popular plebiscite. The Kingdom of Sardinia became in 1861 the
855:
to Syracuse in Sicily in 663, the following year he launched an assault from Sicily against the
3560:
1955:
1653:
1533:
1513:
Growing opposition to French officialdom and high taxation led to an insurrection in 1282 (the
1457:, who essentially usurped the crown (with the support of the local barons) while Conrad's son,
1324:
62:
2068:
The Normans in Sicily: The Normans in the South 1016-1130 and the Kingdom in the Sun 1130-1194
3645:
3322:
1958:
freed imprisoned Mafia leaders under the mistaken notion that they were political prisoners.
1312:
1144:
1062:
517:
331:
3617:
3214:(Duckworth/Bloomsbury, London; & Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1999)
3061:
Epstein, S. R. "Cities, Regions and the Late Medieval Crisis: Sicily and Tuscany Compared,"
1903:
1143:
after a battle against Arabs in Sicily. On the other hand, many Anglo-Danish rebels fleeing
1132:
3819:
3680:
3602:
3335:
Widows in White: Migration and the Transformation of Rural Italian Women, Sicily, 1880-1920
2850:
L. J. Riall, "Liberal policy and the control of public order in western Sicily 1860-1862,"
1974:
1684:
1590:
1392:. Just as Henry VI was being crowned as King of Sicily in Palermo, Constance gave birth to
1308:
1081:
591:
575:
3212:
Sicily before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age
990:
began to fragment as inner-dynasty related quarrels took place between the Muslim regime.
8:
3849:
3784:
3685:
3421:
3259:
2063:
1826:
1804:
1518:
1503:
1495:
1368:
1331:
1320:
979:
524:
513:
376:
population as shown in archaeology as a distinctive “West Phoenician cultural identity”.
307:
66:
2025:, anti-mafia magistrates, which triggered a general upheaval in Italian political life.
1315:, perhaps the best surviving example of Siculo-Norman architecture. In 1177, he married
3839:
3829:
3769:
3675:
3633:
3334:
3102:
2209:
2197:
1970:
1967:
1808:
1712:
1570:
1439:
1360:
1245:
1113:
859:
690:
542:
239:
197:
165:
crowns, while preserving effective independence until 1816. Sicily was merged with the
126:
3127:
3110:
2121:
1607:
3906:
3844:
3759:
3532:
3511:
3497:
3462:
3447:
3408:
3363:
3339:
3303:
3288:
3267:
3078:
3041:
2999:
2978:
2912:
2675:
2423:
2371:
2323:
2317:
2300:
2271:
2265:
2201:
2145:
2071:
2003:, under the new Italian constitution, with its own parliament and elected president.
2000:
1986:
1943:
1706:
The Bourbon kings officially resided in Naples, except for a brief period during the
1680:
1574:
1537:
1454:
1377:
1343:
1301:
1257:
1241:
1173:
1023:
998:
987:
914:, the commander of the Byzantine fleet of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor
894:
818:
534:
528:
291:
189:
174:
134:
122:
90:
74:
2483:
1066:
481:). These city-states became an important part of classical Greek civilisation; both
3921:
3901:
3889:
3754:
3660:
3393:
3091:
2961:
The Mafia of a Sicilian Village 1860-1960: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs
2363:
2193:
2022:
2018:
1935:
1877:
1839:
1822:
1661:
1626:
1566:
1514:
1450:
1381:
1169:
1117:
1116:. The Varangians were first used as mercenaries in Italy against the Arabs in 936.
1093:
1002:
833:
734:
686:
650:
626:
561:
470:
413:
366:
359:
201:
181:
166:
141:. As a result of the dynastic succession, the Kingdom passed into the hands of the
118:
114:
97:, but also experiencing important periods of independence, as under the indigenous
70:
2642:
1502:, with the support of the Church, led an army against the Kingdom. They fought at
793:. Sicily was used as a base for the Byzantines to conquer the rest of Italy, with
3988:
3926:
3911:
3595:
3529:
Governare la città. Territorio, amministrazione e politica a Siracusa (1817-1865)
3425:
3355:
3074:
Island for Itself: Economic Development and Social Change in Late Medieval Sicily
3073:
3035:
2775:
2394:
1872:
1707:
1657:
1579:
1507:
1412:
1292:
arrived during this period and linguistically the island would eventually become
1269:
1248:, was ultimately able to raise the status of the island, along with his holds of
1205:
1148:
1105:
1077:
1039:
947:
878:
844:
as the national language and the Greek rites of the Eastern Church were adopted.
787:
694:
670:
617:
583:
557:
442:
154:
82:
3555:
3350:
Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy & Local Power, 1859-1866
2586:
2095:
3941:
3744:
3738:
3145:
3066:
3028:
1896:
1889:
1649:
1499:
1297:
1285:
1253:
1217:
1152:
1085:
1007:
963:
951:
863:
852:
841:
738:
642:
638:
579:
548:
By the 3rd century BC, Syracuse was the most populous Greek city in the world.
450:
446:
259:
243:
209:
94:
86:
3946:
817:
and conquering Sicily in 550. Totila, in turn, was defeated and killed in the
4001:
3931:
3749:
3727:
3132:
2706:
2595:
2205:
2184:
Cary, M. (1922). "HISTORICAL REVISIONS. XXI.—The Origins of the Punic Wars".
1676:
1136:
943:
899:
396:
130:
1835:
Furthermore, repeated revolts showed a degree of unrest among the peasants.
1014:
By the 11th century, mainland southern Italian powers were hiring ferocious
3141:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–35.
3087:
2230:
1951:
1854:
1427:
1389:
1281:
1233:
920:
709:
646:
335:
318:
294:
tribe. The Elymi, too, may have distant origins from outside Italy, in the
142:
58:
54:
3167:
Narrating Muslim Sicily: War and Peace in the Medieval Mediterranean World
3936:
2134:
1939:
1423:
1121:
848:
790:
400:
327:
213:
46:
3405:
Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943-45
2213:
1184:
566:
3951:
2598:, an online article at Stockholm County Museum, retrieved July 1, 2007.
1120:
were raised in Sweden in memory of warriors who died in Langbarðaland (
975:
915:
783:
717:
678:
486:
482:
458:
295:
271:
110:
3578:
3317:
3256:(April 2007), Vol. 57 Issue 4, pp32–38' US deals with Mafia 1942-1943.
1479:
3877:
1716:
1656:
in the east of the island in 1693. Sicily was frequently attacked by
1463:
1193:
1127:
Later, several Anglo-Danish and Norwegian nobles participated in the
1076:
Many Norsemen fought as mercenaries in Southern Italy, including the
1043:
978:, were brought to Sicily, the native Christians were allowed nominal
971:
708:
in Sicily. Amongst the earliest Christian martyrs were the Sicilians
662:
462:
418:
158:
98:
3153:
2290:
John Moorhead, Theodoric in Italy, 1992, p. 9 ISBN O-19-81478-3
1966:. Furthermore, it proved a valuable training ground for large-scale
1739:
The Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were officially merged in 1816 by
1272:
was the language of the royal court. Significantly, immigrants from
537:
replied to Sicilian Greek cities' appeal for assistance, landing at
3172:
Harpster, Matthew. "Sicily: A Frontier in the Centre of the Sea?."
2863:
Bernard Cook, "Sicilian Women Peasants in the Nineteenth Century,"
2799:
2797:
1760:
1672:
1621:'s principal façade of 1736 shows Spanish architectural influences.
1458:
1404:
1289:
1225:
1221:
1109:
1050:
1031:
931:
874:
867:
856:
829:
761:
600:
538:
501:
494:
267:
247:
242:
of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to
102:
50:
2996:
Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
230:
3184:
Urban dynamics and transcultural communication in medieval Sicily
3160:
Militants & Migrants: Rural Sicilians Become American Workers
3011:
Archaic and classical Greek Sicily: a social and economic history
1669:
1611:
1586:
1443:
1277:
1261:
1213:
1089:
1070:
1035:
1019:
1015:
955:
935:
814:
806:
771:
757:
713:
698:
673:, which liberated the island from Roman rule for a brief period.
595:
509:
478:
355:
351:
343:
339:
287:
205:
78:
2794:
1735:
The revolution against the Bourbon in Palermo (12 January 1848).
634:
told the Roman Senate that "no Carthaginian remains in Sicily".
29:
3625:
3620:
3312:
Ramm, Agatha. "The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature,"
1522:
1400:
1385:
1273:
1209:
1189:
1088:, who conquered Sicily between 1038 and 1040, with the help of
1027:
983:
822:
810:
794:
750:
658:
654:
474:
466:
438:
299:
255:
251:
193:
138:
106:
42:
3148:"Migration and Peasant Militance: Western Sicily, 1880-1910,"
2865:
Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750-1850: Selected Papers,
1701:
1629:
and Aragon in 1479, Sicily was ruled directly by the kings of
1540:. It is this split that ultimately led to the creation of the
3487:
Sicilia aperta (secoli XV-XVII). Mobilità di uomini e di idee
3126:
2991:(July 2012)(, Vol. 62 Issue 7, pp 28–34; covers 1806 to 1815.
2955:(16th ed.), Leipzig: Leipzig, Baedeker, pp. 290–303
1630:
1614:
1419:
1249:
967:
939:
837:
802:
782:
Sicily was the first part of Italy to be taken under general
373:
347:
185:
3302:(Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. (2007). 300pp.
3191:
The Fight for Greek Sicily: Society, Politics, and Landscape
338:. Within a century, we find major Phoenician settlements at
1101:
798:
587:
505:
454:
422:
283:
41:
has been influenced by numerous ethnic groups. It has seen
3300:
The Crusades, the Kingdom of Sicily, and the Mediterranean
3037:
Regions of Italy: a Reference Guide to History and Culture
2458:. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 7 October 2007. Archived from
809:
falling within five years. However, a new Ostrogoth king,
330:
begin to settle in western Sicily, having already started
290:. It has been proposed that the Sicani were originally an
2938:
The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944
3489:, Palermo, Quaderni Mediterranea Ricerche Storiche, 2006
1915:
2671:
Arabic Administration in Norman Sicily: The Royal Diwan
2393:. TravelMapofSicily.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from
2299:
Herwig Wolfram, History of the Goths,1988, p. 291
1999:, Sicily became an autonomous region in 1946, with its
704:
It was also during this period that we find one of the
504:, tyrants occasionally usurped the leadership such as:
2829:
The term had already come into use in the 18th century
1147:, joined the Byzantines in their struggle against the
2816:
W. H. Clements, "The Defences of Sicily, 1806-1815,"
2347:"Gothic War: Byzantine Count Belisarius Retakes Rome"
2120:. AncientWorlds.net. 20 November 2007. Archived from
1867:
their sons, and helping their husbands in the field.
1442:
and grandson of Roger II, expelled the few remaining
625:
The success of the Carthaginians in Italy during the
3287:, (2013). Thornham/Norfolk: Brazen Head Publishing,
3219:
The Kingdom of Sicily, 1100-1250: A Literary History
2818:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research,
1474:
1026:
who conquered Sicily from the Muslims. After taking
2482:. In Italy Magazine. 7 October 2007. Archived from
1300:, previously under the Byzantines it had been more
1061:In 860, according to an account by the Norman monk
1018:mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the
2559:The Norman Commanders: Masters of Warfare 911-1135
1396:(sometimes referred to as Frederick I of Sicily).
906:, red domes showing elements of Arab architecture.
3285:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily
2837:
2835:
2162:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily
1683:, under the rule of Don Carlos of Bourbon (later
1349:
208:as the greatest and most beautiful cities of the
3999:
2743:A.Lowe: The Barrier and the bridge, op cit;p.92.
2349:. Historynet.com. 7 October 2007. Archived from
2094:. KeyItaly.com. 20 November 2007. Archived from
1319:(also known as Joanna). She was the daughter of
1296:, in terms of church it would become completely
728:
3392:(25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.,
3377:Sicily and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages
3370:Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily
2769:Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera
2755:Roger Ii De Sicile - Un Normand En Méditerranée
2422:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1891–1892.
1973:–lessons that would be essential for the
866:succeeded him, a brief usurpation in Sicily by
590:and Carthage. The Carthaginians sent forces to
2875:
2873:
2832:
1790:
1726:
1593:is Sicily's greatest artist from this period.
1256:to a kingdom in 1130. During this period, the
1240:Palermo continued on as the capital under the
938:, in regaining the island; an Islamic army of
873:From the late 7th century, Sicily joined with
3603:
2987:Darby, Graham. "Sicily's British Occupation"
2699:
2474:
2472:
2368:A History of Sicily: Medieval Sicily 800–1713
1858:Emigrants departing from the port of Syracuse
1585:The island's first university was founded at
1483:"Sicilian Vespers" (1846), by Francesco Hayez
1196:, Palermo. The mosaic carries an inscription
1192:with Roger II receiving the crown by Christ,
870:being quickly suppressed by the new emperor.
764:took Sicily after crossing over from Africa.
3018:Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia
2910:John Paul Russo, "The Sicilian Latifundia,"
2480:"Chronological - Historical Table Of Sicily"
2385:
2383:
2225:
2223:
1648:Sicily suffered a ferocious outbreak of the
1517:), which was successful with the support of
1449:Frederick was succeeded firstly by his son,
1334:(William II's aunt) had been married off to
1163:
3446:, Catania, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, 2009,
3420:
2870:
2739:
2737:
2062:
1702:British occupation and British protectorate
1573:were the languages of the royal court, and
630:were killed and in 210 BC the Roman consul
145:. At the end of the 13th century, with the
3610:
3596:
3473:Sicilia austriaca. Le istruzioni ai viceré
3117:
2820:Autumn 2009, Vol. 87 Issue 351, pp 256-272
2469:
1995:Following some political agitation of the
1938:, who sent the island in 1924 the prefect
1922:Sicilian mafia during the Mussolini regime
1799:Expedition of Thousand: landing at Marsala
1786:it:Storia della Sicilia nel Regno d'Italia
1124:), the Old Norse name for southern Italy.
372:The Phoenicians integrated with the local
2517:April 2008, Vol. 93 Issue 310, pp 181-200
2380:
2341:
2339:
2263:
2220:
2058:
2056:
1763:denial of constitutional government. The
836:became Byzantium's main western outpost.
3162:(1988) 239p; covers 1860 to 20th century
3033:
3020:(2004), synthesis of Italian scholarship
2943:
2734:
2643:"Classical and Medieval Malta (60-1530)"
2039:List of Italian State Archives in Sicily
1902:
1853:
1794:
1730:
1606:
1478:
1359:
1224:. For the most part, these consisted of
1183:
992:
898:
616:
565:
428:
412:
404:
317:
229:
28:
3207:(Oxbow, Oxford and Philadelphia, 2019).
3065:Feb 1991, Issue 130, pp 3–50, advanced
2610:, p. 217; Florence of Worcester, p. 145
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2415:
2315:
2259:
2257:
926:There, Euphemius requested the help of
433:Rule under the Deinomenids (485-465 BC)
14:
4000:
3182:Jäckh, Theresa, and Mona Kirsch, eds.
3152:Spring 1984, Vol. 8 Issue 1, pp 67–80
2336:
2053:
1038:with an army of 700 knights. In 1068,
582:into Sicilian affairs, and led to the
3591:
3385:
3056:Sicily: Island of Beauty and Conflict
2917:March 1999, Vol. 17 Issue 1, pp 40-57
2854:June 1992, Vol. 35 Issue 2, pp 345-68
2778:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. 2003.
2667:
2635:
2628:Translation based on Chibnall (ed.),
2576:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 936.
1916:Early 20th century and Fascist period
1135:, who left England in 1086, and Jarl
637:For the next 600 years, Sicily was a
125:. The Kingdom was founded in 1130 by
3430:. Palermo: Giovanni Battista Maringo
3386:Vincent, Benjamin (1910), "Sicily",
3252:Newark, Tim. "Pact with the Devil?"
3234:Romolo Menighetti, Franco Nicastro,
3200:, 1194–1250 (Frederick Ungar, 1957).
3101:Finley, M. I., Denis Mack Smith and
2892:March 1997, Vol. 2 Issue 1, pp 21-33
2752:
2713:from the original on 14 January 2019
2709:. BestofSicily.com. 7 October 2007.
2649:from the original on 27 October 2016
2436:
2254:
2183:
1807:in 1860 following the expedition of
1453:, and then by his illegitimate son,
1042:and his men defeated the Muslims at
813:, drove down the Italian peninsula,
723:
3583:, World History Encyclopedia (2017)
3574:, World History Encyclopedia (2017)
3565:, World History Encyclopedia (2018)
3531:, Ed. Franco Angeli, Milano, 2010,
3278:Urbanism and empire in Roman Sicily
2789:Studia Historica: Historia Moderna,
2731:N.Daniel: The Arabs; op cit; p.154.
2574:1016 The Danish Conquest of England
2571:
2526:
2409:
1547:
1469:
1158:
1073:, landed in Sicily, conquering it.
621:The Roman amphitheatre of Syracuse.
409:First Greek settlements & dates
177:, it has its own distinct culture.
117:with its sovereigns), and later as
24:
3522:Sicilia ed Europa dal 1700 al 1815
3475:, 1719-1734, Napoli, Jovene, 1994.
2923:
2890:Journal of Modern Italian Studies,
2807:(1986), Vol. 27 Issue 1, pp 93-107
2645:. AboutMalta.com. 7 October 2007.
2198:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1922.tb01629.x
1980:
832:in the middle of the 6th century,
578:motivated the intervention of the
541:in 278 BC, welcomed by the tyrant
313:
25:
4019:
3549:
3524:, (3 vol), Sellerio, Palermo 1996
1932:Sicilian mafia during the fascism
1690:
1596:
1554:it:Storia della Sicilia aragonese
1475:Angevins and the Sicilian Vespers
1129:Norman conquest of southern Italy
1065:, a Viking fleet, probably under
851:decided to move from the capital
745:it:Storia della Sicilia bizantina
3984:
3983:
3709:
3619:
3327:Greek Cities in Italy and Sicily
3221:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
3034:Domenico, Roy (2002). "Sicily".
2556:
2541:
2416:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
2144:, Simon and Schuster, New York,
1934:was fought by the government of
1825:, in the context of the Italian
1625:With the union of the crowns of
1603:it:Storia della Sicilia spagnola
1422:being practiced in the heart of
1180:it:Storia della Sicilia normanna
884:
437:Sicily began to be colonised by
379:
298:area. The recent discoveries of
45:controlled by powers, including
3494:Storia dei Bizantini di Sicilia
3316:(1972) 87#345 pp. 795–811
2904:
2895:
2882:
2857:
2844:
2823:
2810:
2781:
2761:
2746:
2725:
2707:"Sicilian Peoples: The Normans"
2688:from the original on 2023-10-26
2661:
2622:
2613:
2601:
2580:
2565:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2507:
2498:
2370:, Chatto & Windus, London,
2357:
2309:
2293:
2284:
2243:from the original on 2021-04-23
1380:dynasty, replaced by the south
606:
425:, built in the 5th century BC.)
384:
262:of southern Italy, such as the
173:, with special statute, of the
3496:, Edizioni Lussografica 2012,
3243:Mediterranea-ricerche storiche
2674:. Cambridge University Press.
2544:Fighting Emperors of Byzantium
2419:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2322:. Cambridge University Press.
2267:Sicily: An Illustrated History
2177:
2167:
2154:
2128:
2110:
2084:
1997:Sicilian Independence Movement
1350:Hohenstaufen reign (1194–1266)
753:conquered Syracuse in 280 AD.
188:and the largest island in the
13:
1:
3556:Livius.org: History of Sicily
3414:
3398:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t
2977:, (2002) Les Éditions Musae,
2546:. Pen and Sword. p. 177.
2044:
1849:
1779:
1675:led to union (1735) with the
1141:("Skakke", meaning bent head)
1056:
954:was sent. The conquest was a
729:Germanic and Byzantine period
551:
219:
3855:List of presidents of Sicily
3543:La Sicilia nella Preistorica
3407:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
3236:History of Autonomous Sicily
3226:The Norman Kingdom of Sicily
2668:Johns, Jeremy (2002-10-07).
2561:. Pen and Sword. p. 18.
2118:"Sicilia's Urbs of Syracusa"
840:was gradually supplanted by
350:(an island near present-day
322:The Phoenician city on Motya
7:
3902:Derby di Sicilia (football)
3765:War of the Sicilian Vespers
3510:, (3 Vol.) Sellerio, 2006,
3389:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates
3238:, Legas, Mineola, Usa, 2001
3025:Journal of Economic History
2949:"Sicily: Historical Notice"
2032:
2014:1960s Sicilian Mafia trials
1791:Unification of Italy period
1745:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1727:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1619:Giovanni Battista Vaccarini
1542:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1530:War of the Sicilian Vespers
1022:; it was the Normans under
706:first Christian communities
445:in 734 BC. Other important
226:it:Preistoria della Sicilia
180:Sicily is both the largest
169:in 1861. Although today an
147:War of the Sicilian Vespers
10:
4024:
3883:List of people from Sicily
3860:Sicilian Regional Assembly
3696:Cities, towns and villages
2998:. (Cornell UP< 2017).
2968:A history of Muslim Sicily
2264:Privitera, Joseph (2002).
2236:World History Encyclopedia
1991:Sicilian Regional Assembly
1984:
1919:
1887:
1783:
1694:
1600:
1551:
1409:De arte venandi cum avibus
1353:
1177:
1167:
904:San Giovanni degli Eremiti
888:
805:and the Ostrogoth capital
742:
732:
610:
555:
394:
388:
326:From the 11th century BC,
223:
3981:
3960:
3868:
3828:
3815:Allied invasion of Sicily
3810:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
3718:
3707:
3632:
3461:, Brancato Editore, 2005
3314:English Historical Review
3280:(U of Texas Press, 2019).
2994:Davis-Secord, Sarah C.
2975:A Short History of Sicily
2953:Southern Italy and Sicily
2791:2008, Vol. 30, pp 235-271
2453:"Brief history of Sicily"
2140:The Story of Civilization
1948:Allied invasion of Sicily
1926:Allied invasion of Sicily
1909:Allied landings in Sicily
1819:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1697:History of Bourbon Sicily
1668:(1713–1720) and then the
1356:History of Swabian Sicily
1164:Norman period (1091–1194)
891:Muslim conquest of Sicily
828:When Ravenna fell to the
821:by the Byzantine general
661:in 70 BC in his oration,
234:Regions of ancient Sicily
3805:1848 Sicilian revolution
3545:. Sellerio, Palermo 1999
3119:Freeman, Edward Augustus
3027:77.4 (2017): 1083-1115.
2588:2. Runriket - Täby Kyrka
2009:Cassa per il Mezzogiorno
1883:
1365:Henry VI of Hohenstaufen
1108:in single combat, and a
786:who was commissioned by
613:Sicilia (Roman province)
3917:Norman-Sicilian culture
3895:List of Sicilian dishes
3150:Social Science History,
3138:Encyclopædia Britannica
3111:abridged edition online
2632:, vol. ii, pp. 203, 205
2316:Hearder, Harry (1990).
1964:northward through Italy
1803:Sicily was merged with
1776:the name "King Bomba".
1652:in 1656, followed by a
1560:Frederick III of Sicily
1139:, who won his nickname
1096:, who won his nickname
477:or Messene (modern-day
421:. (Temple dedicated to
391:History of Greek Sicily
342:(Solunto), present day
334:on the nearby parts of
200:described respectively
184:of the modern state of
3527:Santuccio, Salvatore.
3323:Randall-MacIver, David
3189:Jonasch, Melanie, ed.
3176:31.2 (2019): 158-170.
2966:Chiarelli, Leonard C.
2630:Ecclesiastical History
2608:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
2319:Italy: A Short History
1912:
1859:
1800:
1736:
1622:
1534:peace of Caltabellotta
1484:
1372:
1325:Richard the Lion Heart
1200:
1011:
907:
877:to form the Byzantine
847:The Byzantine Emperor
697:. An inscription from
622:
571:
570:Sicily cultures 431 BC
434:
426:
410:
323:
235:
149:between the crowns of
34:
3572:The Dolmens of Sicily
3264:The Normans in Sicily
3186:(Wilhelm Fink, 2017).
2970:(Midsea Books, 2018).
2933:(Cambridge UP, 2005).
2753:Aubé, Pierre (2001).
1950:in July 1943, during
1906:
1857:
1798:
1734:
1666:by the house of Savoy
1610:
1482:
1430:rule in Sicily under
1363:
1313:Cathedral of Monreale
1307:Roger II's grandson,
1187:
1155:, in Southern Italy.
1145:William the Conqueror
1094:William de Hauteville
1063:Dudo of Saint-Quentin
996:
902:
620:
569:
527:in 415 BC during the
518:Dionysius the Younger
432:
416:
408:
321:
233:
32:
3820:Sicilian nationalism
3579:Salvatore Piccolo:
3508:Storia della Sicilia
3478:Gibilaro, Giovanni.
3459:Storia della Sicilia
3444:Carlo V e la Sicilia
3422:Valguarnera, Mariano
3360:The Sicilian Vespers
3283:Piccolo, Salvatore.
3260:Norwich, John Julius
3198:Frederick the Second
3196:Kantorowicz, Ernst.
3193:(Oxbow Books, 2020).
3071:Epstein, Stephan R.
3009:De Angelis, Franco.
2270:. Hippocrene Books.
2064:John Julius, Norwich
1975:invasion of Normandy
1685:Charles III of Spain
1591:Antonello da Messina
1122:Land of the Lombards
3850:Elections in Sicily
3785:Sicilian Parliament
3636:metropolitan cities
3570:Salvatore Piccolo:
3561:Salvatore Piccolo:
3375:Takayama, Hiroshi.
3169:(Bloomsbury, 2019).
3107:A History of Sicily
3096:A History of Sicily
3063:Past & Present,
3058:(Bloomsbury, 2020).
2852:Historical Journal,
2353:on 2 November 2007.
2160:Salvatore Piccolo,
2124:on 21 October 2007.
1805:Kingdom of Sardinia
1747:. The accession of
1654:damaging earthquake
1544:some 500 years on.
1403:), wrote a book on
1369:Constance of Sicily
1340:Emperor Frederick I
1332:Constance of Sicily
1321:Henry II of England
1112:contingent, led by
1092:mercenaries, under
1084:, who later became
980:freedom of religion
525:Sicilian Expedition
514:Dionysius the Elder
354:). Others included
308:Bell Beaker culture
282:(or Leutarni), the
129:, belonging to the
3840:Politics of Sicily
3770:Lombards of Sicily
3541:Tusa, Sebastiano.
3520:Riccobene, Luigi.
3506:Renda, Francesco.
3492:Santagati, Luigi.
3482:. 1720-1735, 1996.
3471:Gallo, Francesca.
3442:Agati, Salvatore.
3403:Williams, Isobel.
3245:36 (2016) 101–118
3210:Leighton, Robert,
3203:Leighton, Robert,
3165:Granara, William.
3146:Gabaccia, Donna R.
3103:Christopher Duggan
3013:(Oxford UP, 2016).
2774:2005-03-18 at the
2391:"Syracuse, Sicily"
2164:, op. cit., p. 31.
2142:- The Age of Faith
2070:. Penguin Global.
1913:
1860:
1809:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1801:
1737:
1664:. Periods of rule
1623:
1485:
1440:Holy Roman Emperor
1373:
1323:and the sister of
1246:Roger II of Sicily
1201:
1133:Edgar the Ætheling
1012:
908:
860:Duchy of Benevento
691:Calpurnius Siculus
665:. Another was the
623:
572:
489:were from Sicily.
435:
427:
411:
324:
240:indigenous peoples
236:
35:
4008:History of Sicily
3995:
3994:
3845:Statute of Sicily
3760:Kingdom of Sicily
3563:Bronze Age Sicily
3502:978-88-8243-201-0
3480:Sicilia austriaca
3452:978-88-7751-287-1
3368:Schneider, Jane.
3308:978-0-7546-5917-4
3298:Powell, James M.
3293:978-0-9565106-2-4
3276:Pfuntner, Laura.
3224:Matthew, Donald.
3217:Mallette, Karla.
3158:Gabaccia, Donna.
3054:Dummett, Jeremy.
3004:978-1-5017-0464-2
2973:Correnti, Santi.
2929:Abulafia, David.
2913:Italian Americana
2429:978-0-19-504652-6
2364:Mack Smith, Denis
2329:978-0-521-33719-9
2277:978-0-7818-0909-2
2077:978-0-14-015212-8
1987:Statute of Sicily
1713:Westminster model
1681:Kingdom of Sicily
1558:Peter III's son,
1532:lasted until the
1489:Guelph Ghibelline
1344:Tancred of Sicily
1302:Eastern Christian
1258:Kingdom of Sicily
1174:Kingdom of Sicily
1100:by defeating the
988:Emirate of Sicily
895:Emirate of Sicily
819:Battle of Taginae
760:under their king
724:Early Middle Ages
657:, as recorded by
535:Pyrrhus of Epirus
529:Peloponnesian War
190:Mediterranean Sea
175:Republic of Italy
171:Autonomous Region
123:Kingdom of Sicily
39:history of Sicily
33:Temple of Segesta
16:(Redirected from
4015:
3987:
3986:
3922:Sicilian Baroque
3755:County of Sicily
3733:Sicilia province
3713:
3701:List of communes
3624:
3623:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3400:
3356:Runciman, Steven
3338:. (2003), 322pp
3142:
3130:
3092:Denis Mack Smith
3051:
2956:
2936:Atkinson, Rick.
2918:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2867:1997, pp 627-638
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2841:Correnti, (2002)
2839:
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2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2098:on 13 April 2017
2088:
2082:
2081:
2060:
2023:Paolo Borsellino
2019:Giovanni Falcone
1936:Benito Mussolini
1911:on 10 July 1943.
1878:Francesco Crispi
1840:Raffaele Cadorna
1823:Kingdom of Italy
1719:in the Kingdom.
1662:Sicilian Baroque
1548:Aragonese period
1515:Sicilian Vespers
1470:Late Middle Ages
1230:Kingdom of Italy
1170:County of Sicily
1159:High Middle Ages
1003:Battle of Cerami
735:Byzantine Empire
687:Diodorus Siculus
651:Battle of Actium
627:Second Punic War
562:Second Punic War
417:Greek temple at
360:Mazara del Vallo
167:Kingdom of Italy
119:County of Sicily
21:
18:Byzantine Sicily
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3977:
3968:Railway network
3956:
3927:Sicilian School
3870:
3864:
3831:
3824:
3745:Theme of Sicily
3714:
3705:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3552:
3433:
3431:
3417:
3332:Reeder, Linda.
3098:(3 Vols. 1968)
3048:
2926:
2924:Further reading
2921:
2909:
2905:
2901:Atkinson (2008)
2900:
2896:
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2531:. Head of Zeus.
2527:Haywood, John.
2525:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2486:on 27 July 2016
2478:
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1873:Fasci Siciliani
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1765:1848 revolution
1729:
1708:Napoleonic Wars
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1658:Barbary pirates
1605:
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1580:Crown of Aragon
1556:
1550:
1508:Pope Clement IV
1477:
1472:
1413:Sicilian School
1358:
1352:
1338:who was son of
1317:Joan of England
1244:. Roger's son,
1206:Northern Europe
1182:
1176:
1168:Main articles:
1166:
1161:
1149:Robert Guiscard
1082:Harald Hardrada
1078:Varangian Guard
1059:
1040:Robert Guiscard
948:Cretan Saracens
897:
889:Main articles:
887:
879:Theme of Sicily
788:Eastern Emperor
747:
741:
733:Main articles:
731:
726:
695:Piazza Armerina
671:Sextus Pompeius
667:Sicilian revolt
615:
609:
584:First Punic War
576:Messanan Crisis
564:
558:First Punic War
554:
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316:
314:The Phoenicians
246:writers as the
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113:(in particular
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3550:External links
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3128:"Sicily"
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3069:
3067:social history
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2594:2008-06-04 at
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2572:Ullidtz, Per.
2564:
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1890:Sicilian Mafia
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1691:Bourbon period
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1650:bubonic plague
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1597:Spanish period
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1471:
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1298:Roman Catholic
1286:Northern Italy
1254:Southern Italy
1218:Northern Italy
1188:Detail of the
1165:
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1160:
1157:
1153:duke of Apulia
1086:king of Norway
1067:Björn Ironside
1058:
1055:
1034:, he occupied
1008:Prosper Lafaye
886:
883:
864:Constantine IV
853:Constantinople
756:In 440 AD the
739:Sicily (theme)
730:
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643:Roman Republic
611:Main article:
608:
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580:Roman Republic
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389:Main article:
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358:(Trapani) and
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3409:online review
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3352:(1998), 252pp
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3348:Riall, Lucy.
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1195:
1191:
1186:
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1175:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Erling Skakke
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
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1079:
1074:
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1017:
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1005:
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977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
957:
953:
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945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:Ziyadat Allah
924:
922:
917:
913:
905:
901:
896:
892:
885:Muslim period
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
768:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
746:
740:
736:
721:
720:of Syracuse.
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:and the poet
688:
683:
681:
680:
674:
672:
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660:
656:
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648:
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640:
635:
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563:
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468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
431:
424:
420:
415:
407:
402:
398:
397:Sicilian Wars
392:
380:Classical Age
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
320:
311:
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301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:ancient Greek
241:
232:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
172:
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136:
132:
131:Siculo-Norman
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
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64:
60:
56:
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44:
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31:
27:
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3830:Politics and
3800:Risorgimento
3795:Two Sicilies
3737:
3719:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3542:
3528:
3521:
3507:
3493:
3486:
3479:
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3458:
3443:
3432:. Retrieved
3426:
3404:
3388:
3376:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3333:
3326:
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3299:
3284:
3277:
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3235:
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3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3136:
3106:
3095:
3072:
3062:
3055:
3036:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2959:Blok Anton.
2952:
2937:
2930:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2788:
2783:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2670:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2637:
2629:
2624:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2587:
2582:
2573:
2567:
2558:
2557:Hill, Paul.
2552:
2543:
2542:Carr, John.
2537:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:the original
2460:the original
2418:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:the original
2367:
2359:
2351:the original
2318:
2311:
2295:
2286:
2266:
2245:. Retrieved
2234:
2231:"Punic Wars"
2189:
2185:
2179:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2138:
2135:Durant, Will
2130:
2122:the original
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:the original
2086:
2067:
2048:
2027:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1960:
1952:World War II
1929:
1895:
1893:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1828:Risorgimento
1827:
1817:; after the
1813:
1802:
1774:Ferdinand II
1770:
1758:
1754:
1749:Ferdinand II
1743:to form the
1738:
1721:
1705:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1624:
1584:
1564:
1557:
1528:The ensuing
1527:
1512:
1493:
1486:
1448:
1436:Frederick II
1428:Hohenstaufen
1417:
1398:
1394:Frederick II
1390:Hohenstaufen
1374:
1329:
1306:
1282:North Europe
1266:
1239:
1234:Vulgar Latin
1202:
1198:Rogerios Rex
1197:
1140:
1126:
1097:
1075:
1060:
1048:
1013:
1010:, circa 1860
997:
961:
925:
921:North Africa
909:
872:
846:
827:
777:
769:
766:
755:
748:
710:Saint Agatha
703:
684:
677:
675:
636:
624:
607:Roman Period
573:
547:
533:
522:
499:
491:
436:
385:Greek period
371:
364:
336:North Africa
325:
304:
263:
237:
179:
143:Hohenstaufen
109:, the Greek-
51:Carthaginian
38:
36:
26:
3937:Coppola cap
3869:Culture and
3634:Provinces,
3457:Jean Huré.
3434:20 February
2490:24 December
2401:12 December
2102:12 December
2001:own Statute
1954:, once the
1940:Cesare Mori
1907:Map of the
1897:Cosa Nostra
1741:Ferdinand I
1424:Christendom
1232:, who were
849:Constans II
791:Justinian I
749:A tribe of
632:M. Valerius
401:Pyrrhic War
328:Phoenicians
214:Middle Ages
212:and of the
3952:Mount Etna
3832:government
3638:and places
3415:in Italian
3047:0313307334
2717:31 January
2692:2020-10-02
2653:31 January
2247:2020-05-06
2045:References
1985:See also:
1971:operations
1968:amphibious
1888:See also:
1850:Emigration
1784:See also:
1780:Modern era
1601:See also:
1552:See also:
1498:, duke of
1378:Hauteville
1354:See also:
1309:William II
1242:Hauteville
1178:See also:
1118:Runestones
1057:Viking Age
976:sugar cane
916:Michael II
815:plundering
784:Belisarius
780:Gothic War
743:See also:
718:Saint Lucy
679:latifundia
645:and later
556:See also:
552:Punic Wars
487:Archimedes
483:Empedocles
395:See also:
296:Aegean Sea
286:, and the
272:Oenotrians
224:See also:
220:Prehistory
135:Hauteville
133:family of
111:Siceliotes
47:Phoenician
3947:Triskeles
3646:Agrigento
3266:, (1992)
2366:, (1968)
2206:0018-2648
2137:, (2011)
1717:feudalism
1673:Habsburgs
1589:in 1434.
1571:Aragonese
1538:Trinacria
1519:Peter III
1504:Benevento
1496:Charles I
1494:In 1266,
1464:Benevento
1294:Latinised
1194:Martorana
1044:Misilmeri
972:pistachio
912:Euphemius
663:In Verrem
543:Tyndarion
463:Selinunte
419:Selinunte
252:Sicanians
198:al-Idrisi
99:Sicanians
91:Austrians
83:Aragonese
71:Byzantine
67:Ostrogoth
4002:Category
3989:Category
3907:Language
3871:heritage
3780:Viceroys
3775:Monarchs
3681:Syracuse
3424:(1614).
3381:excerpts
3318:in JSTOR
3174:Al-Masāq
3154:in JSTOR
3125:(1910).
3077:(1992).
2947:(1912),
2945:Baedeker
2772:Archived
2757:. Payot.
2711:Archived
2686:Archived
2647:Archived
2592:Archived
2529:Northmen
2515:History,
2241:Archived
2214:24399923
2092:"Sicily"
2066:(1992).
2033:See also
1670:Austrian
1575:Sicilian
1466:(1266).
1459:Conradin
1432:Henry VI
1405:falconry
1290:Campania
1226:Lombards
1222:Campania
1106:Syracuse
1098:Iron Arm
1051:Crusades
1032:Calabria
952:Persians
934:Emir of
932:Aghlabid
910:In 826,
875:Calabria
868:Mizizios
834:Syracuse
830:Lombards
825:in 552.
762:Genseric
639:province
601:Hiero II
592:Hiero II
586:between
539:Taormina
502:Carthage
495:Carthage
471:Kamarina
443:Syracuse
367:Carthage
332:colonies
280:Leuterni
268:Calabria
254:and the
248:Elymians
202:Syracuse
159:Spaniard
127:Roger II
115:Syracuse
103:Elymians
3961:Economy
3890:Cuisine
3720:History
3691:Islands
3686:Trapani
3671:Palermo
3666:Messina
3656:Catania
3379:(2019)
3362:(1958)
3230:excerpt
3228:(2008)
3135:(ed.).
3109:(1986)
2186:History
1761:Bourbon
1679:-ruled
1677:Bourbon
1627:Castile
1612:Catania
1587:Catania
1567:Catalan
1455:Manfred
1444:Muslims
1386:Swabian
1278:England
1262:England
1228:of the
1214:England
1131:, like
1110:Lombard
1080:led by
1071:Hastein
1036:Messina
1024:Roger I
1020:Vikings
1001:at the
999:Roger I
964:oranges
956:see-saw
944:Berbers
936:Tunisia
857:Lombard
807:Ravenna
778:In the
772:Odoacer
770:In 476
758:Vandals
714:Catania
699:Hadrian
641:of the
596:Drepana
510:Hiero I
479:Messina
459:Akragas
374:Elymian
356:Drepana
352:Marsala
344:Palermo
340:Soloeis
300:dolmens
292:Iberian
288:Ausones
284:Opicans
206:Palermo
163:Bourbon
95:British
87:Spanish
3878:People
3676:Ragusa
3626:Sicily
3535:
3514:
3500:
3465:
3450:
3372:(1976)
3364:online
3342:
3329:(1931)
3306:
3291:
3270:
3247:online
3178:online
3081:
3044:
3029:online
3002:
2981:
2963:(1988)
2940:(2007)
2678:
2426:
2374:
2326:
2303:
2274:
2212:
2204:
2148:
2074:
1956:Allies
1523:Aragón
1451:Conrad
1401:Naples
1382:German
1274:France
1270:Norman
1210:France
1190:mosaic
1114:Arduin
1090:Norman
1028:Apulia
1016:Norman
984:jaziya
968:lemons
930:, the
823:Narses
811:Totila
795:Naples
751:Franks
669:under
659:Cicero
655:Verres
647:Empire
475:Zancle
467:Himera
439:Greeks
278:, and
276:Chones
270:, the
264:Italoi
256:Sicels
250:, the
194:Cicero
182:region
155:Aragon
139:Europe
121:, and
107:Sicels
79:Norman
63:Vandal
43:Sicily
3942:Flags
3912:Music
3131:. In
2463:(PDF)
2456:(PDF)
2210:JSTOR
1884:Mafia
1814:Mille
1631:Spain
1615:duomo
1500:Anjou
1420:Islam
1336:Henry
1250:Malta
982:with
940:Arabs
842:Greek
838:Latin
803:Milan
451:Naxos
449:were
348:Motya
186:Italy
151:Anjou
59:Roman
55:Greek
3661:Enna
3581:Gela
3533:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3436:2019
3340:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3268:ISBN
3090:and
3079:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2719:2008
2676:ISBN
2655:2008
2492:2007
2424:ISBN
2403:2007
2372:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2202:ISSN
2146:ISBN
2104:2007
2072:ISBN
2021:and
1989:and
1930:The
1924:and
1569:and
1367:and
1288:and
1252:and
1220:and
1172:and
1102:emir
1069:and
1030:and
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588:Rome
560:and
516:and
506:Gelo
485:and
473:and
455:Gela
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238:The
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