2572:
466:
534:
691:
4732:
2909:
4873:
3813:
3635:
67:
4699:
5102:
4990:
4922:
4783:
4458:
5175:
4147:
4951:
4507:
4025:
2303:
4405:
4265:
4106:
3859:
2071:
4614:
4309:
4542:
4344:
4214:
3696:
649:
3310:
1885:
1565:
877:
3380:
362:
4833:
1627:
828:
1783:
1397:
1738:
976:
2382:
5019:
2718:
784:
1463:
3166:
1940:
3116:
3346:
2989:
2246:
2038:
3499:
3062:
3425:
2606:
1239:
3212:
2160:
1510:
2654:
2416:
2768:
2529:
3464:
728:
3763:
3551:
2955:
2198:
2114:
2863:
2341:
1206:
3908:
8463:
2003:
1834:
4652:
3975:
914:
4064:
1678:
1065:
5189:
2454:
1342:
1103:
586:
2801:
5058:
627:) under both Constantius II and Julian. He was elected by the army upon Julian's death. After assuming power, Jovian withdrew Roman forces from Persia and made an unpopular peace with them, which lasted until the early sixth-century. Following an autumn spent in Antioch, he died of natural causes in central Anatolia and was buried in Constantinople.
4188:. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising.
1444:, Justinian was able to regain North Africa, much of Italy and Spain; these were territories that had been seized and occupied previously by various Germanic tribes (Vandals and Goths) at the former Western Roman Empire's expense. He carried out a massive building program throughout the Empire, including construction of the famous
2571:
3334:
The second son of
Romanos II, Constantine was born in 960 and raised to co-emperor on 30 March 962. During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially
208:
as an imperial capital, Constantinople, and who was regarded by the later emperors as the model ruler. Modern historians distinguish this later phase of the Roman Empire as
Byzantine due to the imperial seat moving from Rome to Byzantium, the Empire's integration of Christianity, and the predominance
2333:
Born in July 718, the only son of Leo III. Co-emperor since 720, he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of
Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars. He is given the surname "the Dung-named"
1869:
Born on 7 November 630, the son of
Constantine III. Raised to co-emperor in summer 641 after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas. Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. "Constans" is his nickname. Moved his seat
3586:
by
Michael IV, returning when he was chosen as Zoe's third husband. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy. A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a
3539:
The younger sister of Zoe, born in 984, she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April 1042. After Zoe married her third husband, Constantine IX, in June 1042, Theodora was again sidelined. After Zoe died in 1050 and
Constantine in 1055, Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her
565:
Born in May 332 at
Constantinople (the first emperor born there), Julian was the grandson of Constantius Chlorus and cousin of Constantius II. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, he became the legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius. Julian has been described as the last pagan emperor of the
4978:
Son of
Andronikos IV, he was born in 1370, and named co-emperor under his father in 1377–79. He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in 1390, but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II. As regent, he held Constantinople against the
812:
Born on 11 January 347 in Spain, Theodosius was an aristocrat and military leader, and later brother-in-law of
Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East in 379 and gave him charge of Macedonia and Dacia. During his reign, Theodosius made Orthodox Christianity the official religion of the
4336:
Born in 1182, the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth
Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father from 19 July 1203. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204, and was strangled on 8
4679:
Son of Michael VIII, Andronikos II was born on 25 March 1259. Named co-emperor in 1261, crowned in 1272, he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death. Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army by significantly reducing military spending, and his reign saw the collapse of the
5271:
Historian Donald Nicol writes, "Hereditary succession to the throne was a custom or a convenience in Byzantium, not an inviolable... principle. Emperors, particularly in the later period, would take pains to nominate their sons as co-emperors, for the rule of a dynasty made for stability and
307:" (Gr. Αὐτοκράτωρ) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the "Emperor of the Greeks". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was " in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans" (cf.
3259:
3491:
The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora. Her three husbands, Romanos III (1028–1034), Michael IV (1034–1041) and Constantine IX (1042–1050) ruled alongside her.
4257:
and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III. He was later restored to the throne by the Crusaders and Alexios IV. Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January 1204 and died in January 1204, perhaps of poison.
5046:
Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June 1350. Raised to co-emperor in 1373, he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death. He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the
4052:
Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son
2897:
811, he rose in prominence through palace service, becoming a favourite of Michael III, who crowned him co-emperor on 26 May 866. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the
2190:
Originally named Artemios. A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippicus, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippicus. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in 718 and was killed.
4447:, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in Easter 1208. He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the
325:, however, was not a formal part of the Empire's governance, hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefited from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a "rule" or inviolable requirement of for office at the time.
3027:, and from 919 by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in 920. Constantine re-asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons on 27 January 945. His reign was marked by struggles with
4534:
Born in 1221/1222 as the only son of John III, he succeeded on his father's death. His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into Albania.
2598:
Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December 803. Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. He was forced to abdicate, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after.
1727:. Heraclius' officials worked to replace Latin with Greek as the official language of administration in the East. By this time Latin had long fallen out of everyday use in the Eastern part of the Empire and Heraclius's adopting of the title
757:
Born on 18 April/23 May 359, the son of Valentinian I. Emperor of the West, he inherited rule of the East upon the death of Valens and appointed Theodosius I as Emperor of the East. Assassinated on 25 August 383 during the rebellion of
465:
4443:(or Theodore himself, it is uncertain) was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the city and later fled to
3243:
925. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him. Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes
4759:
Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March 1297 and named co-emperor in 1316. Rival emperor since July 1321, he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in 1328 and ruled as sole emperor until his death. Supported by
533:
1920:
Born in 652, co-emperor since 13 April 654, he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father. He called the
496:
Born on 7 August 317, as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from 353, after the overthrow of the western usurper
1819:, named co-emperor on 4 July 638. Succeeded to throne with Constantine III following the death of Heraclius. Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name
690:
679:
Born in 321. An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death. He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East, while he himself ruled in the West. Died of
2063:
Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar. He rebelled against Leontius after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in 705. Executed in February 706.
2981:
Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in 870 and raised to co-emperor in 879. Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession. He died of exhaustion after a polo game.
2828:
His precise date of birth is uncertain, but the balance of available evidence supports a birthdate in January 840. The son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death. Under the regency of his mother
2633:
Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication. Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January 844. Reigned with eldest son
2442:
Born in 771, the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor since 14 April 776, sole emperor upon Leo's death in 780, until 790 under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens. He was overthrown on Irene's orders,
3452:
Born in 1015, he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April 1042, along with her sister
3146:
The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March 938 and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch
2491:, she married Leo IV on 3 November 768 and was crowned empress on 17 December. Regent for her son Constantine VI in 780–790, she overthrew him in 797 and became empress-regnant. In 787 she called the
1977:
Born in 669, son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in 681 and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in 695, mutilated (hence his surname) and exiled to
2936:
Born on 19 September 866, either the legitimate son of Basil I or the illegitimate son of Michael III. Co-emperor since 6 January 870. Leo was known for his erudition. His reign saw a height in
570:, despite his initial success in surrounding the ancient city of Ctesiphon. For his adherence to the old Roman gods and rejection of the Christian faith, he became known as Julian the Apostate.
3201:
clan. After the death of Romanos II, he rose to the throne with the support of the army and people as regent for the young emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, marrying the empress-dowager
4249:
Born in September 1156, Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I. His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent
1772:. Named co-emperor on 22 January 613, he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager
1096:
on 17 November 473. Leo ascended the throne after the death of his grandfather on 18 January 474. He crowned his father as co-emperor and effective regent on 29 January, dying shortly after.
5156:, on Constantinople, Constantine acknowledged the Union of the Churches and made repeated appeals for help to the West, but in vain. Refusing to surrender the city, he was killed during the
3730:. A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared emperor on 8 June 1057; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael. He resigned in 1059 and died
2224:
A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November 715. Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.
6632:
4099:, achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources.
3373:
Born in 968, the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later.
4826:, raised by John VI to co-emperor, was also deposed in 1357. John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, but in 1371 he was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty.
870:
became emperor in the West; both were manipulated by court officials and did not possess their father's leadership abilities. After contracting an illness, Arcadius died in 408.
821:, in September 394. Theodosius died of a fever at Milan in 395 and his two sons, Honorius and Arcadius, became the emperors of the West and East, splitting power between them.
7342:
3670:(hence his first sobriquet). Crowned emperor by Theodora on 22 August 1056. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in 1059.
1030:, and the first one to legislate in Greek. His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the
3410:
Born in 1010, he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor. Aided by his older brother, the eunuch
4492:, he became the son-in-law and successor of Theodore I in 1212. A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace and Macedonia at the expense of the
4294:
Born in 1153, Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates. He was deposed by the
1499:. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate. Became insane, hence in 573–574 under the regency of his wife
3886:
Born in 1050 as the eldest son of Constantine X. Co-emperor since 1059, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother,
4725:
Son and co-ruler of Andronikos II, named co-emperor in 1281 but not crowned until 21 May 1294. Allegedly died of grief due to the accidental murder of his second son.
4371:
Born in 1140, the son-in-law of Alexios III and a prominent aristocrat, he deposed Isaac II and Alexios IV in a palace coup. He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they
1440:
in 51 and elevated to co-emperor on 1 April 527 when Justin was ill. He succeeded Justin I's as emperor upon the former's death. Through his mighty commanding general
437:
period. Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the
1296:
and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus. His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the
4944:
Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in 1381, re-appointing him co-emperor. He was overthrown again in 1390 by his grandson, John VII.
4731:
3109:, who died soon after) as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by them and confined to an island as a monk. He died there on 15 June 948.
903:
Born on 10 April 401, the only son of Arcadius; proclaimed Augustus on 10 January 402. Succeeded upon the death of his father. As a minor, the praetorian prefect
3019:
Son of Leo VI, he was born on 17/18 May 905 and raised to co-emperor on 15 May 908. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother,
1155:
and his Goths. He was named co-emperor by his son on 29 January 474 and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before
189:
in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as legitimate rulers and exercised sovereign authority are included, to the exclusion of junior co-emperors (
6098:
Karayannopoulous, Yanis (2000). "State Organization, Social Structure, Economy, and Commerce". In M.A. Al-Bakhit; L. Bazin; S.M. Cissoko; M.S. Asimov (eds.).
4645:
on 25 July 1261, thus restoring the Empire. He entered the city and was crowned on 15 August. Became sole emperor after deposing John IV on 25 December 1261.
7575:
429:
and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death. Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under
2837:
in 862–866. Ended iconoclasm. Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.
4569:
Born on 25 December 1250 as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by
3031:
in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the
1656:
Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.
6296:
4818:, who was crowned co-emperor. The conflict ended in 1347 with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V in 1354, during
4577:, who within months was crowned senior emperor. After the recovery of Constantinople in August 1261, Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him
6555:
3890:, in 1067–1068, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in 1068–71. Senior emperor in 1071–78, he named his son
1232:
General and brother-in-law of Leo I, seized power from Zeno and crowned himself emperor on 12 January. Zeno was restored soon after. Died in 476/477
3205:. Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes.
3291:, an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor. Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance with
2749:, he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him. Survived the rebellion of
8451:
6805:
6706:
4604:
2519:
4907:. He deposed his father on 12 August 1376 and ruled until overthrown in turn in 1379. He was again recognized as co-emperor in 1381 and given
4002:
Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the
8139:
6716:
6649:
5237:
2853:
6664:
6659:
1668:
1332:
7740:
6726:
6701:
3965:
3686:
2236:
1603:. Became an official and later a general. Married the daughter of Tiberius II and was proclaimed emperor on 13 August 582. Named his son
321:
were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the Medieval period. The principle or formal requirements for
8091:
8074:
6731:
6711:
4641:
Born in 1223, great-grandson of Alexios III, grandnephew of John III by marriage. Senior emperor alongside John IV in 1259. His forces
4204:
2908:
2708:
7790:
7636:
7608:
7252:
7244:
6721:
6654:
3945:. He was proclaimed emperor on 7 January and crowned on 27 March or 3 April. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the
3753:
8502:
7986:
7347:
3790:
Born in 1006, he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication. Named his sons
4810:
Only son of Andronikos III, he had not been crowned or declared heir at his father's death, a fact which led to the outbreak of a
3303:. Basil also expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium.
3041:", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories. He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft (
9886:
9027:
7835:
3245:
717:
Born in 328. A soldier of the Roman army, he was appointed Emperor of the East by his elder brother Valentinian I. Killed at the
232:
in the 19th century. The use of the title "Roman Emperor" by those ruling from Constantinople was not contested until after the
8315:
7840:
6289:
9821:
9689:
8239:
6999:
6992:
6548:
6264:
6243:
6224:
6202:
6183:
6164:
6145:
6107:
6088:
6042:
6023:
5232:
3894:
co-emperor alongside his brothers. He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died
3299:. Bulgaria was finally subdued in 1018 after over 20 years of war, interrupted only by sporadic warfare in Syria against the
1720:
9854:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
6174:
Morrisson, Cécile (2013). "Displaying the Emperor's Authority and Kharaktèr on the Marketplace". In Pamela Armstrong (ed.).
9034:
7991:
7850:
7138:
4863:
4819:
4811:
4685:
5152:. As the eldest surviving brother, he succeeded John VIII after the latter's death. Facing the designs of the new sultan,
9657:
6982:
4862:, he was declared co-emperor on 26 October 1341, and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the
2289:
418:
of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July 306, he became sole ruler of the western empire after the
8320:
7733:
5227:
3287:
Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil was born in 958. The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful
2409:
Born on 25 January 750 as the eldest son of Constantine V. Co-emperor since 751, he succeeded upon his father's death.
1930:
17:
5091:
on 19 January 1421, he succeeded his father on his death. Seeking aid against the resurgent Ottomans, he ratified the
9881:
8421:
6987:
6328:
6282:
6126:
5993:
5962:
5895:
5864:
5809:
5718:
5687:
5656:
5478:
5447:
5202:
4185:
2561:(general finance minister) under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the
445:. He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold
5085:
Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December 1392. Raised to co-emperor around 1416 and named full
4140:. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and finally had Alexios II deposed and killed.
4091:
Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother
7484:
6541:
3089:
An admiral of lowly origin, Romanos rose to power as a protector of the young Constantine VII against the general
2794:
Born in 813, as the only son of Michael II. Crowned co-emperor on 12 May 821, he succeeded on his father's death.
1092:
Born 468, he was the grandson of Leo I by Leo's daughter Ariadne and her Isaurian husband, Zeno. He was raised to
9623:
9606:
9433:
9421:
8456:
8278:
6810:
6578:
5247:
4872:
4092:
3891:
1922:
1151:, married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of
6053:
3093:. He became emperor in 920. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of
9594:
9386:
9348:
9308:
9275:
8426:
8416:
8288:
8209:
8027:
7895:
7467:
7411:
7332:
7199:
5984:
5953:
5886:
5855:
5800:
5709:
5678:
5647:
5469:
5438:
4372:
4298:
and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne. He died in
3795:
3296:
2635:
2104:
904:
139:
3844:
and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X. Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the
9809:
9635:
9462:
9428:
9392:
9281:
8283:
8273:
8188:
7943:
7728:
6508:
5242:
5212:
4054:
2960:
2830:
2688:. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of
224:
continued until 476. Byzantine emperors considered themselves to be Roman emperors in direct succession from
7163:
4018:. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092.
9450:
8495:
8357:
8325:
8229:
7938:
7910:
7718:
7257:
4642:
3812:
419:
3634:
308:
9871:
9531:
9210:
8676:
8081:
7723:
7570:
7327:
7078:
6350:
6058:
3391:
3385:
1604:
1027:
5101:
3901:. His reign saw the devaluation of the Byzantine currency by 25%, hence his nickname "minus-a-quarter".
2031:, he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in 698. He was executed in February 706.
66:
9876:
9841:
9797:
9775:
9726:
9613:
9404:
9173:
8401:
8347:
8086:
7958:
7948:
7648:
7528:
7406:
7337:
7225:
7194:
7037:
6392:
5222:
5113:
5107:
4989:
4921:
4782:
4737:
4689:
3913:
2941:
2689:
1433:
194:
113:
76:
4457:
9748:
9716:
9541:
8721:
8480:
8261:
7785:
7641:
7426:
7317:
7204:
6398:
6380:
4878:
4657:
4136:
Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother,
4024:
3556:
3202:
3198:
2758:
854:
Born in 377/378, Arcadius was the eldest son of Theodosius I and upon the latter's death in 395, the
251:
6100:
History of Humanity: Scientific and Cultural Development from the Seventh to the Sixteenth Centuries
4698:
4095:
by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled
3252:
in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.
9758:
9711:
9258:
8905:
7560:
7312:
6799:
6678:
6422:
5352:
4619:
4574:
4463:
4146:
3044:
2492:
1993:
1724:
1035:
438:
411:
6254:
4950:
4506:
9566:
9546:
9320:
9200:
8488:
8466:
7890:
7616:
7436:
7322:
5180:
4404:
4264:
4250:
4105:
3887:
3858:
3841:
3803:
3666:
3504:
3454:
3411:
2507:
to Christian practice. Deposed in a palace coup in 802, she was exiled and died on 9 August 803.
2302:
2165:
2070:
1515:
1058:(Zeno). With their support, in 471 Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken.
4308:
1390:
bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.
9836:
9815:
9721:
8511:
8391:
7981:
7823:
7267:
7073:
7047:
7042:
6815:
6791:
6787:
6754:
6514:
6374:
6318:
5217:
5207:
5157:
5141:
4704:
4681:
3038:
2557:
2371:. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who
2100:
1456:, or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations.
818:
182:
35:
4541:
4343:
4213:
3695:
3414:, his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover
9770:
9765:
9741:
9736:
9652:
9489:
9477:
9248:
8873:
8109:
7963:
7153:
7063:
7027:
6912:
6642:
6637:
6472:
6466:
5063:
5024:
4838:
4823:
4815:
4578:
4376:
4254:
4152:
3849:
3336:
3106:
3102:
2444:
2372:
1744:
1026:, who chose him as emperor on Marcian's death. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the
639:
367:
352:
322:
201:
103:
31:
4900:
Son of John V and grandson of John VI, he was born on 2 April 1348 and raised to co-emperor
4613:
3469:
2288:, he became a general. Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring 717. Repelled the
1731:(king or emperor) "marked a shift from Rome towards a Greek and Eastern Christian culture."
9753:
9701:
9561:
9536:
9501:
9416:
9330:
9180:
9011:
8352:
8335:
8156:
7915:
7880:
7763:
7700:
7695:
7230:
7173:
6490:
6364:
6360:
4956:
4512:
4440:
3768:
3616:
3430:
3309:
3171:
3156:
3090:
2945:
2774:
2693:
2293:
2251:
1451:
1289:
1244:
1184:
1031:
863:
718:
681:
648:
361:
260:
221:
178:
1564:
566:
Roman Empire and was generally opposed to Christianity. He was killed on campaign against
8:
9684:
9669:
9647:
9582:
9571:
9526:
9472:
8962:
8900:
8863:
7262:
7178:
7168:
7032:
6795:
6783:
6670:
6212:
5137:
5092:
4497:
4410:
4272:
4111:
3845:
3818:
3351:
3067:
1716:
1180:
1145:, originally named Tarasicodissa. As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to
518:
451:, and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of
407:
157:
4866:
on 8 February 1347. Deposed by John V in 1354, he became a monk, dying on 15 June 1383.
3379:
1737:
876:
9731:
9674:
9618:
9600:
9589:
9551:
9521:
9399:
9117:
9021:
8771:
8740:
8733:
8340:
8330:
8204:
7875:
7758:
7675:
7538:
6890:
6870:
6850:
6840:
6606:
6478:
5330:
5297:
4995:
4927:
4788:
4761:
4314:
4096:
3980:
3864:
3799:
3791:
3640:
3510:
3292:
3127:
3000:
2849:
2659:
2381:
1317:
1297:
1147:
867:
774:
514:
244:
4832:
1884:
9696:
9642:
9483:
9381:
9356:
9205:
9067:
8803:
8788:
8666:
8634:
8462:
8396:
8301:
8234:
8214:
8182:
8114:
8101:
8022:
8017:
7768:
7533:
7383:
6902:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6434:
6260:
6239:
6220:
6198:
6179:
6160:
6141:
6122:
6103:
6084:
6038:
6019:
5989:
5979:
5958:
5948:
5891:
5881:
5860:
5850:
5805:
5795:
5714:
5704:
5683:
5673:
5652:
5642:
5474:
5464:
5443:
5433:
4069:
3592:
3588:
3300:
3098:
3024:
2891:
2717:
2611:
2387:
1816:
1782:
1773:
1626:
1571:
1293:
1281:
1051:
827:
298:
297:
continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival
143:
5148:
under temporary Byzantine suzerainty, but was unable to repel Turkish attacks under
1396:
1383:
501:. Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between
9826:
9803:
9706:
9679:
9664:
9630:
9556:
9516:
9506:
9231:
9158:
9128:
8991:
8946:
8941:
8813:
8266:
8059:
8007:
7953:
7920:
7870:
7663:
7653:
7431:
7119:
7011:
6934:
6917:
6895:
6880:
6865:
6779:
6564:
6502:
6448:
6416:
5794:
Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos". In
5289:
5048:
4547:
4448:
4395:
4349:
4299:
4219:
4137:
4030:
3701:
3316:
3249:
3217:
3020:
2562:
1871:
1824:
1719:. Began a revolt against Phocas in 609 and deposed him in October 610. Brought the
1712:
1500:
1379:
1070:
1017:
975:
859:
592:
539:
509:. In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original
403:
5133:
5018:
3345:
2988:
2281:
2245:
2037:
1014:
origin, Leo became a low-ranking officer and served as an attendant of the Gothic
858:
was permanently divided between the Eastern Roman Empire—later referred to as the
212:
The Byzantine Empire was the direct legal continuation of the eastern half of the
9467:
9457:
9366:
9153:
9061:
9049:
9043:
8895:
8716:
8686:
8629:
8609:
8411:
8244:
8224:
8219:
8174:
8164:
8124:
8119:
8069:
8064:
7845:
7451:
7368:
7363:
7103:
7093:
6929:
6923:
6907:
6885:
6875:
6860:
6428:
6404:
6386:
5145:
4765:
4570:
4015:
3608:
3288:
2995:
2914:
2750:
2459:
1978:
1462:
1004:
981:
783:
567:
266:
6274:
3498:
3457:. He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August 1042.
3424:
3165:
3061:
1939:
943:
Born in 396. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the
9361:
9325:
9270:
9163:
9086:
8984:
8978:
8910:
8890:
8644:
8604:
8249:
8129:
7862:
7621:
7515:
7501:
7300:
7004:
6759:
4375:
forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later
4295:
3942:
3148:
3115:
3094:
2605:
2422:
2314:
2204:
1890:
1554:
1313:
1301:
1238:
1196:
1159:
in 475, regaining control of the capital in 476. Zeno concluded peace with the
1109:
966:
866:
with Arcadius becoming Byzantine emperor in the East while his younger brother
759:
523:
472:
456:
447:
275:
229:
216:
following the division of the Roman Empire in 395. Emperors listed below up to
186:
174:
4594:
3211:
2149:
origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the
9865:
9831:
9791:
9335:
9143:
8951:
8169:
8046:
8012:
7750:
7685:
7658:
7543:
7158:
7098:
6442:
6305:
5285:
4444:
4011:
3612:
3152:
3051:
3028:
2309:
2159:
1926:
1769:
1055:
883:
655:
4379:
by the latter. Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December 1205.
2653:
2415:
9576:
9371:
9303:
9298:
9288:
9111:
8973:
8614:
7930:
7905:
7885:
7690:
7668:
7523:
6771:
6766:
6600:
6323:
5880:
Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine IX Monomachos". In
5432:
Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine I the Great". In
5194:
4980:
4493:
4007:
3907:
3604:
2534:
2076:
2043:
1951:
1946:
1607:
as co-emperor in 590. Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November 602 at
1445:
1276:
855:
789:
510:
506:
217:
213:
193:) who never attained the status of sole or senior ruler, as well as of the
6533:
5355:, emperor in the West (317–340). More rarely, he is instead enumerated as
3463:
2528:
9440:
9315:
9265:
9190:
8764:
8711:
8654:
8431:
8406:
7900:
7710:
7477:
7083:
7068:
5947:
Talbot, Alice-Mary; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Michael IX Palaiologos". In
5318:
5149:
4859:
4692:
as co-emperor and was then deposed outright. He died peacefully in 1332.
4600:
3762:
3550:
2954:
2806:
2197:
2119:
2113:
1839:
1820:
1402:
1271:
1188:
727:
240:
5334:
4983:
as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September 1408.
2862:
2340:
1509:
1205:
527:, and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him.
9496:
9411:
9376:
9341:
9253:
9168:
8928:
8921:
8868:
8848:
8793:
8758:
8751:
8696:
8661:
8524:
7705:
7565:
7555:
7388:
7378:
7088:
6345:
5293:
5087:
5012:
Restored to senior emperor, he ruled until his death in February 1391.
3582:
1000 of noble origin, he had an undistinguished life but was exiled to
3541:
3122:
2899:
2767:
2723:
2578:
2500:
2496:
2347:
1789:
1600:
1549:
1441:
1387:
1212:
1176:
1156:
498:
430:
303:
8510:
3193:
The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born
2002:
1833:
623:, Jovian hailed from a military family and was captain of the guards (
9243:
9195:
9105:
9092:
8879:
8808:
8781:
8776:
8745:
8691:
8639:
8574:
8569:
8254:
8134:
7626:
7494:
7441:
7373:
6460:
6063:
5153:
4908:
4651:
3974:
3937:
3596:
2285:
2146:
1684:
1608:
1596:
1469:
1429:
1192:
1047:
947:
913:
459:. He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors.
452:
318:
272:
255:
205:
6016:
The Roman Empire in Late Antiquity: A Political and Military History
5957:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1367–1368.
5651:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1206–1207.
4439:, he rose to prominence as a son-in-law of Alexios III. His brother
4063:
1677:
1064:
9511:
9293:
9185:
9138:
9098:
9080:
9000:
8935:
8915:
8885:
8858:
8853:
8838:
8828:
8798:
8706:
8701:
8649:
8624:
8619:
8584:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
7780:
7680:
7631:
7489:
7421:
7209:
6355:
5140:
since 1428, he distinguished himself in campaigns that annexed the
4912:
4773:
4391:
3961:
3946:
3682:
3264:
2944:, and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under
2453:
2368:
2150:
2009:
1875:
1768:
Born on 3 May 612 as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife
1348:
1341:
1280:) when he was chosen as her husband and Emperor by Empress-dowager
1102:
1039:
951:
834:
814:
502:
434:
426:
285:
225:
5859:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504.
5849:
Brand, Charles M.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Constantine VIII". In
5804:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 502–503.
5442:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 498–500.
9445:
9148:
9055:
8968:
8823:
8599:
8146:
8032:
7973:
7472:
7446:
7124:
6121:. Vol. I–III. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
5311:
4385:
4200:
4003:
3600:
3151:. His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against
3033:
2937:
2868:
2746:
2028:
1309:
1305:
1172:
1160:
1142:
1043:
1011:
950:, sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death. Died of
920:
734:
585:
395:
290:
220:
in 395 were sole or joint rulers of the entire Roman Empire. The
5051:
to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.
3949:
clan. He retired to a monastery where he died in the same year.
3258:
505:, favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the
9217:
9074:
8956:
8728:
8594:
7775:
7550:
7416:
4769:
3749:
3583:
3415:
2834:
2488:
1633:
1168:
697:
442:
237:
5682:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 2223.
5413:
3840:
Born in 1032, a successful general he married empress-dowager
2800:
312:
8818:
8589:
8579:
8559:
6256:
The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000
5988:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 505.
5890:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 504.
5473:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 524.
2754:
2107:
as co-emperor in 706. Deposed and killed by military revolt.
1164:
1152:
1046:
in 468. Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the
1023:
5978:
Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Constantine XI Palaiologos". In
5739:
2447:
and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after.
1503:, and in 574–578 under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.
8564:
8554:
8054:
4595:
Palaiologan dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1261–1453)
2504:
1050:
as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter
283:. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek
233:
5818:
1448:
at Constantinople. Justinian was also responsible for the
1183:
to migrate to Italy. Zeno's reign also saw the end of the
1034:, supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an
5751:
5641:
Gregory, Timothy E.; Cutler, Anthony (1991). "Leo I". In
5296:
to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of
5057:
6159:(2nd ed.). Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
5272:
continuity. But in theory, the road to the throne was a
4057:
co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father.
3295:, and after suppressing the revolts, he embarked on his
2833:
until 856, and under the effective control of his uncle
1436:. Justinian was the nephew of Justin I, and he was made
5916:
5830:
5540:
5538:
2696:. Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian.
1874:, where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of
204:, the first Christian emperor, who rebuilt the city of
6018:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
5763:
5574:
5550:
5401:
3619:
between the patriarchates of Rome and Constantinople.
1191:
stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the
5622:
5610:
5598:
5499:
5379:
5377:
5375:
907:
was regent in 408–414. He died in a riding accident.
5535:
5523:
5170:
1723:
to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the
813:
state. He reunited the whole Empire after defeating
228:; the term "Byzantine" became convention in Western
5928:
5904:
4814:between his regents and his father's closest aide,
4680:Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son
1558:and regent in 574. Succeeded on Justin II's death.
5775:
5727:
5586:
5562:
5511:
5372:
3335:among the military aristocracy, many of whom were
1987:
633:
346:
6304:
5487:
5463:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Constantius II". In
5389:
5132:The fourth son of Manuel II and Serbian princess
9863:
6097:
6083:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
6037:. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
5713:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
5419:
4688:, he was first forced to recognize his grandson
4451:as the strongest of the Greek successor states.
3239:Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born
2843:
2513:
6157:A History of the Later Roman Empire, AD 284–641
5703:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Anastasios I". In
3955:
3676:
2902:, and recovered southern Italy for the Empire.
1823:co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the
1552:, friend and adoptive son of Justin. Was named
768:
6924:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
4605:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
4386:Laskarid dynasty (Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261)
4194:
3806:was regent until the accession of Romanus IV.
2520:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty
1662:
1326:
177:in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the
8496:
6549:
6290:
5793:
5640:
5431:
5292:. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and
5238:List of Byzantine emperors of Armenian origin
4302:captivity (confined to a monastery) in 1211.
3852:in June 1072 and exiled. He died soon after.
3743:
2854:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty
2230:
1292:. Anastasius reformed the tax system and the
270:were also used. Their names were preceded by
27:Roman emperors in the East from 330 from 1453
6081:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium
6054:"European Middle Ages: The Byzantine Empire"
5946:
4263:
2757:to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the
2702:
1669:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty
1333:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty
6563:
5879:
5848:
3966:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
3687:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty
3625:
3595:. His reign was marked by invasions by the
3042:
2237:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty
1449:
1015:
960:
8503:
8489:
6556:
6542:
6297:
6283:
4979:Ottomans in 1399–1402, and was then given
4205:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty
3037:. He is notable for his promotion of the "
2709:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty
2452:
782:
6173:
6078:
5745:
5407:
5315:had become a part of the imperial title:
3754:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty
2940:(Muslim) naval raids, culminating in the
2644:
1981:, whence he recovered his throne in 705.
1617:
1304:. His reign was also marked by the first
576:
289:(Gr. Βασιλεύς), which had formerly meant
6154:
5580:
5556:
5300:is a purely historiographical invention.
4496:, Bulgaria and the rival Greek state of
422:in 312. In 324, he defeated the eastern
7812:
6252:
6211:
6178:. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–82.
6116:
6032:
5824:
5769:
5702:
5672:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Zeno". In
5671:
5628:
5462:
5351:, whereby the regnal numbering follows
5316:
3097:in the East. Romanos promoted his sons
14:
9864:
6233:
6195:Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453
6051:
5977:
5757:
5395:
3418:failed. He died after a long illness.
1815:Born in 626 to Heraclius' second wife
8484:
8380:
7811:
7596:
7288:
6955:
6576:
6537:
6278:
6192:
6013:
5544:
5529:
5383:
5323:Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles
5319:"Flavius : a Nicety of Protocol"
5233:List of Roman and Byzantine empresses
5136:, he was born on 8 February 1405. As
4573:until his assassination, and then by
4184:, a nephew of John II by his brother
4014:and the establishment of independent
3650:Μιχαὴλ Βρίγγας ὁ Στρατιωτικός/ὁ Γέρων
3155:and the recovery of Crete by general
7597:
6135:
5934:
5922:
5910:
5836:
5781:
5733:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5568:
5517:
5505:
5493:
4764:, his reign saw defeats against the
1163:, saw off challenges against him by
7299:
6117:Kazhdan, Alexander P., ed. (1991).
3587:number of monasteries, chiefly the
3326:15 December 1025– 12 November 1028
2367:General and son-in-law of Leo III,
2290:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople
1316:with Persia over the foundation of
1288:" (Latin: Dicorus), because of his
24:
6236:Justinian: Emperor, Soldier, Saint
6119:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5985:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5954:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5887:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5856:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5801:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5710:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5679:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5648:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5470:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5439:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
5228:Succession to the Byzantine Empire
4850:8 February 1347– 10 December 1354
1931:First Arab Siege of Constantinople
455:as "New Rome", popularly known as
25:
9898:
8422:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
5203:Family tree of Byzantine emperors
5118:Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος
4636:(23 years, 11 months and 10 days)
2681:General of Armenian origin, born
2437:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)
1851:Heraclius Constantinus (Constans)
1827:in September 641 (or early 642).
1721:Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628
1487:(12 years, 10 months and 21 days)
998:(16 years, 11 months and 11 days)
807:(15 years, 11 months and 29 days)
513:was built. Constantius appointed
264:", although other titles such as
8461:
6515:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
6497:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
6197:. London: University of London.
5187:
5173:
5100:
5080:(23 years, 4 months and 10 days)
5056:
5017:
4988:
4949:
4939:(10 years, 9 months and 13 days)
4920:
4895:(2 years, 10 months and 19 days)
4871:
4831:
4781:
4730:
4719:(26 years, 4 months and 21 days)
4697:
4674:(45 years, 5 months and 13 days)
4650:
4612:
4540:
4505:
4456:
4403:
4342:
4307:
4212:
4145:
4104:
4086:(37 years, 5 months and 16 days)
4062:
4047:(24 years, 7 months and 24 days)
4023:
4010:, as well as the arrival of the
3997:(37 years, 4 months and 14 days)
3973:
3930:(2 years, 11 months and 29 days)
3906:
3857:
3811:
3802:as co-emperors. After his death
3761:
3694:
3633:
3573:(12 years, 6 months and 30 days)
3549:
3497:
3462:
3423:
3378:
3344:
3329:(2 years, 10 months and 28 days)
3308:
3282:(49 years, 11 months and 5 days)
3257:
3210:
3164:
3114:
3060:
2987:
2953:
2931:(25 years, 8 months and 12 days)
2907:
2885:(18 years, 11 months and 5 days)
2861:
2799:
2789:(12 years, 3 months and 18 days)
2766:
2716:
2652:
2604:
2570:
2527:
2495:which condemned the practice of
2414:
2404:(4 years, 11 months and 25 days)
2380:
2339:
2328:(34 years, 2 months and 27 days)
2301:
2268:(24 years, 2 months and 24 days)
2244:
2196:
2158:
2112:
2069:
2036:
2001:
1938:
1883:
1848:Ἡράκλειος Κωνσταντῖνος (Κώνστας)
1832:
1781:
1736:
1676:
1651:(7 years, 10 months and 12 days)
1625:
1590:(20 years, 3 months and 14 days)
1563:
1536:(3 years, 10 months and 19 days)
1508:
1461:
1423:(38 years, 7 months and 13 days)
1395:
1340:
1261:(27 years, 2 months and 28 days)
1237:
1204:
1101:
1063:
974:
912:
898:(42 years, 2 months and 27 days)
875:
849:(13 years, 3 months and 14 days)
826:
726:
712:(14 years, 4 months and 12 days)
689:
647:
584:
532:
464:
433:, who had begun ushering in the
389:(30 years, 9 months and 27 days)
360:
197:who claimed the imperial title.
65:
6811:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
6633:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
6140:. London: Thames & Hudson.
6102:. Vol. IV. Paris: UNESCO.
6006:
5971:
5940:
5873:
5842:
5787:
5696:
5665:
5634:
5341:
5303:
5248:History of the Byzantine Empire
5127:(4 years, 4 months and 23 days)
5041:(34 years, 4 months and 5 days)
4915:, dying there on 28 June 1385.
4853:(7 years, 10 months and 2 days)
4805:(35 years, 1 month and 28 days)
4768:but successes in Europe, where
4529:(3 years, 9 months and 13 days)
4357:Ἀλέξιος Δούκας ὁ "Μούρτζουφλος"
4289:(8 years, 3 months and 10 days)
4236:(9 years, 6 months and 27 days)
3881:(6 years, 5 months and 23 days)
3718:(2 years, 2 months and 21 days)
3405:(7 years, 7 months and 28 days)
3368:(5 years, 4 months and 30 days)
3188:(6 years, 3 months and 25 days)
3014:(46 years, 5 months and 3 days)
2823:(25 years, 8 months and 4 days)
2676:(7 years, 5 months and 14 days)
2551:(8 years, 8 months and 26 days)
2542:Νικηφόρος ὁ Γενικός/ὁ Λογοθέτης
2475:(5 years, 2 months and 12 days)
2094:(6 years, 2 months and 14 days)
1988:Twenty Years' Anarchy (695–717)
1923:Third Council of Constantinople
1699:(30 years, 4 months and 6 days)
1386:. Officer and commander of the
634:Valentinianic dynasty (364–379)
491:(24 years, 1 month and 25 days)
347:Constantinian dynasty (306–363)
200:The following list starts with
9887:Byzantine Empire-related lists
7896:Great Palace of Constantinople
7637:Patriarchate of Constantinople
6956:
6217:Byzantium: The Early Centuries
5456:
5425:
5279:
5265:
4716:21 May 1294 – 12 October 1320
4564:(3 years, 4 months and 9 days)
3322:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
3141:(3 years, 4 months and 6 days)
3005:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
2740:(8 years, 9 months and 7 days)
2334:by hostile later chroniclers.
2140:(1 year, 6 months and 30 days)
1925:which condemned the heresy of
938:(6 years, 5 months and 2 days)
560:(1 year, 7 months and 23 days)
301:in Western Europe, the title "
13:
1:
5309:By the 4th century, the name
5253:
5243:Family tree of Roman emperors
5213:List of Trapezuntine emperors
4901:
4582:
4581:and imprisoned. John IV died
4486:
4433:
4178:
4164:
4125:
3895:
3731:
3724:
3579:
3240:
3194:
2894:
2844:Macedonian dynasty (867–1056)
2682:
2628:(1 year, 9 months and 9 days)
2514:Nikephorian dynasty (802–813)
2481:
2274:
2086:
1966:
1909:
1856:
1804:
1705:
1542:
1493:
1372:
1267:
1138:
1007:
985:"the Great" and "the Butcher"
617:
398:
8358:University of Constantinople
7939:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
7289:
7089:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
6778:Byzantine successor states (
6033:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005).
5365:
5274:carriere ouverte aux talents
5106:
5099:
5062:
5055:
5023:
5016:
4994:
4987:
4955:
4948:
4926:
4919:
4877:
4870:
4837:
4830:
4787:
4780:
4736:
4729:
4715:
4703:
4696:
4656:
4649:
4618:
4611:
4546:
4539:
4511:
4504:
4462:
4455:
4409:
4402:
4348:
4341:
4313:
4306:
4271:
4262:
4218:
4211:
4151:
4144:
4110:
4103:
4068:
4061:
4029:
4022:
3979:
3972:
3956:Komnenid dynasty (1081–1185)
3912:
3905:
3863:
3856:
3817:
3810:
3767:
3760:
3700:
3693:
3677:Komnenid dynasty (1057–1059)
3639:
3632:
3607:in the East, the revolts of
3555:
3548:
3503:
3496:
3468:
3461:
3429:
3422:
3384:
3377:
3350:
3343:
3314:
3307:
3263:
3256:
3216:
3209:
3170:
3163:
3120:
3113:
3066:
3059:
2993:
2986:
2959:
2952:
2913:
2906:
2879:
2867:
2860:
2805:
2798:
2772:
2765:
2722:
2715:
2658:
2651:
2610:
2603:
2576:
2538:"Genikos" or "the Logothete"
2533:
2458:
2451:
2420:
2386:
2345:
2338:
2307:
2300:
2250:
2243:
2202:
2195:
2164:
2157:
2118:
2111:
2099:Returned on the throne with
2075:
2068:
2042:
2035:
2007:
2000:
1944:
1937:
1889:
1882:
1855:
1838:
1831:
1787:
1780:
1753:Heraclius novus Constantinus
1742:
1735:
1682:
1675:
1631:
1624:
1569:
1562:
1514:
1507:
1467:
1460:
1413:Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus
1401:
1394:
1346:
1339:
1274:, he was a palace official (
1243:
1236:
1210:
1203:
1107:
1100:
1069:
1062:
980:
973:
918:
911:
881:
874:
832:
825:
788:
781:
769:Theodosian dynasty (379–457)
732:
725:
695:
688:
653:
646:
590:
583:
538:
531:
470:
463:
420:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
366:
359:
81:6 January 1449 – 29 May 1453
7:
8028:Saint Catherine's Monastery
7084:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
7079:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
6577:
6351:Crisis of the Third Century
6079:Kaldellis, Anthony (2024).
6059:Washington State University
5166:
4858:A maternal relative of the
4195:Angelid dynasty (1185–1204)
3872:Μιχαὴλ Δούκας "Παραπινάκης"
3534:(1 year, 7 months, 20 days)
3055:) he compiled for his son.
2369:Count of the Opsician Theme
1750:Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος
1663:Heraclian dynasty (610–695)
1327:Justinian dynasty (518–602)
1171:, and secured peace in the
1028:Patriarch of Constantinople
209:of Greek instead of Latin.
10:
9903:
9776:Constantine XI Palaiologos
9727:Andronikos III Palaiologos
9614:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
8417:Neo-Byzantine architecture
8381:
7038:Comes sacrarum largitionum
6155:Mitchell, Stephen (2015).
5223:List of Byzantine usurpers
4643:reconquered Constantinople
4598:
4389:
4198:
3959:
3747:
3744:Doukid dynasty (1059–1081)
3680:
3646:"Stratiotikos" / "the Old"
3273:Βασίλειος ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος
2847:
2706:
2517:
2234:
2231:Isaurian dynasty (717–802)
1991:
1666:
1330:
964:
772:
637:
350:
254:of all Emperors preceding
195:various usurpers or rebels
30:For Roman emperors before
29:
9852:
9784:
9749:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
9717:Andronikos II Palaiologos
9542:Constantine IX Monomachos
9230:
9127:
9010:
8837:
8675:
8523:
8444:
8387:
8376:
8297:
8197:
8155:
8100:
8045:
8000:
7987:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
7972:
7929:
7861:
7831:
7822:
7818:
7807:
7749:
7607:
7603:
7592:
7514:
7460:
7399:
7356:
7308:
7295:
7284:
7243:
7218:
7187:
7146:
7137:
7112:
7056:
7020:
6973:
6966:
6962:
6951:
6824:
6740:
6687:
6618:
6589:
6585:
6572:
6338:
6313:
6238:. New York: Basic Books.
6193:Nicol, Donald M. (1993).
6138:The Emperors of Byzantium
4592:
4383:
4192:
3953:
3935:Born in 1001, he was the
3741:
3674:
3623:
3515:Θεοδώρα ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος
3132:Ῥωμανὸς ὁ Πορφυρογέννητος
2841:
2761:, reinforced iconoclasm.
2759:Muslim conquest of Sicily
2703:Amorian dynasty (820–867)
2700:
2642:
2511:
2228:
1985:
1956:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Ῥινότμητος
1933:, and died of dysentery.
1711:as the eldest son of the
1660:
1615:
1324:
958:
766:
631:
574:
379:Fl. Valerius Constantinus
344:
163:
149:
135:
127:
119:
109:
99:
94:
90:
86:
64:
60:
53:
45:
9882:Lists of medieval people
9712:Michael VIII Palaiologos
7561:Droungarios of the Fleet
6052:Hooker, Richard (2007).
5258:
4480:(32 years and 11 months)
3626:Non-dynastic (1056–1057)
3045:De administrando imperio
2493:Second Council of Nicaea
1915:(16 years and 10 months)
1864:(26 years and 10 months)
1725:Muslim conquest of Syria
1185:western line of emperors
961:Leonid dynasty (457–518)
439:First Ecumenical Council
46:Emperor and Autocrat of
9567:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
9201:Tiberius II Constantine
8075:Early Byzantine mosaics
7437:Domestic of the Schools
6377:(27 BC–AD 68)
6253:Wickham, Chris (2009).
5288:were never used in the
5181:Byzantine Empire portal
4427:(16 years and 6 months)
4373:captured Constantinople
3888:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3842:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3667:stratiotikos logothetes
3664:A court bureaucrat and
3412:John the Orphanotrophos
2319:Κωνσταντῖνος Κοπρώνυμος
1132:(14 years and 8 months)
1124:(11 months and 11 days)
1054:to the Isaurian leader
989:Λέων ὁ Μέγας / Μακέλλης
9722:Michael IX Palaiologos
8392:Byzantine commonwealth
7154:Praetorian prefectures
7074:Logothetes tou genikou
7048:Quaestor sacri palatii
7043:Comes rerum privatarum
6816:Fall of Constantinople
6755:Sack of Constantinople
6491:Western Roman emperors
6423:Year of the 6 Emperors
6399:Year of the 5 Emperors
6393:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
6381:Year of the 4 Emperors
6375:Julio-Claudian dynasty
6319:List of Roman emperors
6234:Sarris, Peter (2023).
6176:Authority in Byzantium
6035:A History of Byzantium
5317:Cameron, Alan (1988).
5218:List of Roman usurpers
5208:List of Roman emperors
5142:Principality of Achaea
5007:(4 months and 30 days)
4886:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος
4754:(13 years and 22 days)
4745:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος
4665:Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος
4366:(2 months and 16 days)
4353:Doukas "Mourtzouphlos"
4268:
3835:(3 years and 9 months)
3785:(7 years and 6 months)
3564:Κωνσταντῖνος Μονομάχος
3043:
3039:Macedonian Renaissance
2645:Non-dynastic (813–820)
2558:Logothetes tou genikou
2362:(2 years and 5 months)
1810:(8 months and 25 days)
1763:(3 months and 14 days)
1618:Non-dynastic (602–610)
1450:
1115:Ζήνων (Ταρασικοδίσσας)
1016:
819:Battle of the Frigidus
752:(5 months and 10 days)
611:(7 months and 21 days)
577:Non-dynastic (363–364)
481:Fl. Iulius Constantius
401:272 as the son of the
36:List of Roman emperors
9816:Thessalonian emperors
9810:Trapezuntine emperors
9771:John VIII Palaiologos
9766:Manuel II Palaiologos
9737:John VI Kantakouzenos
9653:Andronikos I Komnenos
9490:Constantine Lekapenos
8518:and empresses regnant
8092:Komnenian renaissance
8087:Macedonian period art
7992:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
7964:Walls of Thessaloniki
7064:Logothetes tou dromou
6679:Twenty Years' Anarchy
6643:Valentinianic dynasty
6638:Constantinian dynasty
6509:Emperors of Trebizond
6473:Valentinianic dynasty
6467:Constantinian dynasty
5420:Karayannopoulous 2000
5093:Union of the Churches
4973:(5 months and 3 days)
4846:Ἰωάννης Καντακουζηνός
4824:Matthew Kantakouzenos
4816:John VI Kantakouzenos
4812:destructive civil war
4331:(6 months and 8 days)
4267:
4244:(6 months and 8 days)
3921:Νικηφόρος Βοτανειάτης
3540:death. She nominated
3524:(1 month and 22 days)
3486:(1 month and 22 days)
3477:Ζωὴ ἡ Πορφυρογέννητος
3447:(4 months and 8 days)
3234:(6 years and 30 days)
3084:(24 years and 3 days)
2593:(2 months and 4 days)
2127:Φιλιππικός (Βαρδάνης)
1994:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1745:Heraclius Constantine
1526:Tiberius Constantinus
1523:Τιβέριος Κωνσταντῖνος
1366:(9 years and 23 days)
1320:. He died childless.
1227:(1 year and 7 months)
640:Valentinianic dynasty
550:Fl. Claudius Iulianus
547:Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ Ἀποστάτης
353:Constantinian dynasty
323:hereditary succession
202:Constantine the Great
9754:John VII Palaiologos
9702:Theodore II Laskaris
9562:Constantine X Doukas
9502:Nikephoros II Phokas
8289:Units of measurement
8023:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
7916:Pammakaristos Church
7764:Corpus Juris Civilis
7715:Missionary activity
7174:Exarchate of Ravenna
7000:Imperial bureaucracy
6365:Eastern Roman Empire
6361:Western Roman Empire
6219:. Guild Publishing.
6213:Norwich, John Julius
6136:Lygo, Kevin (2022).
6014:Elton, Hugh (2018).
5347:Often enumerated as
5158:final Ottoman attack
5114:Dragases Palaiologos
4686:protracted civil war
4441:Constantine Laskaris
3868:Doukas "Parapinakes"
3297:conquest of Bulgaria
3197:912 to the powerful
3091:Leo Phokas the Elder
2976:(1 year and 26 days)
2942:Sack of Thessalonica
2694:Byzantine Iconoclasm
2294:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1452:corpus juris civilis
1410:Ἰουστινιανὸς ὁ Μέγας
1284:. He was nicknamed "
1252:Ἀναστάσιος ὁ Δίκορος
864:Western Roman Empire
719:Battle of Adrianople
682:cerebral haemorrhage
674:(1 month and 2 days)
625:protector domesticus
376:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας
222:Western Roman Empire
179:Eastern Roman Empire
9685:Theodore I Laskaris
9670:Alexios III Angelos
9648:Alexios II Komnenos
9572:Romanos IV Diogenes
9527:Romanos III Argyros
9473:Romanos I Lekapenos
7813:Culture and society
7676:Ecumenical councils
7179:Exarchate of Africa
7169:Quaestura exercitus
7033:Magister officiorum
7028:Praetorian prefects
6671:Byzantine Dark Ages
6066:on 24 February 1999
5925:, pp. 298–300.
5839:, pp. 178–180.
5827:, pp. 228–230.
5760:, pp. 122–124.
5748:, pp. 276–277.
5138:Despot of the Morea
5071:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος
5032:Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος
5002:17 September 1390 –
4964:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος
4796:Ἰωάννης Παλαιολόγος
4575:Michael Palaiologos
4231:12 September 1185 –
4160:Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός
4123:24 September 1180 –
3846:Battle of Manzikert
3776:Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας
3659:(1 year and 8 days)
3269:"the Bulgar-Slayer"
3225:Ἰωάννης ὁ Τσιμισκὴς
2876:Βασίλειος ὁ Μακεδών
2731:Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἐξ Ἀμορίου
2219:(less than 2 years)
2185:(less than 2 years)
2175:Artemius Anastasius
2172:Ἀρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος
2103:support. Named son
2051:Τιβέριος (Ἀψίμαρος)
1899:Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ νέος
1717:Heraclius the Elder
1548:, commander of the
1428:Born in 482/483 at
1181:Theodoric the Great
247:(25 December 800).
9872:Byzantine emperors
9804:Britannic emperors
9798:Palmyrene emperors
9732:John V Palaiologos
9675:Alexios IV Angelos
9624:Constantine Doukas
9619:Alexios I Komnenos
9607:Constantine Doukas
9590:Michael VII Doukas
9552:Michael VI Bringas
9118:Romulus Augustulus
8741:Trebonianus Gallus
8734:Herennius Etruscus
8516:Byzantine emperors
8230:Flags and insignia
7876:Baths of Zeuxippus
7759:Codex Theodosianus
7649:Oriental Orthodoxy
6607:Later Roman Empire
6503:Emperors of Nicaea
6479:Theodosian dynasty
6449:Britannic emperors
5980:Kazhdan, Alexander
5949:Kazhdan, Alexander
5882:Kazhdan, Alexander
5851:Kazhdan, Alexander
5796:Kazhdan, Alexander
5705:Kazhdan, Alexander
5674:Kazhdan, Alexander
5643:Kazhdan, Alexander
5465:Kazhdan, Alexander
5434:Kazhdan, Alexander
5298:Byzantine emperors
5036:16 February 1391 –
4996:John V Palaiologos
4970:17 September 1390
4928:John V Palaiologos
4762:John Kantakouzenos
4712:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος
4669:11 December 1282 –
4627:Μιχαὴλ Παλαιολόγος
4269:
4253:. He was deposed,
4169:12 September 1185
4083:24 September 1180
3780:23 November 1059 –
3713:1 September 1057 –
3656:30/31 August 1057
3544:as her successor.
3442:10 December 1041 –
3438:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Καλαφάτης
3392:"the Paphlagonian"
3363:15 November 1028 –
3293:Vladimir I of Kiev
3049:) and ceremonies (
2892:Theme of Macedonia
2880:24 September 867 –
2850:Macedonian dynasty
2399:14 September 775 –
2375:and tonsured him.
2292:and initiated the
1969:10 July 685 – 695
1580:Mauricius Tiberius
1577:Μαυρίκιος Τιβέριος
1298:Revolt of Vitalian
1148:comes domesticorum
775:Theodosian dynasty
515:Constantius Gallus
245:Holy Roman emperor
236:coronation of the
173:The foundation of
100:First monarch
18:Byzantine emperors
9877:Lists of monarchs
9859:
9858:
9697:John III Vatatzes
9643:Manuel I Komnenos
9382:Michael I Rangabe
9226:
9225:
9068:Petronius Maximus
8667:Severus Alexander
8635:Septimius Severus
8478:
8477:
8440:
8439:
8397:Byzantine studies
8372:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8183:Alexander Romance
8041:
8040:
8018:Nea Moni of Chios
7881:Blachernae Palace
7803:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7769:Code of Justinian
7617:Eastern Orthodoxy
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7510:
7509:
7384:Scholae Palatinae
7280:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7245:Foreign relations
7239:
7238:
7133:
7132:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6746:(1204–1453)
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6435:Illyrian emperors
6417:Barracks emperors
6266:978-0-67002-098-0
6245:978-0-213-76478-4
6226:978-0-39453-778-8
6204:978-0-52143-991-6
6185:978-1-40943-608-9
6166:978-1-11831-242-1
6147:978-0-50002-329-7
6109:978-9-23102-813-7
6090:978-0-19754-932-2
6044:978-0-63123-513-2
6025:978-1-10845-631-9
5619:, pp. 47–48.
5607:, pp. 45–46.
5508:, pp. 30–31.
5164:
5163:
5128:
5081:
5042:
5008:
5004:16 February 1391
4974:
4940:
4896:
4854:
4820:another civil war
4806:
4755:
4720:
4684:co-emperor. In a
4675:
4637:
4633:11 December 1282
4565:
4561:25 December 1261
4530:
4524:3 November 1254 –
4520:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις
4481:
4428:
4418:Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις
4367:
4361:27 January 1204 –
4332:
4290:
4245:
4237:
4173:
4132:
4087:
4048:
3998:
3931:
3882:
3836:
3786:
3719:
3715:22 November 1059
3709:Ἰσαάκιος Κομνηνός
3660:
3593:Mangana Monastery
3589:Nea Moni of Chios
3574:
3535:
3528:11 January 1055 –
3525:
3511:"the Purple-born"
3487:
3473:"the Purple-born"
3448:
3406:
3402:10 December 1041
3396:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Παφλαγών
3369:
3330:
3301:Fatimid Caliphate
3283:
3279:15 December 1025
3235:
3229:11 December 969 –
3189:
3157:Nikephoros Phokas
3142:
3128:"the Purple-born"
3085:
3079:17 December 920 –
3075:Ῥωμανὸς Λεκαπηνός
3025:Nicholas Mystikos
3015:
2977:
2932:
2886:
2824:
2820:24 September 867
2790:
2741:
2735:25 December 820 –
2677:
2629:
2594:
2552:
2499:and restored the
2476:
2438:
2432:8 September 780 –
2405:
2363:
2329:
2325:14 September 775
2269:
2220:
2186:
2141:
2095:
2059:
2023:
1973:
1916:
1865:
1811:
1764:
1700:
1652:
1646:23 November 602 –
1591:
1537:
1488:
1482:14 November 565 –
1424:
1367:
1294:Byzantine coinage
1262:
1228:
1199:with the papacy.
1133:
1125:
1088:
999:
939:
899:
850:
808:
798:Θεοδόσιος ὁ Μέγας
753:
713:
675:
612:
601:Claudius Iovianus
561:
492:
390:
299:Holy Roman Empire
171:
170:
144:Blachernae Palace
110:Last monarch
16:(Redirected from
9894:
9707:John IV Laskaris
9680:Alexios V Doukas
9665:Isaac II Angelos
9631:John II Komnenos
9557:Isaac I Komnenos
9517:Constantine VIII
9507:John I Tzimiskes
9234:Byzantine Empire
9008:
9007:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8482:
8481:
8465:
8378:
8377:
8321:Imperial Library
8267:Byzantine Greeks
8008:Daphni Monastery
7959:Panagia Chalkeon
7954:Hagios Demetrios
7921:Prison of Anemas
7871:Basilica Cistern
7829:
7828:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7808:
7664:West Syriac Rite
7654:Alexandrian Rite
7605:
7604:
7598:Religion and law
7594:
7593:
7529:Maritime themata
7485:Palaiologan army
7338:Military manuals
7306:
7305:
7297:
7296:
7286:
7285:
7144:
7143:
7120:Megas logothetes
6971:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6953:
6952:
6826:By modern region
6747:
6694:
6693:(717–1204)
6625:
6587:
6586:
6574:
6573:
6565:Byzantine Empire
6558:
6551:
6544:
6535:
6534:
6341:
6340:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6249:
6230:
6208:
6189:
6170:
6151:
6132:
6113:
6094:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6062:. Archived from
6048:
6029:
6000:
5999:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5791:
5785:
5779:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5484:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5359:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5307:
5301:
5290:Byzantine Empire
5283:
5277:
5269:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5160:on 29 May 1453.
5144:and brought the
5126:
5122:6 January 1449 –
5119:
5104:
5079:
5077:31 October 1448
5072:
5060:
5049:Battle of Ankara
5040:
5033:
5021:
5006:
4992:
4972:
4965:
4953:
4938:
4924:
4906:
4903:
4894:
4890:12 August 1376 –
4887:
4875:
4852:
4847:
4835:
4804:
4797:
4785:
4776:were recovered.
4753:
4746:
4734:
4718:
4713:
4701:
4673:
4666:
4654:
4635:
4631:1 January 1259 –
4628:
4616:
4587:
4584:
4563:
4559:16 August 1258 –
4556:
4555:Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις
4544:
4528:
4521:
4509:
4491:
4488:
4479:
4477:3 November 1254
4472:
4471:Ἰωάννης Βατάτζης
4460:
4449:Empire of Nicaea
4438:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4407:
4396:Empire of Nicaea
4365:
4358:
4346:
4330:
4328:27 January 1204
4323:
4311:
4288:
4281:
4243:
4242:27 January 1204
4235:
4228:
4227:Ἰσαάκιος Ἄγγελος
4216:
4183:
4180:
4171:
4167:September 1183 –
4166:
4161:
4149:
4138:Maria of Antioch
4130:
4127:
4120:
4119:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός
4108:
4085:
4078:
4077:Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός
4066:
4046:
4042:15 August 1118 –
4039:
4038:Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός
4027:
3996:
3989:
3988:Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός
3977:
3929:
3922:
3910:
3900:
3897:
3880:
3876:1 October 1071 –
3873:
3861:
3834:
3830:1 January 1068 –
3827:
3826:Ῥωμανὸς Διογένης
3815:
3784:
3777:
3765:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3698:
3658:
3654:31 August 1056 –
3651:
3637:
3581:
3572:
3570:11 January 1055
3565:
3553:
3533:
3523:
3516:
3501:
3485:
3478:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3427:
3404:
3397:
3382:
3367:
3360:
3348:
3328:
3323:
3317:Constantine VIII
3312:
3281:
3277:10 January 976 –
3274:
3261:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3214:
3196:
3187:
3185:11 December 969
3180:
3168:
3140:
3136:9 November 959 –
3133:
3118:
3083:
3081:20 December 944
3076:
3064:
3048:
3023:, and Patriarch
3021:Zoe Karbonopsina
3013:
3006:
2991:
2975:
2968:
2957:
2930:
2923:
2911:
2896:
2884:
2877:
2872:"the Macedonian"
2865:
2822:
2818:20 January 842 –
2815:
2814:Μιχαὴλ ὁ Μέθυσος
2803:
2788:
2781:
2770:
2739:
2732:
2720:
2692:in 813. Revived
2687:
2684:
2675:
2673:25 December 820
2668:
2656:
2627:
2620:
2608:
2592:
2585:
2574:
2563:Battle of Pliska
2550:
2546:31 October 802 –
2543:
2531:
2486:
2483:
2474:
2467:
2456:
2436:
2429:
2418:
2403:
2401:8 September 780
2396:
2384:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2327:
2320:
2315:"the Dung-named"
2305:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2218:
2211:
2200:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2139:
2135:4 November 711 –
2132:
2116:
2093:
2088:
2080:"the Slit-nosed"
2073:
2057:
2052:
2040:
2021:
2016:
2005:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1952:"the Slit-nosed"
1942:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1887:
1863:
1859:5 November 641 –
1858:
1853:
1836:
1809:
1806:
1799:
1785:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1713:Exarch of Africa
1710:
1707:
1698:
1696:11 February 641
1691:
1680:
1650:
1643:
1629:
1589:
1587:27 November 602
1582:
1567:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1528:
1512:
1498:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1465:
1455:
1422:
1420:14 November 565
1415:
1399:
1380:Justiniana Prima
1377:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1344:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1241:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1195:resulted in the
1175:by enticing the
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:29 January 474 –
1116:
1105:
1086:
1079:
1067:
1021:
1018:magister militum
1009:
997:
993:7 February 457 –
990:
978:
937:
930:
916:
897:
890:
879:
860:Byzantine Empire
848:
844:17 January 395 –
841:
830:
806:
802:19 January 379 –
799:
786:
751:
744:
730:
711:
704:
693:
673:
666:
651:
622:
619:
610:
608:17 February 364
603:
588:
559:
555:3 November 361 –
552:
536:
490:
483:
468:
400:
388:
381:
364:
328:
327:
279:and followed by
258:was officially "
69:
49:
43:
42:
21:
9902:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9892:
9891:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9848:
9792:Gallic emperors
9780:
9468:Constantine VII
9249:Constantine III
9236:
9233:
9222:
9131:
9123:
9062:Valentinian III
9050:Constantius III
9044:Priscus Attalus
9028:Constantine III
9014:
9006:
8896:Valerius Valens
8841:
8833:
8679:
8671:
8630:Didius Julianus
8610:Marcus Aurelius
8527:
8519:
8509:
8479:
8474:
8471:
8436:
8412:Cyrillic script
8383:
8364:
8309:
8293:
8193:
8175:Digenes Akritas
8151:
8096:
8037:
8001:Other locations
7996:
7968:
7925:
7857:
7846:Cross-in-square
7814:
7795:
7745:
7599:
7580:
7506:
7456:
7452:Varangian Guard
7395:
7369:East Roman army
7364:Late Roman army
7352:
7291:
7272:
7235:
7214:
7183:
7129:
7108:
7104:Epi ton deeseon
7094:Epi tou eidikou
7052:
7016:
6958:
6939:
6926:
6829:
6827:
6820:
6806:Palaiologan era
6748:
6745:
6736:
6707:Nikephorian era
6695:
6692:
6683:
6626:
6624:(330–717)
6623:
6614:
6594:
6581:
6568:
6562:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6484:
6454:
6443:Gallic emperors
6429:Gordian dynasty
6410:
6405:Severan dynasty
6387:Flavian dynasty
6334:
6333:
6309:
6303:
6273:
6267:
6246:
6227:
6205:
6186:
6167:
6148:
6129:
6110:
6091:
6069:
6067:
6045:
6026:
6009:
6004:
6003:
5996:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5878:
5874:
5867:
5847:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5792:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5721:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5591:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5430:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5349:Constantine III
5346:
5342:
5308:
5304:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5193:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5146:Duchy of Athens
5123:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5003:
4998:
4969:
4968:14 April 1390 –
4963:
4962:
4935:
4931:(second reign)
4930:
4904:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4845:
4844:
4802:12 August 1376
4801:
4795:
4794:
4766:Ottoman emirate
4750:
4744:
4743:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4607:
4597:
4585:
4571:George Mouzalon
4560:
4554:
4553:
4526:16 August 1258
4525:
4519:
4518:
4489:
4476:
4475:December 1221 –
4470:
4469:
4436:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4398:
4388:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4327:
4322:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος
4321:
4320:
4285:
4280:Ἀλέξιος Ἄγγελος
4279:
4278:
4241:
4240:1 August 1203 –
4239:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4207:
4197:
4181:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4128:September 1183
4124:
4118:
4117:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4016:Crusader states
3994:15 August 1118
3993:
3987:
3986:
3968:
3958:
3926:
3925:27 March 1078 –
3920:
3919:
3898:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3832:1 October 1071
3831:
3825:
3824:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3746:
3734:
3727:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3628:
3609:George Maniakes
3569:
3563:
3562:
3530:31 August 1056
3529:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3401:
3400:11 April 1034 –
3395:
3394:
3390:
3364:
3359:Ῥωμανὸς Ἀργυρός
3358:
3357:
3321:
3320:
3289:Basil Lekapenos
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3231:10 January 976
3230:
3224:
3223:
3184:
3183:16 August 963 –
3179:Νικηφόρος Φωκᾶς
3178:
3177:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3011:9 November 959
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:Porphyrogenitus
2999:
2996:Constantine VII
2972:
2966:
2965:
2927:
2926:29 August 886 –
2921:
2920:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2846:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2786:20 January 842
2785:
2784:2 October 829 –
2779:
2778:
2751:Thomas the Slav
2745:Born in 770 at
2736:
2730:
2729:
2711:
2705:
2685:
2672:
2667:Λέων ὁ Ἀρμένιος
2666:
2665:
2647:
2638:as co-emperor.
2624:
2623:2 October 811 –
2618:
2617:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2484:
2472:31 October 802
2471:
2470:19 August 797 –
2465:
2464:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2359:2 November 743
2358:
2352:
2351:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2277:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2239:
2233:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2091:4 November 711
2090:
2089:21 August 705 –
2083:(second reign)
2082:
2050:
2049:
2014:
2013:
1996:
1990:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1929:, repelled the
1908:
1907:September 668 –
1900:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1807:5 November 641
1803:
1794:
1793:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1708:
1695:
1694:5 October 610 –
1689:
1688:
1671:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1595:Born in 539 at
1586:
1585:14 August 582 –
1578:
1576:
1575:
1545:
1532:
1531:5 October 578 –
1524:
1522:
1521:
1496:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1335:
1329:
1308:raids into the
1257:
1251:
1250:
1223:
1222:9 January 475 –
1217:
1216:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1083:
1077:
1076:
995:18 January 474
994:
988:
987:
969:
963:
935:27 January 457
934:
933:25 August 450 –
925:
924:
894:
888:
887:
845:
839:
838:
804:17 January 395
803:
797:
796:
793:
777:
771:
749:19 January 379
748:
739:
738:
708:
702:
701:
670:
662:
660:
659:
642:
636:
620:
607:
599:
597:
596:
579:
568:Sassanid Persia
556:
548:
546:
545:
488:3 November 361
487:
479:
477:
476:
385:
377:
375:
374:
371:
355:
349:
82:
80:
74:
56:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9900:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9857:
9856:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9788:
9786:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9751:
9746:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9628:
9616:
9611:
9587:
9569:
9564:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9547:Theodora (III)
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9443:
9438:
9426:
9414:
9409:
9397:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9362:Constantine VI
9359:
9354:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9326:Theodosius III
9323:
9318:
9313:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9271:Constantine IV
9268:
9263:
9251:
9246:
9240:
9238:
9228:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9135:
9133:
9129:Eastern Empire
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9114:
9109:
9102:
9095:
9090:
9083:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9012:Western Empire
9005:
9004:
8997:
8985:Magnus Maximus
8981:
8979:Valentinian II
8976:
8971:
8966:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8913:
8911:Constantius II
8908:
8906:Constantine II
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8845:
8843:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8774:
8769:
8761:
8756:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8605:Antoninus Pius
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8531:
8529:
8528:27 BC – AD 235
8521:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8485:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8470:
8469:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8435:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8345:
8344:
8343:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8304:
8298:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8191:
8186:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8167:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8104:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8051:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7944:Byzantine Bath
7941:
7935:
7933:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7863:Constantinople
7859:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7816:
7815:
7805:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7772:
7771:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7622:Byzantine Rite
7613:
7611:
7601:
7600:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7502:Grand domestic
7499:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7468:Komnenian army
7464:
7462:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7343:Military units
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7313:Battle tactics
7309:
7303:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7150:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7005:Medieval Greek
6997:
6996:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6974:
6968:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6760:Fourth Crusade
6751:
6749:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6717:Macedonian era
6714:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Theodosian era
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6629:
6627:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6597:
6595:
6590:
6583:
6582:
6570:
6569:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:by time period
6306:Roman emperors
6302:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6279:
6272:
6271:
6265:
6250:
6244:
6231:
6225:
6209:
6203:
6190:
6184:
6171:
6165:
6152:
6146:
6133:
6127:
6114:
6108:
6095:
6089:
6076:
6049:
6043:
6030:
6024:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5970:
5963:
5939:
5937:, p. 301.
5927:
5915:
5913:, p. 296.
5903:
5896:
5872:
5865:
5841:
5829:
5817:
5810:
5786:
5774:
5772:, p. 311.
5762:
5750:
5746:Kaldellis 2024
5738:
5726:
5719:
5695:
5688:
5664:
5657:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5561:
5549:
5547:, p. 120.
5534:
5532:, p. 119.
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5479:
5455:
5448:
5424:
5422:, p. 183.
5412:
5408:Morrisson 2013
5400:
5388:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5353:Constantine II
5340:
5302:
5286:Regnal numbers
5278:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5184:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5130:
5120:
5109:Constantine XI
5105:
5097:
5096:
5083:
5075:21 July 1425 –
5073:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5034:
5022:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5000:
4999:(third reign)
4993:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4966:
4954:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4936:14 April 1390
4932:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4898:
4888:
4876:
4868:
4867:
4856:
4848:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4808:
4800:15 July 1341 –
4798:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4757:
4747:
4739:Andronikos III
4735:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4714:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4690:Andronikos III
4677:
4667:
4655:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4629:
4617:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4567:
4557:
4545:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4510:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4473:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4430:
4424:November 1221
4420:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4369:
4363:12 April 1204
4359:
4347:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4326:19 July 1203 –
4324:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4296:Fourth Crusade
4292:
4284:8 April 1195 –
4282:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4247:
4229:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4175:
4162:
4150:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4121:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4081:8 April 1143 –
4079:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4040:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4000:
3992:1 April 1081 –
3990:
3978:
3970:
3969:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3943:Anatolic Theme
3933:
3923:
3915:Nikephoros III
3911:
3903:
3902:
3884:
3878:24 March 1078
3874:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3838:
3828:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3788:
3778:
3766:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3721:
3711:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3576:
3568:12 June 1042 –
3566:
3558:Constantine IX
3554:
3546:
3545:
3537:
3517:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3444:20 April 1042
3440:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3398:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3365:11 April 1034
3361:
3349:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3313:
3305:
3304:
3285:
3275:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3237:
3227:
3215:
3207:
3206:
3191:
3181:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3149:Joseph Bringas
3144:
3134:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3095:John Kourkouas
3087:
3077:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3017:
3007:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2934:
2924:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2888:
2882:29 August 886
2878:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2816:
2810:"the Drunkard"
2804:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2782:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2743:
2737:2 October 829
2733:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2679:
2669:
2663:"the Armenian"
2657:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2621:
2619:Μιχαὴλ Ῥαγγαβέ
2609:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2590:2 October 811
2586:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2544:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2518:Main article:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2478:
2468:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2434:19 August 797
2430:
2423:Constantine VI
2419:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2397:
2395:Λέων ὁ Χάζαρος
2385:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2355:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2306:
2298:
2297:
2271:
2263:25 March 717 –
2261:
2259:Λέων ὁ Ἴσαυρος
2255:"the Isaurian"
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2212:
2205:Theodosius III
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1992:Main article:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1964:
1963:(first reign)
1943:
1935:
1934:
1918:
1905:
1892:Constantine IV
1888:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1854:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1813:
1800:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1756:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1702:
1692:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1648:5 October 610
1644:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1593:
1583:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1533:14 August 582
1529:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1484:5 October 578
1480:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1426:
1416:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1378:at Bederiana (
1369:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1302:Acacian Schism
1264:
1256:11 April 491 –
1254:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1220:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:Acacian Schism
1135:
1121:9 January 475
1117:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1001:
991:
979:
971:
970:
967:Leonid dynasty
962:
959:
956:
955:
941:
931:
917:
909:
908:
901:
891:
880:
872:
871:
852:
842:
831:
823:
822:
810:
800:
787:
779:
778:
770:
767:
764:
763:
760:Magnus Maximus
755:
747:9 August 378 –
745:
731:
723:
722:
715:
707:28 March 364 –
705:
694:
686:
685:
677:
667:
661:Οὐαλεντινιανός
652:
644:
643:
635:
632:
629:
628:
614:
604:
589:
581:
580:
578:
575:
572:
571:
563:
553:
543:"the Apostate"
537:
529:
528:
494:
484:
473:Constantius II
469:
461:
460:
457:Constantinople
392:
382:
365:
357:
356:
348:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
332:
230:historiography
187:Ottoman Empire
175:Constantinople
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
151:
147:
146:
137:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
114:Constantine XI
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
77:Constantine XI
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9899:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9851:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9817:
9814:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9802:
9799:
9796:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9783:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9744:
9743:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9632:
9629:
9626:
9625:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9609:
9608:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9596:
9591:
9588:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9492:
9491:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9479:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9429:Theodora (II)
9427:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9344:
9343:
9339:
9337:
9336:Constantine V
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9321:Anastasius II
9319:
9317:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9144:Theodosius II
9142:
9140:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9120:
9119:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9070:
9069:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9030:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9003:
9002:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8993:
8987:
8986:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8952:Valentinian I
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8877:
8875:
8874:Constantine I
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8864:Constantius I
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8501:
8499:
8494:
8492:
8487:
8486:
8483:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8443:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8386:
8379:
8375:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8316:Encyclopedias
8314:
8313:
8311:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8240:Hellenization
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8198:Everyday life
8196:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8173:
8172:
8171:
8170:Acritic songs
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8044:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8013:Hosios Loukas
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8003:
7999:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7860:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7810:
7806:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7686:Monophysitism
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7659:Armenian Rite
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7591:
7577:
7576:Naval battles
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7459:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7283:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7099:Protasekretis
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6950:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Komnenian era
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6665:Heraclian era
6663:
6661:
6660:Justinian era
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6617:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6566:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6293:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6280:
6277:
6268:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6177:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6128:0-19-504652-8
6124:
6120:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6077:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6011:
5997:
5995:0-19-504652-8
5991:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5964:0-19-504652-8
5960:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5907:
5899:
5897:0-19-504652-8
5893:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5868:
5866:0-19-504652-8
5862:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5833:
5826:
5821:
5813:
5811:0-19-504652-8
5807:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5790:
5784:, p. 98.
5783:
5778:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5736:, p. 73.
5735:
5730:
5722:
5720:0-19-504652-8
5716:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5689:0-19-504652-8
5685:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5658:0-19-504652-8
5654:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5631:, p. 90.
5630:
5625:
5618:
5613:
5606:
5601:
5595:, p. 45.
5594:
5589:
5583:, p. 94.
5582:
5581:Mitchell 2015
5577:
5571:, p. 42.
5570:
5565:
5559:, p. 90.
5558:
5557:Mitchell 2015
5553:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5531:
5526:
5520:, p. 33.
5519:
5514:
5507:
5502:
5496:, p. 30.
5495:
5490:
5482:
5480:0-19-504652-8
5476:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5449:0-19-504652-8
5445:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5410:, p. 72.
5409:
5404:
5397:
5392:
5386:, p. 72.
5385:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5371:
5358:
5357:Heraclius II.
5354:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5264:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5185:
5182:
5171:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:Helena Dragaš
5131:
5129:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5043:
5038:21 July 1425
5035:
5029:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4934:1 July 1379 –
4933:
4929:
4923:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4899:
4897:
4889:
4883:
4881:
4880:Andronikos IV
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4842:Kantakouzenos
4841:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4751:15 June 1341
4749:24 May 1328 –
4748:
4742:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4659:Andronikos II
4653:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4591:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4431:
4429:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4286:18 July 1203
4283:
4277:
4275:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4233:8 April 1195
4230:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:8 April 1143
4041:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:First Crusade
4009:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:1 April 1081
3924:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3770:Constantine X
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3740:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:Leo Tornikios
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3575:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3531:
3521:12 June 1042
3518:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:12 June 1042
3480:
3474:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3434:"the Caulker"
3433:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3173:Nikephoros II
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:Sayf al-Dawla
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:15 March 963
3135:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:De ceremoniis
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3029:Sayf al-Dawla
3026:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2727:"the Amorian"
2726:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2680:
2678:
2671:11 July 813 –
2670:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2588:26 July 811 –
2587:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2323:18 June 741 –
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:Constantine V
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2216:25 March 717
2213:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2168:
2167:Anastasius II
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:A general of
2144:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2027:General from
2026:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:Monothelitism
1924:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1895:"the Younger"
1893:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1852:
1845:
1844:"the Bearded"
1842:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1802:11 February –
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Fabia Eudokia
1767:
1765:
1758:11 February –
1757:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1418:1 April 527 –
1417:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1363:1 August 527
1360:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:heterochromia
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1084:November 474
1081:
1078:Λέων ὁ μικρός
1075:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:Tarasicodissa
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1006:
1002:
1000:
992:
986:
984:
977:
972:
968:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
940:
932:
929:
923:
922:
915:
910:
906:
902:
900:
892:
886:
885:
884:Theodosius II
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
851:
843:
837:
836:
829:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
801:
795:
792:
785:
780:
776:
765:
761:
756:
754:
746:
743:
737:
736:
729:
724:
720:
716:
714:
709:9 August 378
706:
700:
699:
692:
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:28 March 364
669:26 February –
668:
665:
664:Valentinianus
658:
657:
656:Valentinian I
650:
645:
641:
630:
626:
615:
613:
606:27 June 363 –
605:
602:
595:
594:
587:
582:
573:
569:
564:
562:
554:
551:
544:
542:
535:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
485:
482:
475:
474:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:. Proclaimed
413:
409:
406:
405:
397:
393:
391:
384:25 July 306 –
383:
380:
373:
370:
369:Constantine I
363:
358:
354:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
305:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
277:
274:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
162:
159:
156:
153:Unspecified,
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
104:Constantine I
102:
98:
93:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:
72:Last to reign
68:
63:
59:
52:
44:
41:
37:
33:
32:Constantine I
19:
9759:Andronikos V
9757:
9740:
9688:
9656:
9634:
9622:
9605:
9599:
9593:
9581:
9575:
9488:
9482:
9476:
9449:
9432:
9420:
9403:
9391:
9385:
9372:Nikephoros I
9347:
9346:
9340:
9307:
9304:Justinian II
9299:Tiberius III
9289:Justinian II
9280:
9274:
9257:
9209:
9181:Anastasius I
9172:
9116:
9112:Julius Nepos
9104:
9097:
9085:
9073:
9066:
9054:
9042:
9033:
9032:
9026:
8999:
8990:
8989:
8983:
8974:Theodosius I
8961:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8891:Maximinus II
8878:
8780:
8763:
8750:
8744:
8732:
8720:
8653:
8615:Lucius Verus
8515:
8181:
7949:Hagia Sophia
7931:Thessalonica
7906:Hagia Sophia
7886:Chora Church
7824:Architecture
7701:Great Schism
7691:Paulicianism
7669:Miaphysitism
7524:Karabisianoi
6977:
6828:or territory
6788:Thessalonica
6772:Latin Empire
6767:Frankokratia
6742:
6702:Isaurian era
6689:
6620:
6605:
6601:Roman Empire
6591:
6496:
6324:Roman Empire
6255:
6235:
6216:
6194:
6175:
6156:
6137:
6118:
6099:
6080:
6068:. Retrieved
6064:the original
6057:
6034:
6015:
6007:Bibliography
5983:
5973:
5952:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5906:
5885:
5875:
5854:
5844:
5832:
5825:Gregory 2005
5820:
5799:
5789:
5777:
5770:Norwich 1989
5765:
5753:
5741:
5729:
5708:
5698:
5677:
5667:
5646:
5636:
5629:Wickham 2009
5624:
5612:
5600:
5588:
5576:
5564:
5552:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5489:
5468:
5458:
5437:
5427:
5415:
5403:
5391:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5329:(1): 26–33.
5326:
5322:
5310:
5305:
5281:
5273:
5267:
5195:Lists portal
5125:
5124:29 May 1453
5108:
5086:
5078:
5064:
5039:
5025:
5005:
4981:Thessalonica
4971:
4957:
4937:
4893:
4892:1 July 1379
4879:
4851:
4839:
4803:
4789:
4752:
4738:
4717:
4705:
4672:
4671:24 May 1328
4658:
4634:
4621:Michael VIII
4620:
4562:
4548:
4527:
4513:
4494:Latin Empire
4478:
4464:
4425:
4411:
4364:
4350:
4329:
4315:
4287:
4273:
4234:
4220:
4170:
4154:Andronikos I
4153:
4129:
4112:
4084:
4070:
4045:
4031:
4008:Seljuk Turks
3995:
3981:
3936:
3928:
3914:
3879:
3865:
3833:
3819:
3783:
3782:23 May 1067
3769:
3716:
3702:
3665:
3657:
3641:
3617:Great Schism
3605:Seljuk Turks
3571:
3557:
3532:
3522:
3505:
3484:
3470:
3445:
3431:
3403:
3386:
3366:
3352:
3339:and exiled.
3327:
3315:
3280:
3265:
3232:
3218:
3186:
3172:
3139:
3121:
3082:
3068:
3050:
3032:
3012:
3009:6 June 913 –
2994:
2974:
2971:11 May 912 –
2961:
2929:
2922:Λέων ὁ Σοφός
2915:
2890:Born in the
2883:
2869:
2821:
2807:
2787:
2773:
2738:
2724:
2674:
2660:
2626:
2625:11 July 813
2612:
2591:
2577:
2556:
2549:
2548:26 July 811
2536:Nikephoros I
2535:
2473:
2460:
2435:
2428:Κωνσταντῖνος
2421:
2402:
2391:"the Khazar"
2388:
2360:
2346:
2326:
2308:
2266:
2265:18 June 741
2252:
2217:
2203:
2183:
2180:4 June 713 –
2174:
2166:
2138:
2129:
2120:
2092:
2078:Justinian II
2077:
2056:
2045:Tiberius III
2044:
2020:
2008:
1970:
1958:
1947:Justinian II
1945:
1913:
1912:10 July 685
1902:Constantinus
1901:
1891:
1862:
1861:15 July 668
1850:
1840:
1808:
1796:
1795:Ἡρακλεωνᾶς,
1788:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1728:
1697:
1683:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1553:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1446:Hagia Sophia
1437:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1364:
1361:9 July 518 –
1355:
1347:
1285:
1277:silentiarius
1275:
1259:
1246:Anastasius I
1245:
1225:
1211:
1146:
1130:9 April 491
1128:August 476 –
1122:
1108:
1093:
1085:
1082:18 January –
1074:"the Little"
1071:
1010:400, and of
996:
982:
944:
936:
927:
919:
896:
895:28 July 450
882:
856:Roman Empire
847:
833:
805:
791:Theodosius I
790:
750:
741:
733:
710:
696:
672:
663:
654:
624:
609:
600:
591:
558:
557:26 June 363
549:
540:
522:
511:Hagia Sophia
507:Nicene Creed
489:
486:22 May 337 –
480:
471:
446:
423:
415:
402:
387:
378:
368:
317:
302:
294:
284:
280:
271:
265:
259:
249:
218:Theodosius I
214:Roman Empire
211:
199:
190:
172:
164:Pretender(s)
154:
140:Great Palace
75:
71:
40:
9818:(1224–1242)
9812:(1204–1461)
9601:Konstantios
9478:Christopher
9451:Constantine
9441:Michael III
9422:Constantine
9405:Constantine
9387:Theophylact
9316:Philippicus
9266:Constans II
9191:Justinian I
9087:Severus III
9035:Constans II
8789:Claudius II
8765:Silbannacus
8712:Gordian III
8687:Maximinus I
8655:Diadumenian
8432:Megali Idea
8407:Byzantinism
8110:Agriculture
7901:Hagia Irene
7734:Kievan Rus'
7711:Mount Athos
7534:Cibyrrhaeot
7478:Vestiaritai
7333:Mercenaries
7210:Catepanates
7069:Sakellarios
6988:Family tree
6913:Mesopotamia
6732:Angelid era
6712:Amorian era
6517:(1224–1246)
6511:(1204–1461)
6505:(1204–1261)
6499:(395–1453)
6461:Tetrarchies
6329:Family tree
5758:Sarris 2023
5396:Hooker 2007
5294:patronymics
5150:Turahan Bey
5067:Palaiologos
5028:Palaiologos
4960:Palaiologos
4905: 1352
4882:Palaiologos
4860:Palaiologoi
4792:Palaiologos
4741:Palaiologos
4708:Palaiologos
4661:Palaiologos
4623:Palaiologos
4601:Palaiologos
4586: 1305
4514:Theodore II
4490: 1192
4437: 1174
4274:Alexios III
4182: 1118
3917:Botaneiates
3899: 1090
3892:Constantine
3866:Michael VII
3800:Konstantios
3735: 1061
3728: 1005
3481:21 April –
3353:Romanos III
3107:Christopher
3105:(alongside
3103:Constantine
2973:6 June 913
2928:11 May 912
2808:Michael III
2690:Constantine
2636:Theophylact
2282:Germanikeia
2137:3 June 713
2121:Philippicus
2047:(Apsimarus)
1959:Iustinianus
1841:Constans II
1821:Constans II
1760:25 May 641
1519:Constantine
1517:Tiberius II
1475:Ἰουστῖνος,
1406:"the Great"
1404:Justinian I
1354:Ἰουστῖνος,
1272:Dyrrhachium
1258:9 July 518
1224:August 476
1189:Monophysite
1087:(10 months)
1038:to recover
926:Μαρκιανός,
893:1 May 408 –
794:"the Great"
740:Γρατιανός,
478:Κωνστάντιος
408:Constantius
386:22 May 337
372:"the Great"
241:Charlemagne
191:symbasileis
131:29 May 1453
9866:Categories
9595:Andronikos
9583:Nikephoros
9532:Michael IV
9497:Romanos II
9417:Theophilos
9412:Michael II
9393:Staurakios
9377:Staurakios
9349:Nikephoros
9342:Artabasdos
9254:Heraclonas
9211:Theodosius
9169:Basiliscus
8929:Nepotianus
8922:Magnentius
8916:Constans I
8869:Severus II
8849:Diocletian
8794:Quintillus
8759:Aemilianus
8752:Volusianus
8697:Gordian II
8662:Elagabalus
8525:Principate
8427:Third Rome
8353:University
8336:Philosophy
8326:Inventions
8189:Historians
8157:Literature
8140:Varangians
7982:San Vitale
7911:Hippodrome
7891:City Walls
7791:Mutilation
7786:Hexabiblos
7706:Bogomilism
7696:Iconoclasm
7566:Megas doux
7556:Greek fire
7539:Aegean Sea
7412:Kleisourai
7389:Excubitors
7379:Bucellarii
7231:Despotates
7200:Kleisourai
7139:Provincial
6983:Coronation
6957:Governance
6722:Doukid era
6655:Leonid era
6419:(235–284)
6346:Principate
6259:. Viking.
5545:Elton 2018
5530:Elton 2018
5384:Nicol 1993
5254:References
5088:autokrator
4706:Michael IX
4682:Michael IX
4599:See also:
4422:May 1205 –
4412:Theodore I
4390:See also:
4337:February.
4316:Alexios IV
4199:See also:
4113:Alexios II
3960:See also:
3820:Romanos IV
3796:Andronikos
3748:See also:
3681:See also:
3642:Michael VI
3615:, and the
3560:Monomachos
3542:Michael VI
3519:21 April –
3387:Michael IV
3123:Romanos II
2967:Ἀλέξανδρος
2918:"the Wise"
2900:Paulicians
2848:See also:
2775:Theophilos
2725:Michael II
2707:See also:
2686: 755
2584:Σταυράκιος
2579:Staurakios
2501:veneration
2497:iconoclasm
2485: 752
2357:June 741 –
2353:Ἀρτάβασδος
2348:Artabasdos
2278: 685
2235:See also:
2214:late 715 –
2123:(Bardanes)
2055:698 – 705
2019:695 – 698
1972:(10 years)
1790:Heraclonas
1709: 575
1667:See also:
1605:Theodosius
1601:Cappadocia
1550:Excubitors
1546: 535
1497: 520
1442:Belisarius
1388:Excubitors
1376: 450
1331:See also:
1218:Βασιλίσκος
1213:Basiliscus
1187:. His pro-
1177:Ostrogoths
1157:Basiliscus
1036:expedition
965:See also:
846:1 May 408
773:See also:
638:See also:
621: 332
499:Magnentius
431:Diocletian
351:See also:
304:Autokrator
158:hereditary
123:11 May 330
48:the Romans
9837:Classical
9822:Empresses
9806:(286–296)
9800:(267–273)
9794:(260–274)
9537:Michael V
9463:Alexander
9276:Heraclius
9244:Heraclius
9196:Justin II
9106:Glycerius
9093:Anthemius
8963:Procopius
8901:Martinian
8880:Maxentius
8809:Florianus
8782:Saloninus
8777:Gallienus
8746:Hostilian
8722:Philip II
8692:Gordian I
8640:Caracalla
8575:Vespasian
8570:Vitellius
8255:Octoechos
8135:Silk Road
7627:Hesychasm
7495:Paramonai
7442:Hetaireia
7374:Foederati
7263:Diplomacy
7258:Diplomats
7164:Provinces
6993:Empresses
6796:Trebizond
6592:Preceding
6493:(395–476)
6481:(378–455)
6475:(364–392)
6469:(305–363)
6463:(293–313)
6451:(286–297)
6445:(260–274)
6437:(268–284)
6431:(238–244)
6407:(193–235)
6401:(192–193)
6070:25 August
5935:Lygo 2022
5923:Lygo 2022
5911:Lygo 2022
5837:Lygo 2022
5782:Lygo 2022
5734:Lygo 2022
5617:Lygo 2022
5605:Lygo 2022
5593:Lygo 2022
5569:Lygo 2022
5518:Lygo 2022
5506:Lygo 2022
5494:Lygo 2022
5366:Citations
5154:Mehmed II
5095:in 1439.
5065:John VIII
5026:Manuel II
4909:Selymbria
4864:civil war
4351:Alexios V
4172:(2 years)
4131:(3 years)
3982:Alexios I
3938:strategos
3804:his widow
3597:Pechenegs
3432:Michael V
3221:Tzimiskes
3203:Theophano
3071:Lekapenos
3069:Romanos I
2962:Alexander
2613:Michael I
2286:Commagene
2210:Θεοδόσιος
2182:late 715
2130:Filepicus
2058:(7 years)
2022:(3 years)
1797:Heraclius
1690:Ἡράκλειος
1685:Heraclius
1609:Chalcedon
1597:Arabissus
1470:Justin II
1434:Macedonia
1430:Tauresium
1312:and by a
1248:"Dicorus"
1193:Henotikon
1048:Isaurians
1042:from the
948:Pulcheria
928:Marcianus
905:Anthemius
889:Θεοδόσιος
862:—and the
742:Gratianus
453:Byzantium
331:Portrait
319:Dynasties
293:, though
291:sovereign
273:Imperator
256:Heraclius
206:Byzantium
150:Appointer
136:Residence
128:Abolition
120:Formation
9832:Usurpers
9827:Augustae
9785:See also
9690:Nicholas
9512:Basil II
9309:Tiberius
9294:Leontius
9282:Tiberius
9259:Tiberius
9237:610–1453
9232:Eastern/
9186:Justin I
9139:Arcadius
9099:Olybrius
9081:Majorian
9022:Honorius
9001:Eugenius
8936:Vetranio
8886:Licinius
8859:Galerius
8854:Maximian
8839:Dominate
8829:Numerian
8799:Aurelian
8772:Valerian
8717:Philip I
8707:Balbinus
8702:Pupienus
8650:Macrinus
8625:Pertinax
8620:Commodus
8585:Domitian
8550:Claudius
8545:Caligula
8540:Tiberius
8535:Augustus
8348:Scholars
8341:Rhetoric
8331:Medicine
8306:Learning
8205:Calendar
8082:Painters
7781:Basilika
7719:Bulgaria
7681:Arianism
7632:Hayhurum
7609:Religion
7571:Admirals
7490:Allagion
7422:Droungos
7328:Generals
7290:Military
7253:Treaties
7159:Dioceses
6978:Emperors
6891:Sardinia
6871:Dalmatia
6851:Bulgaria
6841:Anatolia
6800:Theodoro
6794: /
6790: /
6782: /
6395:(96–192)
6356:Dominate
6215:(1989).
5335:41540754
5167:See also
4958:John VII
4913:appanage
4774:Thessaly
4551:Laskaris
4516:Laskaris
4467:Vatatzes
4465:John III
4414:Laskaris
4392:Laskaris
4251:Bulgaria
4221:Isaac II
4156:Komnenos
4115:Komnenos
4073:Komnenos
4071:Manuel I
4034:Komnenos
4006:and the
3984:Komnenos
3962:Komnenos
3947:Komnenos
3822:Diogenes
3705:Komnenos
3683:Komnenos
3603:and the
3591:and the
3506:Theodora
3455:Theodora
3266:Basil II
2946:Simeon I
2831:Theodora
2780:Θεόφιλος
2153:troops.
2151:Opsician
2147:Armenian
2105:Tiberius
2015:Λεόντιος
2010:Leontius
1876:Mizizios
1872:Syracuse
1729:basileus
1477:Iustinus
1432:(Taor),
1384:Dardania
1356:Iustinus
1349:Justin I
1300:and the
1094:Augustus
1040:Carthage
1003:Born in
952:gangrene
868:Honorius
840:Ἀρκάδιος
835:Arcadius
815:Eugenius
684:in 375.
616:Born in
598:Ἰοβιανός
524:Caesares
503:Arianism
435:Dominate
427:Licinius
424:Augustus
416:Augustus
404:Augustus
394:Born at
295:Augustus
286:Basileus
281:Augustus
261:Augustus
238:Frankish
226:Augustus
181:, which
155:de facto
55:Imperial
9842:Eastern
9742:Matthew
9636:Alexios
9484:Stephen
9446:Basil I
9331:Leo III
9206:Maurice
9149:Marcian
9132:395–610
9056:Joannes
9015:395–480
8969:Gratian
8842:284–610
8824:Carinus
8804:Tacitus
8680:235–285
8600:Hadrian
8457:Outline
8402:Museums
8302:Science
8279:Slavery
8235:Gardens
8215:Cuisine
8147:Dynatoi
8115:Coinage
8102:Economy
8070:Mosaics
8033:Mystras
7974:Ravenna
7836:Secular
7724:Moravia
7473:Pronoia
7447:Akritai
7432:Tagmata
7407:Themata
7348:Revolts
7318:Battles
7226:Kephale
7195:Themata
7125:Mesazon
6967:Central
6903:Maghreb
6856:Corsica
6846:Armenia
6836:Albania
6579:History
6389:(69–96)
6383:(68–69)
5982:(ed.).
5951:(ed.).
5884:(ed.).
5853:(ed.).
5798:(ed.).
5707:(ed.).
5676:(ed.).
5645:(ed.).
5467:(ed.).
5436:(ed.).
5312:Flavius
4840:John VI
4579:blinded
4549:John IV
4377:blinded
4318:Angelos
4300:Nicaean
4276:Angelos
4255:blinded
4223:Angelos
4201:Angelos
4097:Hungary
4055:Alexios
4032:John II
4004:Normans
3941:of the
3850:blinded
3792:Michael
3703:Isaac I
3644:Bringas
3601:Balkans
3599:in the
3355:Argyros
3337:blinded
3246:crushed
3099:Stephen
3034:dynatoi
2938:Saracen
2870:Basil I
2753:, lost
2747:Amorium
2615:Rangabe
2445:blinded
2373:blinded
2253:Leo III
2029:Isauria
1979:Cherson
1817:Martina
1774:Martina
1639:Φωκᾶς,
1572:Maurice
1310:Balkans
1286:Dikoros
1282:Ariadne
1270:430 at
1173:Balkans
1161:Vandals
1143:Isauria
1141:425 in
1052:Ariadne
1044:Vandals
1012:Bessian
945:Augusta
921:Marcian
817:at the
735:Gratian
448:solidus
396:Naissus
309:Ῥωμαῖοι
267:Dominus
185:to the
95:Details
9604:&
9580:&
9487:&
9458:Leo VI
9434:Thekla
9390:&
9357:Leo IV
9279:&
9218:Phocas
9174:Marcus
9159:Leo II
9075:Avitus
8992:Victor
8957:Valens
8947:Jovian
8942:Julian
8814:Probus
8749:&
8729:Decius
8677:Crisis
8595:Trajan
8467:Portal
8382:Impact
8262:People
8210:Cities
8060:Enamel
7841:Sacred
7776:Ecloga
7642:Saints
7551:Dromon
7427:Bandon
7417:Tourma
7400:Middle
7323:Beacon
7205:Bandon
7188:Middle
7057:Middle
7012:Senate
6935:Thrace
6918:Serbia
6896:Sicily
6881:Greece
6866:Cyprus
6784:Epirus
6780:Nicaea
6690:Middle
6567:topics
6344:Early
6263:
6242:
6223:
6201:
6182:
6163:
6144:
6125:
6106:
6087:
6041:
6022:
5992:
5961:
5894:
5863:
5808:
5717:
5686:
5655:
5477:
5446:
5333:
4911:as an
4790:John V
4770:Epirus
4498:Epirus
4445:Nicaea
3772:Doukas
3750:Doukas
3584:Lesbos
3416:Sicily
3219:John I
3199:Phokas
3175:Phokas
2916:Leo VI
2835:Bardas
2489:Athens
2466:Εἰρήνη
2389:Leo IV
2101:Bulgar
1825:Senate
1634:Phocas
1555:Caesar
1501:Sophia
1438:consul
1306:Bulgar
1179:under
1169:Verina
1072:Leo II
703:Οὐάλης
698:Valens
593:Jovian
541:Julian
519:Julian
443:Nicaea
412:Helena
340:Notes
337:Reign
276:Caesar
34:, see
9400:Leo V
9367:Irene
9154:Leo I
8819:Carus
8590:Nerva
8580:Titus
8560:Galba
8512:Roman
8452:Index
8284:Death
8274:Women
8245:Music
8225:Dress
8220:Dance
8165:Novel
8125:Trade
8120:Mints
8065:Glass
8055:Icons
7851:Domes
7729:Serbs
7544:Samos
7357:Early
7147:Early
7021:Early
6930:Syria
6908:Malta
6886:Italy
6876:Egypt
6861:Crete
6792:Morea
6621:Early
6425:(238)
5331:JSTOR
5276:..."
5259:Notes
4485:Born
4432:Born
4186:Isaac
4177:Born
4093:Isaac
3723:Born
3578:Born
2755:Crete
2661:Leo V
2505:icons
2480:Born
2461:Irene
2273:Born
1704:Born
1641:Focas
1541:Born
1492:Born
1371:Born
1266:Born
1165:Illus
1153:Aspar
1137:Born
1024:Aspar
1005:Dacia
983:Leo I
334:Name
252:title
234:papal
9756:(w.
9739:(w.
9687:(w.
9658:John
9655:(w.
9633:(w.
9621:(w.
9592:(w.
9574:(w.
9475:(w.
9448:(w.
9431:(w.
9419:(w.
9402:(w.
9384:(w.
9345:(w.
9306:(w.
9273:(w.
9256:(w.
9208:(w.
9171:(w.
9164:Zeno
9031:(w.
8988:(w.
8779:(w.
8743:(w.
8731:(w.
8719:(w.
8652:(w.
8645:Geta
8565:Otho
8555:Nero
8514:and
8250:Lyra
8130:silk
7741:Jews
7516:Navy
7461:Late
7301:Army
7268:Wars
7219:Late
7113:Late
6743:Late
6363:and
6261:ISBN
6240:ISBN
6221:ISBN
6199:ISBN
6180:ISBN
6161:ISBN
6142:ISBN
6123:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6085:ISBN
6072:2015
6039:ISBN
6020:ISBN
5990:ISBN
5959:ISBN
5892:ISBN
5861:ISBN
5806:ISBN
5715:ISBN
5684:ISBN
5653:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5444:ISBN
4772:and
4603:and
4394:and
4203:and
3964:and
3798:and
3752:and
3685:and
3611:and
3250:Rus'
3248:the
3101:and
2852:and
1318:Dara
1167:and
1110:Zeno
1032:West
517:and
410:and
315:).
311:and
250:The
183:fell
167:None
9577:Leo
9522:Zoe
8768:(?)
8047:Art
7751:Law
3471:Zoe
2503:of
2487:in
2280:in
1870:to
1382:),
1314:war
521:as
441:at
313:Rûm
243:as
9868::
9598:,
9481:,
6056:.
5537:^
5374:^
5327:47
5325:.
5321:.
4902:c.
4822:.
4588:.
4583:c.
4500:.
4487:c.
4434:c.
4179:c.
4165:c.
4126:c.
3896:c.
3848:,
3794:,
3737:.
3732:c.
3725:c.
3580:c.
3241:c.
3195:c.
3159:.
2948:.
2895:c.
2683:c.
2565:.
2482:c.
2296:.
2284:,
2275:c.
2087:c.
1967:c.
1910:c.
1878:.
1857:c.
1805:c.
1776:.
1715:,
1706:c.
1611:.
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