Byzantine dress - Knowledge

501: 1012: 1158: 1116: 1214: 1077: 652: 565: 440: 31: 1136: 1616: 1195: 1052:

for a long time. On these garments are lions and leopards; bears and bulls and dogs; woods and rocks and hunters; and all attempts to imitate nature by painting.... But such rich men and women as are more pious, have gathered up the gospel history and turned it over to the weavers.... You may see the wedding of Galilee, and the water-pots; the paralytic carrying his bed on his shoulders; the blind man being healed with the clay; the woman with the bloody issue, taking hold of the border of the garment; the sinful woman falling at the feet of Jesus; Lazarus returning to life from the grave....

233: 485:. The Virgin and St Joseph are in their normal iconographic dress, and behind St Joseph a queue of respectable citizens wait their turn to register. Male hem lengths drop as the status of the person increases. All the exposed legs have hose, and the soldiers and citizens have foot-wrappings above, presumably with sandals. The citizens wear dalmatics with a wide border around the neck and hem, but not as rich as that of the middle-level official. The other men would perhaps wear hats if not in the presence of the governor. A donor figure in the same church, the 776:, was the imperial decorative collar, often forming part of the loros. It was copied by at least women of the upper class. It was of cloth of gold or similar material, then studded with gems and heavily embroidered. The decoration was generally divided into compartments by vertical lines on the collar. The edges would be done in pearls of varying sizes in up to three rows. There were occasionally drop pearls placed at intervals to add to the richness. The collar came over the collarbone to cover a portion of the upper chest. 900: 312: 4026: 1180: 3883: 761: 390: 1003:, caricaturing him with untidy hair sticking straight out in all directions. Monk's hair was long, and most clergy had beards, as did many lay men, especially later. Upper-class women mostly wore their hair up, again very often curled and elaborately shaped. If we are to judge by religious art, and the few depictions of other women outside the court, women probably kept their hair covered in public, especially when married. 845: 89: 639:

marches first of all on its feet, the manual writers were more concerned that troops should have good footwear than anything else. This ranged from low lace up shoes to thigh boots, all to be fitted with "a few (hob) nails". A head-cloth ("phakiolion" or "maphorion") which ranged from a simple cloth coming from below the helmet (as still worn by Orthodox clergy) to something more like a

331:

cuffs might be decorated with embroidery, with a band around the upper arm as well. In the 10th and 11th century a dress with flared sleeves, eventually very full indeed at the wrist, becomes increasingly popular, before disappearing; working women are shown with the sleeves tied up. In court ladies this may come with a V-collar. Belts were normally worn, possibly with

703:, who were seen as divine bodyguards, its main purpose was ideological, representing the different Hellenistic political values such as the deification of the monarch and his role as the sole legislator and administrator of the commonwealth. In practice it was only normally worn a few times a year, such as on 1103:

dates to at least the 6th century, and possibly earlier - again this would function as a cheaper alternative to the woven and embroidered materials of the rich. Apart from Egyptian burial-cloths, rather fewer cheap fabrics have survived than expensive ones. It should also be remembered that depicting

352:

Dancers are shown with special dress including short sleeves or sleeveless dresses, which may or may not have a lighter sleeve from an undergarment below. They have tight wide belts, and their skirts have a flared and differently coloured element, probably designed to rise up as they spin in dances.

348:

With footwear, scholars are more certain, as there are considerable numbers of examples recovered by archaeology from the drier parts of the Empire. A great variety of footwear is found, with sandals, slippers and boots to the mid-calf all common in manuscript illustrations and excavated finds, where

335:

to support the skirt; they may have been cloth more often than leather, and some tasselled sashes are seen. Neck openings were probably often buttoned, which is hard to see in art, and not described in texts, but must have been needed if only for breast-feeding. Straight down, across, or diagonally

223:

Leggings and hose were often worn, but are not prominent in depictions of the wealthy; they were associated with barbarians, whether European or Persian. Even basic clothes appear to have been surprisingly expensive for the poor. Some manual workers, probably slaves, are shown continuing to wear, at

330:

Modesty was important for all, and most women appear almost entirely covered by rather shapeless clothes, which needed to be able to accommodate a full pregnancy. The basic garment in the early Empire comes down to the ankles, with a high round collar and tight sleeves to the wrist. The fringes and

155:

was a riding-coat of Persian origin, opening down the front and normally coming to the mid-thigh, although these are recorded as being worn by Emperors, when they seem to become much longer. In general, except for military and presumably riding-dress, men of higher status, and all women, had clothes

364:

was invented by the Byzantines, Byzantine art does not depict women with veiled faces, although it commonly depicts women with veiled hair. It is assumed that Byzantine women outside court circles went well wrapped up in public, and were relatively restricted in their movements outside the house;

79:

As in the West during the Middle Ages, clothing was very expensive for the poor, who probably wore the same well-worn clothes nearly all the time; this meant in particular that any costume owned by most women needed to fit throughout the full length of a pregnancy. Even for the better-off, clothing

1088:

Early decorated cloth is mostly embroidered in wool on a linen base, and linen is generally more common than cotton throughout the period. Raw Silk yarn was initially imported from China, and the timing and place of the first weaving of it in the Near Eastern world is a matter of controversy, with

1051:

When, therefore, they dress themselves and appear in public, they look like pictured walls in the eyes of those that meet them. And perhaps even the children surround them, smiling to one another and pointing out with the finger the picture on the garment; and walk along after them, following them

611:

before 1220. They are short, only to the ankle, and generously cut to allow many different sizes to be accommodated. They are lavishly decorated with pearls and jewels and gold scrollwork on the sides and over the toe of the shoe. More practical footwear was no doubt worn on less formal occasions.

710:

The men's version of the loros was a long strip, dropping down straight in front to below the waist, and with the portion behind pulled round to the front and hung gracefully over the left arm. The female loros was similar at the front end, but the back end was wider and tucked under a belt after

1023:

As in China, there were large Byzantine Imperial workshops, apparently always based in Constantinople, for textiles as for other arts like mosaic. Although there were other important centres, the Imperial workshops led fashion and technical developments and their products were frequently used as

638:

Dress and equipment changed considerably across the period to have the most efficient and effective accoutrements current economics would allow. Other ranks' clothing was largely identical to that of common working men. The manuals recommend tunics and coats no longer than the knee. As an army

520:

wore a hat shaped like a pyramid, but eccentric dress is one of many things he was criticised for. This was perhaps related to the very elegant hat with a very high-domed peak, and a sharply turned-up brim coming far forward in an acute triangle to a sharp point (left), that was drawn by Italian

719:

was described as being like a meadow covered with flowers. Generally sleeves were closely fitted to the arm and the outer dress comes to the ankles (although often called a scaramangion), and is also rather closely fitted. The sleeves of empresses became extremely wide in the later period.

397:

As in Graeco-Roman times, purple was reserved for the royal family; other colours in various contexts conveyed information as to class and clerical or government rank. Lower-class people wore simple tunics but still had the preference for bright colours found in all Byzantine fashions.

816:

Court life "passed in a sort of ballet", with precise ceremonies prescribed for every occasion, to show that "Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order", and "the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the Universe as it was made by the Creator", according to the Emperor

1089:

Egypt, Persia, Syria and Constantinople all being proposed, for dates in the 4th and 5th centuries. Certainly Byzantine textile decoration shows great Persian influence, and very little direct from China. According to legend agents of Justinian I bribed two Buddhist monks from

349:

many are decorated in various ways. The colour red, reserved for Imperial use in male footwear, is actually by far the most common colour for women's shoes. Purses are rarely visible, and seem to have been made of textile matching the dress, or perhaps tucked into the sash.

840:

factions, the four now merged to just the Blues and the Greens, and incorporated into the official hierarchy. At this period a court official could be required to wear five different outfits over a single festival day, his costumes being provided as part of his pay package.

599:

mosaics show the men wearing what may be sandals with white socks, and soldiers wear sandals tied around the calf or strips of cloth wrapped round the leg to the calf. These probably went all the way to the toes (similar foot-wrappers are still worn by Russian other ranks).

164:. All of these, except the stola, might be belted or not. The terms for dress are often confusing, and certain identification of the name a particular pictured item had, or the design that relates to a particular documentary reference, is rare, especially outside the Court. 1115: 1104:

a patterned fabric in paint or mosaic is a very difficult task, often impossible in a small miniature, so the artistic record, which often shows patterned fabrics in large-scale figures in the best quality works, probably under-records the use of patterned cloth overall.

1056:

Both Christian and pagan examples, mostly embroidered panels sewn into plainer cloth, have been preserved in the exceptional conditions of graves in Egypt, although mostly iconic portrait-style images rather than the narrative scenes Asterius describes in his diocese of

339:

Hair is covered by a variety of head-cloths and veils, presumably often removed inside the home. Sometimes caps were worn under the veil, and sometimes the cloth is tied in turban style. This may have been done while working - for example the midwives in scenes of the

1157: 515:

Many men went bareheaded and, apart from the Emperor, they were normally so in votive depictions, which may distort the record we have. In the late Byzantine period a number of extravagantly large hats were worn as uniform by officials. In the 12th century, Emperor

276:, a more shaped mantle with a hood and sometimes a hole at the neck. This probably is close to actual typical dress for widows, and for married women when in public. The Virgin's underdress may be visible, especially at the sleeves. There are also conventions for 943:

vestments still in use (especially in the Eastern, but also in the Western churches) are closely related to their predecessors. Over the period clerical dress went from being merely normal lay dress to a specialized set of garments for different purposes. The

1035:

for the most part figural scenes did not reappear afterwards, being replaced by patterns and animal designs. Some examples show very large designs being used for clothing by the great - two enormous embroidered lions killing camels occupy the whole of the

635:. Similar strips covered the upper arms, below round armour shoulder-pieces. Boots came to the calf, or sandals were strapped high on the legs. A rather flimsy-looking cloth belt is tied high under the ribs as a badge of rank rather than a practical item. 55:

roots with most changes and different styles being evidenced in the upper strata of Byzantine society always with a touch of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines liked colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially

224:

least in summer, the basic Roman slip costume which was effectively two rectangles sewn together at the shoulders and below the arm. Others, when engaged in activity, are shown with the sides of their tunic tied up to the waist for ease of movement.

795:. These are among the best surviving Byzantine garments and give a good idea of the lavishness of Imperial ceremonial clothing. There is a cloak (worn by the Emperors with the gap at the front), "alb", dalmatic, stockings, slippers and gloves. The 344:

usually adopt this style. Earlier ones were wrapped in a figure-of-eight fashion, but by the 11th century circular wrapping, possibly sewn into a fixed position, was adopted. In the 11th and 12th centuries head-cloths or veils began to be longer.

630:

This stayed close to the Greco-Roman pattern, especially for officers (see Gallery section for example). A breastplate of armour, under which the bottom of a short tunic appeared as a skirt, often overlaid with a fringe of leather straps, the

264:), over a chiton, or loose sleeved tunic, reaching to the ankles. Sandals are worn on the feet. This costume is not commonly seen in secular contexts, although possibly this is deliberate, to avoid confusing secular with divine subjects. The 195:, a lozenge shaped coloured panel across the chest or midriff (at the front), which was also used to show the further rank of the wearer by the colour or type of embroidery and jewels used (compare those of Justinian and his courtiers). 1194: 476:

gives an excellent view of a range of costume from the late period. From the left, there is a soldier on guard, the governor in one of the large hats worn by important officials, a middle-ranking civil servant (holding the register

1024:

diplomatic gifts to other rulers, as well as being distributed to favoured Byzantines. In the late 10th century, the Emperor sent gold and fabrics to a Russian ruler in the hope that this would prevent him attacking the Empire.

1031:

these often contained religious scenes such as Annunciations, often in a number of panels over a large piece of cloth. This naturally stopped during the periods of Iconoclasm and with the exception of church vestments

827:

describing in enormous detail the annual round of the Court. Special forms of dress for many classes of people on particular occasions are set down; at the name-day dinner for the Emperor or Empress various groups of

694:

Consulship became part of the imperial status), and worn by the Emperor and Empress as a quasi-ecclesiastical garment. It was also worn by the twelve most important officials and the imperial bodyguard, and hence by

711:

pulling through to the front again. Both male and female versions changed style and diverged in the middle Byzantine period, the female later reverting to the new male style. Apart from jewels and embroidery, small

4274: 952:

very close to what is regarded as the "modern" Western form of the 20th century, the garment having become much larger, and then contracted, in the meantime. Over his shoulder he wears a simple bishop's

215:

or border of thick cloth, usually including gold, was also an indicator of rank. Sometimes an oblong cloak would be worn, especially by the military and ordinary people; it was not for court occasions.

425:, with deaths running into the thousands, between these factions, who naturally dressed in their appropriate colours. In medieval France, there were similar colours-wearing political factions, called 173:, a semicircular cloak fastened to the right shoulder continued throughout the period. The length fell sometimes only to the hips or as far as the ankles, much longer than the version commonly worn in 887:

However this ceremonial way of life came under stress as the military crisis deepened, and never revived after the interlude of the Western Emperors following the capture of Constantinople by the

336:

are the possible options. The plain linen undergarment was, until the 10th century, not designed to be visible. However at this point a standing collar starts to show above the main dress.

2052: 365:

they are rarely depicted in art. The literary sources are not sufficiently clear to distinguish between a head-veil and a face-veil. In addition, the early 3rd-century Christian writer

1213: 802:

Especially in the early and later periods (approximately before 600 and after 1,000) Emperors may be shown in military dress, with gold breastplates, red boots, and a crown. Crowns had

1135: 723:

The royal daily robe was a simpler and more idealized regalia of the various Hellenistic kings, depicted in various frescoes and miniatures, which featured the emperor in a simple "

832:

performed ceremonial "dances", one group wearing "a blue and white garment, with short sleeves, and gold bands, and rings on their ankles. In their hands they hold what are called

540:

They passed through copies across Europe for use in Eastern subjects, especially for depictions of the three kings or Magi in Nativity scenes. In 1159 the visiting Crusader Prince

481:) in a dalmatic with a wide border, probably embroidered, over a long tunic, which also has a border. Then comes a higher-ranking soldier, carrying a sword on an untied belt or 891:

in 1204; in the late period a French visitor was shocked to see the Empress riding in the street with fewer attendants and less ceremony than a Queen of France would have had.

2762: 1271:

Ball, 6 for a brief summary, with Early Byzantine clothing still emerging from Roman stles, and Late Byzantine increasingly influenced by the West, and sometimes the East.

1824:

Kilerich, Bente, "Representing an Emperor: Style and Meaning on the Missorium of Theodosius I", in Almagro-Gorbea, Álvarez Martínez, Blázquez Martínez y Rovira (eds.),

3922: 68:

for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting

4351: 2995: 987:

Men's hair was generally short and neat until the late Empire, and often is shown elegantly curled, probably artificially (picture at top). The 9th century

643:, was standard military headgear in the Middle and Late Empire for both common troops and for ceremonial wear by some ranks; they were also worn by women. 533:

in 1438 in the last days of the Empire. Versions of this and other clothes, including many spectacular hats, worn by the visitors were carefully drawn by

1901: 1975: 862:, treatises on administrative structure, court protocol and precedence, give details of the costumes worn by different office-holders. According to 849: 615:

Outside labourers would either have sandals or be barefoot. The sandals follow the Roman model of straps over a thick sole. Some examples of the

836:". The second group do just the same, but wearing "a garment of green and red, split, with gold bands". These colours were the marks of the old 492:, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an even larger hat, which he keeps on whilst kneeling before Christ (see Gallery). 4369: 3915: 3871: 2225: 2126: 3559: 2136: 2069: 3931: 2084: 2079: 922: 3160: 2146: 2121: 1743: 673:

The distinctive garments of the Emperors (often there were two at a time) and Empresses were the crown and the heavily jewelled Imperial

3511: 3494: 2151: 2131: 603:

Some soldiers, including later Imperial portraits in military dress, show boots nearly reaching the knee - red for the Emperor. In the

791:, contains a full set of outer garments made in the 12th century in essentially Byzantine style at the Byzantine-founded workshops in 151:), a heavier and shorter type of tunica, again worn by both sexes, but mainly by men. The hems often curve down to a sharp point. The 4458: 4384: 3908: 3210: 3056: 3028: 2672: 2664: 2141: 2074: 1920:

Photos of major pieces of extant medieval clothing, some Byzantine (including some of the Imperial Regalia) by Cynthia du Pré Argent

3406: 2767: 799:

is Italian and later. Each element of the design on the cloak (see Textiles below) is outlined in pearls and embroidered in gold.

548:

shaped felt cap, embellished in gold. An Iberian wide brimmed felt hat came into vogue during the 12th century. Especially in the

3255: 303:. Many other figures in Biblical scenes, especially if unnamed, are usually depicted wearing "contemporary" Byzantine clothing. 4125: 3735: 3260: 240:

The most common images surviving from the Byzantine period are not relevant as references for actual dress worn in the period.

979:

clerical hats are also survivals from the much larger and brightly coloured official headgear of the Byzantine civil service.

3659: 2419: 2412: 1968: 1932: 1626: 884:, elaborate dress and court ritual probably were at least partly an attempt to smother and distract from political tensions. 829: 69: 1173:, who ran the legal system and finances of the Empire, wears an enormous hat, like all high officials, and a patterned robe. 3968: 3411: 3270: 2558: 1000: 967:, and a symbol of his position. This later became much larger, and produced various types of similar garments, such as the 2402: 4058: 3740: 3153: 1815: 1712: 1424: 940:

This is certainly the area in which Byzantine and classic clothing is nearest to living on, as many forms of habit and

17: 500: 4146: 4141: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 3841: 2407: 1886: 1839: 1796: 1777: 1444: 1292: 1179: 1144: 1011: 1900:

Costello, Angela L., "Material Wealth and Immaterial Grief: The Last Will and Testament of Kale Pakouriane.", 2016.

1047:, from the end of the 5th century, gives details of imagery on the clothes of the rich (which he strongly condemns): 4289: 4284: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 3973: 3944: 2904: 1961: 1129:, with one of the best surviving indications of what the pictures on clothes described by Asterius looked like. 1027:

Most surviving examples were not used for clothes and feature very large woven or embroidered designs. Before the

3876: 3698: 2230: 1998: 1736: 1200: 3846: 3836: 3708: 3629: 3447: 3315: 2887: 2831: 2752: 2619: 1854: 1847:

Reconstructing the Reality of Images: Byzantine Material Culture and Religious Iconography (11th–15th Centuries

1767: 1652: 910: 504: 4083: 3960: 3703: 3693: 3608: 3363: 3148: 357:

about her mother suggests that not showing the arm above the wrist was a special focus of Byzantine modesty.

2583: 1093:

in about 552 to discover the secret of cultivating silk, although much continued to be imported from China.

401:

The races in the Hippodrome used four teams: red, white, blue and green; and the supporters of these became

3777: 3745: 3649: 3358: 3330: 3138: 2677: 1831: 1076: 651: 870:

was blue; his ceremonial costume included blue shoes embroidered with eagles on a red field, a red tunic (

4448: 4063: 4053: 3501: 3143: 2990: 2747: 2498: 1590: 319: 256:

and some others are nearly always shown wearing formulaic "pseudo-Biblical dress", consisting of a large

4396: 4374: 4005: 3821: 3767: 3506: 3378: 3368: 3068: 2948: 2826: 2757: 2645: 2614: 2457: 2397: 1729: 1238: 858: 52: 4422: 4075: 3990: 3949: 3681: 3205: 3061: 2846: 2737: 2624: 914: 200: 1459: 133:

was still used as very formal or official dress. By Justinian's time this had been replaced by the

4391: 4279: 4256: 4251: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4188: 4010: 2980: 2732: 2219: 2098: 1938: 906: 564: 341: 439: 30: 4453: 3983: 3886: 3310: 3036: 2856: 2742: 1615: 1040:

in Vienna, produced in Palermo about 1134 in the workshops the Byzantines had established there.

976: 930: 926: 34:

A 14th-century military martyr wears four layers, all patterned and richly trimmed: a cloak with

1772:

Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London,

541: 4068: 3811: 3401: 3243: 2687: 2493: 2467: 2462: 2235: 2211: 2207: 2174: 1642: 104:

here, though his dress is far richer at every point than his attendants'. He and they have the

93: 232: 4412: 4379: 3529: 3383: 2573: 2483: 2447: 2332: 2062: 2057: 788: 538: 522: 517: 1041: 1033: 3772: 3755: 3576: 3335: 3300: 3183: 3120: 3115: 2650: 2593: 1935:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) 1924: 1697: 1456: 1028: 996: 552:, small caps with or without fur brims were worn, of the sort later adopted by the Russian 1943: 8: 4427: 2682: 2598: 2588: 2452: 2215: 2203: 2090: 1881:, "Pisanello, Painter to the Renaissance Court", 2001, National Gallery Company, London, 1672: 1224: 1170: 1126: 1070: 933: 489: 444: 426: 187:

wears one, with a huge brooch, in the Ravenna mosaics. On each straight edge men of the

51:, but was essentially conservative. Popularly, Byzantine dress remained attached to its 4417: 4120: 3760: 3750: 3624: 3295: 3178: 3095: 2958: 2310: 2290: 2270: 2260: 2026: 1760:

Byzantine Dress: Representations of Secular Dress in Eight- to Twelfth-Century Painting

1702: 1647: 1122: 1100: 1066: 1044: 784: 569: 530: 65: 405:, taking sides on the great theological issues—which were also political questions—of 4246: 4204: 4040: 4015: 4000: 3882: 3816: 3721: 3654: 3634: 3602: 3534: 3521: 3442: 3437: 3188: 2953: 2803: 2322: 2275: 2265: 2255: 1882: 1850: 1835: 1811: 1792: 1773: 1763: 1717: 1687: 1682: 1662: 1657: 1528: 1440: 1288: 1073:

shows several figurative panels on his clothes, mostly round or oval (see gallery).

716: 402: 184: 1207:

showing military dress, including the high sash around the ribs, as a badge of rank.

236:

Moses has iconographic dress, the others everyday contemporary clothes, 10th century

80:

was "used until death and then reused", and the cut was generous to allow for this.

4346: 4341: 4336: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4181: 4115: 3900: 3686: 3479: 3427: 3373: 3340: 3290: 3083: 3073: 2851: 2539: 2431: 2354: 2337: 2315: 2300: 2285: 2199: 1984: 1607: 1248: 1148: 780: 768:

of the Holy Roman Emperors in Vienna, including enamelled plaques. Palermo, c. 1220

765: 724: 604: 580:

because of the long robes of the rich. Red shoes marked the Emperor; blue shoes, a

323: 315: 253: 188: 139: 123: 48: 607:

of the Holy Roman Emperors there are shoes or slippers in Byzantine style made in

381:. This shows that some Middle Eastern women veiled their faces long before Islam. 3831: 3664: 3639: 3594: 3584: 3544: 3539: 3489: 3484: 3265: 2871: 2788: 2783: 2523: 2513: 2349: 2343: 2327: 2305: 2295: 2280: 1825: 1707: 1667: 1505: 1167: 988: 818: 712: 666: 588: 486: 374: 245: 899: 156:

that came down to the ankles, or nearly so. Women often wore a top layer of the

3995: 3669: 3549: 3282: 3041: 2935: 2921: 2720: 2424: 2179: 1878: 1632: 1253: 1016: 888: 863: 837: 662: 422: 220:

were pinned on the right shoulder for ease of movement, and access to a sword.

174: 57: 1019:

Botaniates (1078-81) flanked by St John Chrysostomos and the Archangel Michael

4442: 3589: 3466: 3432: 3170: 3105: 3078: 2963: 2578: 2518: 1784: 1692: 1637: 1532: 1285:

The History of Costume, from the Ancient Mesopotamia to the Twentieth Century

1096: 968: 867: 822: 742: 582: 577: 414: 277: 61: 1919: 3350: 3325: 3305: 3110: 3088: 2943: 2191: 2186: 2020: 1163: 1141: 964: 750: 746: 687: 616: 468: 452: 410: 354: 249: 241: 196: 179: 143:, for both sexes, over which the upper classes wore other garments, like a 127: 4025: 1953: 311: 3851: 3826: 3320: 3130: 2897: 2503: 2488: 1243: 1081: 741:

of which elaborated examples are evidenced in imperial works such as the

691: 284: 269: 101: 1504:

Dawson (2006), 44-45; Phokas, Composition on Warfare, on common troops,

114:

probably wore this style of dress, which is very close to modern church

4110: 3125: 2985: 2975: 2808: 2798: 2508: 1099:

was common from the late Roman period for those outside the Court, and

992: 955: 754: 418: 366: 296: 287:

dress is white or relatively muted in colour especially when on walls (

199:

and his co-emperors were shown in 388 with theirs at knee level in the

3674: 3554: 3046: 2914: 2861: 2793: 1522: 1220: 881: 773: 696: 534: 508: 448: 417:, and therefore on the Imperial claimants who also took sides. Huge 377:

women as veiling the entire face except the eyes, in the manner of a

332: 265: 760: 757:

as the main roles of the perfect Hellenistic and Byzantine monarch.

3200: 3100: 3051: 2909: 2841: 2629: 1185: 1062: 949: 804: 737: 632: 526: 473: 406: 389: 283:

and other Biblical figures. Apart from Christ and the Virgin, much

257: 148: 115: 73: 1925:

Exhibition online feature from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY

844: 3566: 3452: 3393: 2892: 2866: 2544: 972: 872: 792: 728: 619: 608: 596: 549: 482: 280: 192: 169: 161: 106: 97: 36: 568:

Byzantine men's shoes of partially gilded leather, 6th century,

118:, for most of the time. Note what appears to be shoes and socks. 3195: 2970: 2836: 1090: 1058: 945: 732: 704: 681: 640: 478: 292: 288: 217: 111: 1914: 260:, a large rectangular mantle wrapped round the body (almost a 88: 3978: 903: 707:

Sunday, but it was very commonly used for depictions in art.

675: 657: 545: 378: 157: 134: 100:. Few later emperors would dress so simply as in a mosaic as 72:. Taste for the middle and upper classes followed the latest 1524:

Heraclius, byzantine imperial ideology, and the David plates

1437:

Church and Society in Byzantium Under the Comneni, 1081-1261

3474: 1948: 1572: 1204: 918: 700: 553: 393:

Two embroidered roundels from an Egyptian 7th century tunic

361: 300: 261: 130: 1455:

Photo that does not show the gold embroidery very well.

1336: 686:, a ceremonial coloured version of the Roman toga worn by 1944:

Some plates from a German 19th-century history of costume

1783:

Dawson, Timothy (2006). "Women's Dress in Byzantium". In

1949:

A blog on Byzantine clothing for historical reenactors.

1789:

Byzantine women : varieties of experience 800-1200

1551: 1539: 1439:, pp. 426-7 & ff;1995, Cambridge University Press, 1393: 1381: 1369: 1147:

wearing consular robes akin to imperial ones. From his

1808:

Byzantine infantryman: Eastern Roman empire c.900-1204

1357: 852:

in 1934, in clerical garb with many Byzantine features

421:

took place, in the 4th to 6th centuries and mostly in

1279: 1277: 40:

over a short dalmatic, another layer (?), and a tunic

3930: 1477: 1465: 1283:

Payne, Blanche; Winakor, Geitel; Farrell-Beck Jane:

1297: 60:, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and 27:

Clothing and fashion trends of the Byzantine Empire

1274: 808:and became closed on top during the 12th century. 772:The superhumeral, worn throughout the history of 715:plaques were sewn into the clothes; the dress of 4440: 47:changed considerably over the thousand years of 2344:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 3916: 1969: 1737: 1516: 1514: 1410: 1408: 622:or military boot are also seen on shepherds. 1348: 1983: 1593:Online English translation - near the start 1508:, Treatise on Imperial Military Expeditions 929:wearing Byzantine dress. A fresco from the 880:) in red and gold. As in the Versailles of 443:The Virgin and St. Joseph register for the 322:wearing Byzantine dress. A fresco from the 3923: 3909: 1976: 1962: 1744: 1730: 1511: 1405: 360:Although it is sometimes claimed that the 1075: 1010: 898: 843: 759: 650: 563: 499: 438: 388: 310: 231: 87: 29: 3232: 462:A 14th-century mosaic (right) from the 211:, for example in ivories of 413-414. A 14: 4441: 1933:Byzantium: faith and power (1261-1557) 1844: 1805: 1782: 1578: 1557: 1545: 1483: 1471: 1423:Dawson (2006) 61, gives two examples; 1399: 1387: 1375: 1363: 1342: 1303: 1287:, 2nd Edn, p128, HarperCollins, 1992. 203:of 387, but over the next decades the 177:; the longer version is also called a 3904: 3800: 3231: 3016: 2708: 2375: 1996: 1957: 1927:Byzantium, Faith and Power, 1261-1453 1520: 1188:in military dress, early 11th century 1084:manufactured in Constantinople c. 814 227: 110:diagonally across their torsos. This 3969:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing 3017: 995:illuminations which vilify the last 975:, for other ranks of clergy. Modern 679:or pallium, that developed from the 2719: 1915:A newer look at Byzantine Clothing. 1223:of the Byzantine delegation at the 1015:Manuscript illumination of Emperor 646: 625: 576:Not many shoes are seen clearly in 24: 1893: 207:can be seen to move higher on the 25: 4470: 3842:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 1908: 1874:, 3rd edn 1968, Penguin Books Ltd 1791:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 1203:, 12th century Greek mosaic from 894: 4459:Material culture of royal courts 4024: 3945:History of clothing and textiles 3881: 1865:Byzantine Style and Civilization 1614: 1212: 1193: 1178: 1156: 1134: 1114: 866:, the distinctive colour of the 511:, who saw him at Ferrara in 1438 299:, but more brightly coloured in 4352:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic 2231:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 2053:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 1584: 1563: 1498: 1489: 1449: 1429: 1417: 1201:Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki 306: 3316:Great Palace of Constantinople 3057:Patriarchate of Constantinople 2376: 1327: 1318: 1309: 1265: 948:in the Ravenna mosaic wears a 811: 505:Medal of John VIII Palaeologus 83: 13: 1: 1599: 1065:. The portrait of the Caesar 3778:University of Constantinople 3359:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 2709: 2509:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 2198:Byzantine successor states ( 1832:Real Academia de la Historia 1038:Coronation cloak of Roger II 749:, idealizing the concept of 731:" of various sizes, a royal 244:(often even as a baby), the 183:. As well as his courtiers, 7: 4268:1920s–1950s Western fashion 4198:1830s–1910s Western fashion 4135:1500s–1820s Western fashion 3448:Saint Catherine's Monastery 2504:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 2499:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 1997: 1627:Aristocracy and bureaucracy 1506:Constantine Porphyrogenitus 1232: 1006: 819:Constantine Porphyrogenitus 655:Emperor and Empress in the 122:In the early stages of the 10: 4475: 3837:Neo-Byzantine architecture 3801: 2458:Comes sacrarum largitionum 1239:Clothing in ancient Greece 1107: 959:, resembling the clerical 850:Archbishop John Maximovich 434: 4405: 4362: 4329: 4298: 4267: 4197: 4134: 4033: 4022: 3959: 3950:History of fashion design 3939: 3864: 3807: 3796: 3717: 3617: 3575: 3520: 3465: 3420: 3407:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 3392: 3349: 3281: 3251: 3242: 3238: 3227: 3169: 3027: 3023: 3012: 2934: 2880: 2819: 2776: 2728: 2715: 2704: 2663: 2638: 2607: 2566: 2557: 2532: 2476: 2440: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2244: 2160: 2107: 2038: 2009: 2005: 1992: 1929:- Gallery V in particular 1845:Parani, Maria G. (2003). 1495:Strategikon. Leo, Taktika 521:artists when the Emperor 384: 201:Missorium of Theodosius I 4275:Suffrage Movement period 2981:Droungarios of the Fleet 1806:Dawson, Timothy (2007). 1259: 559: 342:Nativity of Jesus in art 3934:of clothing and fashion 3495:Early Byzantine mosaics 2857:Domestic of the Schools 1521:Spain, Suzanne (1977). 1125:in a later copy of the 982: 735:and the imperial boots 495: 371:The Veiling of Virgins, 76:at the Imperial Court. 3812:Byzantine commonwealth 2574:Praetorian prefectures 2494:Logothetes tou genikou 2468:Quaestor sacri palatii 2463:Comes rerum privatarum 2236:Fall of Constantinople 2175:Sack of Constantinople 1085: 1054: 1020: 937: 853: 769: 670: 573: 512: 459: 394: 327: 254:Saint John the Baptist 237: 119: 41: 4363:By country and region 3512:Komnenian renaissance 3507:Macedonian period art 3412:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 3384:Walls of Thessaloniki 2484:Logothetes tou dromou 2099:Twenty Years' Anarchy 2063:Valentinianic dynasty 2058:Constantinian dynasty 1581:, pp. 67–69, 72. 1425:Review of Herrin book 1345:, pp. 50–53, 57. 1079: 1049: 1014: 902: 848:The Russian Orthodox 847: 789:Schatzkammer (Vienna) 763: 690:(during the reign of 654: 567: 523:John VIII Palaiologos 503: 442: 392: 314: 272:) is shown wearing a 235: 91: 33: 4330:2000–present fashion 3709:Units of measurement 3443:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 3336:Pammakaristos Church 3184:Corpus Juris Civilis 3135:Missionary activity 2594:Exarchate of Ravenna 2420:Imperial bureaucracy 1827:El Disco de Teodosio 1354:Dawson (2006), 53-54 1029:Byzantine Iconoclasm 586:; and green shoes a 542:Raynald of Châtillon 4370:Indian subcontinent 4299:1960s-1990s fashion 3233:Culture and society 3096:Ecumenical councils 2599:Exarchate of Africa 2589:Quaestura exercitus 2453:Magister officiorum 2448:Praetorian prefects 2091:Byzantine Dark Ages 1870:David Talbot-Rice, 1762:, 2006, Macmillan, 1758:Ball, Jennifer L., 1333:Ball, 6-7, 7 quoted 1225:Council of Florence 1171:Theodore Metochites 1127:Chronography of 354 1080:The silk shroud of 1071:Chronography of 354 1001:John the Grammarian 934:Studenica Monastery 785:Holy Roman Emperors 518:Andronikos Komnenos 490:Theodore Metochites 4449:Byzantine clothing 3650:Flags and insignia 3296:Baths of Zeuxippus 3179:Codex Theodosianus 3069:Oriental Orthodoxy 2027:Later Roman Empire 1810:. Oxford: Osprey. 1591:Asterius of Amasia 1123:Constantius Gallus 1101:woodblock printing 1086: 1067:Constantius Gallus 1045:Asterius of Amasia 1043:A sermon by Saint 1021: 938: 854: 824:Book of Ceremonies 770: 671: 574: 570:Walters Art Museum 537:and other artists. 531:Council of Ferrara 513: 460: 403:political factions 395: 373:Ch. 17, describes 369:, in his treatise 328: 238: 228:Iconographic dress 160:, for the rich in 120: 42: 18:Byzantine clothing 4436: 4435: 3898: 3897: 3860: 3859: 3817:Byzantine studies 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3603:Alexander Romance 3461: 3460: 3438:Nea Moni of Chios 3301:Blachernae Palace 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3189:Code of Justinian 3037:Eastern Orthodoxy 3008: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2930: 2929: 2804:Scholae Palatinae 2700: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2665:Foreign relations 2659: 2658: 2553: 2552: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2166:(1204–1453) 1939:Byzantine fashion 1863:Steven Runciman, 1849:. Leiden: Brill. 1754: 1753: 1608:Byzantine culture 1560:, pp. 19–27. 1548:, pp. 18–27. 1414:Dawson (2006), 61 1402:, pp. 59–60. 1390:, pp. 57–59. 1378:, pp. 43–47. 1366:, pp. 53–54. 876:), and a diadem ( 717:Manuel I Comnenus 185:Emperor Justinian 16:(Redirected from 4466: 4182:Directoire style 4028: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3885: 3798: 3797: 3741:Imperial Library 3687:Byzantine Greeks 3428:Daphni Monastery 3379:Panagia Chalkeon 3374:Hagios Demetrios 3341:Prison of Anemas 3291:Basilica Cistern 3249: 3248: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3228: 3084:West Syriac Rite 3074:Alexandrian Rite 3025: 3024: 3018:Religion and law 3014: 3013: 2949:Maritime themata 2905:Palaiologan army 2758:Military manuals 2726: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2705: 2564: 2563: 2540:Megas logothetes 2391: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2372: 2246:By modern region 2167: 2114: 2113:(717–1204) 2045: 2007: 2006: 1994: 1993: 1985:Byzantine Empire 1978: 1971: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1860: 1821: 1802: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1629: 1618: 1604: 1603: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1518: 1509: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1453: 1447: 1435:Michael Angold, 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1281: 1272: 1269: 1249:Ottoman clothing 1216: 1197: 1182: 1160: 1149:consular diptych 1138: 1118: 931:Serbian Orthodox 781:Imperial Regalia 766:Imperial Regalia 647:Imperial costume 626:Military costume 605:Imperial Regalia 451:, mosaic in the 447:before Governor 324:Gelati Monastery 316:Kings of Georgia 126:the traditional 124:Byzantine Empire 92:Mosaic from the 21: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4401: 4358: 4325: 4294: 4263: 4193: 4130: 4029: 4020: 3955: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3856: 3832:Cyrillic script 3803: 3784: 3729: 3713: 3613: 3595:Digenes Akritas 3571: 3516: 3457: 3421:Other locations 3416: 3388: 3345: 3277: 3266:Cross-in-square 3234: 3215: 3165: 3019: 3000: 2926: 2876: 2872:Varangian Guard 2815: 2789:East Roman army 2784:Late Roman army 2772: 2711: 2692: 2655: 2634: 2603: 2549: 2528: 2524:Epi ton deeseon 2514:Epi tou eidikou 2472: 2436: 2378: 2359: 2346: 2249: 2247: 2240: 2226:Palaiologan era 2168: 2165: 2156: 2127:Nikephorian era 2115: 2112: 2103: 2046: 2044:(330–717) 2043: 2034: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1982: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1894:Further reading 1891: 1867:, 1975, Penguin 1857: 1818: 1799: 1750: 1625: 1602: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1519: 1512: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462:of the Regalia. 1454: 1450: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1235: 1228: 1217: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1183: 1174: 1168:Grand Logothete 1161: 1152: 1139: 1130: 1119: 1110: 1009: 989:Khludov Psalter 985: 897: 814: 764:Glove from the 667:Maria of Alania 649: 628: 589:protovestiarios 562: 498: 487:Grand Logothete 437: 387: 309: 230: 86: 53:classical Greek 45:Byzantine dress 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4472: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4454:Greek clothing 4451: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3364:Byzantine Bath 3361: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3285: 3283:Constantinople 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3181: 3175: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3042:Byzantine Rite 3033: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2922:Grand domestic 2919: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2888:Komnenian army 2884: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2763:Military units 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2733:Battle tactics 2729: 2723: 2713: 2712: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2568: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2425:Medieval Greek 2417: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2180:Fourth Crusade 2171: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:Macedonian era 2134: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070:Theodosian era 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2003: 2002: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1909:External links 1907: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1879:Dillian Gordon 1877:L Syson & 1875: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1842: 1822: 1817:978-1846031052 1816: 1803: 1797: 1785:Garland, Lynda 1780: 1770: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1562: 1550: 1538: 1510: 1497: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1460:Commons images 1448: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1347: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1296: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1254:Sasanian dress 1251: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1192: 1190: 1184: 1177: 1175: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1017:Nicephorus III 1008: 1005: 984: 981: 896: 895:Clerical dress 893: 889:Fourth Crusade 864:pseudo-Kodinos 838:chariot racing 830:high officials 821:, who wrote a 813: 810: 787:, kept in the 663:Nicephorus III 648: 645: 627: 624: 561: 558: 497: 494: 436: 433: 423:Constantinople 386: 383: 320:queens consort 308: 305: 229: 226: 175:Ancient Greece 85: 82: 58:Byzantine silk 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4471: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4397:Western world 4395: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736:Encyclopedias 3734: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3660:Hellenization 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618:Everyday life 3616: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3590:Acritic songs 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3433:Hosios Loukas 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3226: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3106:Monophysitism 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3079:Armenian Rite 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3011: 2997: 2996:Naval battles 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2703: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2519:Protasekretis 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2147:Komnenian era 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085:Heraclian era 2083: 2081: 2080:Justinian era 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1887:1-85709-946-X 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1872:Byzantine Art 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1840:84-89512-60-4 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1798:9780754657378 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1778:0-540-01085-5 1775: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1527:. Verfasser. 1526: 1525: 1517: 1515: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1486:, p. 18. 1485: 1480: 1474:, p. 16. 1473: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445:0-521-26986-5 1442: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1324:Kilerich, 275 1321: 1312: 1306:, p. 43. 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293:0-06-047141-7 1290: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1268: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097:Resist dyeing 1094: 1092: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1018: 1013: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 980: 978: 974: 970: 969:epitrachelion 966: 962: 958: 957: 951: 947: 941: 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 905: 901: 892: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 868:Sebastokrator 865: 861: 860: 851: 846: 842: 839: 835: 831: 826: 825: 820: 809: 807: 806: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 767: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:Paris psalter 740: 739: 734: 730: 726: 721: 718: 714: 708: 706: 702: 698: 693: 689: 685: 683: 678: 677: 668: 664: 660: 659: 653: 644: 642: 636: 634: 623: 621: 618: 613: 610: 606: 601: 598: 593: 591: 590: 585: 584: 583:sebastokrator 579: 578:Byzantine Art 571: 566: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 510: 506: 502: 493: 491: 488: 484: 480: 475: 471: 470: 465: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 432: 430: 429: 424: 420: 416: 415:Monophysitism 412: 408: 404: 399: 391: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 358: 356: 350: 346: 343: 337: 334: 325: 321: 317: 313: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 278:Old Testament 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 234: 225: 221: 219: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 165: 163: 159: 154: 150: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 129: 125: 117: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 95: 90: 81: 77: 75: 71: 70:class or rank 67: 63: 59: 54: 50: 46: 39: 38: 32: 19: 4045: 3644: 3601: 3369:Hagia Sophia 3351:Thessalonica 3326:Hagia Sophia 3306:Chora Church 3244:Architecture 3121:Great Schism 3111:Paulicianism 3089:Miaphysitism 2944:Karabisianoi 2248:or territory 2208:Thessalonica 2192:Latin Empire 2187:Frankokratia 2162: 2122:Isaurian era 2109: 2040: 2025: 2021:Roman Empire 2011: 1926: 1902:Academia.edu 1871: 1864: 1846: 1826: 1807: 1788: 1759: 1677: 1643:Architecture 1586: 1574: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1523: 1500: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1451: 1436: 1431: 1419: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1350: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1299: 1284: 1267: 1219:Sketches by 1164:Chora Church 1095: 1087: 1061:in northern 1055: 1050: 1037: 1026: 1022: 986: 965:Latin Church 960: 954: 942: 939: 886: 877: 871: 857: 855: 833: 823: 815: 803: 801: 796: 778: 771: 751:philanthropy 747:David plates 736: 722: 709: 680: 674: 672: 656: 637: 629: 614: 602: 594: 587: 581: 575: 514: 469:Chora Church 467: 464:Kahriye-Cami 463: 461: 456: 453:Chora Church 427: 411:Nestorianism 400: 396: 370: 359: 355:Anna Komnene 353:A remark of 351: 347: 338: 329: 307:Female dress 285:iconographic 273: 250:Saint Joseph 239: 222: 212: 208: 204: 197:Theodosius I 191:class had a 180:paludamentum 178: 168: 166: 153:scaramangion 152: 144: 138: 121: 105: 78: 44: 43: 35: 4406:By clothing 4069:Western Xia 4059:Jurchen Jin 4041:Anglo-Saxon 4034:Middle Ages 3979:Han Chinese 3852:Megali Idea 3827:Byzantinism 3530:Agriculture 3321:Hagia Irene 3154:Kievan Rus' 3131:Mount Athos 2954:Cibyrrhaeot 2898:Vestiaritai 2753:Mercenaries 2630:Catepanates 2489:Sakellarios 2408:Family tree 2333:Mesopotamia 2152:Angelid era 2132:Amorian era 1579:Parani 2003 1558:Parani 2003 1546:Parani 2003 1484:Dawson 2007 1472:Dawson 2007 1400:Dawson 2006 1388:Dawson 2006 1376:Dawson 2006 1364:Dawson 2006 1343:Dawson 2006 1304:Dawson 2006 1244:Greek dress 1121:The Caesar 1082:Charlemagne 999:Patriarch, 927:Serb Church 812:Court dress 755:beneficence 727:" robe, a " 692:Justinian I 684:triumphalis 455:(1315-20). 297:manuscripts 270:Virgin Mary 102:Justinian I 84:On the body 62:resist-dyed 4443:Categories 4126:Vietnamese 4084:400s–1000s 3847:Third Rome 3773:University 3756:Philosophy 3746:Inventions 3609:Historians 3577:Literature 3560:Varangians 3402:San Vitale 3331:Hippodrome 3311:City Walls 3211:Mutilation 3206:Hexabiblos 3126:Bogomilism 3116:Iconoclasm 2986:Megas doux 2976:Greek fire 2959:Aegean Sea 2832:Kleisourai 2809:Excubitors 2799:Bucellarii 2651:Despotates 2620:Kleisourai 2559:Provincial 2403:Coronation 2377:Governance 2142:Doukid era 2075:Leonid era 1856:9004124624 1834:, Madrid, 1768:1403967008 1698:Literature 1600:References 1145:Anastasius 997:Iconoclast 993:Iconophile 956:omophorion 697:Archangels 375:pagan Arab 367:Tertullian 333:belt-hooks 189:senatorial 137:, or long 96:church in 94:San Vitale 49:the Empire 4290:1945–1960 4285:1930–1945 4247:Edwardian 4205:Victorian 4177:1795–1820 4172:1775–1795 4167:1750–1775 4162:1700–1750 4157:1650–1700 4152:1600–1650 4147:1550–1600 4142:1500–1550 4121:Tocharian 4046:Byzantine 3675:Octoechos 3555:Silk Road 3047:Hesychasm 2915:Paramonai 2862:Hetaireia 2794:Foederati 2683:Diplomacy 2678:Diplomats 2584:Provinces 2413:Empresses 2216:Trebizond 2012:Preceding 1673:Diplomacy 1533:888246271 1458:Also see 1221:Pisanello 882:Louis XIV 878:stephanos 774:Byzantium 713:enamelled 669:. 1074-81 661:costume, 535:Pisanello 509:Pisanello 449:Quirinius 428:chaperons 362:face-veil 295:) and in 274:maphorion 266:Theotokos 213:paragauda 145:dalmatica 116:vestments 4428:Swimwear 4392:Thailand 4050:Chinese 4016:Thracian 4001:Biblical 3991:Egyptian 3932:Timeline 3768:Scholars 3761:Rhetoric 3751:Medicine 3726:Learning 3625:Calendar 3502:Painters 3201:Basilika 3139:Bulgaria 3101:Arianism 3052:Hayhurum 3029:Religion 2991:Admirals 2910:Allagion 2842:Droungos 2748:Generals 2710:Military 2673:Treaties 2579:Dioceses 2398:Emperors 2311:Sardinia 2291:Dalmatia 2271:Bulgaria 2261:Anatolia 2220:Theodoro 2214: / 2210: / 2202: / 1830:, 2000, 1703:Medicine 1648:Calendar 1233:See also 1186:Basil II 1063:Anatolia 1007:Textiles 977:Orthodox 950:chasuble 915:nobility 856:Various 805:pendilia 738:Tzangion 633:pteruges 529:and the 527:Florence 525:went to 474:Istanbul 457:See text 407:Arianism 281:prophets 258:himation 246:Apostles 149:dalmatic 74:fashions 4116:Ottoman 4080:Europe 4076:English 3961:Ancient 3877:Outline 3822:Museums 3722:Science 3699:Slavery 3655:Gardens 3635:Cuisine 3567:Dynatoi 3535:Coinage 3522:Economy 3490:Mosaics 3453:Mystras 3394:Ravenna 3256:Secular 3144:Moravia 2893:Pronoia 2867:Akritai 2852:Tagmata 2827:Themata 2768:Revolts 2738:Battles 2646:Kephale 2615:Themata 2545:Mesazon 2387:Central 2323:Maghreb 2276:Corsica 2266:Armenia 2256:Albania 1999:History 1787:(ed.). 1718:Science 1688:Gardens 1683:Economy 1663:Cuisine 1658:Coinage 1569:Ball, 1 1315:Ball, 3 1227:in 1439 1108:Gallery 1069:in the 973:orarion 963:of the 961:pallium 873:chlamys 859:tactica 834:phengia 793:Palermo 783:of the 745:or the 729:chlamys 688:Consuls 620:caligae 609:Palermo 597:Ravenna 550:Balkans 544:wore a 483:baldric 435:Example 293:mosaics 209:Chlamys 205:tablion 193:tablion 170:chlamys 162:brocade 107:tablion 98:Ravenna 66:printed 37:tablion 4418:Corset 4413:Bikini 4111:Korean 3887:Portal 3802:Impact 3682:People 3630:Cities 3480:Enamel 3261:Sacred 3196:Ecloga 3062:Saints 2971:Dromon 2847:Bandon 2837:Tourma 2820:Middle 2743:Beacon 2625:Bandon 2608:Middle 2477:Middle 2432:Senate 2355:Thrace 2338:Serbia 2316:Sicily 2301:Greece 2286:Cyprus 2204:Epirus 2200:Nicaea 2110:Middle 1987:topics 1885: 1853: 1838: 1814: 1795: 1776: 1766: 1713:People 1653:Cities 1531: 1443: 1291: 1166:, the 1151:, 517. 1142:Consul 1091:Khotan 1059:Amasia 946:bishop 911:queens 733:diadem 725:chiton 705:Easter 682:trabea 641:turban 445:census 385:Colour 289:murals 242:Christ 218:Cloaks 140:chiton 135:tunica 112:bishop 4385:Meiji 4380:Japan 4375:Italy 4347:2020s 4342:2010s 4337:2000s 4321:1990s 4316:1980s 4311:1970s 4306:1960s 4280:1920s 4257:1910s 4252:1900s 4240:1890s 4235:1880s 4230:1870s 4225:1860s 4220:1850s 4215:1840s 4210:1830s 4189:1820s 4104:1400s 4099:1300s 4094:1200s 4089:1100s 4011:Roman 4006:Greek 3996:Inuit 3974:China 3872:Index 3704:Death 3694:Women 3665:Music 3645:Dress 3640:Dance 3585:Novel 3545:Trade 3540:Mints 3485:Glass 3475:Icons 3271:Domes 3149:Serbs 2964:Samos 2777:Early 2567:Early 2441:Early 2350:Syria 2328:Malta 2306:Italy 2296:Egypt 2281:Crete 2212:Morea 2041:Early 1708:Music 1678:Dress 1668:Dance 1260:Notes 919:monks 907:kings 797:loros 701:icons 676:loros 658:loros 617:Roman 560:Shoes 554:Tsars 546:tiara 419:riots 379:niqab 301:icons 158:stola 128:Roman 4423:Hide 4064:Yuan 4054:Liao 3670:Lyra 3550:silk 3161:Jews 2936:Navy 2881:Late 2721:Army 2688:Wars 2639:Late 2533:Late 2163:Late 1883:ISBN 1851:ISBN 1836:ISBN 1812:ISBN 1793:ISBN 1774:ISBN 1764:ISBN 1633:Army 1529:OCLC 1441:ISBN 1289:ISBN 1205:Kyiv 991:has 983:Hair 971:and 923:head 921:and 904:Serb 779:The 753:and 665:and 595:The 496:Hats 479:roll 413:and 318:and 291:and 262:toga 167:The 131:toga 64:and 3984:Shu 3467:Art 3171:Law 1693:Law 1638:Art 925:of 699:in 507:by 472:in 466:or 4445:: 1931:; 1513:^ 1407:^ 1276:^ 917:, 913:, 909:, 592:. 556:. 431:. 409:, 252:, 248:, 3924:e 3917:t 3910:v 2222:) 2218:– 2206:– 2093:" 2089:" 1977:e 1970:t 1963:v 1859:. 1820:. 1801:. 1745:e 1738:t 1731:v 1535:. 936:. 572:. 326:. 268:( 147:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.