Byzantine Empire - Knowledge

2899: 5715: 1849: 4857: 2875: 1151: 4176: 1335: 1845:) from a reactive, defence-oriented citizen army into an army of professional career soldiers, increasingly dependent on foreign mercenaries. Mercenaries were expensive, however, and as the threat of invasion receded in the 10th century, so did the need for maintaining large garrisons and expensive fortifications. Basil II left a burgeoning treasury upon his death, but he neglected to plan for his succession. None of his immediate successors had any particular military or political talent, and the imperial administration increasingly fell into the hands of the civil service. Incompetent efforts to revive the Byzantine economy resulted in severe inflation and a debased gold currency. The army was seen as both an unnecessary expense and a political threat. Several standing local units were demobilised, further augmenting the army's dependence on mercenaries, who could be retained and dismissed on an as-needed basis. 56: 6017: 4538: 4509: 4633: 2347:, Andronikos was determined to root out corruption: under his rule, the sale of offices ceased; selection was based on merit, rather than favouritism; and officials were paid an adequate salary to reduce the temptation of bribery. In the provinces, Andronikos's reforms produced a speedy and marked improvement. Gradually, however, Andronikos's reign deteriorated. The aristocrats were infuriated against him, and to make matters worse, Andronikos seemed to have become increasingly unbalanced; executions and violence became increasingly common, and his reign turned into a reign of terror. Andronikos seemed almost to seek the extermination of the aristocracy as a whole. The struggle against the aristocracy turned into wholesale slaughter, while the emperor resorted to ever more ruthless measures to shore up his regime. 2647: 3036: 5730: 4228:. Beginning in the 630s, the Arab wars with the Romans halved Byzantine territory, including rich provinces such as Egypt. These collective disasters led to severe economic deterioration, culminating in large-scale deurbanization and impoverishment throughout the empire. Demographic and urban decline sparked the destruction of trade routes, with trade reaching its lowest point by the 8th century. Isaurian reforms and Constantine V's repopulation, public works, and tax measures marked the beginning of a revival that continued until 1204 despite territorial contraction. From the 10th century until the end of the 12th, the Byzantine Empire projected an image of luxury; travellers were impressed by the wealth accumulated in the capital. 4529: 4518: 1160: 2014: 5522: 2424: 5450: 4665: 27835: 2273:, brought troops from the capital and was able to gather an army along the way, a sign that the Byzantine army remained strong and that the defensive program of western Asia Minor was still successful. John and Manuel pursued active military policies, and both deployed considerable resources on sieges and city defences; aggressive fortification policies were at the heart of their imperial military policies. Despite the defeat at Myriokephalon, the policies of Alexios, John and Manuel resulted in vast territorial gains, increased frontier stability in Asia Minor, and secured the stabilisation of the empire's European frontiers. From 80: 5174: 5167: 5878: 3093: 3929: 3847:) would begin to free enslaved people who were prisoners of war, and from the 9th century onwards, emperors would free the slaves of conquered people. Christianity as an institution had no direct impact, but by the 6th century it was a bishop's duty to ransom Christians, there were established limits on trading them, and state policies which prohibited the enslavement of Christians shaped Byzantine slave-holding from the 8th century onwards. However, slavery persisted due to a steady source of non-Christians with prices remaining stable until 1300, when prices for adult slaves, particularly females, started rising. 4164:. Large sections of the Byzantine population lived within the many urbanized settlements inherited from the previously unified Roman Empire. Constantinople, the capital of the empire, was the largest city in the world at the time; it housed at least 400,000 people. These cities continued to grow during the 6th century, with evidence of massive construction projects suggesting that the Byzantine treasury remained strong. During the 5th and 6th centuries, rural development continued alongside urban development; the number of documented agricultural settlements increased significantly during this period. Although the 2134: 1535: 4708: 3514:, mercenaries and allies instead—and which led to a neglect in defensive capability. Mercenary armies would further fuel political divisions and civil wars that led to a collapse in the Empire's defence and resulting in significant losses such as Italy and the Anatolian heartland in the 11th century. Major military and fiscal reforms under the emperors of the Komnenian dynasty after 1081 re-established a modest-sized, adequately compensated and competent army. However, the costs were not sustainable and the structural weaknesses of the Komnenian approach—namely, the reliance on fiscal exemptions called 5220: 6075: 1679: 5761: 4394: 3507:, that guarded the emperor. The defence-orientated thematic militias were gradually replaced with more specialised offensive field armies but also to counter the generals who would rebel against the emperor. When the Empire was expanding, the state began to commute thematic military service for cash payments: in the 10th century, there were 6,000 Varangians, another 3,000 foreign mercenaries and when including paid and unpaid citizen soldiers, the army on paper was 140,000 (an expeditionary force was 15,000 soldiers and field armies seldom were more than 40,000). 944: 2069: 6056: 5636: 3344: 1346: 3920: 1791: 3900:

artisan guilds. They also worked in disreputable occupations: entertainers, tavern keepers, and prostitutes; a class where some saints and empresses allegedly originated from. Prostitution was widespread, and attempts were made to limit it, especially during Justinian's reign under the influence of Theodora. Women participated in public life, engaging in social events and protests. Women's rights would not be better in comparable societies, Western Europe or America until the 19th century.

27967: 27871: 793: 2476: 1988: 2612:, but the war-ravaged empire was ill-equipped to deal with the enemies that surrounded it. To maintain his campaigns against the Latins, Michael pulled troops from Asia Minor and levied crippling taxes on the peasantry, causing much resentment. Massive construction projects were completed in Constantinople to repair the damage of the Fourth Crusade, but none of these initiatives were of any comfort to the farmers in Asia Minor suffering raids from Muslim ghazis. 3966: 4468:, an indication of a thriving urban aristocracy. The game was introduced to the West by crusaders, who had developed a taste for it particularly during the pro-Western reign of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos. Chariot races were popular and held at hippodromes across the empire. There were four major factions in chariot racing, differentiated by the colour of the uniform which they wore; the colours were also worn by their supporters. These factions were the Blues ( 3069:, emphasizing peace as a strategic necessity. Even when it had more resources and less threats in the 6th century, the costs of defense were enormous; foreign affairs had become more multi-polar, complex and interconnected; further the challenges in protecting the empire's primarily agricultural income as well as numerous aggressive neighbours made avoiding war a preferred strategy. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, diplomats leveraged the Empire's status as 21904: 27899: 27950: 4254:, where they held special interests. The emperor and his officials intervened at times of crises to ensure the stockpiling of provisions for the capital and to keep the prices of cereals affordable. Finally, the government often collected a part of the economic surplus through taxation, and put it back into circulation through either redistribution in the form of salaries to state officials or in the form of investment in public works. 27859: 27847: 27933: 5816:), as well as differences in religious practices (such as celibacy, and even the growing of beards), underline the increasing separation of their unique social structures and cultures. Theological differences became more pronounced. There was a general lack of charity and respect on both sides. In 1054, the Patriarch of Constantinople refused to submit to the supremacy of the Roman Pope. Eventually, this all led to the 27916: 27823: 10765:: "The fifth century marked a definite turning point in Byzantine higher education. Theodosios ΙΙ founded in 425 a major university with 31 chairs for law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, rhetoric and other subjects. Fifteen chairs were assigned to Latin and 16 to Greek. The university was reorganized by Michael III (842–867) and flourished down to the fourteenth century". 3016:, the preservation of civilisation in eastern Europe was due to the skill and resourcefulness of the Empire's diplomacy, Imperial Diplomacy is one of its lasting contributions to the history of Europe. The Empire's longevity has been said to be due to its aggressive diplomacy in negotiating treaties, the formation of alliances, and partnerships with the enemies of its enemies, notably seen with the 3408:. The double-headed eagle is more confidently attested as a symbol of the emperor in the late era when Andronikos II Palaiologos used it in 1301, but Babuin also says that it never was exclusive to the Empire as other contemporary empires also used it. The tetragrammatic cross was a state symbol during the Palaiologoi, which has a four-fold symmetrical representation of the Greek letter 3028:. Diplomacy often involved long-term embassies, hosting foreign royals as potential hostages or political pawns, and overwhelming visitors with displays of wealth and power (with deliberate efforts that word of it would travel). Other tools in diplomacy included political marriages, bestowing titles, bribery, differing levels of persuasion, and leveraging intelligence as attested in the ‘ 5726:, along the trade and travel routes followed by merchants, soldiers and migrating tribes, moving from fewer than 50,000 adherents to over a million in the hundred years between 150 and 250. Driven by a universalist logic, Christianity has been, from its beginnings, a missionary faith with global aspirations, leading it to become a part of the history of a great many civilizations. 3180:) made the Praetorian Edict permanent and ruled that if all the Jurists agreed on a legal point, it would be considered law. The law eventually became confusing due to conflicting sources, and it was not clear what it should be. Efforts were made to reduce the confusion, such as two private collections collating the imperial constitutions since Hadrian's reign, the 5780:

The ancient state was a religious institution, yet East and West related to that State differently: the Catholic church condemned Roman culture as sinful, kept itself as separate as possible, and struggled to resist State control. This is in pointed contrast with Eastern Christianity which acclaimed harmony with Greek culture, and whose emperors and

3872:. Women usually married at ages 15–20, and were used as a way to connect men and create economic benefit among families. The average family had 2 children, with mortality rates around 40–50%. Divorce could be done by mutual consent but would be restricted over time, for example, only being allowed if a married person was joining a convent. 6235:, or edited collections such as The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies do not even mention the concept. It has been used as a way to distinguish earlier Roman emperors and Byzantine philosophy, but it is now understood that there was no real change and that the concept codified by Justinian originated with the power transition of the 2393:. The internal policy of the Angeloi was characterised by the squandering of the public treasure and fiscal maladministration. Imperial authority was severely weakened, and the growing power vacuum at the centre of the empire encouraged fragmentation. There is evidence that some Komnenian heirs had set up a semi-independent state in 5489:

first transmission of classical Greek knowledge to the West occurred during the Komnenian period. In terms of prosperity and cultural life, the Komnenian period was one of the peaks in Byzantine history, and Constantinople remained the leading city of the Christian world in size, wealth, and culture. There was a renewed interest in

2694:'s army of 80,000 men and large numbers of irregulars laid siege to the city. Despite a desperate last-ditch defence of the city by the massively outnumbered Christian forces (c. 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreign), Constantinople finally fell to the Ottomans after a two-month siege on 29 May 1453. The final Byzantine emperor, 753:", and "Byzantine history" significantly overlap, there is no consensus on a "foundation date" for the Byzantine Empire, if there was one at all. The growth of the study of "late antiquity" has led to some historians setting a start date in the seventh or eighth centuries. Others believe a "new empire" began during changes in 6223:, the "living law", both lawgiver and administrator, claimed as being in accordance with what Justinian I had codified. The concept is associated with Hellenistic ideas of kingship and authoritarianism that influenced medieval thought of absolute power, and is now better understood as being promoted by the pagan rhetorician 3688:) until the East's peak following Justinian's recovery of western territories in 540, the population could have been as high as 27 million, but would fall to as low as 12 million in 800. Plague and loss of territories to the Arab Muslim invaders significantly impacted the Empire, but it recovered, and by the near end of the 5212:– composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music – are today the most well-known forms. Ecclesiastical chants were a fundamental part of this genre. Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine music is closely related to the 6096:

As the only stable long-term state in Europe during the Middle Ages, Byzantium isolated Western Europe from newly emerging forces to the East. Constantly under attack, it distanced Western Europe from Persians, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, and for a time, the Ottomans. From a different perspective, since the

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This traditional approach towards Byzantium has been partially or wholly disputed and revised by modern studies, which focus on the positive aspects of Byzantine culture and legacy. From the ninth to the twelfth centuries, Byzantine Christianity converted and helped establish multiple nations in what

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in Greek as well, which legal historian Bernard Stolte proposes as a convenient breaking point to demarcate the end of Roman law and the start of Byzantine law. This division is proposed largely due to the legal heritage of Western Europe coming mostly from law written in Latin as transmitted through

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emperor and established himself in Trebizond. Of the three successor states, Epirus and Nicaea stood the best chance of reclaiming Constantinople. The Nicaean Empire struggled to survive the next few decades, however, and by the mid-13th century it had lost much of southern Anatolia. The weakening of

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After the empire's fall, early modern scholars referred to the empire by many names, including the "Empire of Constantinople", the "Empire of the Greeks", the "Eastern Empire", the "Late Empire", the "Low Empire", and the "Roman Empire". The increasing use of "Byzantine" and "Byzantine Empire" likely

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The patriarchs in the East frequently looked to the Pope, the bishop of Rome, to resolve disagreements for them, thereby establishing what would later become important features of papal power and influence. Still, by the end of the sixth century, large sections of both the Western and Eastern church

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Constantine's sponsorship produced an exuberant burst of Christian art and architecture, frescoes and mosaics for church walls, and hieroglyphic type drawings. While classical and Christian culture did coexist into the seventh century, Christian imagery gradually replaced classical images, which had

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The emperor was the centre of the whole administration of the Empire, who the legal historian Kaius Tuori has said was "above the law, within the law, and the law itself"; with a power that is difficult to define and which does not align with our modern understanding of the separation of powers. The

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at the head of the combined forces of the empire and the Crusader states; yet despite his efforts in leading the campaign, his hopes were disappointed by the treachery of his Crusader allies. In 1142, John returned to press his claims to Antioch, but he died in the spring of 1143 following a hunting

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Byzantium has been often identified with absolutism, orthodox spirituality, orientalism and exoticism, while the terms "Byzantine" and "Byzantinism" have been used as bywords for decadence, complex bureaucracy, and repression. Both Eastern and Western European authors have often perceived Byzantium

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is considered the greatest example of Byzantine humanism as he studied both classics and theology. In philosophy, there was a resurgence of classical learning not seen since the 7th century, characterised by a significant increase in the publication of commentaries on classical works. Moreover, the

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claims that these rights may have been what prevented the emergence of large properties and a hereditary nobility capable of intimidating the state. The prevalence of widows (estimated at 20%) meant that women often controlled family assets as heads of households and businesses, contributing to the

2497:, starting a major fire that damaged large parts of the city, and briefly seized control. Alexios III fled from the capital, and Alexios Angelos was elevated to the throne as Alexios IV along with his blind father Isaac. Alexios IV and Isaac II were unable to keep their promises and were deposed by 2290:

This allowed the Western provinces to achieve an economic revival that continued until the close of the century. It has been argued that Byzantium under the Komnenian rule was more prosperous than at any time since the Persian invasions of the 7th century. During the 12th century, population levels

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Having achieved stability in the West, Alexios could turn his attention to the severe economic difficulties and the disintegration of the empire's traditional defences. However, he still did not have enough manpower to recover the lost territories in Asia Minor and to the advance by the Seljuks. At

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The historian Sofie Remijsen indicates that there are several reasons to conclude that the Olympic games continued after Theodosius I, as the traditional end day of 393 is linked to his anti-pagan constitution. She argues that the games instead came to an end under Theodosius II when a fire burned

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Its use of vernacular language, and the development of the first Slavic written script, increased education and literacy and influenced the direction of the spiritual, religious, and cultural development of the entire region. The Byzantines also preserved and copied classical manuscripts, and they

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to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The conquest of 1453 destroyed the Orthodox Church as an institution of the Christian empire inaugurated by Constantine, sealing off Greek-speaking Orthodoxy from the West for almost a century and a half. However, the church survived in altered form, and the spiritual

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The Church of this age was seen by its supporters as a universal all-embracing union of separate individual churches. Yet, the tendency for East and West to grow apart was already evident. The western church spoke Latin, while the East spoke, and wrote, in Greek and at least five other languages.

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During the third century, 10–15% of the population was enslaved (numbering around 3 million in the east). Youval Rotman calls the changes to slavery during this period "different degrees of unfreedom". Previous roles fulfilled by slaves became high-demand free market professions (like tutors), and

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claims the fiscally stretched Empire could only handle one major enemy at a time. The Islamic conquests between 634 and 642 led to significant changes, transforming the 4th-7th centuries field forces into provincialised militia-like units with a core of professional soldiers. The state shifted the

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states that the Constantinople patriarch elevated the emperor's credibility, during this challenging time as the Empire battled militant Islam geographically and Latin Christians economically; and ultimately, it was its efficient foreign relations that kept the state alive in this late era and not

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states a change in policies by emperors in the 9th and early 10th centuries was the basis for future activity. This change involved halting, reversing, and attacking Muslim power; cultivating relations with Armenians and Rus; and subjugating the Bulgarians. Telemachos Lounghis notes that diplomacy

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The Ekloge in 741 made marriage a Christian institution and no longer a private contract, and the institution's development correlated with the increased rights of slaves and the change in power relations. Marriage was considered an institution to sustain the population, transfer property rights,

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in 1025, the population is estimated to have been as high as 18 million. A few decades after the recapture of Constantinople in 1282, the Empire's population was in the range of 3–5 million; by 1312, the number had dropped to 2 million. By the time the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople, there

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In earlier times, cities had been a collection of self-governing communities with central government and church representatives, whereas the emperor focused on defense and foreign relations. The Arab destruction primarily changed this due to constant war and their regular raids, with a decline in

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succeeded him in 1118 and ruled until 1143. John was a pious and dedicated emperor who was determined to undo the damage to the empire suffered at the Battle of Manzikert half a century earlier. Famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign, John was an exceptional example of a moral

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Constantine did not make Christianity the state religion. Law, literature, rituals, and institutions indicate that converting the empire to Christianity was a complex, long-term, slow-paced, and uneven process with no single moment or event to mark Christianity becoming the Roman Empire's state

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banned the pictorial representation of Christ, saints, and biblical scenes. Bishops, the army and the civil service supported the emperors, while monks, sometimes at the cost of their lives, and the western papacy, refused to participate, leading to further separation between the East and West.

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in the Church from the 7th century onwards, women were mostly assigned household responsibilities that were "labour-intensive". They worked in professions, such as in the food and textile industry, as medical staff, in public baths, had a heavy presence in retail, and were practicing members of

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There was never an official language of the Empire, however, Latin and Greek were the main languages. During the early years of the Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek had been useful to pass the requirements to be an educated noble, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military,

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claims that over time, the distinction between field troops and garrison units eventually disappeared as resources were strained. The frequent civil wars further drained the Empire, now increasingly instigated by foreigners such as the Serbs and Turks to win concessions, and the emperors were

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rose and extensive tracts of new agricultural land were brought into production. Archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a notable upsurge in new towns. Trade was also flourishing; the Venetians, the

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Following the split of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, the West fell victim to political instability, social unrest, civil war, and invasions from foreign powers. In contrast, the Byzantines remained comparatively stable, allowing for the growth of a flourishing and resilient economy.

4127:; these were typically the languages of the lower strata of the population and the illiterate, who were the vast majority. The Empire was a multi-lingual state, but Greek bound everyone, and the forces of assimilation would lead to the diversity of its peoples' languages declining over time. 4156:, and the maintenance of infrastructure created a secure environment for economic growth. In the 530s, the territory of the empire encompassed both a massive population of around 30 million people and a wide array of natural resources. The Byzantines had access to resources such as abundant 5807:

According to the early Christian expert Tia Kolbaba, the Arab, Lombard, and Slavic invasions contributed to the alienation between the churches of Rome and Constantinople despite their shared past. Disagreement about Constantinople's jurisdiction compared to Rome's intensified as a result.

3132:(satellite states) and the principle of unbalanced power less effective and eventually abandoned. This meant by the 11th century, the Empire had changed this core diplomatic principle to one of equality, and Byzantine diplomacy evolved instead to solicit and utilise the emperor's presence. 2250:. In an effort to restore Byzantine control over the ports of southern Italy, he sent an expedition to Italy in 1155, but disputes within the coalition led to the eventual failure of the campaign. Despite this military setback, Manuel's armies successfully invaded the southern parts of the 2615:

Rather than holding on to his possessions in Asia Minor, Michael chose to expand the empire, gaining only short-term success. To avoid another sacking of the capital by the Latins, he forced the Church to submit to Rome, again a temporary solution for which the peasantry hated Michael and

727:. "Byzantine" was used adjectivally alongside terms such as "Empire of the Greeks" until the 19th century. It is now the primary term, used to refer to all aspects of the empire; some modern historians believe that, as an originally prejudicial and inaccurate term, it should not be used. 3251:

was inaccessible in Latin, particularly in the Empire's provinces. There was also a stronger association of Christianity with the law, after people questioned how the law was developed and used following the 7th century Islamic conquests. Together, this created the backdrop for Leo III

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were principally responsible for carrying, in person and writing, ancient Greek grammatical, literary, mathematical, and astronomical knowledge to early Renaissance Italy. They also brought with them classical learning and texts on botany, medicine and zoology, as well as the works of

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Regional variations led to competing orthodoxies, and conflicts over defining heresy and orthodoxy dominated fourth century Christianity. These ongoing controversies were a large part of what led the Armenian, Assyrian, and Egyptian churches to combine into what is today known as

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roots, with most changes and different styles being evident only in the upper strata of Byzantine society, however, always with the influence of the Hellenic environment. The Byzantines preferred colour and pattern, and made and exported very richly patterned cloth, especially

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regards this as undeniable, and both Cameron and Obolensky recognize the major role of Byzantium in shaping Orthodoxy, which in turn occupies a central position in the history, societies and culture of Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia, Georgia, Serbia and other countries.

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In 1439, a reunion agreement between the Eastern and Western church was proposed. Popular resistance in the East interfered, so it wasn't until 1452 that the decree of union was officially published in Constantinople. The agreement was overthrown the very next year by the

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from Syria who fled during the Arab conquest of Syria. However, it has also been argued that no single person invented Greek fire, but rather, that it was "invented by the chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school...".

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Education was voluntary and required financial means to attend, with the most literate people being the ones associated with the church. Reading, writing, and arithmetic were foundational subjects taught in primary education whereas Secondary school focused on the

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submitted to Venice. The Empire of Trebizond, which had split away from the Byzantine Empire just weeks before Constantinople was taken by the Crusaders in 1204, became the last remnant of and de facto successor state to the Byzantine Empire. Efforts by Emperor

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BC onwards, and especially so in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces with a change due to Diocletian's reforms: there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the west, and Latin was asserted as the language of power in the east.

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The navy dominated the eastern Mediterranean and were active also on the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean. Imperial naval forces were restructured to challenge Arab naval dominance in the 7th century, and would later cede its own dominance to the

1618:. Although she was a capable administrator who temporarily resolved the iconoclasm controversy, the empire was destabilized by her feud with her son. The Bulgars and Abbasids meanwhile inflicted numerous defeats on the Byzantine armies, and the papacy crowned 2472:, son of the deposed and blinded Emperor Isaac II, made contact with the Crusaders. Alexios offered to reunite the Byzantine church with Rome, pay the Crusaders 200,000 silver marks, join the crusade, and provide all the supplies they needed to reach Egypt. 3778:

in 212 to all free men residing in its territories transformed the multi-lingual Roman Empire, expanding citizenship to a vast majority of its population and leading to a shift towards societal uniformity, particularly in its citizens' religious practices.

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to recover Jerusalem and the East from the Muslims. The response in Western Europe was overwhelming. Alexios was able to recover a number of important cities, islands and much of western Asia Minor. The Crusaders agreed to become Alexios' vassals under the

3227:) commissioned a complete standardisation of imperial decrees since Hadrian's reign, and also incorporated a comprehensive collection of Jurists' opinions, resolving conflicts to create a final authority. This work was not restricted in its scope to just 4924:. Manuscript painting preserved some of the classical realist tradition that was missing in larger works till the end of the empire. Byzantine art was highly prestigious and sought-after in Western Europe, where it maintained a continuous influence on 3894:

Although women shared the same socio-economic status as men, they faced legal discrimination and had limitations in economic opportunities and vocations. Prohibited from serving as soldiers or holding political office, and restricted from serving as

5493:, as well as an increase in literary output in vernacular Greek. Byzantine art and literature held a pre-eminent place in Europe, and the cultural impact of Byzantine art on the West during this period was enormous and of long-lasting significance. 5216:. It remains the oldest genre of extant music, of which the manner of performance and (with increasing accuracy from the 5th century onwards) the names of the composers, and sometimes the particulars of each musical work's circumstances, are known. 1934:, agree with Skylitzes that by demobilising these soldiers, Constantine did catastrophic harm to the empire's eastern defences. The emergency lent weight to the military aristocracy in Anatolia, who in 1068 secured the election of one of their own, 18367: 3855:

Agriculture was the main basis of taxation and the state sought to bind everyone to land for productivity. Most land consisted of small and medium-sized lots around villages, with family farms serving as the primary source of agriculture. The

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Lasting for over one hundred years, this ban led to nearly all figurative religious art being destroyed. It wasn't until the tenth and early eleventh centuries that Byzantine culture fully recovered and Orthodoxy was again manifested in art.

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in 1045. Importantly, both Georgia and Armenia were significantly weakened by the Byzantine administration's policy of heavy taxation and abolishing of the levy. The weakening of Georgia and Armenia played a significant role in the Byzantine

5658:, an incendiary weapon which could even burn on water, is attributed to the Byzantines. It played a crucial role in the empire's victory over the Umayyad Caliphate during the siege of Constantinople (717–718). The discovery is attributed to 5908:. The despotate continued as an independent state by paying an annual tribute to the Ottomans. Incompetent rule, failure to pay the annual tribute, and a revolt against the Ottomans finally led to Mehmed II's invasion of Morea in May 1460. 1002:. He was the last emperor to rule both the western and eastern halves of the empire; after his death, the West would be destabilised by a succession of "soldier-emperors", unlike the East, where administrators would continue to hold power. 3798:

in 529 when conversions would be enforced. The confiscation of pagan treasures, diversion of funds, and legal discrimination led to the decline of paganism, resulting in events like the closure of schools of philosophy and the end of the

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about the suffering of the Christians of the East and underscored that without help from the West, they would continue to suffer under Muslim rule. Urban saw Alexios' request as a dual opportunity to cement Western Europe and reunite the

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expressing tolerance for all religions in 313. The Edict was a pluralist policy, and throughout the Roman Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries, people chose between a variety of religious groups in a kind of "religious marketplace".

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Through a combination of luck, cultural factors, and political decisions, the Eastern empire never suffered from rebellious barbarian vassals and was never ruled by barbarian warlords—the problems which ensured the downfall of the West.

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7th century, the evolution and constant reshaping of the Byzantine state were directly related to the respective progress of Islam. Following the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II took the title "

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and sophistication as a state, which influenced the formation of new settlements on former Roman territories. Byzantine diplomacy drew fledgling states into dependency, creating a network of international and inter-state relations (the

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was chosen as patriarch. The lands divided up among the leaders included most of the former Byzantine possessions. Although Venice was more interested in commerce than conquering territory, it took key areas of Constantinople, and the

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The Byzantines pioneered the concept of the hospital as an institution offering medical care and the possibility of a cure for the patients, as a reflection of the ideals of Christian charity, rather than merely being a place to die.

2258:. By 1168, nearly the whole of the eastern Adriatic coast lay in Manuel's hands. Manuel made several alliances with the pope and Western Christian kingdoms, and he successfully handled the passage of the crusaders through his empire. 4367:. The garos fish sauce condiment was also not much appreciated by the unaccustomed; Liutprand of Cremona described being served food covered in an "exceedingly bad fish liquor". The Byzantines also used a soy sauce-like condiment, 892:, the previous capital, was further from the important eastern provinces and in a less strategically important location; it was not esteemed by the "soldier-emperors" who ruled from the frontiers or by the empire's population who, 2201:

in Asia Minor. His campaigns fundamentally altered the balance of power in the East, forcing the Turks onto the defensive, while retaking many towns, fortresses, and cities across the peninsula for the Byzantines. He defeated the

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caused significant demographic decline, negatively affecting the production and demand of the Byzantine economy; consequently, the Imperial treasury took a substantial hit. Economic downturn was worsened by conflicts with the

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states that there were nine dynasties between Heraclius in 610 and 1453, however only 30 of those 843 years was the Empire not ruled by men linked by blood or kinship which was largely due to the practice of co-emperorship.

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The Roman and Byzantine law codes form the basis of the modern world's civil law tradition, underlying the legal system of Western and Eastern Europe, Latin America, African nations like Ethiopia, the countries that follow

3640:

and the Southern Peloponnese Tzacones/Lakones (marines), and Proselontes/Prosalentai (oarsmen)—but similarly could not sustain funding a standing force, largely relying on mercenaries as soldiers and fiscal exemptions to

3583:) and could be used to transport cavalry. The galleys were oar-driven, designed for coastal navigation, and are estimated to be able to operate for up to four days at a time. They were equipped with apparatus to deliver 17353: 6253:

argues that it's a common misconception that they were banned by decree and that instead the declining interest in chariot games, lack of funding (due to state policies) and hostility from zealots is what led to their

5776:, Christians of this era compiled many of Christianity's greatest works as they transformed and defined its art, culture, literature, philosophy and politics, its internal and external relationships, and its theology. 5276:, in Venice, where it is considered by many to have been the predecessor of the contemporary violin, which later flourished there. The bowed "lyra" is still played in former Byzantine regions, where it is known as the 3548:

in the 11th century. The navy's patrols, in addition to chains of watchtowers and fire signals that warned inhabitants of threats, created the coastal defense for the Empire and were the responsibility of three themes

3078:) dominated by the Empire, utilising Christianity as a tool. This network focused on treaty-making, welcoming new rulers into the family of kings, and assimilating social attitudes, values, and institutions into what 17688: 1430:

began almost immediately, and the Byzantines resorted to holding fortified centres and avoiding battle at all costs; although it was invaded annually, Anatolia avoided permanent Arab occupation. The outbreak of the

4359:, wine flavoured with pine resin, was also drunk, as it still is in Greece today. "To add to our calamity the Greek wine, on account of being mixed with pitch, resin, and plaster was to us undrinkable", complained 23548: 5166: 1208:

and Justinian produced extensive legislation on provincial administration; he reasserted imperial control over religion and morality through purges of non-Christians and "deviants"; and having ruthlessly subdued

17376: 5382:(from ancient Greek: angion (Τὸ ἀγγεῖον), "the container"), had been played even in Roman times and continue to be played throughout the empire's former realms till the present day. These are namely the Balkan 2689:

Constantinople by this stage was underpopulated and dilapidated. The population of the city had collapsed so severely that it was now little more than a cluster of villages separated by fields. On 2 April 1453,

1495:

sought to build on the stability secured by his father Constantine but was overthrown in 695 after attempting to exact too much from his subjects; over the next twenty-two years, six more rebellions followed in

459:. The term "Byzantine Empire" was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as "Romans". Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to 1423:. By Heraclius' death in 641, the empire had been severely reduced economically as well as territorially—the loss of the wealthy eastern provinces had deprived Constantinople of three-quarters of its revenue. 17592: 3328:

was the basis of Greece's civil code until the mid-20th century. Historians used to think that "there was no continuity between Roman and Byzantine law", but this view has now changed due to new scholarship.

1656:, permanently extinguished the iconoclastic movement; the empire prospered under their sometimes-fraught rule. However, Michael was posthumously vilified by historians loyal to the dynasty of his successor 55: 5851:

schism and the Venetian and Genoese conquests during the Fourth Crusade introduced divisions, but these did not significantly impact the commercial or cultural life of the Jewish or Christian communities.

2057:. Guiscard's death in 1085 temporarily eased the Norman problem. The following year, the Seljuq sultan died, and the sultanate was split due to internal rivalries. By his own efforts, Alexios defeated the 4907:

is mostly religious and, with exceptions during certain periods, is highly conventional, following traditional models that translate carefully controlled church theology into artistic terms. Painting in

4599:

with golden backgrounds. Byzantine architects used marble mostly as interior cladding, in contrast to the structural roles it had for the Ancient Greeks. They used mostly stone and brick, and also thin

17775: 1565:), two of the most capable Byzantine emperors, withstood continued Arab attacks, civil unrest, and natural disasters, and reestablished the state as a major regional power. Leo's reign produced the 13010: 4932:

art. However, few incoming influences affected the Byzantine style. With the expansion of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Byzantine forms and styles spread throughout the Orthodox world and beyond.

3880:

rise of some empresses to power. Women were major taxpayers, landowners, and petitioners to the imperial court, primarily seeking resolution for property-related disputes in the latter capacity.

2593:

that would eventually conquer Constantinople. However, the Mongol invasion also gave Nicaea a temporary respite from Seljuk attacks, allowing it to concentrate on the Latin Empire to its north.

17113: 4239:

tried to revive the economy, but the late Byzantine state could not gain full control of either foreign or domestic economic forces. Eventually, Constantinople also lost its influence on the

5753:

religion. Constantine wrote laws against sacrifice and magic, and laws that favored Christianity, but there was no legislation forcing the conversion of polytheists until the reign of the

20073: 5943:

to the Roman Empire. They considered that they had shifted their religious basis as Constantine had done before, and they continued to refer to their conquered Eastern Roman inhabitants (

779: 5480:, and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. In this period, the Byzantines provided the earliest model of 5620:. Unlike Aristotle, who based his physics on verbal arguments, Philoponus relied on observations. Philoponus' criticism of the Aristotelian principles of physics was an inspiration for 1256:

that killed a large proportion of the population and severely weakened the empire's social and financial stability. The most difficult period of the Ostrogothic war, against their king

12414: 848:, when a combination of external threats and internal instabilities caused the Roman state to splinter as regional armies acclaimed their generals as "soldier-emperors". One of these, 5986:, is a term traditionally applied by Slavs to the Byzantine emperors). Their successors supported the idea that Moscow was the proper heir to Rome and Constantinople. The idea of the 637:

in 1261, the reconstituted empire would wield only regional power during its final two centuries of existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans in

645:

to the Ottomans in 1453 ultimately brought the empire to an end. Many refugees who had fled the city after its capture settled in Italy and throughout Europe, helping to ignite the

11831: 10862:

Homeland of origin and elective homelands: multiple citizenships in the Greek world during the Roman period; proceedings of the international conference of Tours, 6–7 November 2009

4928:

till the near end of the period. This was especially true in Italy, where Byzantine styles persisted in modified forms through the 12th century, and became formative influences on

4604:

sheets for windows. Mosaics were used to cover brick walls and any other surface where fresco would not resist. Notable examples of mosaics from the proto-Byzantine era are at the

4261:

were certainly imported into Egypt and appeared also in Bulgaria and the West. The state strictly controlled internal and international trade, and retained the monopoly of issuing

3803:. Christianity was also aided by the prevalence of Greek, and Christianity's debates further increased the importance of Greek, making the emergent church dependent on branches of 12736: 5772:

In the fourth century, the diverse network of separate churches became an organization that mirrored the structure of the Roman Empire. Often referred to as the "golden age" of

863:, or rule of four, and dividing the empire into eastern and western halves. Although the Tetrarchy system quickly failed, the division of the empire proved an enduring concept. 2295:

and others opened up the ports of the Aegean to commerce, shipping goods from the Crusader states and Fatimid Egypt to the west and trading with the empire via Constantinople.

20783: 3089:

has called a "Byzantine Caliphate". Diplomacy with the Muslim states, however, differed and centred on war-related matters such as hostages or the prevention of hostilities.

23592: 17696: 2265:

against the Turks. These losses were quickly recovered, and in the following year Manuel's forces inflicted a defeat upon a force of "picked Turks". The Byzantine commander

4257:

One of the economic foundations of Byzantium was trade, fostered by the maritime character of the empire. Textiles must have been by far the most important item of export;

1268:

failed to make a real difference. Justinian died in 565; his reign saw more success than that of any other Byzantine emperor, yet he left his empire under massive strain.

23559: 17992: 2682:) to establish themselves in Europe. By the time the Byzantine civil wars had ended, the Ottomans had defeated the Serbians and subjugated them as vassals. Following the 691:), due to having a contested legacy to Roman identity and to associate negative connotations from ancient Latin literature. The adjective "Byzantine", which derived from 1848: 1571:, a new code of law to succeed that of Justinian II, and continued to reform the "theme system" in order to lead offensive campaigns against the Muslims, culminating in 23539: 23535: 19198:"K. Buraselis, ΘΕΙΑ ΔΩΡΕΑ. ΜΕΛΕΤΕΣ ΠΑΝΩ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΤΗΣ ΔΥΝΑΣΤΕΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΣΕΒΗΡΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ CONSTITUTIO ANTONINIANA (with English summary) (Academy of Athens monograph 1)" 17394: 2343:

Andronikos began his reign well; in particular, the measures he took to reform the government of the empire have been praised by historians. According to the historian

15734: 4301:

for the lower. A different border or trimming round the edges was very common, and many single stripes down the body or around the upper arm are seen, often denoting

3366:. It later came to represent the emperor and was used by his successors for legitimisation and is known to have had usage up until the reign of Nikephoros II Phokas ( 2967:

and the army was separated from the civil administration. From the 7th century onwards, the prefectures became provinces and were later divided into districts called

17600: 19970:

Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)

6263:

This is despite Hellenic culture already having a long influence on Roman identity and the entrenchment of the Greek language in the east since the Hellenistic era.

13230: 4092:

claims contact with Western Europe in the 10th century revived Latin studies, and by the 11th century, knowledge of Latin was no longer unusual in Constantinople.

2218:, Prince of Antioch, to recognise Byzantine suzerainty. In an effort to demonstrate the emperor's role as the leader of the Christian world, John marched into the 5674:

were taught in Trebizond; medicine attracted the interest of almost all scholars. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 fuelled the era later commonly known as the "

4070:

in the 8th century, following the collapse of the Western Empire after the Muslim invasions broke the connection between speakers. During the reign of Justinian (

2505:, and Constantinople was subjected to pillage and massacre by the rank and file for three days. Many priceless icons, relics and other objects later turned up in 2385:, saw the collapse of what remained of the centralised machinery of Byzantine government and defence. Although the Normans were driven out of Greece, in 1186 the 1810:

in southern Italy in the west. Many successes had been achieved, ranging from the conquest of Bulgaria to the annexation of parts of Georgia and Armenia, and the

539:

The empire experienced several cycles of decline and recovery throughout its history, reaching its greatest extent after the fall of the west during the reign of

28022: 10858:

Patrie d'origine et patries électives: les citoyennetés multiples dans le monde grec d'époque romaine actes du colloque international de Tours, 6–7 novembre 2009

3139:

managed to recover Constantinople in 1261 and its statecraft is what allowed the weakened Empire to act like a great power of the past in the 13–14th centuries.

23562: 3658:. The strategy of employing mercenary Turks to fight civil wars was repeatedly used by emperors and always led to the same outcome: subordination to the Turks. 3377:

also known as the tau-rho, and the cross were the most prominent Christian signs that could be seen, with the labarum-cross becoming the main banner during the

2513:, a prostitute was even set up on the patriarchal throne. When order had been restored, the crusaders and the Venetians proceeded to implement their agreement; 2374:. Andronikos mobilised a small fleet of 100 ships to defend the capital, but other than that he was indifferent to the populace. He was finally overthrown when 28027: 25410: 23533: 4284:

Byzantine dress changed considerably over the thousand years of the Empire, but was essentially conservative. Popular Byzantine dress remained attached to its

3783:'s reforms significantly altered governmental structure, reach and taxation, and these reforms also had the effect of downgrading the first capital, Rome. The 1825:

The Byzantine Empire then fell into a period of difficulties, caused to a large extent by the undermining of the theme system and the neglect of the military.

16071:

van Dieten, Jan Louis (1980). "Die Byzantinische Literatur – Eine Literatur Ohne Geschichte?" [Byzantine Literature – A Literature Without History?].

7887: 7820: 21016: 7954: 17076: 16924: 12071:"The De Militari Scientia or Müller Fragment as a philological resource. Latin in the East Roman army and two new loanwords in Greek: palmarium and *recala" 4436:, which is still popular in former Byzantine realms and still known by the same name in Greece. Byzantine nobles were devoted to horsemanship, particularly 3388:

was a symbol that was in continuous usage by the military until the 6th century, with one or two eagles likely representing the emperor through all reigns.

1391:

and Egypt and pushed into Asia Minor, while Byzantine control of Italy slipped and the Avars and Slavs ran riot in the Balkans. Although Heraclius repelled

23450: 17907: 3769: 18524: 6200:

Leo VI was officially the son of Basil I, but a persistent rumour alleged that he had been fathered by Michael III, who had previously taken Leo's mother

5128:. The empire's final centuries saw a renewal of hagiography and increased Western influence, leading to mass Greek to Latin translations. Authors such as 4172:

by Justinian I were expensive and draining campaigns, they reopened Mediterranean trade routes and parts of the Roman west were reconnected with the east.

3836:, tenants bound to the land, as a new legal category between freemen and slaves. From 294, but not completely, the enslavement of children was forbidden; 2624:

marked Byzantium's last genuine attempts to restoring the glory of the empire. However, the use of mercenaries by Andronikos II often backfired, with the

1260:, came during this decade, while divisions among Justinian's advisors undercut the administration's response. He also did not fully heal the divisions in 3079: 2336:. After eliminating his potential rivals, he had himself crowned as co-emperor in September 1183. He eliminated Alexios II and took his 12-year-old wife 17505: 9872: 3997:

Most early emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the

1427: 5808:

Misunderstandings and conflicts over ritual, such as the use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, and differences in points of doctrine (such as the

24860: 23585: 19996: 1123:

brought occasional issues, Anastasius was a capable administrator and instituted several successful financial reforms including the abolition of the

13002: 5888:

By the time of the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, already an empire in name only since the Fourth Crusade, had been reduced to three

4985:. Most contemporary scholars consider all medieval Greek texts to be literature, but some offer varying constraints. The literature's early period ( 2460:

in the summer of 1202 and hired the Venetian fleet to transport them to Egypt. As a payment to the Venetians, they captured the (Christian) port of

14509: 4572: 2707: 2585:

to set up their own principalities in Anatolia, weakening the Byzantine hold on Asia Minor. Two centuries later, one of the Beys of these beyliks,

23558: 5714: 4448:. Emperor Basil I excelled at it; Emperor Alexander died from exhaustion while playing, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was injured while playing with 28057: 19867: 14551: 2401:, "the dynasty of the Angeloi, Greek in its origin, ... accelerated the ruin of the Empire, already weakened without and disunited within." 16436:"Medieval Sourcebook: Iconoclastic Council, 754 – Epitome of the definition of the iconoclastic Conciliabulum, held in Constantinople, A.D. 754" 5955:(whose rulers also considered themselves the heirs of the Eastern Roman Emperors) harboured Orthodox refugees, including some Byzantine nobles. 5709: 4452:, and John I of Trebizond died from a fatal injury during a game. Other than Constantinople and Trebizond, other Byzantine cities also featured 1240:

In the 540s, however, Justinian began to suffer reversals on multiple fronts. Taking advantage of Constantinople's preoccupation with the West,

21892: 20246: 20147: 15473:

The Roman Empire: Essays on the Constitutional History from the Accession of Domitian (81 A.D.) to the Retirement of Nicephorus III (1081 A.D.)

11368: 6119: 6089:

are thus regarded as transmitters of classical knowledge, as important contributors to modern European civilization, and as precursors of both

2853:) and Singidunum. By water, Crete, Cyprus and Sicily were key naval points and the main ports connecting Constantinople were Alexandria, Gaza, 2418: 1525: 634: 79: 22307: 10498:"John H. Pryor and Elizabeth M. Jeffreys, The Age of the ΔPOMΩN: the Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2006. Pp. lxxvii, 754" 8286: 5722:

The first Christian communities began in Judea, in the Roman Empire, in the second quarter of the first century. They swiftly spread into the

25297: 21580: 20157: 20090: 19059: 14864: 13760: 12406: 8324: 7830: 5804:

remained unconvinced they should be submissive to the Roman See. The vision of a universal and united Christendom was slowly coming undone.

3378: 2941:

proclamations of the crowds of Constantinople, and the inaugurations of the patriarch from 457, would legitimise the rule of an emperor. The

1669: 783: 18622: 3787:

dynasty's support for Christianity, as well as the elevation of Constantinople as an imperial seat, further solidified this transformation.

3636:

that ruled until 1453, built on the Komnenian foundation initially with four types of military units—the Thelematarii (volunteer soldiers),

2242:. Manuel reinforced his position as overlord of the Crusader states, with his hegemony over Antioch and Jerusalem secured by agreement with 28062: 25839: 23578: 23514: 20105: 20100: 1140: 1136: 13662: 13527: 10757:. "The Formation of the Hellenic Christian Mind". Christian Hellenism: Essays and Studies in Continuity and Change. 1998: A. D. Caratzas. 8346: 1953:

and was captured. Alp Arslan treated him with respect and imposed no harsh terms on the Byzantines. In Constantinople a coup put in power

27254: 25881: 25869: 23553: 23471: 21181: 20167: 20142: 16791: 13392: 5842: 4835: 4243:

of trade, price mechanisms, control over the outflow of precious metals and, according to some scholars, even over the minting of coins.

3815:

views Christianity as "bringing no economic, social, or political changes to the state other than being more deeply integrated into it".

2359: 2022: 1982: 1521: 583: 23480: 13471: 11066: 10811:. Transformation of the Classical Heritage. Vol. 7. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. p. 122. 7755: 1871:

who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century. During a period of strife between Constantinople and Rome culminating in the

25928: 23560: 23546: 23545: 23522: 23521: 21532: 21515: 20172: 20152: 18838:

Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery 1984 & 1985: Cookery: Science, Lore & Books: Proceedings (Introduction by Alan Davidson)

18015: 17166: 12730: 11034:

Emperor and Senators in the Reign of Constantius II: Maintaining Imperial Rule Between Rome and Constantinople in the Fourth Century AD

7090: 5438: 2698:, was last seen casting off his imperial regalia and throwing himself into hand-to-hand combat after the walls of the city were taken. 2315: 1529: 23554: 23517: 23489: 23476: 19516: 16447: 12407:"Clothing of the Byzantine Empire. Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages" 9247: 8365: 5924:

to recruit European powers for an anti-Ottoman crusade provoked war between the Ottomans and Trebizond in the summer of 1461. After a

28007: 23495: 21231: 21077: 21049: 20693: 20685: 20162: 20095: 3392:

would later be adopted, but the lack of evidence makes it a challenge to confidently identify what was the most prominent. Historian

3007: 1673: 1315: 1291: 787: 559: 23542: 23519: 18907: 13301: 8970:

Eck, Werner (2016). "The Emperor, the Law and Imperial Administration". In DuPlessis, Paul J.; Tuori, Kaius; Ando, Clifford (eds.).

5718:

Map of the Roman empire with the distribution of the Christian congregations of the first three centuries displayed for each century

4035:, a compilation of mostly Roman jurists, was written almost entirely in Latin; however, the laws issued after 534, from Justinian's 3645:

who provided a small force of mostly cavalry. The Fleet was disbanded in 1284 and attempts were made to build it back later but the

3210:) elevated five Jurists to the role of principal authorities and compiled the legislation issued since Constantine's reign into the 896:, considered themselves "Roman". Constantine extensively reformed the empire's military and civil administration and instituted the 28042: 25844: 23507: 23500: 23496: 23443: 21427: 20788: 12576: 6129: 5705: 5549: 5321: 5229: 4039:

onwards, were in both Greek and Latin, which marks the year when the government also officially began to use the former language.

2427: 999: 987: 533: 464: 133: 12537: 11766: 11157: 28012: 27216: 25854: 23943: 21276: 16896:——— (2022). "From "Empire of the Greeks" to "Byzantium"". In Ransohoff, Jake; Aschenbrenner, Nathanael (eds.). 5181: 4856: 4231:

The Fourth Crusade led to the disruption of Byzantine manufacturing and the commercial dominance of the Western Europeans in the

3362:, initially for the army, which was a pole with a transverse bar forming a cross, with the monogram of Christ, also known as the 23557: 23556: 23552: 23501: 23487: 23482: 23474: 23473: 4670:

Diptych Leaf with a Byzantine Empress; 6th century; ivory with traces of gilding and leaf; height: 26.5 cm (10.4 in);

4444:. The game came from Sassanid Persia, and a Tzykanisterion (stadium for playing the game) was built by Theodosius II inside the 4175: 1630:

in 811. Military defeats and societal disorder, especially the resurgence of iconoclasm, characterised the next eighteen years.

28052: 27161: 25849: 25583: 21756: 21281: 19922: 19593:

The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century

17977: 13332: 5781: 4587:

plans favored in medieval Western European churches, Byzantine churches usually had more centralized ground plans, such as the

3473:

states that the field forces of the Eastern Empire between 284 and 602 were the best in the western world, while the historian

1587:

against the Bulgars, and continued to make administrative and military reforms. However, due to both emperors' support for the

905: 23540: 23534: 23529: 14582: 13853: 13729: 2468:, which was a vassal city of Venice, it had rebelled and placed itself under Hungary's protection in 1186. Shortly afterward, 2230:, who campaigned aggressively against his neighbours both in the west and east. In Palestine, Manuel allied with the Crusader 709:

was established on, was only used to describe the inhabitants of that city; it did not refer to the empire, which they called

27131: 25956: 25483: 24853: 23555: 23260: 22642: 21680: 20440: 20433: 19989: 19785: 19749: 19698: 19676: 19601: 19577: 19558: 19505: 19476: 19425: 19406: 19380: 19328: 19307: 19288: 19256: 19068: 18957: 18935: 18901: 18850: 18813: 18794: 18775: 18745: 18718: 18692: 18573: 18551: 18510: 18488: 18454: 18317: 18298: 18279: 18253: 18193: 18159: 18138: 18081: 18025: 17966: 17882: 17812: 17788: 17753: 17732: 17619: 17581: 17559: 17486: 17465: 17417: 17306: 17261: 17242: 17151: 17127: 17065: 16905: 16886: 16850: 16809: 16768: 16707: 16627: 16602: 16571: 16544: 16525: 16506: 16366: 16343: 16321: 16299: 16268: 16244: 16158: 16137: 16118: 15986: 15950: 15792: 15773: 15752: 15556: 15537: 15457: 15412: 15365: 15346: 15318: 15299: 15258: 15230: 15207: 15173: 15086: 15060: 15041: 15006:

Micheau, Françoise. "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In

14962: 14835: 14644: 14617: 14561: 14527: 13547: 13510: 13465: 13385: 13202: 12893: 12844: 12819: 12794: 12713: 12674: 12505: 12390: 12025: 11965: 11817: 11120: 11050: 10917: 10869: 10762: 10448: 9812: 9031: 8989: 8801: 8544: 7749: 5820:, also known as the "Great Schism", which officially separated Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. 4718: 4302: 2935: 1794:

Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe throughout late antiquity and most of the Middle Ages until the

1505: 1466: 1374: 19607: 18165: 18052: 17312: 16774: 16274: 16164: 15992: 15956: 15179: 14567: 13208: 10825: 8550: 6280:

as a resolution, yet more problems continued to develop. Schisms broke out after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 wrote the

27221: 27096: 26249: 24245: 23963: 23504: 21432: 21291: 20579: 19339: 19197: 16439: 16008:

Day, Gerald W. (1977). "Manuel and the Genoese: A Reappraisal of Byzantine Commercial Policy in the Late Twelfth Century".

10497: 8296: 7840: 4613: 3040: 2659: 1326:. Phocas lost Constantinople in 610 and was soon executed, but the destructive civil war accelerated the empire's decline. 455:

in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the

23549: 23547: 23486: 23166: 19963: 17407: 9387: 4246:

The government attempted to exercise formal control over interest rates and to set the parameters for the activity of the

28047: 28037: 27887: 27769: 25802: 24916: 24758: 24501: 24449: 23436: 20423: 19937: 18663: 17428: 14514:. Vol. 6: The Middle Ages: The Christian World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–97. 13257: 5648: 4624:. Christian liturgies were held in the interior of the churches, the exterior usually having little to no ornamentation. 4216:. Heraclius waged numerous campaigns to fend off the mounting threats to the empire, recovering the wealthy provinces of 3293:, but also noteworthy because they show an effort to define the emperor's power according to the prevalent laws. Leo VI ( 3121:

with the West became more challenging from 752/3 and later with the Crusades, as the balance of power shifted. Historian

2931: 2646: 16377: 13238: 12630: 6043:, the focus was mainly on the classical past, while Byzantine tradition had been associated with negative connotations. 6016: 3347:

The Chi-Rho cross with a wreath, above Roman soldiers, symbolising a representation of the resurrection of Christ c. 350

1217:. Justinian took advantage of political instability in Italy to attempt the reconquest of lost western territories. The 27956: 27623: 25473: 24640: 24311: 23470: 23312: 22312: 21761: 21174: 19912: 17388: 17347: 17095: 16980: 11316: 6204:

as his mistress. One of Leo's first acts was to rebury Michael III in Basil's mausoleum, which exacerbated the rumours.

5872: 5457: 5076: 4804: 4420:

because of a very unlucky dice throw for Zeno (red), as he threw 2, 5 and 6 and was forced to leave eight pieces alone.

3672: 3491:

The military structure would diversify to include militia-like soldiers tied to regions, professional thematic forces (

2955:) was the first military overthrow since the third century, his reign also being one of 43 emperors violently removed. 2337: 1965:. By 1081, the Seljuks had expanded their rule over virtually the entire Anatolian plateau from Armenia in the east to 1726: 1704: 1584: 622: 23499: 23488: 18263: 15605:

Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (2007a). "Introduction". In Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W. (eds.).

13357: 5106:, rejected the Encyclopedist emphasis on order, and were interested in individual-focused ideals variously concerning 3445:

In the 5th century the East was fielding five armies of ~20,000 each in two army branches: stationary frontier units (

3316:, published in 1345 by a jurist, was a law book in six volumes compiled from a wide range of Byzantine legal sources. 27141: 25901: 25468: 25463: 25439: 25290: 24752: 24360: 23541: 21956: 21862: 20428: 19717: 19453: 19221: 18976: 18616: 18046: 17713: 17537: 16961: 16681: 16397: 15661: 15614: 15583: 15493: 15280: 15029: 14984: 13887: 13829: 13819: 13799: 13789: 11804:(1st ed.). Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 10816: 10784: 6114: 6011: 5940: 5679: 2037:

in 1081. From the outset of his reign, Alexios faced a formidable attack from the Normans under Guiscard and his son

1876: 1648:, overhaul provincial governance, and wage inconclusive campaigns against the Abbasids. After his death, his empress 23475: 5571:

were cultivated and preserved in Byzantium. Therefore, Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with

4508: 4095:

Many other languages are attested in the Empire, not just in Constantinople but also at its frontiers. They include

2992:) during his legal reforms formally ending the rights of city councils and the legislative authority of the senate. 1736:, which codified Constantinople's trading regulations. In non-literary contexts Leo was less successful: the empire 1202:

was a watershed in Byzantine history. Following his accession in 527, the law-code was rewritten as the influential

27754: 27349: 27156: 25829: 25478: 25405: 24846: 23601: 20925: 19982: 19651: 16727:"The origins of Christianity in the territory of Czech and Slovak republics within the contexts of written sources" 16182:"Spatial constraints on the diffusion of religious innovations: The case of early Christianity in the Roman Empire" 12106: 11037:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215–228, 325. 10176: 7883: 7816: 6227:

from 364 as the Empire transitioned into Christianity. More recent scholarship, such as the narrative histories of

4001:. Classical languages expert Bruno Rochette claims Latin had experienced a period of spread from the second century 3860:

once referred to as proto-serfs, were free citizens; however, their status remains a subject of historical debate.

3623: 3561:) and an imperial fleet that consisted of mercenaries like the Norsemen and Russians that later became Varangians. 2270: 1299: 1265: 1055: 440: 17: 23526: 18863:(1993). "The Evidence for the Conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity in Book 16 of the 'Theodosian Code". 17476: 16294:. Publications for the Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College, London. Aldershot, Burlington (Vt.): Ashgate. 5951:. This claim gradually faded away as the Ottoman Empire assumed a more Islamic political identity. Meanwhile, the 2537:

After the sack of Constantinople in 1204 by Latin crusaders, two Byzantine successor states were established: the

2378:, surviving an imperial assassination attempt, seized power with the aid of the people and had Andronikos killed. 27779: 27382: 27247: 25422: 25355: 24770: 23481: 22938: 21897: 21719: 20251: 20019: 19899: 19809: 17101: 17035: 16916: 15445: 15423: 10984: 7554: 6666: 6144: 5017: 4828: 4240: 3824: 3116:

has claimed "defensive imperialism", shaped by the Empire's strategic location and limited resources. Historian

3017: 2304: 2183: 913: 736: 23510: 22100: 19957: 19730:(2008). "Byzantine diplomacy: good faith, trust and co-operation in international relations in Late Antiquity". 17946: 11331: 3310:, a monumental work consisting of 60 books, and that became the foundation of all subsequent Byzantine law. The 3231:, but also covered the power of the emperor, the organisation of the Empire and other matters now classified as 3035: 1802:

Basil II is considered among the most capable Byzantine emperors and his reign as the apex of the empire in the

1767:

used his fleet to secure power, crowning himself and demoting Constantine to the position of junior co-emperor.

27566: 27399: 27337: 26176: 26101: 25859: 24746: 24650: 24594: 23752: 23536: 23520: 21867: 21857: 21729: 21650: 21468: 21336: 20908: 20852: 20773: 20640: 19544: 17141: 17117: 16738: 15589: 15471: 14913:

Anastos, Milton V. (1962). "The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961".

12385:. The new Middle Ages series (Transferred to digital print ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. 10248: 8530: 8395: 6182: 6149: 6007: 5991: 5594:, and it is through this manuscript tradition, kept alive by the school of mathematics and engineering founded 5444: 4744: 4632: 4445: 3794:

built on previous emperors' bans and enacted many laws restricting pagan activities; but it would not be until

3440: 3393: 2494: 2398: 1958: 1867:

At the same time, Byzantium was faced with new enemies. Its provinces in southern Italy were threatened by the

1819: 1014: 25052: 23505: 23494: 23477: 16413:

Grosdidier de Matons, Jean (1967). "La femme dans l'empire byzantin" [Women in the Byzantine Empire].

5270:). The first of these, the early bowed stringed instrument known as the Byzantine lyra, came to be called the 27774: 27683: 26672: 24635: 24569: 24368: 24100: 24023: 23874: 23509: 23479: 23376: 21724: 21714: 21629: 21384: 21169: 17161: 16465: 15915:

Cross, Richard (2001). "A Recent Contribution on the Distinction between Monophysitism and Chalcedonianism".

11890: 9835:

Salogubova, Elena; Zenkov, Alan (15 June 2018). "Roman law 's influence on russian civil law and procedure".

6870: 6806: 6710: 5030: 4962: 3909: 3889: 3865: 2982: 1649: 1408: 1392: 1303: 770:. Geoffrey Greatrex believes that it is impossible to precisely date the foundation of the Byzantine Empire. 120: 23532: 20604: 19833: 19031:. "7: Byzantine-Arab diplomacy in the Near East from the Islamic conquests to the mid-eleventh century". In 17497: 11799: 7390: 6926: 2453: 28002: 26512: 26116: 25568: 25283: 25250: 23550: 23371: 23255: 21798: 21766: 21670: 21379: 21351: 21159: 20698: 18503:

The Templars: The Dramatic History of the Knights Templar, The Most Powerful Military Order of the Crusades

15467: 12313: 12311: 11762: 10864:]. Scripta antiqua (in French). Bordeaux Pessac Paris: Ausonius éd. diff. de Boccard. pp. 79–98 . 10528: 5516: 5071:) saw a renewed proliferation of literature and revived the earlier Hellenic-Christian synthesis. Works by 5054: 3725: 3710: 3338: 2724:

as its capital. In the 5th century, it controlled the eastern basis of the Mediterranean running east from

2601: 2042: 1778:, resulting in the annexation of several Georgian provinces to the empire. Basil's successors also annexed 1645: 1450:", in which troops were allocated to defend specific provinces. With the help of the recently rediscovered 1108:

to take control of Italy from Odoacer, which he did; dying with the empire at peace, Zeno was succeeded by

859:), seeing that the state was too big to be ruled by one man, attempted to fix the problem by instituting a 23511: 23485: 16879:

Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition

14592: 12568: 7046: 6690: 6554: 1744:, while he provoked theological scandal by marrying four times in an attempt to father a legitimate heir. 1150: 27997: 27733: 27728: 27344: 27211: 27136: 26895: 25951: 25834: 25380: 24764: 24716: 24407: 23894: 23530: 23527: 23381: 22418: 21522: 21164: 21011: 20768: 20519: 19266: 18435:

Pryor, John H. (2017). "The Dromōn and the Byzantine navy". In Buchet, Christian; Balard, Michel (eds.).

18359: 17271:

Kenworthy, Scott M. (2008). "Beyond Schism: Restoring Eastern Orthodoxy to the History of Christianity".

16613: 15972: 14815:

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)

10648: 9494: 7498: 5157: 4651: 2371: 2235: 845: 649:. The fall of Constantinople is sometimes used to mark the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the 23551: 23506: 23490: 23478: 23472: 19823: 14636:

Reclaiming Byzantium: Russia, Turkey and the Archaeological Claim to the Middle East in the 19th Century

12308: 11548: 9018:. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, New Delhi and Singapore: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. 6534: 4571:, particularly in religious buildings, can be found in diverse regions ranging from Egypt and Arabia to 3112:

The primary objective of diplomacy was survival, not conquest, and it was fundamentally defensive or as

3021: 2985:

states that due to the Empire's fight for survival, it developed into one centre of power, with Leo VI (

2945:

had its own identity but would become an extension of the emperor's court, becoming largely ceremonial.

1724:, a Greek translation of Justinian I's law-code which included over 100 new laws of Leo's devising; the 1500:. The reconstituted caliphate sought to break Byzantium by taking Constantinople, but the newly crowned 27813: 27789: 27784: 27240: 27171: 26835: 26727: 26497: 26269: 26091: 25999: 25864: 25807: 24710: 24704: 24655: 24645: 24075: 24060: 23923: 23512: 21842: 21788: 21527: 21399: 21389: 21089: 20969: 20847: 20778: 20666: 20635: 20478: 20418: 19847: 18896:. Vol. IV: Mediaeval Christianity. A.D. 590–1073. Grand Rapids, Michigan: CCEL. pp. 161–162. 18403: 17822: 16331: 13328: 11668: 11301:"Review of: Response: Rotman on Lenski on Youval Rotman, Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World" 6124: 6060: 5861: 5485: 4945: 4821: 4285: 2969: 2695: 2637: 2621: 1962: 1447: 1435:

in 656 gave Byzantium breathing space, which it used wisely: some order was restored in the Balkans by

638: 308: 169: 31: 23544: 23537: 23518: 19864: 18381:

Poppe, Andrzej (1991). "Christianity and Ideological change in Kievan Rus': The First Hundred Years".

15436: 13296: 11866: 11141: 10700: 9793:(2010). "Magna Carta, the ius commune, and English Common Law". In Senderowitz Loengard, Janet (ed.). 9582: 6782: 6514: 3598:) developed professional marines, this combination kept a check on Muslim raiding through piracy. The 3273:

which Zachary Chitwood claims were likely used on a daily basis in the provinces as companions to the

1334: 28032: 27992: 27759: 27513: 27474: 27191: 26284: 26239: 26166: 26086: 26034: 26024: 25976: 25323: 24822: 24105: 23503: 23502: 23498: 23493: 23484: 23339: 22487: 22051: 21702: 21226: 21082: 20867: 20758: 20645: 19445: 17460:. Vol. 2: AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–481. 14605: 11185: 5925: 5088: 5087:

was heavily reorganized. After this early flowering of monastic literature, there was a dearth until

5049:), production of literature mostly stopped, although some important theologians were active, such as 3757: 3312: 2617: 2198: 1915: 1815: 1416: 1261: 499: 23513: 12974: 9962: 1806:. By 1025, the date of Basil II's death, the Byzantine Empire stretched from Armenia in the east to 610:, and Constantinople would remain the largest and wealthiest city in Europe until the 13th century. 26792: 26702: 26211: 26191: 26186: 26171: 26124: 26064: 26019: 25821: 24728: 24080: 23933: 23869: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23297: 23272: 23122: 22781: 22776: 21001: 20753: 20240: 20119: 9763: 7314: 6105:

of Rome), since he was determined to make the Ottoman Empire the heir of the Eastern Roman Empire.

6040: 5929: 5928:, David surrendered the city of Trebizond on 14 August 1461. Trebizond's Crimean principality, the 5897: 5659: 5490: 5001: 4916:

and on wood panels and mosaics, especially in earlier periods, were the main media, and figurative

4671: 4169: 3228: 3136: 2609: 2514: 2351: 1923: 1741: 1517: 1497: 1481:. Nevertheless, he and Constans had done enough to secure the empire's position, especially as the 1230: 978:

to settle in Roman territory; he also twice intervened in the western half, defeating the usurpers

23492: 23491: 23483: 19497: 19043:. "18: Blood and ink: some observations on Byzantine attitudes towards warfare and diplomacy". In 14849: 13754: 12429: 10124:(Report) (in Greek). pp. 209–221 – via University of Thessaly Institutional Repository. 8321: 7964: 6039:

as a body of religious, political, and philosophical ideas contrary to those of the West. Even in

1127:. He was the first emperor to die with no serious problems affecting his empire since Diocletian. 28067: 27839: 27764: 27422: 27201: 27181: 27121: 27111: 27101: 26507: 26196: 26096: 26076: 25991: 25981: 25686: 25626: 25606: 25318: 25001: 24816: 24491: 24383: 24345: 23840: 23770: 23516: 23364: 23245: 22786: 22739: 22682: 22381: 22325: 22073: 21907: 21331: 21057: 20877: 20763: 18091: 16354: 16073: 15375: 15159: 11269: 9982: 9790: 9642: 9047: 7630: 7410: 7070: 6614: 6281: 6236: 6173: 6139: 5952: 5741: 5701: 5561: 5213: 4997: 4707: 4036: 3775: 3749: 3236: 2574: 2390: 2366:

who declared his independence from the Byzantine Empire. Yet, none of these troubles compared to

2287:, the Komnenian army assured the empire's security, enabling Byzantine civilisation to flourish. 2262: 2187: 2182:. He thwarted Hungarian and Serbian threats during the 1120s, and in 1130 he allied himself with 2095: 1737: 1600: 1396: 1370: 893: 720: 491: 23524: 19180: 18806:

Pagans and Christians in the Late Roman Empire: New Evidence, New Approaches (4th–8th centuries)

6494: 6302: 5958:

At Constantine's death, the role of the emperor as a patron of Eastern Orthodoxy was claimed by

4021:

in 439 expanded its use in legal procedures, the first law in Greek was issued in 448, and when

2243: 2013: 27588: 27417: 27206: 27196: 27146: 27126: 26940: 26915: 26880: 26762: 26487: 26134: 25896: 25427: 24776: 24722: 24670: 24660: 24496: 24439: 24110: 23508: 23497: 23386: 23287: 23282: 22970: 22918: 22838: 22771: 22675: 22660: 22553: 22320: 22274: 22115: 22002: 21832: 21422: 21264: 20708: 20514: 20488: 20483: 20256: 20232: 20228: 20195: 19875: 19623: 19487: 14994: 14813: 13652: 12157: 10754: 10082: 6946: 6762: 6742: 6454: 6134: 5893: 5882: 5825: 5583:, the Greek mathematician and architect of the Hagia Sophia, produced the first compilation of 4913: 4884: 4734: 4617: 4568: 4537: 4498: 4388: 4225: 3804: 3125:

claims the number and nature of the Empire's neighbours also changed significantly, making the

2651: 2641: 2550: 2502: 2266: 1922:

calls the "Iberian Army", which consisted of 50,000 men, and it was turned into a contemporary

1478: 1412: 1404: 1189: 642: 614: 591: 563: 448: 23515: 19931:. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. 14423: 13389: 9135: 4339:(known as plakountas tetyromenous or tyritas plakountas), and the famed medieval sweet wines ( 2355: 1938:, as emperor. In the summer of 1071, Romanos undertook a massive eastern campaign to draw the 1252:

in 540. Meanwhile, the emperor's internal reforms and policies began to falter, not helped by

763:

AD. Still others hold that these starting points are too early or too late, and instead begin

27922: 27668: 27533: 27176: 27106: 26930: 26682: 26482: 26477: 26274: 26181: 26106: 26069: 26054: 26029: 26009: 25911: 25168: 24740: 24584: 24536: 24522: 24350: 24090: 24003: 23953: 23632: 23615: 23543: 23531: 23317: 23277: 23090: 22965: 22029: 22019: 21978: 21949: 21550: 21404: 20594: 20504: 20468: 20353: 20083: 20078: 18339:

Martín, Inmaculada Pérez. "Modes of Manuscript Transmission (Ninth–Fifteenth Centuries)". In

18007: 16669: 16053: 15874: 14889: 13455: 12292: 9866: 7733: 7594: 7466: 7370: 7274: 7238: 7026: 6890: 6646: 6594: 5963: 5905: 5625: 5606: 5602: 5050: 5005: 4232: 3800: 3784: 3602:

were the most advanced galleys on the Mediterranean, until the 10th century development of a

3117: 3097: 2964: 2820: 2679: 2423: 2329: 2170:

ruler at a time when cruelty was the norm. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine

2146: 2038: 1700: 1644:), who exploited economic growth to complete construction programs, including rebuilding the 1595:, they were later vilified by Byzantine historians; Constantine's reign also saw the loss of 925: 909: 825: 607: 503: 188: 23205: 19777: 17429:"The Spread of Roman Citizenship, 14–212 ce: Quantification in the Face of High Uncertainty" 16180:

Fousek, Jan; Kaše, Vojtěch; Mertel, Adam; Výtvarová, Eva; Chalupa, Aleš (26 December 2018).

9711: 9652: 9211: 9171: 6830: 5729: 2658:

The situation became worse for Byzantium during the civil wars after Andronikos III died. A

2197:

In the later part of his reign, John focused his activities on the East, personally leading

28017: 27973: 27723: 27718: 27658: 27593: 27498: 27186: 27151: 26840: 26707: 26607: 26532: 26397: 26360: 25736: 25400: 24788: 24665: 24604: 24589: 24512: 24476: 24432: 24422: 24200: 24172: 23978: 23822: 23720: 23664: 23410: 23240: 23210: 23085: 23016: 22987: 22906: 22240: 22078: 22068: 21793: 21776: 21597: 21356: 21321: 21204: 21141: 21136: 20671: 20614: 19951: 19881: 19767: 19533: 19016: 18842: 18836: 18203: 17978:"The Understanding of Papal Supremacy as revealed in the Letters of Pope Gregory the Great" 17866: 17231: 16754: 16435: 16195: 13539: 12729:

Ousterhout, Robert (2021). "Middle Byzantine Church Architecture". In Freeman, Evan (ed.).

10804: 10272: 10006: 9731: 8981: 6474: 6090: 5817: 5765: 5684: 5617: 5512: 5481: 4950: 4941: 4896: 4789: 4555: 4360: 4146: 4043: 4031: 3702: 3216: 3203:

Eventually, an official reform of Roman law was initiated by the East, when Theodosius II (

3140: 3092: 3084: 3044: 3029: 2367: 2247: 2231: 1872: 1826: 1760: 1660:, who assassinated him in 867 and who was given credit for his predecessor's achievements. 1634: 1588: 1543: 1534: 1501: 1204: 1109: 937: 248: 65: 26830: 23190: 17292: 11648: 10443:. Oxford classical monographs. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 311. 10392: 9067: 8971: 7518: 7218: 6574: 5277: 4591:

plan deployed in many Middle Byzantine churches. They also often featured marble columns,

8: 27851: 27827: 27688: 27618: 27561: 27478: 27304: 27116: 26965: 26767: 26637: 26587: 25906: 25503: 25204: 25149: 25063: 24970: 24948: 24810: 24541: 24444: 24427: 24417: 24272: 24195: 24018: 24013: 23948: 23848: 23758: 23459: 23102: 22982: 22948: 22850: 22670: 22665: 22477: 22196: 22132: 22007: 21992: 20703: 20619: 20609: 20473: 20236: 20224: 20111: 18888: 18126: 17745:

The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal systems of Europe and Latin America

17051: 16389: 15268: 13657: 13451: 13291: 10128: 9562: 9331: 8270: 7430: 7350: 6850: 6434: 5967: 5675: 5568: 5557: 5422: 5141: 5107: 5039: 4929: 4764: 4200: 3693:

were only 50,000 people in the city, which was one-tenth of its population in its prime.

3633: 3397: 3189: 3001: 2546: 2542: 2382: 2321: 2215: 2103: 2086: 2062: 1943: 1935: 1927: 1784: 1764: 1732: 1253: 1234: 1105: 991: 671:

The inhabitants of the empire, now generally termed Byzantines, thought of themselves as

662: 650: 599: 555: 495: 456: 61: 27939: 22818: 22808: 18680: 18640:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 17826: 17403: 17301:. Translated and edited by Gary Leiser. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 16520:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi and Sydney: Bloomsbury Academic. 16199: 12383:

Byzantine dress: representations of secular dress in eighth- to twelfth-century painting

11612: 10612: 10584: 10372: 9849: 9351: 8076: 7686: 7666: 6966: 4363:, who was the ambassador sent to Constantinople in 968 by the German Holy Roman Emperor 3760:

who created the Departments of Law (Διδασκαλεῖον τῶν Νόμων) and Philosophy (Γυμνάσιον).

3465:) wove them into the tax system, with provinces evolving into military regions known as 2433: 2073: 932:, religious debates, and anti-corruption campaigns, ended in the East with the death of 929: 602:. Thereafter, periods of civil war and Seljuk incursion resulted in the loss of most of 27875: 27794: 27698: 27482: 27434: 27429: 27332: 27322: 27279: 27271: 27166: 26890: 26697: 26552: 26492: 26412: 26355: 26219: 25455: 25434: 24912: 24734: 24630: 24625: 24620: 24599: 24564: 24559: 24517: 24481: 24340: 24235: 24157: 24130: 24070: 23973: 23958: 23796: 23776: 23538: 23215: 23195: 23178: 23129: 22994: 22803: 22754: 22687: 22605: 22546: 22541: 22536: 22492: 22462: 22354: 22252: 22120: 22095: 21781: 21771: 21645: 21316: 21199: 21116: 20979: 20331: 20311: 20291: 20281: 20047: 19828: 19643: 19548: 19235: 19167: 18872: 18860: 18751: 18464: 18460: 17938: 17854: 17846: 17284: 17210: 17027: 17019: 16941: 16713: 16657: 16591: 16577: 16482: 16443: 16309: 16218: 16181: 16107: 16090: 16033: 16025: 15240: 15121: 15113: 14938: 13746: 13433: 12766:] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică. pp. 92, 93. 12545: 12098: 11974: 11926: 11846: 11823: 11401: 11393: 9951: 8912: 8873: 8774: 8735: 8417: 8400: 7737: 6214: 6021: 5995: 5959: 5921: 5901: 5793: 5789: 5580: 5572: 5534: 5508: 5410: 5103: 4993: 4860: 4794: 4739: 4559: 4384: 4298: 3991: 3837: 3706: 3689: 3554: 3541: 3478: 3432: 3301: 3211: 3166: 2838: 2824: 2791:. In the north and west were the Balkans, the corridors between the mountain ranges of 2749: 2557: 2469: 2457: 2344: 2251: 2191: 2034: 1992: 1954: 1775: 1572: 1420: 1124: 1078: 1070: 1034: 587: 575: 272: 26805: 18969:

Byzantine Diplomacy: Papers of the Twenty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies

17649:

Sarris, Peter. "The Eastern Roman Empire from Constantine to Heraclius (306–641)". In

15401: 15332: 12132: 11708: 11480: 9641:

Stolte, Bernard (2018). Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.).

8792:

Christov, Ivan (2020). "Political Philosophy, Byzantine". In Lagerlund, Henrik (ed.).

7294: 7118: 5541:' various works. The influence of Archimedes' principles of solid geometry is evident. 4265:, maintaining a durable and flexible monetary system adaptable to the needs of trade. 3654:

dependent on mercenaries to keep control all the while dealing with the impact of the

1699:) continued Michael's policies. His armies campaigned with mixed results in Italy but 829: 27673: 27648: 27628: 27608: 27598: 27488: 27470: 27439: 27372: 27289: 27263: 26800: 26652: 26407: 26367: 26345: 25553: 25195: 25185: 24579: 24574: 24507: 24466: 24460: 24301: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24008: 23988: 23938: 23928: 23909: 23324: 23220: 23156: 23151: 23080: 22977: 22692: 22620: 22615: 22457: 22386: 22369: 22364: 22359: 22159: 22110: 21903: 21837: 21742: 21675: 21655: 21623: 21555: 21542: 21463: 21458: 21209: 20974: 20824: 20343: 20296: 20286: 20276: 19781: 19745: 19713: 19694: 19672: 19635: 19597: 19573: 19554: 19501: 19472: 19449: 19421: 19402: 19394: 19390: 19376: 19359: 19324: 19303: 19284: 19252: 19227: 19217: 19064: 18986: 18972: 18953: 18945: 18931: 18897: 18846: 18809: 18790: 18771: 18741: 18714: 18688: 18655: 18612: 18569: 18547: 18530: 18520: 18506: 18484: 18450: 18423: 18313: 18294: 18275: 18268: 18249: 18229: 18189: 18181: 18155: 18134: 18077: 18069: 18042: 18021: 17962: 17942: 17930: 17878: 17858: 17808: 17802: 17784: 17759: 17749: 17728: 17709: 17625: 17615: 17577: 17555: 17533: 17482: 17461: 17444: 17413: 17384: 17343: 17302: 17257: 17238: 17202: 17147: 17137: 17123: 17091: 17083: 17061: 17031: 17011: 16976: 16957: 16945: 16901: 16882: 16874: 16864: 16846: 16805: 16764: 16717: 16703: 16691: 16677: 16661: 16623: 16617: 16598: 16567: 16540: 16521: 16502: 16422: 16421:] (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Nouvelle librairie de France. pp. 11–43. 16393: 16362: 16339: 16317: 16295: 16264: 16240: 16223: 16154: 16133: 16114: 16059: 16037: 15982: 15946: 15788: 15769: 15748: 15701: 15657: 15610: 15579: 15552: 15533: 15489: 15453: 15408: 15361: 15342: 15314: 15295: 15276: 15254: 15244: 15226: 15203: 15169: 15146: 15125: 15082: 15075: 15070: 15056: 15037: 14980: 14958: 14930: 14831: 14809: 14640: 14613: 14557: 14523: 14501: 13883: 13825: 13815: 13795: 13785: 13543: 13506: 13461: 13425: 13381: 13198: 13106: 12889: 12840: 12815: 12790: 12767: 12709: 12618: 12501: 12386: 12090: 12021: 11961: 11827: 11813: 11767:

Modern Greek in Asia Minor. A study of the dialects of Sílli, Cappadocia and Phárasa.

11412: 11405: 11385: 11308: 11116: 11046: 10973: 10934: 10913: 10886: 10865: 10812: 10800: 10780: 10758: 10517: 10444: 9943: 9854: 9808: 9227: 9027: 8985: 8904: 8865: 8797: 8766: 8727: 8540: 7745: 7138: 6986: 6250: 6232: 5971: 5797: 5545: 5502: 5115: 4809: 4779: 4774: 4754: 4749: 4517: 4368: 4314: 4262: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4067: 3982: 3876: 3812: 3646: 3545: 3499:). Foreign mercenaries also increasingly became employed, including the better-known 3474: 3454: 3183: 3126: 3122: 3113: 3013: 2963:

As a result of the Diocletianic–Constantinian reforms, the Empire was organised into

2854: 2800: 2578: 2510: 2441: 2255: 2239: 2227: 2175: 1756: 1580: 1482: 1306:

during the 590s, but although he managed to re-establish Byzantine control up to the

1295: 579: 551: 284: 19318: 16796:. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13324: 12538:"Medieval Sourcebook: Liutprand of Cremona: Report of his Mission to Constantinople" 12469: 10292: 9087: 7911: 7873: 4077:), Latin disappeared in the east, though it may have lingered in the military until 3343: 681:). Their Islamic neighbours similarly called their empire the "land of the Romans" ( 27663: 27578: 27523: 27493: 27444: 27387: 27377: 27312: 27284: 26865: 26825: 26757: 26692: 26617: 26612: 26384: 26307: 26254: 26049: 26044: 25933: 25792: 25741: 25701: 25671: 25666: 25661: 25651: 25573: 25520: 25513: 25498: 25493: 25345: 24796: 24378: 24373: 24296: 24230: 24225: 24095: 24065: 24033: 23889: 23834: 23791: 23570: 23173: 22960: 22955: 22911: 22898: 22828: 22796: 22791: 22655: 22632: 22593: 22526: 22509: 22450: 22440: 22435: 22376: 22332: 22302: 22262: 22228: 22191: 21942: 21707: 21500: 21448: 21394: 21361: 21311: 21104: 21094: 20872: 20560: 20452: 20375: 20358: 20336: 20321: 20306: 20220: 19773: 19737: 19710:

Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century

19525: 19493: 19435: 19351: 19276: 19209: 19135: 19054: 18733: 18647: 18602: 18594: 18442: 18415: 18390: 18363: 18219: 17922: 17838: 17637: 17547: 17436: 17280: 17194: 17003: 16797: 16649: 16559: 16474: 16385: 16213: 16203: 16082: 16049: 16017: 15924: 15740: 15633: 15512: 15503:——— (2016). "Late antiquity and Byzantium: an identity problem". 15387: 15378:(1976). "Eastern and western Christendom in late antiquity: a parting of the way". 15339:

Principate and Dominate: Thoughts on the Periodization of the Roman Imperial Period

15105: 15015: 14922: 14901: 14515: 13875: 13845: 13726: 13535: 13498: 13417: 12950: 12701: 12082: 11805: 11377: 11217: 11108: 11038: 11008: 10965: 10905: 10509: 10232: 9935: 9844: 9800: 9648: 9019: 8977: 8857: 8719: 8409: 8361: 6228: 6201: 5944: 5129: 5058: 4954: 4850: 4605: 4188: 4124: 4104: 3974: 3831: 3629: 3496: 3470: 3025: 2942: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2683: 2570: 2538: 2498: 2375: 2325: 2179: 2166: 2158: 2154: 1939: 1841: 1830: 1779: 1752: 1627: 1319: 1018: 921: 813: 326: 150: 19731: 18348:

Papaioannou, Stratis (2021a). "What Is Byzantine Literature? An Introduction". In

12666: 11564: 11532: 10668: 9526: 7006: 5605:, that such works are known today, primarily through the school's production, the 3990:

government, or law. In the east, Greek was the dominant language, a legacy of the

3269:(the Farmers’ Law, the Seamen’s Law, and the Soldiers’ Law) were derived from the 3032:’ from the 4th century and which is likely the first foreign intelligence agency. 2898: 2874: 876:) secured sole power in 324. Over the following six years, he rebuilt the city of 27703: 27678: 27466: 27449: 27294: 26960: 26772: 26752: 26712: 26647: 26597: 26592: 26467: 26417: 26325: 26159: 26139: 26059: 25508: 25333: 25262: 25231: 25226: 25216: 24926: 24319: 24287: 24282: 24262: 24125: 24085: 24055: 24038: 23998: 23983: 23968: 23899: 23884: 23801: 23781: 23654: 23391: 23359: 23232: 23200: 23183: 23139: 23134: 23112: 23107: 23065: 23058: 23033: 22893: 22888: 22729: 22610: 22504: 22499: 22467: 22292: 22282: 22176: 22169: 22164: 22149: 22105: 21987: 21973: 21852: 21685: 21665: 21660: 21615: 21605: 21565: 21560: 21510: 21505: 21286: 20892: 20809: 20804: 20544: 20534: 20370: 20364: 20348: 20326: 20316: 20301: 19941: 19916: 19871: 19741: 19591: 19439: 19158:

Sinnigen, William G. (1963). "Barbaricarii, Barbari and the Notitia Dignitatum".

19028: 18824: 18763: 18583:

Rochette, Bruno (2011). "Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire". In

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Kaldellis, Anthony. "The Reception of Classical Literature and Ancient Myth". In

18149: 18036: 17926: 17903: 17296: 17122:. Vol. 2. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1234–1237. 17055: 16949: 16840: 16758: 16695: 16494: 16258: 16208: 16148: 16086: 15976: 15940: 15763: 15680: 15431: 15328: 15248: 15195: 15163: 14860: 14634: 13750: 13733: 13396: 13361: 13192: 12700:. The Brill reference library of Judaism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 162. 12128: 10121: 10058: 8534: 8328: 7891: 7824: 7729: 6219: 6082: 5848: 5723: 5621: 5613: 5465: 5394: 5317: 5272: 5219: 5209: 5173: 5153: 5140:

alongside the preservation of classical traditions, which greatly influenced the

5124: 5111: 5099: 5013: 5012:

tradition—sought to synthesize these influences. Important early writers include

4799: 4769: 4759: 4664: 4588: 4429: 4393: 4279: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4022: 4009:

Despite this, Greek's influence gradually grew in the government, beginning when

3956: 3504: 3324:, with ongoing debates about its impact on Islamic countries. As an example, the 2769: 2625: 2582: 2522: 2324:

on the throne. Alexios was highly incompetent in the office, and with his mother

2171: 2116: 2107: 2099: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1857: 1811: 1748: 1708: 1611: 1470: 1400: 1358: 1310:, he pushed his troops too far in 602—they mutinied, proclaimed an officer named 1287: 1245: 1059: 917: 724: 24177: 22813: 19300:

Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204

18588: 18404:"The Constantinian Labarum and the Christianization of Roman Military Standards" 12086: 11910: 11381: 10904:. Empire and after. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 46. 10216: 9466: 4066:

won out as the spoken and written standard. Latin fragmented into the incipient

3790:

In the late 4th century, when the majority of the Empire's citizens were pagan,

3614:

with the development of a late 11th century Western (Southern Italian) variant.

2663: 2133: 27653: 27643: 27638: 27633: 27613: 27603: 27518: 27461: 27354: 27317: 27015: 26657: 26392: 26340: 26312: 26259: 26244: 26224: 26039: 26014: 25971: 25961: 25787: 25761: 25691: 25676: 25641: 25601: 25362: 25200: 24802: 24698: 24692: 24292: 24267: 24140: 24135: 24120: 24115: 24050: 24045: 24028: 23993: 23786: 23764: 23708: 23647: 23334: 23329: 23292: 23267: 23250: 23161: 23146: 23117: 23075: 22923: 22883: 22878: 22833: 22759: 22719: 22709: 22699: 22514: 22393: 22287: 22154: 22036: 21690: 21570: 21303: 21062: 20956: 20942: 20741: 20445: 20200: 19903: 19727: 19686: 19587: 19529: 18598: 18584: 18436: 18241: 17569: 17328: 16860: 16382:

Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900

16102: 15481: 14972: 14950: 11795: 11032: 10927:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After" 10879:"Review of: Law, Language, and Empire in the Roman Tradition. Empire and After" 10684: 9794: 9647:. Vol. 1. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–232. 9287: 9013: 7706: 6213:

Scholars from the previous and current generation who still cite the historian

6102: 6068: 6048: 5987: 5916: 5745: 5297: 5243: 5239: 5224: 5197: 4966: 4880: 4724: 4437: 4406: 4319:

Byzantine cuisine still relied heavily on the Greco-Roman fish-sauce condiment

4290: 4192: 4180: 4142: 3955:, a 10th-century illuminated Greek manuscript possibly made in Constantinople ( 3875:

Inheritance rights were well developed, including for all women. The historian

3733: 3534: 3436: 3385: 3066: 3055: 2761: 2745: 2721: 2667: 2590: 2506: 2480: 2410: 2363: 2128: 1919: 1795: 1615: 1455: 1218: 1090: 979: 897: 885: 833: 821: 750: 706: 618: 595: 529: 468: 452: 432: 428: 399: 322: 137: 115: 93: 27905: 19934: 19355: 19270: 18639: 18446: 17783:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 17007: 16021: 15391: 14519: 14127: 13253: 12705: 11102: 11042: 10513: 10457: 10412: 9879: 9804: 9606: 9023: 8810: 5635: 5628:

many centuries later, as Galileo cites Philoponus substantially in his works.

3373:). By the late fourth and early fifth centuries, the Chi Rho Christogram, the 687:), but the people of medieval Western Europe preferred to call them "Greeks" ( 27986: 27863: 27749: 27548: 26547: 26517: 26432: 25966: 25943: 25756: 25611: 25596: 25543: 25350: 25108: 25104: 24937: 24486: 24324: 23828: 23702: 23674: 23415: 23302: 23097: 23070: 23043: 23021: 22999: 22766: 22749: 22734: 22578: 22531: 22519: 22445: 22337: 22211: 22206: 22181: 22063: 21610: 21487: 21453: 21191: 21126: 21099: 20984: 20599: 20539: 19639: 19363: 19280: 19231: 19123: 18884: 18659: 18427: 18233: 17934: 17870: 17798: 17743: 17609: 17525: 17448: 17206: 17015: 16801: 16637: 16478: 16426: 16254: 16045: 15811: 15722:

Lyman, J. Rebecca. "Heresiology: The invention of 'heresy' and 'schism'". In

15571: 15150: 14934: 14905: 14823: 14505: 13648: 13429: 12640: 12344: 12342: 12094: 11953: 11596: 11389: 11312: 11112: 10977: 10938: 10926: 10897: 10890: 10878: 10521: 9947: 9858: 9371: 8908: 8869: 8841: 8770: 8731: 7334: 7202: 5948: 5877: 5560:. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high offices in the 5080: 4921: 4904: 4784: 4729: 4691: 4639: 4528: 4425: 4398: 4332: 4294: 4153: 4055: 4018: 3942: 3558: 3389: 3162: 3153: 2927: 2737: 2675: 2203: 2090: 2077: 2008: 1908: 1868: 1718:) compiled and propagated a huge number of written works. These included the 1555: 1547: 1120: 1003: 866: 742: 536:. Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use as Latin fell into disuse. 212: 22843: 22823: 21921: 19909: 19843: 18755: 18394: 17763: 17629: 15942:

Flavours and Delights: Tastes and Pleasures of Ancient and Byzantine Cuisine

15637: 12771: 12498:

Wine and the vine: an historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade

12449: 12046: 11300: 10568: 9899: 8893:"Themistius: A Hellenic Philosopher-Statesman in the Christian Roman Empire" 8618: 8616: 7846: 4235:, both events which amounted to an economic catastrophe for the empire. The 3965: 3510:

The thematic forces faded into insignificance—the government relying on the

27870: 27708: 27538: 27409: 27327: 27025: 26885: 26330: 26279: 26234: 26229: 26081: 25891: 25777: 25721: 25716: 25488: 25372: 25306: 25241: 23859: 23714: 23694: 23307: 23048: 23038: 23004: 22933: 22928: 22855: 22645: 22627: 22588: 22583: 22563: 22558: 22430: 22423: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22297: 22235: 22216: 22201: 22137: 21371: 21346: 21326: 21131: 21109: 20964: 20212: 20207: 20041: 19111: 19099: 19087: 18561: 18112: 18003: 17521: 17440: 16653: 16581: 16227: 16063: 15936: 15765:

Why Angels Fall: A Journey through Orthodox Europe from Byzantium to Kosovo

15625: 14845: 13354: 9924:"Review of Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867–1056" 9119: 9012:

Christoforou, Panayiotis (31 July 2023). "A History of the Roman Emperor".

7934: 7907: 7869: 6277: 6064: 6025: 5813: 5734: 5553: 5526: 5398: 5391: 5024:, all of whom aimed to reinvent older forms to fit the empire. Theological 4925: 4609: 4547: 4323:, but it also contained foods still familiar today, such as the cured meat 4165: 3978: 3946: 3808: 3791: 3573: 3450: 3048: 2956: 2796: 2733: 2628:

ravaging the countryside and increasing resentment towards Constantinople.

2527: 2518: 2445: 2414: 2142: 2018: 1861: 1678: 1623: 1604: 1492: 1486: 1307: 1222: 1214: 1082: 1025: 964: 901: 881: 837: 797: 746: 672: 666: 630: 518: 514: 424: 296: 200: 69: 25028: 24838: 19974: 15928: 15744: 14776: 13502: 13090: 12358: 12339: 11809: 10969: 10909: 10720: 10632: 10340: 10324: 10160: 5847:

Byzantine Jewry played a prominent role in the medieval Jewish world. The

3985:

in green. Green dots indicate Cappadocian Greek-speaking villages in 1910.

3458:

burden of supporting the armies onto local populations and during Leo VI (

2119:

in 1108, which marked the end of the Norman threat during Alexios' reign.

1345: 27693: 27571: 27556: 27528: 27364: 26820: 26442: 26264: 26154: 25548: 25070: 24958: 24908: 24870: 24412: 24277: 23026: 23011: 22860: 22573: 22482: 22472: 22398: 22046: 22041: 21872: 21847: 21341: 21151: 20918: 20524: 20509: 19040: 18737: 18534: 18246:

The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform

18011: 17892:

Cameron, Averil (2006b). "Constantine and the ‘peace of the church’". In

15844: 15832: 15427: 14612:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 407–408. 11632: 11253: 10953: 10200: 8837: 8683: 8613: 7650: 7538: 7450: 7186: 6276:

and whether Christ's divinity was equal to the Father's. It produced the

5830: 5754: 5671: 5576: 5449: 5325: 5305: 5084: 4982: 4974: 4958: 4352: 4348: 4251: 4236: 4224:. However, these short-term fortunes were quickly reversed following the 4217: 4184: 4161: 4157: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4026: 3952: 3795: 3655: 3650: 3550: 3405: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2456:, the centre of Muslim power in the Levant. The Crusader army arrived at 1803: 1653: 1619: 1436: 1432: 1199: 646: 571: 567: 540: 439:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the 436: 224: 19923:

Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204

19647: 19627: 19171: 18224: 18207: 16940:——— (2021a). "The Byzantine Empire (641–1453 ce)". In 16563: 16486: 16361:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 847–906. 16094: 15134: 13882:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13. 12102: 12070: 11397: 11363: 9955: 9923: 9683: 8796:. Springer reference (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 1574. 8778: 8754: 8708:"Roman History and Christian Ideology in Justinianic Reform Legislation" 8179: 7578: 7258: 6910: 5521: 2708:

Outline of the Byzantine Empire § Geography of the Byzantine Empire

2068: 1763:, and other influential figures jockeyed for power. In 920, the admiral 1314:

as emperor, and executed Maurice. The Sasanians seized their moment and

27456: 27045: 26985: 26950: 26742: 26677: 26667: 26562: 26447: 26335: 25918: 25886: 25631: 25558: 25390: 25385: 23053: 22870: 22744: 22704: 22637: 21146: 21006: 20996: 20829: 20819: 20529: 18876: 18419: 17214: 17182: 17023: 16991: 16029: 15516: 15219:

Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique

14942: 14028: 13908: 13197:. Vol. 4. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 318. 11772: 10356: 10097: 9315: 9155: 8916: 8892: 8877: 8845: 8739: 8707: 8421: 6322: 6224: 5912: 5889: 5773: 5655: 5640: 5584: 5538: 5313: 5309: 5185: 4978: 4580: 4433: 4344: 3998: 3780: 3721: 3678: 3584: 3569: 3374: 3321: 3290: 3232: 2858: 2725: 2449: 2111: 1950: 1931: 1622:

as Roman emperor in 800. In 802, the unpopular Irene was overthrown by

1576: 1451: 1384: 1362: 1226: 1210: 1177: 849: 841: 805: 626: 487: 475:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier 407: 111: 25275: 23428: 19239: 18607: 17850: 16954:

The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires

15117: 13437: 12141: 11740: 11432: 11237: 10552: 10308: 9546: 8428: 8376: 7614: 6378: 5936:), lasted another 14 years, falling to the Ottomans in December 1475. 5792:, one of three major branches of Eastern Christianity, along with the 5760: 4583:

architecture was invented in the Byzantine Empire. In contrast to the

27503: 27075: 27070: 27030: 26955: 26925: 26905: 26782: 26722: 26632: 26582: 26577: 26502: 26462: 26350: 26320: 26129: 26004: 25797: 25681: 25656: 25535: 25120: 25090: 23679: 22943: 22714: 22598: 22568: 22349: 22223: 22014: 21695: 21575: 21067: 20935: 20882: 20814: 19947: 19208:. Athens: Academy, Research Centre for Antiquity, 1989, p. 254: 224. 18832: 17689:"Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries" 16694:(2013). "5: Laws' Empire: Roman Universalism and Legal Practice". In 15904:

Stathakopoulos, Dionysios. "Population, Demography, and Disease". In

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Prinzipat und Dominat: Gedanken zur Periodisierung d. röm. Kaiserzeit

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Imagining the Roman Emperor: Perceptions of Rulers in the High Empire

7486: 7170: 5667: 5414: 5402: 5387: 5133: 5021: 4970: 4917: 4601: 4402: 4078: 4047: 3896: 3740:), was an educational institution that could trace its origins to 425 3637: 3446: 3415: 3214:. This work was completed by what is collectively known today as the 3158: 2691: 2461: 2219: 2058: 1987: 1822:. These were not temporary tactical gains but long-term reconquests. 1575:. Constantine overcame an early civil war against his brother-in-law 1323: 1272: 1241: 1169: 1101: 1029: 943: 877: 860: 801: 710: 693: 692: 676: 460: 236: 162: 27232: 19887: 17804:

A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)

17198: 16726: 16501:(2nd ed.). London, New Delhi, New York and Sydney: Bloomsbury. 16353:

Goldhill, Simon (31 January 2024). "Latin Literature and Greek". In

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Moser, Muriel (2018). "The Senatorial Officials of Constantius II".

10083:"Contributions à l'étude de l'héraldique byzantine et postbyzantine" 8861: 8794:

Encyclopedia of medieval philosophy: philosophy between 500 and 1500

8723: 8468: 8413: 6249:

down the temple of the Olympian Zeus during his reign.The historian

3568:, appeared early in the sixth century. A multi-purpose variant, the 2666:

to overrun most of the empire's remaining territory and establish a

2370:'s invasion force of 300 ships and 80,000 men, arriving in 1185 and 1790: 1159: 780:

Byzantine Empire under the Constantinian and Valentinianic dynasties

27713: 27508: 27035: 27020: 27010: 26995: 26910: 26900: 26870: 26860: 26855: 26845: 26747: 26662: 26542: 26527: 26457: 26437: 26427: 26422: 26402: 26201: 25782: 25746: 25636: 25563: 25395: 25114: 25099: 25095: 25079: 25045: 25033: 25021: 24996: 24397: 23879: 23684: 23627: 22344: 22127: 22085: 22024: 21221: 21121: 21072: 20930: 20862: 20650: 19213: 18210:[The Official Monolingualism of Byzantine Constantinople]. 18017:

The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought, c. 350–c. 1450

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Hall, Stuart. "Institutions in the pre-Constantinian ecclēsia". In

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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa

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came under the pope's protection before the end of 1460, while the

5809: 5530: 5469: 5369: 5301: 5267: 5119: 5038:) were copied in practically every Byzantine monastery. During the 5009: 4872: 4868: 4621: 4584: 4551: 4449: 4410: 4340: 4336: 4324: 4010: 3970: 3869: 3401: 3306: 3105: 2808: 2784: 2729: 2671: 2597: 2565: 2553: 2465: 2054: 2030: 1996: 1966: 1888: 1807: 1771: 1720: 1283: 1021:

to defend Constantinople, now firmly entrenched as Rome's capital.

995: 983: 603: 403: 260: 97: 19772:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–232. 19090:. "Confronting Islam: Emperors Versus Caliphs (641 – c. 850)". In 18651: 17695:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 771–806. Archived from 17599:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 529–537. Archived from 17593:"Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development" 17456:

Lenski, Noel (12 August 2021). "Slavery in the Byzantine Empire".

16442:. New York: Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies at the 15823:

Greatrex, Geoffrey. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 250–518". In

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Aschenbrenner, Nathanael; Ransohoff, Jake (2022). "Introduction".

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and cultural influence of the Eastern church, Constantinople, and

5246:(lūrā) as the typical instrument of the Byzantines along with the 5114:, heroism, humor and love. This included the Hellenistic-inspired 4595:

ceilings and sumptuous decoration, including the extensive use of

4187:(527–565) excavated in India probably in the south, an example of 2493:

The crusaders arrived at Constantinople in the summer of 1203 and

2174:. During his twenty-five-year reign, John made alliances with the 2106:

and urged all those present to take up arms under the sign of the

1085:

in 480, and the office of western emperor was formally abolished.

27846: 27583: 27394: 27055: 27050: 27040: 27005: 27000: 26990: 26935: 26920: 26737: 26732: 26717: 26687: 26642: 26622: 26602: 26557: 26289: 26144: 25923: 25731: 25726: 25616: 25173: 25138: 25132: 25126: 25016: 24984: 24963: 23659: 23620: 22257: 22186: 22142: 21997: 21587: 21473: 21414: 20913: 20887: 20565: 19858: 19462: 19340:"Not new but novel. Notes on the historiography of Byzantine law" 17498:"Filioque History & Controversy What is the Filioque Clause?" 17183:"Byzantine Hagiography and Sex in the Fifth to Twelfth Centuries" 14855: 14818:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15–16. 14467: 14117: 14115: 14004: 13692: 13575: 13054: 13044: 13042: 13040: 10809:

Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries

9699: 8398:(1936). "The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204–1222)". 5644: 5426: 5418: 5378: 5332:

in 812, beginning its establishment in Western church music. The

5025: 4864: 4655: 4461: 4356: 4328: 3994:. Greek was also the language of the Christian Church and trade. 3938: 3717: 3642: 3588: 3515: 3363: 3359: 3101: 3075: 2783:

The landscape of the Empire was defined by the fertile fields of

2741: 2586: 2561: 2394: 2211: 2207: 2050: 1896: 1657: 1596: 1474: 1249: 1074: 1051: 1047: 792: 145: 22058: 19969: 19489:

The Emperor of Law: The Emergence of Roman Imperial Adjudication

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Bundy, David. "Early Asian and East African Christianities". In

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A few holdouts remained for a time. In the Morea, the island of

5122:

approaches in rhetoric, historiography and the influential epic

3919: 3277:. The Macedonian dynasty started their reform attempts with the 2608:. This led to a short-lived revival of Byzantine fortunes under 2350:

Despite his military background, Andronikos failed to deal with

27065: 26945: 26875: 26815: 26810: 26777: 26537: 26522: 26472: 26452: 25874: 25751: 25646: 24167: 22090: 21965: 21216: 20991: 20857: 19928: 18681:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 16819:

Kaiser, Wolfgang. "Justinian and the Corpus Iuris Civilis". In

15865:

Holmes, Catherine. "Political-Historical Survey, 800–1204". In

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Byzantine Legal Culture and the Roman Legal Tradition, 867–1056

13592: 13590: 13563: 9415: 8155: 5477: 5461: 5406: 5329: 5316:

with "great leaden pipes" was sent by Emperor Constantine V to

4909: 4888: 4675: 4596: 4592: 4465: 4457: 4364: 3565: 3261: 3170: 2846: 2792: 2788: 2777: 2773: 2717: 2713: 2605: 2475: 2389:

and Bulgars began a rebellion that led to the formation of the

2386: 2328:'s Frankish background, his regency was unpopular. Eventually, 2138: 1970: 1947: 1926:. Two other knowledgeable contemporaries, the former officials 1904: 1853: 1833:, and Basil II shifted the emphasis of the military divisions ( 1567: 1388: 1311: 1298:

finally emerged victorious in 591; by that time, the Avars and

1257: 1185: 1054:

from the empire; Attilla however switched his attention to the

1039: 933: 23469: 19712:(illustrated ed.). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 19007:

Shepherd, Jonathan. "3: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 800–1204". In

18441:. Suffolk and New York: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 401–411. 16260:

Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527–1204

16113:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. 15939:; Bourbou, Chryssa; Koder, Johannes; Leontsinē, Maria (2013). 14267: 14112: 14088: 13157: 13037: 12646: 9442: 8224: 8222: 5710:

History of the Eastern Orthodox Church § Byzantine period

5372:), a bagpipe. The modern descendant of the aulos is the Greek 5242:, in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, cited the 3928: 3763: 947:

Division of the empire after the death of Theodosius I in 395.

27881: 26850: 26572: 26299: 25591: 24979: 24145: 23669: 23642: 22724: 19884:(Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). 19251:. Short histories. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 18998:

Chrysos, Evangelos. "2: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 300–800". In

18291:

Conversion in Late Antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and Beyond

16558:(5th print ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. 16378:"Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire" 14997:. "Orthodoxy and the west: Reformation to Enlightenment". In 14375: 14154: 14016: 12926: 12608: 12606: 12280: 12268: 12256: 12229: 12212: 12197: 11994: 11958:

The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000

9482: 8976:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108. 8656: 5383: 5373: 5357: 5341: 5333: 5201: 5189: 5072: 4876: 4372: 4320: 4247: 4205: 3492: 2850: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2564:

a few weeks before the sack of Constantinople, found himself

2332:, a grandson of Alexios I, overthrew Alexios II in a violent 2320:

Manuel's death on 24 September 1180 left his 11-year-old son

2292: 2150: 2046: 1834: 1446:), who began the administrative reorganisation known as the " 1024:

Theodosius' reign was marked by the theological dispute over

975: 566:

that followed saw the loss of the empire's richest provinces—

494:, while the eastern parts largely retained their preexisting 472: 19463:

Troianos, Spyros; Velissaropoulou-Karakosta, Julia (1997).

17807:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 17748:(3rd ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 16828:

Stolte, Bernard H. "The Law of New Rome: Byzantine Law". In

15407:. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. 14689: 14484: 14482: 14455: 14399: 14363: 14315: 13968: 13944: 13587: 13174: 13172: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13125: 12853: 12591: 12327: 11364:"Slave Prices in Late Antiquity (and in the Very Long Term)" 7794: 6730: 6187: 4575:

and Romania. Byzantine architecture is known for the use of

4371:, a fermented barley sauce, which, like soy sauce, provided 3868:

had additionally said that it was needed to restrict sexual

2122: 974:), restored political stability in the east by allowing the 27060: 26627: 26567: 26149: 25525: 24975: 23637: 21495: 19736:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–140. 18544:

Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion

16619:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages

15223:

Vestiges of Empires: The Decay of Central and Balkan Europe

14713: 14677: 14665: 14339: 13956: 13607: 13605: 13078: 10736: 10022: 9622: 8366:"The Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople" 8258: 8219: 8143: 8131: 6350: 5337: 5259: 5255: 5193: 5137: 4576: 4441: 4258: 3410: 2261:

In the East, Manuel suffered a major defeat in 1176 at the

1900: 1592: 1043: 889: 586:

dynasty. The empire was able to expand once more under the

21934: 19769:

The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations

19632:

Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement

18930:. Vol. III. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 17908:"Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary" 17777:

Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes

17524:(2005). "The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century". In 16702:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 73–101. 15935: 15626:"The Corpus Juris Civilis: A Guide to Its History and Use" 14766: 14764: 14749: 14443: 14064: 13920: 12603: 12443: 12034: 9263: 8589: 8577: 8539:. Madison, Wisconsin and London: Univ of Wisconsin Press. 8489: 8487: 8444: 7997: 7922: 2837:

running from Constantinople to the Albanian coast through

1942:

into a general engagement with the Byzantine army. At the

1213:

he rebuilt much of Constantinople, including the original

84:

The change of territory of the Byzantine Empire (476–1400)

25621: 19948:

Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life

19853: 19628:"To Be Roman, Go Greek Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome" 19078:

Auzépy, Marie-France. "State of Emergency (700–850)". In

19060:

The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492

18020:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–79. 16150:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

15476:. London, New York, Bombay and Calcutta: Longmans, Green. 15341:] (in German). Internet Archive. Wisebaden: Steiner. 14479: 14291: 14255: 14219: 14100: 13497:. Oxford and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 51. 13169: 13122: 12865: 11129: 10148: 9454: 8923: 8167: 8119: 8095: 8021: 8009: 7973: 7744:. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 62. 5900:. The Morea was ruled by the brothers of Constantine XI, 3418:), with continued debate by historians on what it means. 3265:, 'with a greater view of humanity'. The three so-called 2452:

letters. The stated intent of the crusade was to conquer

2178:

in the West and decisively defeated the Pechenegs at the

1058:, and his people fractured after his death in 453. After 1013:) largely left the rule of the east to officials such as 613:

The empire was largely dismantled in 1204, following the

550:), who briefly reconquered much of Italy and the western 18358: 18248:. Downer's Grove, In.: InterVarsity Press. p. 172. 16463:

Harnett, Benjamin (2017). "The Diffusion of the Codex".

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Miller, Terry E.; Shahriari, Andrew (19 December 2016).

11801:

Latin Loanwords in Ancient Greek: A Lexicon and Analysis

11584: 10046: 10034: 9671: 9514: 9250: 7742:

Languages and Cultures of Eastern Christianity: Georgian

7158: 6634: 5687:

and John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotelian physics.

5484:

through their revival of interest in classical authors.

5308:

originated in the Hellenistic world and was used in the

2981:

city councils and the local elites that supported them.

2686:, much of the Balkans became dominated by the Ottomans. 2532:

Lord of a Quarter and Half a Quarter of the Roman Empire

2025:, has some of the finest Byzantine frescoes and mosaics. 19964:

Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture

19371:

Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).

18546:(illustrated ed.). London: John Wiley & Sons. 18208:"L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine" 18115:. "The emergence of Byzantine Orthodoxy, 600–1095". In 16956:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 450–467. 16763:(2nd ed.). Leiden, New York and Köln: E.J. Brill. 15652:

Casiday, Augustine; Norris, Frederick W., eds. (2007).

15576:

Classics in progress: Essays on ancient Greece and Rome

14830:. New York and West Sussex: Columbia University Press. 14761: 14387: 14351: 14243: 14231: 14052: 13707: 13682: 13680: 13353:

Journal of Sport History, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Winter, 1981)

13272: 9659: 9199: 9187: 8601: 8565: 8511: 8499: 8484: 8456: 8334: 8302: 8246: 8207: 8195: 8057: 7906: 7868: 7770: 6422: 3193:, which were developed during the reign of Diocletian ( 3058:

claims diplomacy in the Empire following Theodosius I (

2678:(who were hired as mercenaries during the civil war by 2381:

The reign of Isaac II, and more so that of his brother

18789:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 17877:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17676:

Magdalino, Paul. "The Medieval Empire (780–1204)". In

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On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments

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stories were particularly innovative and popular; the

3495:), and imperial units mostly based in Constantinople ( 2823:

range, which served as passages for armies, while the

2102:

under his rule. On 27 November 1095, Urban called the

594:. This came to an end in 1071, with the defeat by the 27811: 19766:

Zhang, Yongjin (2023). "Barbarism and Civilization".

19166:(4). Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles: 806–815. 17742:

Merryman, John Henry; Pérez-Perdomo, Rogelio (2007).

17741: 16334:(2007). "Identity and Authority in Ancient Judaism". 16055:

Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization

15578:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 165–191. 15488:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 14653: 14553:

Literature and Culture in Late Byzantine Thessalonica

14411: 14303: 14183: 13932: 13824:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 349. 13794:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 162. 12514: 10876:

Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in

10477: 9769: 9612: 9430: 8632: 5409:. Other instruments used in Byzantine music were the 2061:, who were caught by surprise and annihilated at the 1976: 1973:, just 90 kilometres (56 miles) from Constantinople. 23600: 18685:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

17474: 17383:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 697–770. 17090:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 639–646. 16537:

Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200

16412: 14955:

The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History

14725: 14701: 14327: 14279: 14195: 13980: 13677: 13025: 12938: 12914: 11714: 10924:

Referenced with commentary by Christina Kokkinia in

9751: 9508: 9107: 8951: 8045: 8033: 6410: 3770:

Anti-paganism policies of the early Byzantine Empire

3756:). The Pandidakterion was re-established in 1046 by 2654:

in 1453, depicted in a 15th-century French miniature

2509:, a large number in Venice. According to chronicler 2234:

and sent a large fleet to participate in a combined

1770:

Between 1021 and 1022, following years of tensions,

1633:

Stability was somewhat restored during the reign of

682: 513:) moved the capital to Constantinople and legalised 502:. These cultural spheres continued to diverge after 19861:. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. 19181:"Les emblèmes héraldiques de Byzance et les Slaves" 19138:(2009b). "Equilibrium to Expansion (886–1025)". In 18593:. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 549–563. 17959:

Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100

17658:Reinert, Stephen W. "Fragmentation (1204–1453". In 17254:

Forgotten Power: Byzantium: Bulwark of Christianity

17060:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 16556:

Byzantium: the surprising life of a medieval empire

16130:

A Short Introduction to the History of Christianity

15360:(Rev. ed.). New York: Crown Publishing Group. 14171: 14139: 13372: 13370: 13251: 12698:

Medieval Midrash: the house for inspired innovation

4620:, both in Ravenna (Italy), and the Hagia Sophia in 4293:, woven and embroidered for the upper classes, and 4152:Institutional stability, such as the presence of a 3864:support the elderly of the family; and the Empress 3744:AD, when Emperor Theodosius II had established the 3518:—unraveled after the end of the reign of Manuel I ( 2977:who oversaw the civil and military administration. 2861:was considered an internal lake within the Empire. 2827:lay between the Empire and its eastern neighbours. 1626:; he reformed the empire's administration but died 1508:, the first major setback of the Muslim conquests. 1426:The next seventy-five years are poorly documented. 1373:of Constantinople, critically important during the 832:ultimately transformed into the one-person rule of 723:, whose works were widely propagated, including by 641:fought throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The 582:, but the empire subsequently stabilised under the 19465:Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα 19102:(2009a). "Justinian and his legacy (500–600)". In 18289:Papaconstantinou, Arietta (2016). "Introduction". 18267: 17532:. Vol. 1: c. 500 – c. 700. pp. 289–316. 17230: 17165: 16674:Byzantium: Economy, Society, Institutions 600–1100 16590: 16292:Byzantine women: varieties of experience, 800–1200 16106: 15400: 15253:(1st ed.). London & New York: Routledge. 15096:Austin, Roland G. (1934). "Zeno's Game of τάβλη". 15074: 10779:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. xxx. 8755:"Justinian and the Tribulations of Transformation" 2662:devastated the empire, allowing the Serbian ruler 2002: 1969:in the west, and had established their capital at 920:and ended in 363 with the death of his son-in-law 19960:. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. 19370: 19185:Sbornik statej po archeologii i vizantinovedeniju 19147:Tougher, Shaun. "After Iconoclasm (850–886)". In 18928:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 18566:The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History 18103:Kolbaba, Tia M. "Latin and Greek Christians". In 16898:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe 16700:New Frontiers: Law and Society in the Roman World 16640:(1998). "Christian Number and Its Implications". 16384:, Oxford University PressOxford, pp. 50–80, 15802:Brandes, Wolfram. "Revenues and Expenditure". In 15053:The Invention of Byzantium in Early Modern Europe 13759:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13701: 13581: 6284:on the human and divine natures of Christ as one 5624:'s refutation of Aristotelian physics during the 1774:led a series of victorious campaigns against the 27984: 19944:. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. 19492:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 19114:(2009b). "Byzantium Transforming (600–700)". In 18288: 17614:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 17342:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 3–8. 17146:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16845:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16676:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 16359:The Cambridge Critical Guide to Latin Literature 15835:. "Political-Historical Survey, c. 518–800". In 15311:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180 15289: 15239: 15034:Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods 14782: 14273: 14034: 14010: 13771:– via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 13408:Howard, Albert A. (1893). "The Αὐλός or Tibia". 13367: 10902:Law, language, and empire in the Roman tradition 10495: 9834: 5476:During the 12th century, there was a revival in 5184:Late 4th century "Mosaic of the Musicians" with 3477:believes that during the conquest period of the 3247:The researcher Zachary Chitwood claims that the 3169:and the opinions of educated specialists called 30:"Byzantine" redirects here. For other uses, see 24786: 19708:Weitzmann, Kurt (1979). Weitzmann, Kurt (ed.). 19622: 18808:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 18713:. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University press. 18376:] (in Greek). Vol. 4. Eleftheroudakis. 17377:"Exchange and Trade, Seventh-Twelfth Centuries" 16668: 15945:. Athens and Thessaloniki: Armos Publications. 15873: 13780: 13778: 13525: 13492: 11904: 11163: 10546: 9472: 9424: 9405: 9181: 9077: 9061: 5744:became the Roman emperor in 306 and issued the 4017:AD allowed judges to issue decisions in Greek, 3488:), they were the best in the empire's history. 2404: 2145:of Constantinople (modern Istanbul), depicting 1290:, conquered much of northern Italy by 572. The 490:period, the western parts of the empire became 64:, at its greatest extent since the fall of the 28023:States and territories established in the 390s 20365:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 19906:. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. 19882:18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman 19553:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 19323:(0 ed.). London and New York: Routledge. 19246: 18804:Sághy, Marianne; Schoolman, Edward M. (2017). 18803: 18787:From Monophysitism to Nestorianism: AD 431–681 18529:(3rd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. 17725:Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic 17401: 17074: 16473:(2). University of California Press: 183–235. 16234: 15903: 15683:"The church, society and political power". In 15604: 15292:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 14121: 14094: 13974: 12652: 12364: 12348: 12317: 12298: 12286: 12274: 12262: 12250: 12238: 12223: 12206: 12020:. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 76–81. 11542: 11107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–49. 11072: 10799: 10710: 10706: 10690: 10674: 10662: 9871:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 8689: 8677: 8665: 8650: 8622: 5468:, considered a superb example of 12th-century 3973:in the late Byzantine Empire through to 1923. 2787:, long mountain ranges and rivers such as the 2444:broached the subject of a new crusade through 2429:The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople 2419:Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty 1526:Byzantine Empire under the Nikephorian dynasty 28028:States and territories disestablished in 1453 27248: 25291: 24854: 23586: 23444: 21950: 21926: 19990: 19894:Byzantine studies, resources and bibliography 19733:War and Peace in Ancient and Medieval History 19543: 19019:. "4: Byzantine Diplomacy, AD 1204–1453". In 18989:. "1: The Notion of Byzantine Diplomacy". In 18711:Byzantine slavery and the Mediterranean world 18408:Journal for Late Antique Religion and Culture 18402:Pozo, Joaquin Serrano del (6 November 2021). 17893: 17865: 17703: 16611: 15723: 15714: 15705: 15693: 15684: 15672: 15651: 15018:. "The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000–1550". In 14812:(1912). "The Sack of Constantinople (1204)". 14165: 13316: 12932: 12908: 12696:Mehlman, Bernard H.; Limmer, Seth M. (2016). 12695: 8360: 8354: 8349: 7856: 7836: 7722: 5336:was a double-reeded woodwind like the modern 4992:) was dominated by the competing cultures of 4879:; diameter: 23 cm (9.1 in); from a 4829: 3937:Left: The Mudil Psalter, the oldest complete 2298: 1946:, Romanos suffered a surprise defeat against 1670:Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty 784:Byzantine Empire under the Theodosian dynasty 23989:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 23407:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 19910:Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet 19596:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 19570:Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking 19469:History of law from ancient to modern Greece 19441:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 18944: 18347: 17915:Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17693:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17640:. "The Struggle for Survival (641–780)". In 17597:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17478:The praetor as a promoter of "bonum commune" 17381:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2) 17340:The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 1) 17237:. Athens: Institute for Byzantine Research. 16973:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 16753: 16338:. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 21–32. 16336:Judaism in the Roman World: Collected Essays 16179: 16052:; Moss, Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort (eds.). 15713:Löhr, Winrich. "Western Christianities". In 15486:Byzantine Christianity: A Very Brief History 15450:Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1 14993: 14671: 14639:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 14556:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 14473: 14461: 13902: 13775: 13526:Touliatos-Miles, Diane H. (1 January 2010). 13376:Bush, Douglas Earl; Kassel, Richard (eds.). 13084: 13060: 12664: 12597: 12018:The story of Latin and the Romance languages 11104:The End of Greek Athletics in Late Antiquity 10080: 9011: 8973:The Oxford Handbook of Roman Law and Society 5784:upheld unanimity between church and state. 5548:played an important and crucial role in the 5328:requested a similar organ for his chapel in 5227:, from a Byzantine ivory casket (900–1100) ( 5091:in the late 10th-century. A new generation ( 3384:Art historian Andrea Babuin claims that the 3304:of Roman law in the Greek language with the 2269:, who destroyed the Turkish invaders at the 1271:Financially and territorially overextended, 1141:Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty 1137:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 24868: 20004: 19015: 18349: 18340: 18331: 18310:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Literature 18307: 18274:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 18262: 18202: 18076:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. 18041:(2nd ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis. 17708:. East Lansing: Michigan State University. 17704:Matthews, Roy T.; Platt, F. DeWitt (1997). 17554:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 17333:"Writing the Economic History of Byzantium" 17233:A History of Byzantine Literature (650–850) 16915:——— (18 September 2015). 15917:The Thomist: A Speculative Quarterly Review 15894: 15355: 15308: 15028: 14979:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. 13926: 12883: 12834: 12809: 12757: 12531: 12529: 12147: 12052: 12000: 11884: 10742: 10726: 10087:Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik 9799:. London: Boydell and Brewer. p. 114. 9488: 9476: 8228: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8137: 8015: 8003: 7979: 7928: 5843:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 5432: 5281: 4965:, the vast majority of extant texts are in 3764:Transition into an Eastern Christian empire 3235:. After 534, Justinian would legislate the 1983:Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty 1522:Byzantine Empire under the Isaurian dynasty 1318:; Phocas was unable to cope and soon faced 1294:that year, and continued until the emperor 700: 27255: 27241: 25298: 25284: 24905:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 24861: 24847: 23593: 23579: 23451: 23437: 21957: 21943: 19997: 19983: 19524:(Thesis). Miklós Könczöl, Szilárd Tattay. 19316: 19297: 18568:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 18116: 18104: 18095: 18094:. "Introduction: Christendom, c. 600". In 18067: 18038:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 17770: 17667:Pryor, John. "Shipping and Seafaring". In 17590: 17574:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 17568: 17495: 16939: 16375: 16235:Friell, Gerard; Williams, Stephen (2005). 16070: 15250:Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed 14610:The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 14437: 14433: 14393: 14381: 13874: 13100: 12728: 12321: 12302: 11606: 10855: 10278: 10254: 10016: 9992: 9972: 8125: 8101: 7852: 6120:Index of Byzantine Empire–related articles 6063:, Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs, on 5939:Mehmed II and his successors continued to 5881:The Eastern Mediterranean just before the 5439:Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century 5172: 4836: 4822: 2973:governed by a military commander called a 2479:The partition of the empire following the 2316:Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty 1530:Byzantine Empire under the Amorian dynasty 773: 78: 54: 19707: 19685: 19567: 19498:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744450.001.0001 19434: 19415: 19302:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19275:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19195: 19063:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18865:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18770:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18732:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 18606: 18329: 18293:. London: Routledge. pp. xv–xxxvii. 18223: 18188:. Yonkers: St Vladimir's Seminary Press. 18180: 17975: 17961:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17727:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17722: 17675: 17636: 17576:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17475:Longchamps de Berier, Franciszek (2014). 17412:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 17270: 17160: 16970: 16914: 16895: 16873: 16622:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 16217: 16207: 15895:Markopoulos, Athanasios. "Education". In 15739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15275:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14808: 14488: 14321: 13444: 13322: 13116: 13072: 12984: 12871: 12859: 12320:, pp. 90–91, 127, 166–169, 203–204; 12187: 12171: 11980: 11932: 11876: 11860: 11746: 11730: 11686: 11654: 11638: 11618: 11602: 11590: 11574: 11554: 11538: 11486: 11470: 11454: 11438: 11418: 11369:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 11337: 11279: 11259: 11223: 11211: 11199: 11191: 11179: 11151: 11147: 11135: 11084: 11080: 11018: 11014: 10994: 10990: 10856:Heller, Anna; Pont, Anne-Valérie (2012). 10839: 10835: 10714: 10694: 10678: 10658: 10654: 10638: 10626: 10618: 10594: 10590: 10578: 10542: 10534: 10438: 10398: 10378: 10362: 10350: 10334: 10314: 10302: 10286: 10266: 10262: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10190: 10182: 10166: 10154: 10142: 10134: 9848: 9745: 9721: 9568: 9536: 9365: 9293: 9221: 9205: 9177: 9165: 9149: 9145: 9129: 9097: 9093: 9073: 9053: 8536:History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 7800: 7728: 7712: 7696: 7672: 7660: 7640: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7564: 7544: 7524: 7512: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7460: 7444: 7440: 7420: 7416: 7396: 7384: 7380: 7364: 7340: 7324: 7300: 7288: 7280: 7268: 7264: 7252: 7244: 7224: 7208: 7192: 7180: 7164: 7152: 7144: 7124: 7112: 7104: 7084: 7080: 7064: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7000: 6976: 6972: 6952: 6936: 6932: 6920: 6900: 6896: 6880: 6860: 6840: 6824: 6816: 6800: 6796: 6776: 6772: 6756: 6752: 6736: 6724: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6680: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6640: 6628: 6624: 6608: 6604: 6588: 6584: 6568: 6564: 6548: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6400: 6388: 6368: 6356: 6328: 6308: 5994:was kept alive until its demise with the 5974:, would become the first tsar of Russia ( 4058:), used alongside an older written form ( 3811:. Despite the transition, the historian 3730:University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura 3469:. Despite many challenges, the historian 3008:Foreign relations of the Byzantine Empire 2254:in 1167, defeating the Hungarians at the 2123:John II, Manuel I, and the Second Crusade 1674:Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty 788:Byzantine Empire under the Leonid dynasty 19401:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 19178: 19157: 19134: 19122: 19006: 18762: 18678: 18637: 18582: 17891: 17686: 17496:Lorenzetti, Jennifer (19 January 2023). 17180: 17171: 17136: 17111: 16992:"Female Deacons in the Byzantine Church" 16869:. Vol. II. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 16789: 16731:European Journal of Science and Theology 16690: 16539:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 16352: 16153:. 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The 562:exhausted the empire's resources; the 27262: 27236: 25279: 25261: 25240: 25230: 25148: 25119: 25051: 25027: 24842: 23574: 23432: 21938: 21925: 21821: 21252: 21037: 20729: 20396: 20017: 19978: 19778:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.15 19765: 19654:from the original on 28 December 2023 19518:A History of the nomos empsychos idea 19485: 19471:] (in Greek). Athens: Sakkoulas. 19265: 19247:Stathakopoulos, Dionysios Ch (2023). 19126:. "Western approaches (500–600)". In 19086: 18434: 18380: 18240: 18168:from the original on 9 September 2017 18111: 18090: 18034: 18002: 17998:from the original on 7 November 2023. 17875:The Cambridge History of Christianity 17677: 17668: 17666: 17659: 17650: 17641: 17607: 17520: 17426: 17315:from the original on 9 September 2017 16975:. New York: Oxford University Press. 16927:from the original on 13 December 2023 16859: 16842:The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity 16101: 16044: 15959:from the original on 9 September 2017 15914: 15877:. 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(1995). 19272:Roman Law in European History 18950:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917 18154:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 18008:"Byzantine political thought" 17608:Mango, Cyril A., ed. (2002). 16790:Johnston, David, ed. (2015). 16415:Histoire Mondiale de la Femme 16237:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay 15309:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). 14136:, A United Church, chapter 1. 13702:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 13582:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003 13495:World Music: A Global Journey 10305:, pp. 737, 794–796, 810. 10067:, pp. 119–121, 130–132; 6939:, pp. 298–299, 305–306; 6567:, pp. 114–118, 121–123; 6155: 6093:and Slavic-Orthodox culture. 6029: 5595: 5588: 5429:, Tympana and Cheirokymbala. 5092: 5065: 5043: 5031:Sayings of the Desert Fathers 4986: 4935: 4647: 4643: 4414: 4378: 4268: 3910:Languages of the Roman Empire 3890:Women in the Byzantine Empire 3666: 3289:due to its associations with 2921: 2909: 2885: 2864: 2807:. In the south and east were 2517:was elected emperor of a new 2484: 2281: 2274: 1918:disbanded what the historian 1860:and the counterattack by the 1683: 1628:in battle against the Bulgars 1387:, the Sassanids occupied the 764: 754: 25870:Frontiers and fortifications 21799:University of Constantinople 21380:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 20730: 20530:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 20219:Byzantine successor states ( 19834:Resources in other libraries 19742:10.1017/cbo9780511496301.008 19196:Spawforth, A. J. S. (1993). 18369:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους 18360:Paparrigopoulos, Constantine 18131:A Short History of Byzantium 17927:10.1177/03058298060340030201 17364:Markis, George. "Ships". In 17252:Kean, Roger Michael (2006). 17138:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich 16209:10.1371/journal.pone.0208744 16087:10.1524/hzhz.1980.231.jg.101 16048:(1948). "Byzantine Art". In 15978:The Oxford Companion to Food 15923:(3). Project MUSE: 361–383. 15783:Cormack, Robin, ed. (2008). 15356:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2007). 14783:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 14274:Berndt & Steinacher 2014 13846:"Greek fire | weaponry" 13452:Flood, William Henry Grattan 13001:Jones, Muffet (1 May 2020). 10801:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich 10122:Είχον οι Βυζαντινοί οικόσημα 7515:, pp. 482–483, 485–491. 7495:, pp. 473–474, 478–481. 6295: 6188: 5517:List of Byzantine inventions 5208:The ecclesiastical forms of 5055:Germanus I of Constantinople 4375:flavouring to their dishes. 3738:Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας 3711:University of Constantinople 3696: 3339:Byzantine flags and insignia 3043:in 829, between the emperor 2995: 2776:, and a small settlement in 2701: 2670:. In 1354, an earthquake at 2575:Mongol invasion in 1242–1243 2405:Fourth Crusade and aftermath 1818:, and the important city of 1100:) convinced the problematic 711: 694: 677: 7: 27734:Russian invasion of Ukraine 27345:Crisis of the Third Century 25929:Decorations and punishments 24771:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 24765:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 24717:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 23895:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 21964: 21469:Saint Catherine's Monastery 20525:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 20520:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 20018: 19669:Sieges: A Comparative Study 19338:Stolte, Bernard H. (1998). 18374:History of the Greek Nation 18133:. Ringwood, Vic.: Penguin. 17894:Mitchell & Young (2006) 16990:Karras, Valerie A. (2004). 16316:. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. 15724:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15715:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15706:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15694:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15685:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15673:Casiday & Norris (2007) 15273:The Varangians of Byzantium 13534:. Oxford University Press. 13378:The Organ: An Encyclopedia. 12884:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12835:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12810:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 12569:"The Soy Sauce That Wasn't" 12087:10.13109/glot.2010.86.14.63 11382:10.25162/historia-2010-0013 9922:Stolte, Bernard H. (2019). 9853:(inactive 26 August 2024). 8891:Stertz, Stephen A. (1976). 6547:, pp. 92–99, 106–111; 6108: 6061:St. Cyril and St. Methodius 5755:Eastern Emperor Justinian I 5690: 5458:church of Saint Panteleimon 5300:in southern Italy, and the 5158:List of Byzantine composers 4719:Aristocracy and bureaucracy 4652:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia 4273: 4166:reconquests of North Africa 3903: 3421: 1663: 1646:sea walls of Constantinople 1591:, which opposed the use of 1419:by the newly-formed Arabic 990:, confirmed the primacy of 988:actively condemned paganism 683: 560:devastating war with Persia 528:), Christianity became the 10: 28084: 28048:Former countries in Europe 28038:Former countries in Africa 27790:Military history of Europe 27785:Maritime history of Europe 26836:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 25411:historiography of the fall 24711:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 24705:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 24106:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 24076:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 24061:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 21858:Neo-Byzantine architecture 21822: 20479:Comes sacrarum largitionum 19900:Byzantine studies homepage 19693:. London: Evans Brothers. 19530:10.15774/PPKE.JAK.2022.010 18599:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 17976:Nicholson, Graham (1960). 16917:"Late Antiquity Dissolves" 16760:The Legacy of Muslim Spain 16757:; Marín, Manuela (1994) . 16589:Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). 16499:Byzantium and the Crusades 15975:(2014). Jaine, Tom (ed.). 15733:Chitwood, Zachary (2017). 15468:Bussell, Frederick William 15200:The Medieval Greek Romance 15081:. New York: Random House. 15036:. Hildesheim: Georg Olms. 14796: 14606:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray 14122:Casiday & Norris 2007a 14095:Sághy & Schoolman 2017 13975:Casiday & Norris 2007a 13329:Metropolitan Museum of Art 13003:"9.1: Early Byzantine Art" 12381:Ball, Jennifer L. (2006). 12365:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12349:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12318:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12299:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12287:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12275:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12263:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12251:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12239:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12224:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 12207:Laiou & Morrisson 2007 11305:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 11202:, pp. 27–28, 175–176. 11021:, pp. 85–86, 94, 153. 10931:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 10883:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 10842:, pp. 19–20, 60, 71; 10081:Cernovodeanu, Dan (1982). 9770:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007 9613:MerrymanPérez-Perdomo 2007 7908:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald 7870:MacGillivray Nicol, Donald 7511:, pp. 257, 259, 289; 6177: 6125:Legacy of the Roman Empire 6005: 5870: 5862:Legacy of the Roman Empire 5859: 5840: 5836: 5699: 5680:refugee Byzantine scholars 5649:National Historical Museum 5616:was the first to question 5506: 5500: 5491:classical Greek philosophy 5486:Eustathius of Thessalonica 5456:(1164), a fresco from the 5442: 5436: 5376:. Bagpipes, also known as 5344:. Other forms include the 5196:from a Byzantine villa in 5151: 5077:Ancient Greek philosophers 4961:. Although the Empire was 4946:List of Byzantine scholars 4939: 4689: 4496: 4382: 4312: 4308: 4277: 4140: 4134: 4130: 3907: 3887: 3822: 3818: 3767: 3753: 3700: 3670: 3661: 3621: 3532: 3430: 3336: 3151: 3096:Italian sketch of Emperor 3018:Turks against the Persians 3005: 2999: 2925: 2705: 2696:Constantine XI Palaiologos 2635: 2408: 2397:before 1204. According to 2313: 2302: 2299:Decline and disintegration 2126: 2033:attained full power under 2006: 1980: 1963:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 1891:, was captured in 1060 by 1835: 1667: 1579:, made peace with the new 1515: 1511: 1428:Arab raids into Asia Minor 1134: 1130: 777: 734: 730: 660: 635:recovery of Constantinople 467:, and the predominance of 419:, also referred to as the 327:Late Middle Ages 32:Byzantine (disambiguation) 29: 27760:Genetic history of Europe 27742: 27547: 27363: 27303: 27270: 27217:External wars and battles 27084: 26978: 26791: 26383: 26376: 26298: 26210: 26115: 25990: 25942: 25820: 25770: 25709: 25700: 25582: 25534: 25454: 25371: 25341: 25332: 25314: 25258: 25237: 25225: 25222: 25215: 25212: 25194: 25184: 25167: 25160: 25158: 25124: 25112: 25103: 25094: 25089: 25061: 25044: 25015: 25000: 24995: 24974: 24969: 24957: 24947: 24935: 24925: 24907: 24904: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24877: 24823:Free Territory of Trieste 24683: 24613: 24552: 24535: 24459: 24396: 24359: 24341:Principality of Benevento 24333: 24310: 24255: 24244: 24186: 24156: 23908: 23858: 23812: 23743: 23730: 23693: 23608: 23466: 23400: 23352: 22869: 22273: 21972: 21932: 21927:Links to related articles 21885: 21828: 21817: 21738: 21638: 21596: 21541: 21486: 21441: 21428:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 21413: 21370: 21302: 21272: 21263: 21259: 21248: 21190: 21048: 21044: 21033: 20955: 20901: 20840: 20797: 20749: 20736: 20725: 20684: 20659: 20628: 20587: 20578: 20553: 20497: 20461: 20414: 20407: 20403: 20392: 20265: 20181: 20128: 20059: 20030: 20026: 20013: 19829:Resources in your library 19446:Stanford University Press 19375:. Indianapolis: Hackett. 19356:10.1179/byz.1998.22.1.264 19298:Stephenson, Paul (2000). 18683:. In Mullen, Alex (ed.). 18447:10.1017/9781782049104.037 17008:10.1017/S000964070010928X 16022:10.1017/S0022050700096947 15399:Browning, Robert (1992). 15392:10.1017/S0424208400006574 15380:Studies in Church History 14550:Russell, Eugenia (2013). 14520:10.1017/9781139048880.005 14166:Matthews & Platt 1997 13572:, pp. 179, 185, 190. 13252:Ecumenical Patriarchate. 12933:Matthews & Platt 1997 12909:Matthews & Platt 1997 12706:10.1163/9789004331334_014 12016:; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976). 11919:, pp. 560, 562–563; 11903:, pp. 114–115, 118; 11715:Grosdidier de Matons 1967 11561:, pp. 119, 122, 128. 11214:, pp. 141, 186, 342. 11043:10.1017/9781108646086.004 10657:, pp. 197, 384–385; 10593:, pp. 812, 860–861; 10514:10.1017/S030701310000536X 10439:MacGeorge, Penny (2002). 10265:, pp. 730–734, 737; 10229:, pp. 281, 432, 489. 10185:, pp. 421–422, 437; 9805:10.1515/9781846158124-009 9509:Longchamps de Berier 2014 9384:, pp. 134, 137, 143. 9056:, pp. 35, 189, 222; 9024:10.1017/9781009362504.003 7910:; Teall, John L. (2024). 7872:; Teall, John L. (2024). 7857:Hooper & Bennett 1996 7639:, pp. 493, 496–498; 7327:, pp. 443, 451–452; 6955:, pp. 210–211, 214; 6723:, pp. 209, 214–215; 6703:, pp. 193–196, 200; 6683:, pp. 91–92, 96–99; 6081:, by the Russian painter 5941:consider themselves heirs 5855: 5454:The Lamentation of Christ 5089:Symeon the New Theologian 3830:the state encouraged the 3758:Constantine IX Monomachos 3737: 3728:, sometimes known as the 3724:as their curriculum. The 2364:Stephen Nemanja of Serbia 2246:, Prince of Antioch, and 1573:a decisive victory in 740 1393:a siege of Constantinople 1286:, fearing the aggressive 1262:Chalcedonian Christianity 796:Four-way division of the 741:As the historiographical 621:; its former territories 500:Greek East and Latin West 395: 391: 381: 371: 361: 351: 341: 337: 332: 318: 314: 302: 290: 278: 266: 254: 242: 230: 218: 206: 194: 182: 178: 168: 158: 144: 129: 104: 89: 77: 53: 48: 41: 24886:Northwestern Mesopotamia 24729:Italian United Provinces 24081:Principality of Piombino 23870:Patrimony of Saint Peter 21002:Droungarios of the Fleet 19958:Constantinople Home Page 19859:De Imperatoribus Romanis 19464: 19444:. Stanford, California: 19281:10.1017/cbo9780511814723 19202:Journal of Roman Studies 18926:Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). 18542:Robert, Dana L. (2009). 18368: 18117:Noble & Smith (2008) 18105:Noble & Smith (2008) 18096:Noble & Smith (2008) 17256:. Shropshire: Thalamus. 16802:10.1017/cco9781139034401 16479:10.1525/ca.2017.36.2.183 15875:Howard-Johnston, James F 15762:Clark, Victoria (2000). 15525: 14504:(2018). "Byzantium". In 13457:The story of the bagpipe 12598:Jayyusi & Marín 1994 12496:Unwin, P. T. H. (2010). 11113:10.1017/cbo9781107279636 11101:Remijsen, Sofie (2015). 11087:, pp. 72, 94, 113; 10775:Rosser, John H. (2011). 9975:, pp. 54, 55, 56}; 9708:, pp. 23, 132, 364. 9300:, pp. 122–123, 125. 8364:; Dickson, Gary (2024). 7734:"Caucasia and Byzantium" 7575:, pp. 292–293, 296. 6727:, pp. 153, 158–159. 6531:, pp. 31–33, 40–47. 6160: 5930:Principality of Theodoro 5898:Principality of Theodoro 5660:Callinicus of Heliopolis 5612:Alexandrian philosopher 5537:, the first compiler of 5433:12th-century renaissance 5147: 4672:Kunsthistorisches Museum 4646:425–430; mosaic; width: 3941:in the Coptic language ( 3883: 2732:) in a line through the 2610:Michael VIII Palaiologos 2602:recapture Constantinople 2190:against the Norman King 1873:East-West Schism of 1054 1188:, 6th century, from the 1071:468 attempt to reconquer 60:The empire in 555 under 27765:History of Christianity 27212:Roman–Iranian relations 25687:Optimates and populares 24817:Italian Social Republic 24492:Principality of Taranto 24384:Principality of Taranto 24346:Principality of Salerno 24101:Bishopric of Tarantasia 23924:Bishopric of Bressanone 23841:Duchy of the Pentapolis 21516:Early Byzantine mosaics 20878:Domestic of the Schools 19624:Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew 18971:. Cambridge: Variorum. 18785:Sabo, Theodore (2018). 18709:Rotman, Youval (2009). 18465:10.7722/j.ctt1kgqt6m.41 18395:10.1163/221023991X00038 18325:(subscription required) 18186:Byzantium and the Slavs 17402:———; 16554:Herrin, Judith (2009). 16434:Halsall, Paul (2021) . 16290:Garland, Lynda (2006). 16147:Faas, Patrick (2005) . 16074:Historische Zeitschrift 15437:Encyclopædia Britannica 14995:Kitromilides, Paschalis 13905:, p. 3/14, Fig. 1. 13850:Encyclopedia Britannica 13528:"Byzantine instruments" 13297:Encyclopædia Britannica 11154:, pp. 71, 252–253. 10997:, pp. 39, 45, 85; 10958:The Classical Quarterly 9908:, pp. 4, 364–365; 9575:, pp. 14, 16, 28; 9507:, pp. 3–4, 8, 16; 9344:, pp. 25, 33, 35; 8753:Atkinson, J.E. (2000). 8370:Encyclopædia Britannica 8081:Encyclopedia Britannica 7916:Encyclopædia Britannica 7884:The Battle of Manzikert 7878:Encyclopædia Britannica 7817:The Battle of Manzikert 6282:Chalcedonian Definition 6237:Julio-Claudian emperors 6140:List of Roman dynasties 5953:Danubian Principalities 5764:Mosaic of Jesus in the 5702:History of Christianity 5678:". During this period, 5562:Eastern Orthodox Church 5083:were translated, while 4914:illuminated manuscripts 4487: 4409:in 480 and recorded by 4037:Novellae Constitutiones 3776:granting of citizenship 3528: 3453:). In the 6th century, 3426: 3400:to be an emblem of the 3161:has its origins in the 3047:and the Abbasid caliph 2660:six-year-long civil war 2652:siege of Constantinople 2631: 2620:and later his grandson 2391:Second Bulgarian Empire 2263:Battle of Myriokephalon 2210:and reconquered all of 2096:Eastern Orthodox Church 1585:campaigned successfully 1506:repel the 717–718 siege 1477:, who soon established 1292:Sasanian wars restarted 930:wars against barbarians 774:Early history (pre-518) 721:Laonikos Chalkokondyles 633:. Despite the eventual 27589:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 27222:Civil wars and revolts 26488:Sextus Pompeius Festus 26135:Conflict of the Orders 25494:Legislative assemblies 25046:Middle Hittite Kingdom 24723:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 24497:Terra Sancti Benedicti 24401:(from the 9th century) 24111:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 21833:Byzantine commonwealth 20595:Praetorian prefectures 20515:Logothetes tou genikou 20489:Quaestor sacri palatii 20484:Comes rerum privatarum 20257:Fall of Constantinople 20196:Sack of Constantinople 19940:14 August 2014 at the 19915:8 October 2014 at the 19876:The Stony Brook School 19874:by Lars Brownworth of 19667:Watson, Bruce (1993). 18861:Salzman, Michele Renee 18823:Salaman, Rena (1986). 17706:The Western Humanities 16725:Ivanič, Peter (2016). 16670:Howard-Johnston, James 16654:10.1353/earl.1998.0035 16419:World History of Women 16314:A History of Byzantium 16050:Baynes, Norman Hepburn 15217:Béhar, Pierre (1999). 14906:10.1093/monist/onab005 14890:Adams, Robert Merrihew 14037:, pp. xxx, xxxii. 12785:Hopkins, Owen (2014). 12134:Byzantine Civilisation 12069:Rance, Philip (2010). 11348:, pp. 37–38, 53; 10755:Demetrios Constantelos 10405:, pp. 16, 29–30; 10120:Τιπάλδος, Γ Ε (1926). 9451:, pp. 11, 13, 20. 8706:Maas, Michael (1986). 7740:; Crego, Paul (eds.). 6135:List of Byzantine wars 6085: 6079:The Baptism of Kievans 6071: 6035: 5894:Despotate of the Morea 5885: 5883:Fall of Constantinople 5826:Fall of Constantinople 5774:patristic Christianity 5769: 5738: 5719: 5652: 5542: 5473: 5235: 4963:linguistically diverse 4892: 4885:Antikensammlung Berlin 4685: 4618:Basilica of San Vitale 4569:Byzantine architecture 4499:Byzantine architecture 4421: 4389:1001 to 1600 in sports 4196: 3986: 3587:in the 670s, and when 3348: 3147: 3109: 3051: 2965:Praetorian prefectures 2845:to Adrianople (modern 2655: 2642:Fall of Constantinople 2638:Byzantine–Ottoman wars 2589:, would establish the 2501:. The crusaders again 2490: 2437: 2162: 2081: 2026: 1999: 1864: 1799: 1742:against the Bulgarians 1705:Paulicians of Tephrike 1689: 1682:The Byzantine Empire, 1551: 1417:of the Sassanid Empire 1407:soon saw the conquest 1405:early Muslim conquests 1397:defeated the Sassanids 1237:was destroyed in 554. 1190:Basilica of San Vitale 1073:the west, the warlord 1050:and exacted a massive 1017:, who constructed the 960: 809: 804:system established by 701: 643:fall of Constantinople 615:Sack of Constantinople 564:early Muslim conquests 492:increasingly Latinised 449:fall of Constantinople 27669:Industrial Revolution 26931:Simplicius of Cilicia 26683:Quintus Curtius Rufus 25912:Siege in Ancient Rome 25521:Executive magistrates 25169:Neo-Babylonian Empire 25002:Old Babylonian Empire 24917:Early Dynastic period 24741:Republic of San Marco 24523:Crown Colony of Malta 24351:Principality of Capua 24091:Marquisate of Saluzzo 23954:County of Santa Fiora 23616:Etruscan civilization 23377:Medieval great powers 21533:Komnenian renaissance 21528:Macedonian period art 21433:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 21405:Walls of Thessaloniki 20505:Logothetes tou dromou 20120:Twenty Years' Anarchy 20084:Valentinianic dynasty 20079:Constantinian dynasty 19671:. Westport: Praeger. 19515:Tussay, Ákos (2022). 19486:Tuori, Kaius (2016). 19017:Oikonomides, Nikolaos 18479:Rahner, Hugo (2013). 18068:Noble, Thomas F. X.; 17867:Mitchell, Margaret M. 17699:on 30 September 2013. 17603:on 30 September 2013. 17427:Lavan, Myles (2016). 17409:The Byzantine Economy 17397:on 30 September 2013. 17359:on 30 September 2013. 17187:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 16755:Jayyusi, Salma Khadra 16718:10.3366/j.ctt3fgt2d.9 16535:Harvey, Alan (2003). 16239:. London: Routledge. 16058:. Oxford: Clarendon. 15929:10.1353/tho.2001.0001 15768:. London: Macmillan. 15745:10.1017/9781316861547 15638:10.31228/osf.io/meq6c 15551:. Oxford: Blackwell. 15428:Lucas, Donald William 14915:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 14861:Dawes, Elizabeth A.S. 14432:, pp. 214, 223; 14408:, pp. xiii, xiv. 14035:Papaconstantinou 2016 14011:Papaconstantinou 2016 13503:10.4324/9781315692791 13325:"Renaissance Violins" 13166:, pp. 1236–1237. 13007:Humanities LibreTexts 11899:, pp. 263, 268; 11810:10.1017/9781108888387 11362:Harper, Kyle (2010). 11194:, pp. 111, 180; 11083:, pp. 138, 178; 10952:Adams, J. N. (2003). 10910:10.9783/9780812204889 10805:Wharton, Annabel Jane 10709:, pp. 310, 314; 10597:, pp. 989, 1024. 10581:, pp. 975, 1084. 10381:, pp. 399, 442; 10365:, pp. 562, 656; 9728:, pp. 25–32, 44. 8897:The Classical Journal 8712:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 8437:, pp. 150, 164; 7890:29 April 2016 at the 7823:29 April 2016 at the 7587:, pp. 292, 296; 6707:, pp. 94–95, 98. 6077: 6058: 6019: 5906:Demetrios Palaiologos 5880: 5763: 5742:Constantine the Great 5732: 5717: 5672:mathematical sciences 5647:, 10th–12th century, 5638: 5626:Scientific Revolution 5607:Archimedes Palimpsest 5603:Leo the Mathematician 5524: 5452: 5437:Further information: 5222: 5098:), including Symeon, 5051:Maximus the Confessor 4859: 4690:Further information: 4396: 4233:eastern Mediterranean 4178: 4141:Further information: 3968: 3908:Further information: 3888:Further information: 3823:Further information: 3768:Further information: 3701:Further information: 3610:and which superseded 3449:) and mobile forces ( 3414:(also interpreted as 3346: 3302:complete codification 3118:James Howard-Johnston 3095: 3038: 2948:The reign of Phocas ( 2680:John VI Kantakouzenos 2649: 2478: 2426: 2409:Further information: 2330:Andronikos I Komnenos 2161:(right), 12th century 2136: 2100:Roman Catholic Church 2071: 2016: 1990: 1924:Drungary of the Watch 1851: 1793: 1681: 1668:Further information: 1537: 1518:Twenty Years' Anarchy 1223:was subjugated in 534 946: 926:Valentinianic dynasty 910:Constantine's dynasty 826:eastern Mediterranean 795: 778:Further information: 625:into competing Greek 608:Komnenian restoration 105:Common languages 27724:European debt crisis 27719:European integration 27659:Age of Enlightenment 27499:Republic of Florence 26941:Stephanus Byzantinus 26846:Eusebius of Caesaria 26708:Sidonius Apollinaris 26398:Ammianus Marcellinus 25737:Tribune of the plebs 24896:Southern Mesopotamia 24891:Northern Mesopotamia 24537:French Revolutionary 24477:State of the Presidi 24201:Republic of Florence 24173:Domini di Terraferma 23823:Exarchate of Ravenna 23721:Western Roman Empire 23665:Nuragic civilization 23387:European colonialism 23372:Ancient great powers 21730:Units of measurement 21464:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 21357:Pammakaristos Church 21205:Corpus Juris Civilis 21156:Missionary activity 20615:Exarchate of Ravenna 20441:Imperial bureaucracy 19952:University of Vienna 19925:. Online sourcebook. 19870:18 July 2016 at the 19373:Byzantine Philosophy 18738:10.2307/j.ctv2175h0p 18562:Robins, Robert Henry 18127:Norwich, John Julius 17441:10.1093/pastj/gtv043 17293:Köprülü, Mehmet Fuat 17107:on 18 February 2012. 17052:Kartomi, Margaret J. 16597:. 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Pepin's son 5254:(probably a type of 5214:ancient Greek system 5036:Apophthegmata Patrum 5006:Greek Church Fathers 4951:Byzantine literature 4942:Byzantine literature 4556:Anthemius of Tralles 4361:Liutprand of Cremona 4147:Sino-Roman relations 4044:Nikolaos Oikonomides 4032:Corpus Juris Civilis 3703:Byzantine university 3618:Late era (1204–1453) 3275:Corpus Juris Civilis 3249:Corpus Juris Civilis 3242:Corpus Juris Civilis 3220:, when Justinian I ( 3217:Corpus Juris Civilis 3141:Nikolaos Oikonomides 3100:during his visit in 3030:Bureau of Barbarians 3026:Aghlabids in Siciliy 2549:, was created after 2372:sacking Thessalonica 2368:William II of Sicily 2248:Amalric of Jerusalem 2232:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2157:(left) and his wife 2110:and launch an armed 2043:captured Dyrrhachium 1959:Nikephoros Bryennios 1812:reconquests of Crete 1761:Simeon I of Bulgaria 1589:Byzantine Iconoclasm 1316:reopened hostilities 1254:a devastating plague 1205:Corpus Juris Civilis 963:Valens's successor, 938:Battle of Adrianople 884:, which was renamed 846:the third century AD 840:enjoyed a period of 556:appearance of plague 421:Eastern Roman Empire 66:Western Roman Empire 28003:330s establishments 27689:Revolutions of 1848 27619:Early modern France 27400:Anglo-Saxon England 27305:Classical antiquity 27117:Distinguished women 26768:Velleius Paterculus 26608:Nicolaus Damascenus 26588:Marcellus Empiricus 25977:Republican currency 25150:Neo-Assyrian Empire 25064:Bronze Age Collapse 24997:Old Hittite Kingdom 24971:Old Assyrian period 24949:Third Dynasty of Ur 24811:Free State of Fiume 24759:Kingdom of Sardinia 24502:Neapolitan Republic 24450:Kingdom of Sardinia 24445:Republic of Sassari 24273:Catepanate of Italy 24196:Republic of Cospaia 24019:Duchy of Montferrat 24014:March of Montferrat 23949:County of Guastalla 23849:Exarchate of Africa 23460:History of Anatolia 23382:Modern great powers 21254:Culture and society 21117:Ecumenical councils 20620:Exarchate of Africa 20610:Quaestura exercitus 20474:Magister officiorum 20469:Praetorian prefects 20112:Byzantine Dark Ages 19865:12 Byzantine Rulers 19320:The Byzantine World 19151:, pp. 292–304. 19142:, pp. 493–536. 19118:, pp. 221–248. 19094:, pp. 365–394. 19082:, pp. 251–291. 18646:(1/2018): 107–128. 18644:Lingue e Linguaggio 18343:, pp. 682–706. 18334:, pp. 162–179. 18264:Ostrogorsky, George 18225:10.12681/byzsym.857 18212:Byzantina Symmeikta 18151:A History of Venice 18107:, pp. 213–229. 17985:Theological Studies 17896:, pp. 538–551. 17662:, pp. 248–283. 16942:Fibiger Bang, Peter 16832:, pp. 355–373. 16823:, pp. 119–148. 16696:du Plessis, Paul J. 16564:10.2307/j.ctv6zdbvf 16466:Classical Antiquity 16310:Gregory, Timothy E. 16200:2018PLoSO..1308744F 15726:, pp. 296–314. 15708:, pp. 279–295. 15696:, pp. 413–433. 15687:, pp. 403–428. 15675:, pp. 118–148. 15432:Mackridge, Peter A. 15168:. 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H. 17433:Past & Present 17329:Laiou, Angeliki E. 17084:Laiou, Angeliki E. 16875:Kaldellis, Anthony 16692:Humfress, Caroline 16612:Hooper, Nicholas; 16444:Fordham University 15702:Lieu, Samuel N. C. 15517:10.1017/byz.2015.4 15245:Steinacher, Roland 14810:Choniates, Nicetas 14502:De Lange, Nicholas 14436:, p. intro.; 14324:, pp. 54, 60. 12862:, pp. xix–xx. 12548:on 17 October 2014 12413:. 15 August 2024. 12055:, pp. 25–26; 11883:, pp. 97–98; 11859:, pp. 97–98; 11717:, pp. 23–25; 11278:, pp. 30–31; 11234:, pp. 16, 19. 11178:, pp. 97–98; 11166:, pp. 79–91; 10846:, pp. 32, 34. 10661:, pp. 21–22; 10019:, pp. 52, 77. 9772:, pp. 10–11; 9744:, pp. 32–35; 9740:, pp. 97–98; 9595:, pp. 33–35; 9523:, pp. 14, 16. 9404:, pp. 28–29; 9396:, pp. 7, 10; 8932:, pp. 11, 15. 8819:, pp. 64–65; 8453:, pp. 33, 41. 8293:Vasiliev 1928–1935 8077:"John II Comnenus" 7912:"Byzantine Empire" 7882:; Markham, Paul. " 7874:"Byzantine Empire" 7837:Vasiliev 1928–1935 7099:, pp. 56–58; 6839:, pp. 43–45; 6527:, pp. 81–84; 6487:, pp. 16–20; 6467:, pp. 17–18; 6447:, pp. 16–17; 6215:George Ostrogorsky 6086: 6072: 6036: 6022:Christ Pantocrator 6002:Cultural aftermath 5996:Russian Revolution 5990:as the successive 5970:, whose grandson, 5962:, Grand Prince of 5902:Thomas Palaiologos 5886: 5794:Church of the East 5790:Oriental Orthodoxy 5770: 5739: 5720: 5653: 5581:Isidore of Miletus 5573:ancient philosophy 5543: 5535:Isidore of Miletus 5529:, the patriarchal 5509:Byzantine medicine 5474: 5322:King of the Franks 5236: 5104:Theodore Prodromos 4893: 4881:Constantinopolitan 4560:Isidore of Miletus 4422: 4385:Sports before 1001 4351:and the eponymous 4197: 3992:Hellenistic period 3987: 3707:Byzantine rhetoric 3690:Macedonian dynasty 3628:The rulers of the 3479:Macedonian dynasty 3433:Eastern Roman army 3394:Alexandre Soloviev 3349: 3333:Flags and insignia 3212:Codex Theodosianus 3110: 3054:Ancient historian 3052: 2825:Caucasus mountains 2656: 2491: 2470:Alexios IV Angelos 2438: 2399:Alexander Vasiliev 2345:George Ostrogorsky 2252:Kingdom of Hungary 2204:Danishmend Emirate 2192:Roger II of Sicily 2163: 2082: 2065:on 28 April 1091. 2049:and laid siege to 2027: 2000: 1909:fell in April 1071 1865: 1800: 1776:Kingdom of Georgia 1733:Book of the Eparch 1690: 1552: 1421:Rashidun Caliphate 1231:then invaded Italy 1079:Romulus Augustulus 1046:, who ravaged the 1035:Codex Theodosianus 998:, and established 961: 914:a lengthy conflict 842:relative stability 810: 588:Macedonian dynasty 576:Rashidun Caliphate 443:in the 5th century 121:Regional languages 27809: 27808: 27803: 27802: 27729:COVID-19 pandemic 27674:French Revolution 27649:Habsburg monarchy 27629:Cossack Hetmanate 27609:Portuguese Empire 27599:Absolute monarchy 27594:Thirty Years' War 27489:Holy Roman Empire 27414:Bulgarian Empire 27373:Early Middle Ages 27290:Bronze Age Europe 27264:History of Europe 27230: 27229: 27192:Pontifices maximi 26974: 26973: 26831:Diogenes Laërtius 26653:Pliny the Younger 26408:Asconius Pedianus 26368:Romance languages 26240:Civil engineering 25982:Imperial currency 25855:Political control 25816: 25815: 25450: 25449: 25273: 25272: 25268: 25267: 25196:Macedonian Empire 25186:Achaemenid Empire 25059:c. 1200–1150 BCE 25042:c. 1400–1200 BCE 25013:c. 1600–1400 BCE 24993:c. 1800–1600 BCE 24955:c. 2000–1800 BCE 24945:c. 2100–2000 BCE 24933:c. 2200–2100 BCE 24923:c. 2350–2200 BCE 24902:c. 3500–2350 BCE 24836: 24835: 24832: 24831: 24679: 24678: 24646:Massa and Carrara 24531: 24530: 24508:Hospitaller Malta 24467:Kingdom of Naples 24461:Kingdom of Sicily 24392: 24391: 24302:Duchy of Sorrento 24221:Republic of Genoa 24216:Republic of Siena 24211:Republic of Massa 24206:Republic of Lucca 23939:County of Gorizia 23929:Corsican Republic 23910:Holy Roman Empire 23568: 23567: 23426: 23425: 23348: 23347: 23313:Polish–Lithuanian 22488:Gurjara-Pratihara 21919: 21918: 21881: 21880: 21838:Byzantine studies 21813: 21812: 21809: 21808: 21624:Alexander Romance 21482: 21481: 21459:Nea Moni of Chios 21322:Blachernae Palace 21244: 21243: 21240: 21239: 21210:Code of Justinian 21058:Eastern Orthodoxy 21029: 21028: 21025: 21024: 20951: 20950: 20825:Scholae Palatinae 20721: 20720: 20717: 20716: 20686:Foreign relations 20680: 20679: 20574: 20573: 20388: 20387: 20384: 20383: 20187:(1204–1453) 19878:; audio lectures. 19810:Library resources 19787:978-0-19-887345-7 19751:978-0-521-81703-5 19700:978-0-2374-5645-0 19678:978-0-2759-4034-8 19603:978-0-520-01597-5 19579:978-9-0040-4855-3 19572:. Leiden: Brill. 19560:978-0-2998-0925-6 19507:978-0-19-874445-0 19478:978-9-6023-2594-0 19436:Treadgold, Warren 19427:978-0-8047-3163-8 19408:978-0-226-09791-6 19382:978-0-8722-0563-5 19330:978-1-136-72787-0 19309:978-0-5217-7017-0 19290:978-0-521-64372-6 19258:978-1-350-23340-9 19136:Shepard, Jonathan 19070:978-0-5117-5670-2 19055:Shepard, Jonathan 18959:978-0-1982-2152-4 18937:978-0-295-97290-9 18903:978-1-61025-043-6 18852:978-0-907325-16-1 18815:978-963-386-256-8 18796:978-1-5275-0959-7 18777:978-0-521-39832-9 18747:978-1-64189-172-1 18720:978-0-674-03611-6 18694:978-0-19-888729-4 18575:978-3-11-013574-9 18553:978-0-631-23619-1 18512:978-0-312-26658-5 18490:978-1-68149-099-1 18456:978-1-78204-910-4 18364:Karolidis, Pavlos 18319:978-0-19-935176-3 18300:978-1-4094-5738-1 18281:978-0-8135-1198-6 18255:978-0-8308-1505-0 18195:978-0-88141-008-2 18161:978-0-394-52410-8 18140:978-0-14-025960-5 18119:, pp. 46–64. 18083:978-1-139-05422-5 18027:978-0-52-142388-5 17968:978-0-521-83865-8 17884:978-1-139-05483-6 17814:978-0-520-24703-1 17790:978-0-8232-0967-5 17755:978-0-8047-5568-9 17734:978-0-521-82788-1 17638:Treadgold, Warren 17621:978-0-19-814098-6 17583:978-0-521-52653-1 17561:978-0-472-03127-6 17548:Madden, Thomas F. 17488:978-88-495-2825-1 17467:978-1-139-02472-3 17419:978-0-521-84978-4 17404:Morrisson, Cécile 17308:978-0-7914-0819-3 17263:978-1-902886-07-7 17244:978-960-371-010-3 17153:978-0-19-504652-6 17129:978-0-19-504652-6 17077:"Medieval Athens" 17067:978-0-226-42548-1 16907:978-0-88402-484-2 16888:978-0-521-87688-9 16852:978-0-19-027753-6 16811:978-0-521-89564-4 16770:978-90-04-09599-1 16709:978-0-7486-6817-5 16629:978-0-521-44049-3 16604:978-1-84119-766-1 16573:978-0-691-14369-9 16546:978-0-521-52190-1 16527:978-1-4742-5466-3 16508:978-1-78093-767-0 16368:978-1-108-36330-3 16345:978-90-04-15309-7 16323:978-1-4051-8471-7 16301:978-0-7546-5737-8 16270:978-0-415-14688-3 16246:978-1-135-78262-7 16160:978-0-226-23347-5 16139:978-1-5064-4597-7 16120:978-1-58839-114-8 15988:978-0-19-967733-7 15952:978-960-527-747-5 15847:. "The Army". In 15794:978-0-1917-4352-8 15775:978-0-312-23396-9 15754:978-1-107-18256-1 15558:978-1-4051-9833-2 15539:978-960-453-529-3 15459:978-1-4021-9046-9 15414:978-0-8132-0754-4 15367:978-0-307-42348-1 15348:978-3-515-02876-9 15320:978-90-04-11710-5 15313:. Leiden: Brill. 15301:978-0-415-16111-4 15260:978-1-4094-4659-0 15232:978-2-84321-015-0 15209:978-0-415-12032-6 15175:978-1-84765-441-0 15088:978-1-84511-307-0 15062:978-0-88402-484-2 15043:978-3-487-05765-1 15016:Shepard, Jonathan 14964:978-0-582-29468-4 14882:Secondary sources 14837:978-0-231-04080-8 14824:Cinnamus, Ioannes 14672:Seton-Watson 1967 14646:978-1-78831-012-3 14619:978-0-521-43991-6 14563:978-1-4411-5584-9 14529:978-0-521-51724-9 14474:Kitromilides 2006 14462:Kitromilides 2006 14384:, p. intro.. 14264:, pp. 30–32. 13903:Fousek et al 2018 13876:Partington, J. R. 13725:Alexander Jones, 13651:(27 April 2006). 13549:978-0-19-866262-4 13512:978-1-317-43437-5 13467:978-1-176-34422-8 13460:. Рипол Классик. 13386:978-0-415-94174-7 13254:"Byzantine Music" 13231:"Byzantine Music" 13204:978-1-884964-03-9 13085:Papaioannou 2021a 13061:Papaioannou 2021a 12971:, pp. 62–64. 12895:978-0-7148-7502-6 12846:978-0-7148-7502-6 12821:978-0-7148-7502-6 12796:978-1-78067-163-5 12715:978-90-04-33133-4 12573:Los Angeles Times 12507:978-0-415-14416-2 12444:Dalby et al. 2013 12392:978-1-4039-6700-8 12253:, pp. 29–30. 12027:978-0-06-013312-2 12003:, pp. 12–13. 11967:978-0-670-02098-0 11907:, pp. 80–83. 11887:, pp. 12–13. 11819:978-1-108-88838-7 11721:, pp. 11–39. 11689:, pp. 40–41. 11122:978-1-107-27963-6 11052:978-1-108-64608-6 10919:978-0-8122-4354-3 10871:978-2-35613-061-7 10763:978-0-89241-588-5 10450:978-0-19-925244-2 10110:, pp. 38–39. 9979:, pp. 7, 27. 9814:978-1-84615-812-4 9599:, pp. 2–14; 9555:, pp. 2–14; 9491:, pp. 74–77. 9463:, pp. 20–21. 9260:, pp. 65–67. 9244:, pp. 61–66. 9132:, pp. 82–83. 9033:978-1-009-36250-4 8991:978-0-19-872868-9 8803:978-94-024-1663-3 8680:, pp. 30–31. 8653:, pp. 29–30. 8598:, pp. 84–85. 8586:, pp. 84–86. 8546:978-0-299-80925-6 8362:Madden, Thomas F. 8066:, pp. 95–97. 8030:, pp. 74–75. 7751:978-1-351-92326-2 6663:, pp. 87–90. 6631:, pp. 71–74. 6611:, pp. 74–75. 6571:, pp. 63–67. 6551:, pp. 52–62. 6491:, pp. 39–40. 6471:, pp. 14–18. 6251:Anthony Kaldellis 6233:Anthony Kaldellis 6186: 5798:Eastern Orthodoxy 5558:Renaissance Italy 5546:Byzantine science 5503:Byzantine science 5304:in Dalmatia. The 5116:Byzantine romance 4846: 4845: 4700:Byzantine culture 4315:Byzantine cuisine 4137:Byzantine economy 4068:Romance languages 3877:Anthony Kaldellis 3813:Anthony Kaldellis 3677:From the rule of 3475:Anthony Kaldellis 3455:Anthony Kaldellis 3379:Theodosian period 3358:) introduced the 3259:) to develop the 3123:Alexander Kazhdan 3114:Dimitri Obolensky 3080:Evangelos Chrysos 3022:Umayyads in Spain 3014:Dimitri Obolensky 2857:and Antioch. The 2556:, commanding the 2511:Niketas Choniates 2442:Pope Innocent III 2256:Battle of Sirmium 2228:Manuel I Komnenos 2176:Holy Roman Empire 2031:Komnenian dynasty 1995:, founder of the 1581:Abbasid Caliphate 1487:another civil war 1483:Umayyad Caliphate 1320:a major rebellion 623:were then divided 580:Umayyad Caliphate 413: 412: 304:• 1449–1453 292:• 1261–1282 280:• 1143–1180 268:• 1081–1118 16:(Redirected from 28075: 28033:Christian states 27993:Byzantine Empire 27978: 27970: 27969: 27968: 27961: 27953: 27952: 27951: 27944: 27936: 27935: 27934: 27927: 27919: 27918: 27917: 27910: 27902: 27901: 27900: 27890: 27884:Byzantine Empire 27874: 27873: 27862: 27861: 27860: 27850: 27849: 27840:Byzantine Empire 27838: 27837: 27836: 27826: 27825: 27824: 27817: 27664:Great Divergence 27579:Age of Discovery 27524:Late Middle Ages 27494:High Middle Ages 27405:Byzantine Empire 27388:Christianization 27378:Migration Period 27313:Classical Greece 27285:Neolithic Europe 27257: 27250: 27243: 27234: 27233: 27182:Magistri equitum 27097:Cities and towns 27090: 27016:Constantinopolis 26826:Diodorus Siculus 26758:Valerius Maximus 26693:Seneca the Elder 26613:Nonius Marcellus 26381: 26380: 25934:Hippika gymnasia 25897:Infantry tactics 25803:Consular tribune 25793:Magister equitum 25742:Military tribune 25707: 25706: 25667:Pontifex maximus 25662:Princeps senatus 25652:Magister militum 25418:Byzantine Empire 25339: 25338: 25300: 25293: 25286: 25277: 25276: 25246:Byzantine Empire 25121:Middle Babylonia 25087:c. 1150–911 BCE 24880: 24879: 24863: 24856: 24849: 24840: 24839: 24797:Kingdom of Italy 24784: 24783: 24550: 24549: 24379:County of Sicily 24374:County of Aversa 24297:Byzantine Sicily 24283:Theme of Lucania 24253: 24252: 24231:Republic of Pisa 24226:Republic of Noli 24096:Duchy of Spoleto 24066:Duchy of Merania 23964:Kingdom of Italy 23890:Duchy of Ferrara 23835:Duchy of Perugia 23814:Byzantine Empire 23792:Duchy of Spoleto 23759:Ostrogothic rule 23741: 23740: 23609:Pre-Roman period 23595: 23588: 23581: 23572: 23571: 23453: 23446: 23439: 23430: 23429: 23229: 23228: 22894:Austro-Hungarian 22594:Chagatai Khanate 21959: 21952: 21945: 21936: 21935: 21923: 21922: 21906: 21819: 21818: 21762:Imperial Library 21708:Byzantine Greeks 21449:Daphni Monastery 21400:Panagia Chalkeon 21395:Hagios Demetrios 21362:Prison of Anemas 21312:Basilica Cistern 21270: 21269: 21261: 21260: 21250: 21249: 21105:West Syriac Rite 21095:Alexandrian Rite 21046: 21045: 21039:Religion and law 21035: 21034: 20970:Maritime themata 20926:Palaiologan army 20779:Military manuals 20747: 20746: 20738: 20737: 20727: 20726: 20585: 20584: 20561:Megas logothetes 20412: 20411: 20405: 20404: 20394: 20393: 20267:By modern region 20188: 20135: 20134:(717–1204) 20066: 20028: 20027: 20015: 20014: 20006:Byzantine Empire 19999: 19992: 19985: 19976: 19975: 19950:. Hosted by the 19844:Byzantine Empire 19815:Byzantine Empire 19798: 19796: 19794: 19762: 19760: 19758: 19723: 19704: 19682: 19663: 19661: 19659: 19619: 19617: 19615: 19583: 19564: 19540: 19538: 19532:. Archived from 19523: 19511: 19482: 19459: 19431: 19412: 19386: 19367: 19334: 19313: 19294: 19262: 19243: 19192: 19175: 19152: 19143: 19131: 19119: 19107: 19095: 19083: 19074: 19048: 19036: 19024: 19012: 19003: 18994: 18982: 18963: 18941: 18922: 18920: 18918: 18912: 18895: 18880: 18856: 18819: 18800: 18781: 18764:Runciman, Steven 18759: 18724: 18705: 18703: 18701: 18675: 18673: 18671: 18634: 18632: 18630: 18610: 18579: 18557: 18538: 18516: 18499:Read, Piers Paul 18494: 18475: 18473: 18471: 18431: 18398: 18377: 18353: 18352:, pp. 1–18. 18344: 18335: 18326: 18323: 18304: 18285: 18273: 18259: 18237: 18227: 18199: 18177: 18175: 18173: 18144: 18120: 18108: 18099: 18098:, pp. 1–18. 18087: 18064: 18062: 18060: 18031: 18004:Nicol, Donald M. 17999: 17997: 17982: 17972: 17953: 17952:on 27 July 2020. 17951: 17945:. Archived from 17912: 17904:Neumann, Iver B. 17897: 17888: 17862: 17818: 17794: 17782: 17772:Meyendorff, John 17767: 17738: 17719: 17700: 17681: 17672: 17663: 17654: 17645: 17633: 17604: 17587: 17565: 17543: 17517: 17515: 17513: 17492: 17471: 17452: 17423: 17398: 17393:. Archived from 17369: 17360: 17358: 17352:. Archived from 17337: 17324: 17322: 17320: 17288: 17267: 17248: 17236: 17225: 17223: 17221: 17175: 17169: 17162:Browning, Robert 17157: 17133: 17108: 17106: 17100:. Archived from 17081: 17071: 17047: 17045: 17043: 16986: 16967: 16950:Scheidel, Walter 16936: 16934: 16932: 16911: 16892: 16870: 16856: 16833: 16824: 16815: 16786: 16784: 16782: 16750: 16748: 16746: 16721: 16687: 16665: 16633: 16614:Bennett, Matthew 16608: 16596: 16585: 16550: 16531: 16512: 16495:Harris, Jonathan 16490: 16459: 16457: 16455: 16430: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16372: 16349: 16327: 16305: 16286: 16284: 16282: 16250: 16231: 16221: 16211: 16194:(12): e0208744. 16176: 16174: 16172: 16143: 16124: 16112: 16098: 16081:(H 1): 101–109. 16067: 16041: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15968: 15966: 15964: 15932: 15909: 15900: 15891: 15882: 15870: 15861: 15852: 15840: 15828: 15819: 15807: 15798: 15779: 15758: 15727: 15718: 15717:, pp. 7–51. 15709: 15697: 15688: 15681:Drake, Harold A. 15676: 15667: 15648: 15646: 15644: 15620: 15601: 15599: 15597: 15562: 15543: 15520: 15499: 15477: 15463: 15441: 15418: 15406: 15395: 15371: 15352: 15329:Bleicken, Jochen 15324: 15305: 15286: 15264: 15241:Berndt, Guido M. 15236: 15213: 15196:Beaton, Roderick 15191: 15189: 15187: 15154: 15129: 15092: 15080: 15066: 15047: 15023: 15022:, pp. 1–52. 15011: 15002: 14990: 14968: 14946: 14909: 14876: 14874: 14872: 14859:. Translated by 14841: 14819: 14790: 14780: 14774: 14768: 14759: 14753: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14729: 14723: 14717: 14711: 14705: 14699: 14693: 14687: 14681: 14675: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14651: 14650: 14630: 14624: 14623: 14602: 14596: 14586: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14575: 14547: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14536: 14498: 14492: 14486: 14477: 14471: 14465: 14459: 14453: 14447: 14441: 14427: 14421: 14415: 14409: 14403: 14397: 14391: 14385: 14379: 14373: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14295: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14271: 14265: 14259: 14253: 14247: 14241: 14235: 14229: 14223: 14217: 14211: 14205: 14199: 14193: 14187: 14181: 14175: 14169: 14163: 14152: 14146: 14137: 14131: 14125: 14119: 14110: 14104: 14098: 14092: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14049:, pp. 6, 7. 14044: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14008: 14002: 13996: 13990: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13960: 13954: 13948: 13942: 13936: 13930: 13927:Bokenkotter 2007 13924: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13872: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13842: 13836: 13835: 13812: 13806: 13805: 13782: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13751:Zalta, Edward N. 13743: 13737: 13723: 13717: 13711: 13705: 13699: 13690: 13684: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13627: 13621: 13615: 13609: 13600: 13594: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13556: 13523: 13517: 13516: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13405: 13399: 13374: 13365: 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13320: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13249: 13243: 13242: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13188: 13182: 13176: 13167: 13161: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13120: 13115:, § paras. 1–2; 13110: 13104: 13094: 13088: 13082: 13076: 13070: 13064: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13035: 13029: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13018: 12998: 12992: 12987:, Chapters 2–7; 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12832: 12826: 12825: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12726: 12720: 12719: 12693: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12662: 12656: 12650: 12644: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12616: 12610: 12601: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12564: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12533: 12524: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12493: 12487: 12473: 12467: 12453: 12447: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12411:Encyclopedia.com 12403: 12397: 12396: 12378: 12372: 12362: 12356: 12346: 12337: 12331: 12325: 12315: 12306: 12296: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12227: 12221: 12210: 12204: 12195: 12185: 12179: 12161: 12155: 12148:Oikonomides 1999 12145: 12139: 12138: 12129:Runciman, Steven 12125: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12066: 12060: 12053:Apostolides 1887 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12031: 12010: 12004: 12001:Oikonomides 1999 11998: 11992: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11950: 11944: 11930: 11924: 11914: 11908: 11894: 11888: 11885:Oikonomides 1999 11870: 11864: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11792: 11786: 11776: 11770: 11760: 11754: 11744: 11738: 11728: 11722: 11712: 11706: 11696: 11690: 11672: 11666: 11652: 11646: 11636: 11630: 11616: 11610: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11568: 11562: 11552: 11546: 11536: 11530: 11520: 11514: 11504: 11498: 11484: 11478: 11468: 11462: 11452: 11446: 11436: 11430: 11416: 11410: 11409: 11359: 11353: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11297: 11291: 11273: 11267: 11257: 11251: 11241: 11235: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11189: 11183: 11161: 11155: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11126: 11098: 11092: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11059: 11028: 11022: 11012: 11006: 10988: 10982: 10981: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10923: 10894: 10875: 10853: 10847: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10772: 10766: 10752: 10746: 10743:Markopoulos 2008 10740: 10734: 10727:Markopoulos 2008 10724: 10718: 10704: 10698: 10688: 10682: 10672: 10666: 10652: 10646: 10636: 10630: 10621:, p. 1881; 10616: 10610: 10604: 10598: 10588: 10582: 10572: 10566: 10556: 10550: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10436: 10430: 10416: 10410: 10396: 10390: 10376: 10370: 10360: 10354: 10344: 10338: 10328: 10322: 10312: 10306: 10296: 10290: 10276: 10270: 10252: 10246: 10236: 10230: 10220: 10214: 10204: 10198: 10180: 10174: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10078: 10072: 10062: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10043:, p. 31,33. 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10010: 10004: 9986: 9980: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9934:(4): 1139–1140. 9919: 9913: 9903: 9897: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9870: 9862: 9852: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9787: 9781: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9735: 9729: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9610: 9604: 9586: 9580: 9566: 9560: 9550: 9544: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9498: 9492: 9489:Oikonomides 1990 9486: 9480: 9477:Oikonomides 1990 9470: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9413: 9391: 9385: 9375: 9369: 9364:, pp. 4–5; 9355: 9349: 9335: 9329: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9245: 9236:, pp. 4–5; 9231: 9225: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9175: 9169: 9159: 9153: 9139: 9133: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9091: 9085: 9071: 9065: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9009: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8834: 8828: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8703: 8697: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8620: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8482: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8358: 8352: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8290: 8284: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8229:Ostrogorsky 1969 8226: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8183: 8177: 8174:Birkenmeier 2002 8171: 8165: 8162:Birkenmeier 2002 8159: 8153: 8150:Birkenmeier 2002 8147: 8141: 8138:Birkenmeier 2002 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8088: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8016:Birkenmeier 2002 8013: 8007: 8004:Ostrogorsky 1969 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7980:Birkenmeier 2002 7977: 7971: 7958: 7952: 7938: 7932: 7929:Birkenmeier 2002 7926: 7920: 7919: 7904: 7895: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7850: 7844: 7834: 7828: 7815:Markham, Paul. " 7813: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7738:Rapp, Stephen H. 7730:Toumanoff, Cyril 7726: 7720: 7710: 7704: 7690: 7684: 7670: 7664: 7654: 7648: 7634: 7628: 7618: 7612: 7598: 7592: 7582: 7576: 7558: 7552: 7542: 7536: 7522: 7516: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7470: 7464: 7454: 7448: 7434: 7428: 7414: 7408: 7394: 7388: 7374: 7368: 7354: 7348: 7338: 7332: 7318: 7312: 7298: 7292: 7278: 7272: 7262: 7256: 7242: 7236: 7222: 7216: 7206: 7200: 7190: 7184: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7142: 7136: 7122: 7116: 7094: 7088: 7074: 7068: 7050: 7044: 7030: 7024: 7010: 7004: 6990: 6984: 6970: 6964: 6950: 6944: 6930: 6924: 6914: 6908: 6894: 6888: 6874: 6868: 6854: 6848: 6834: 6828: 6810: 6804: 6786: 6780: 6766: 6760: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6714: 6708: 6694: 6688: 6670: 6664: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6618: 6612: 6598: 6592: 6578: 6572: 6558: 6552: 6538: 6532: 6518: 6512: 6498: 6492: 6478: 6472: 6458: 6452: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6392: 6382: 6376: 6371:, pp. 2–3; 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6326: 6320: 6315:, pp. 1–2; 6306: 6289: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6246: 6240: 6229:Warren Treadgold 6211: 6205: 6202:Eudokia Ingerina 6198: 6192: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6171: 6034: 6031: 5926:month-long siege 5818:East–West Schism 5651:, Athens, Greece 5643:, surrounded by 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5567:The writings of 5525:Interior of the 5312:during races. A 5295: 5292: 5291:lyra of the City 5289: 5286: 5283: 5176: 5169: 5130:Gemistos Plethon 5097: 5096: 1000–1250 5094: 5070: 5067: 5059:John of Damascus 5048: 5045: 4991: 4988: 4969:, albeit in two 4955:Greek literature 4838: 4831: 4824: 4721: 4710: 4696: 4695: 4667: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4606:Hagios Demetrios 4567:Influences from 4540: 4531: 4520: 4511: 4419: 4416: 4189:Indo-Roman trade 4087: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4016: 4004: 3931: 3922: 3846: 3844: 3805:Hellenic thought 3801:Ancient Olympics 3755: 3743: 3739: 3687: 3685: 3630:Empire of Nicaea 3597: 3595: 3582: 3580: 3524: 3523: 1143–1180 3522: 3487: 3485: 3471:Warren Treadgold 3464: 3462: 3372: 3370: 3357: 3355: 3299: 3297: 3258: 3256: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3179: 3177: 3167:Praetorian Edict 3088: 3064: 3062: 2991: 2989: 2954: 2952: 2914: 2911: 2901: 2890: 2887: 2877: 2813:Pontic Mountains 2684:Battle of Kosovo 2598:Laskarid dynasty 2571:Sultanate of Rûm 2539:Empire of Nicaea 2495:quickly attacked 2489: 2486: 2434:Eugène Delacroix 2376:Isaac II Angelos 2326:Maria of Antioch 2286: 2283: 2279: 2276: 2214:, while forcing 2180:Battle of Beroia 2167:John II Komnenos 2159:Irene of Hungary 2155:John II Komnenos 2074:Sultanate of Rûm 2023:Komnenian period 1997:Komnenos dynasty 1936:Romanos Diogenes 1877:Normans advanced 1838: 1837: 1780:Bagratid Armenia 1755:, the patriarch 1717: 1715: 1707:. His successor 1698: 1696: 1688: 1685: 1643: 1641: 1610:In 780, Empress 1564: 1562: 1554:Leo and his son 1464: 1462: 1445: 1443: 1371:Theodosian Walls 1348: 1337: 1281: 1279: 1221:in North Africa 1192:, Ravenna, Italy 1162: 1153: 1125:chrysargyron tax 1119:). Although his 1118: 1116: 1099: 1097: 1069:) failed in his 1068: 1066: 1019:Theodosian Walls 1012: 1010: 973: 971: 957: 951: 928:, occupied with 875: 873: 858: 856: 819: 769: 766: 762: 759: 756: 714: 704: 697: 686: 680: 549: 547: 527: 525: 512: 510: 481:Byzantine Empire 446: 441:fall of the West 417:Byzantine Empire 256:• 976–1025 170:Notable emperors 82: 58: 43:Byzantine Empire 39: 38: 21: 18:Byzantine period 28083: 28082: 28078: 28077: 28076: 28074: 28073: 28072: 27983: 27982: 27981: 27977:from Wikivoyage 27971: 27966: 27964: 27960:from Wikisource 27954: 27949: 27947: 27937: 27932: 27930: 27920: 27915: 27913: 27909:from Wiktionary 27903: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27889:sister projects 27886:at Knowledge's 27880: 27868: 27858: 27856: 27844: 27834: 27832: 27822: 27820: 27812: 27810: 27805: 27804: 27799: 27738: 27704:Interwar period 27679:Napoleonic Wars 27543: 27514:Mongol invasion 27467:Crown of Aragon 27359: 27299: 27295:Iron Age Europe 27266: 27261: 27231: 27226: 27088: 27086: 27080: 26970: 26806:Aëtius of Amida 26787: 26773:Verrius Flaccus 26753:Valerius Antias 26713:Silius Italicus 26648:Pliny the Elder 26593:Marcus Aurelius 26468:Cornelius Nepos 26418:Aurelius Victor 26372: 26294: 26206: 26140:Secessio plebis 26111: 25986: 25938: 25812: 25766: 25696: 25578: 25530: 25446: 25367: 25328: 25310: 25304: 25274: 25269: 25263:Sassanid Empire 25232:Parthian Empire 25227:Seleucid Empire 25217:Seleucid Empire 25136: 25130: 25107: 25098: 24927:Akkadian Empire 24873: 24867: 24837: 24828: 24782: 24685: 24684:Post-Napoleonic 24675: 24609: 24545: 24539: 24527: 24469: 24465: 24464:(1130–1816) and 24463: 24455: 24400: 24388: 24355: 24329: 24320:Emirate of Bari 24306: 24293:Theme of Sicily 24288:Duchy of Naples 24263:Duchy of Amalfi 24248: 24240: 24188: 24187:Other Republics 24182: 24160: 24152: 24146:County of Tenda 24126:County of Savoy 24086:Duchy of Reggio 24056:Duchy of Mantua 23984:March of Friuli 23916: 23914: 23912: 23904: 23900:Duchy of Urbino 23885:Duchy of Castro 23862: 23854: 23808: 23802:Duchy of Tuscia 23782:Duchy of Friuli 23745: 23736: 23734: 23732: 23726: 23705:(753 BC–509 BC) 23689: 23604: 23599: 23569: 23564: 23563: 23561: 23462: 23457: 23427: 23422: 23411:American Empire 23396: 23392:African empires 23344: 23227: 22919:Central African 22865: 22683:Romano-Germanic 22269: 22003:Middle Assyrian 21976: 21968: 21963: 21928: 21920: 21915: 21912: 21877: 21853:Cyrillic script 21824: 21805: 21750: 21734: 21634: 21616:Digenes Akritas 21592: 21537: 21478: 21442:Other locations 21437: 21409: 21366: 21298: 21287:Cross-in-square 21255: 21236: 21186: 21040: 21021: 20947: 20897: 20893:Varangian Guard 20836: 20810:East Roman army 20805:Late Roman army 20793: 20732: 20713: 20676: 20655: 20624: 20570: 20549: 20545:Epi ton deeseon 20535:Epi tou eidikou 20493: 20457: 20399: 20380: 20367: 20270: 20268: 20261: 20247:Palaiologan era 20189: 20186: 20177: 20148:Nikephorian era 20136: 20133: 20124: 20067: 20065:(330–717) 20064: 20055: 20035: 20022: 20009: 20003: 19942:Wayback Machine 19917:Wayback Machine 19872:Wayback Machine 19840: 19839: 19838: 19818: 19817: 19813: 19806: 19801: 19792: 19790: 19788: 19756: 19754: 19752: 19728:Whitby, Michael 19720: 19701: 19687:Weitzmann, Kurt 19679: 19657: 19655: 19613: 19611: 19604: 19588:Vryonis, Speros 19580: 19561: 19539:on 23 May 2023. 19536: 19521: 19508: 19479: 19466: 19456: 19428: 19409: 19383: 19331: 19310: 19291: 19259: 19224: 19071: 18979: 18960: 18938: 18916: 18914: 18910: 18904: 18893: 18853: 18816: 18797: 18778: 18748: 18721: 18699: 18697: 18695: 18669: 18667: 18628: 18626: 18619: 18585:Clackson, James 18576: 18554: 18513: 18491: 18469: 18467: 18457: 18370: 18324: 18320: 18301: 18282: 18256: 18242:Olson, Roger E. 18196: 18171: 18169: 18162: 18141: 18084: 18072:, eds. (2008). 18058: 18056: 18049: 18028: 17995: 17980: 17969: 17949: 17910: 17885: 17873:, eds. (2006). 17823:Miller, William 17815: 17791: 17780: 17756: 17735: 17716: 17622: 17584: 17570:Magdalino, Paul 17562: 17540: 17511: 17509: 17489: 17468: 17420: 17391: 17356: 17350: 17335: 17318: 17316: 17309: 17264: 17245: 17219: 17217: 17199:10.2307/1291623 17172:Kazhdan (1991a) 17154: 17140:, ed. (1991a). 17130: 17104: 17098: 17079: 17068: 17041: 17039: 16983: 16964: 16930: 16928: 16908: 16889: 16861:Jones, A. H. M. 16853: 16812: 16780: 16778: 16771: 16744: 16742: 16710: 16684: 16630: 16605: 16574: 16547: 16528: 16509: 16453: 16451: 16404: 16402: 16400: 16369: 16346: 16332:Goodman, Martin 16324: 16302: 16280: 16278: 16271: 16247: 16170: 16168: 16161: 16140: 16121: 16103:Evans, Helen C. 15998: 15996: 15989: 15962: 15960: 15953: 15795: 15776: 15755: 15664: 15642: 15640: 15617: 15595: 15593: 15586: 15559: 15540: 15527: 15496: 15482:Cameron, Averil 15460: 15415: 15368: 15349: 15321: 15302: 15283: 15269:Blöndal, Sigfús 15261: 15233: 15210: 15185: 15183: 15176: 15089: 15063: 15044: 14987: 14973:Angold, Michael 14965: 14951:Angold, Michael 14927:10.2307/1291170 14884: 14879: 14870: 14868: 14838: 14804: 14802:Primary sources 14799: 14794: 14793: 14781: 14777: 14769: 14762: 14754: 14750: 14742: 14738: 14730: 14726: 14718: 14714: 14706: 14702: 14694: 14690: 14682: 14678: 14670: 14666: 14658: 14654: 14647: 14631: 14627: 14620: 14603: 14599: 14587: 14583: 14573: 14571: 14564: 14548: 14544: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14499: 14495: 14487: 14480: 14472: 14468: 14460: 14456: 14448: 14444: 14438:Lorenzetti 2023 14434:Meyendorff 1979 14428: 14424: 14420:, pp. 6–8. 14416: 14412: 14404: 14400: 14394:Lorenzetti 2023 14392: 14388: 14382:Meyendorff 1979 14380: 14376: 14368: 14364: 14360:, pp. 214. 14356: 14352: 14344: 14340: 14332: 14328: 14320: 14316: 14308: 14304: 14296: 14292: 14284: 14280: 14272: 14268: 14260: 14256: 14248: 14244: 14236: 14232: 14224: 14220: 14212: 14208: 14200: 14196: 14188: 14184: 14176: 14172: 14164: 14155: 14147: 14140: 14132: 14128: 14124:, pp. 1–3. 14120: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14097:, pp. 1–3. 14093: 14089: 14081: 14077: 14069: 14065: 14057: 14053: 14045: 14041: 14033: 14029: 14021: 14017: 14013:, p. xxix. 14009: 14005: 13997: 13993: 13985: 13981: 13973: 13969: 13961: 13957: 13949: 13945: 13937: 13933: 13925: 13921: 13913: 13909: 13901: 13897: 13890: 13873: 13869: 13859: 13857: 13844: 13843: 13839: 13832: 13816:Lindberg, David 13813: 13809: 13802: 13786:Lindberg, David 13783: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13744: 13740: 13734:Wayback Machine 13724: 13720: 13712: 13708: 13700: 13693: 13685: 13678: 13668: 13666: 13646: 13642: 13634: 13630: 13622: 13618: 13610: 13603: 13595: 13588: 13580: 13576: 13568: 13564: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13524: 13520: 13513: 13491: 13487: 13477: 13475: 13468: 13449: 13445: 13406: 13402: 13397:Wayback Machine 13375: 13368: 13362:Wayback Machine 13352: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13321: 13317: 13307: 13305: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13273: 13263: 13261: 13250: 13246: 13241:on 4 June 2024. 13229: 13228: 13224: 13214: 13212: 13205: 13189: 13185: 13181:, p. 1237. 13177: 13170: 13162: 13158: 13150: 13146: 13142:, p. 1236. 13138: 13123: 13111: 13107: 13101:van Dieten 1980 13095: 13091: 13083: 13079: 13071: 13067: 13059: 13055: 13047: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13016: 13014: 12999: 12995: 12979: 12975: 12967: 12963: 12955: 12951: 12943: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12896: 12882: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12847: 12833: 12829: 12822: 12808: 12804: 12797: 12783: 12779: 12760:Cultura Greciei 12756: 12752: 12742: 12740: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12694: 12690: 12680: 12678: 12663: 12659: 12651: 12647: 12635: 12631: 12623: 12619: 12611: 12604: 12596: 12592: 12582: 12580: 12565: 12561: 12551: 12549: 12534: 12527: 12519: 12515: 12508: 12494: 12490: 12482:, p. 482; 12474: 12470: 12462:, p. 184; 12458:, p. 223; 12454: 12450: 12442:, p. 123; 12438:, p. 224; 12434: 12430: 12420: 12418: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12393: 12379: 12375: 12363: 12359: 12355:, pp. 3–4. 12347: 12340: 12332: 12328: 12322:Magdalino 2002b 12316: 12309: 12303:Magdalino 2002b 12297: 12293: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12230: 12222: 12213: 12205: 12198: 12194:, pp. 1–2. 12186: 12182: 12162: 12158: 12146: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12112: 12110: 12067: 12063: 12051: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12028: 12011: 12007: 11999: 11995: 11987:, p. 562; 11983:, p. 289; 11979: 11975: 11968: 11951: 11947: 11939:, p. 283; 11935:, p. 191; 11931: 11927: 11915: 11911: 11895: 11891: 11871: 11867: 11855:, p. 108; 11851: 11847: 11837: 11835: 11820: 11796:Dickey, Eleanor 11793: 11789: 11781:, p. 285; 11777: 11773: 11761: 11757: 11749:, p. 529; 11745: 11741: 11729: 11725: 11713: 11709: 11701:, p. 131; 11697: 11693: 11685:, p. xiv; 11681:, p. 133; 11673: 11669: 11653: 11649: 11637: 11633: 11625:, p. 129; 11617: 11613: 11607:Stephenson 2010 11601: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11569: 11565: 11553: 11549: 11537: 11533: 11521: 11517: 11509:, p. 121; 11505: 11501: 11489:, p. 444; 11485: 11481: 11469: 11465: 11453: 11449: 11437: 11433: 11417: 11413: 11360: 11356: 11340:, p. 140; 11336: 11332: 11322: 11320: 11299: 11298: 11294: 11282:, p. 425; 11274: 11270: 11258: 11254: 11242: 11238: 11222: 11218: 11210: 11206: 11198:, p. 991; 11190: 11186: 11182:, pp. 5–7. 11174:, p. 108; 11162: 11158: 11146: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11099: 11095: 11079:, p. 236; 11075:, p. 121; 11071: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11029: 11025: 11013: 11009: 10989: 10985: 10950: 10946: 10925: 10920: 10877: 10872: 10854: 10850: 10838:, p. 254; 10830: 10826: 10819: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10773: 10769: 10753: 10749: 10741: 10737: 10729:, p. 786; 10725: 10721: 10705: 10701: 10697:, p. 1112. 10693:, p. 313; 10689: 10685: 10677:, p. 312; 10673: 10669: 10653: 10649: 10641:, p. 896; 10637: 10633: 10629:, p. 1112. 10625:, p. 559; 10617: 10613: 10605: 10601: 10589: 10585: 10577:, p. 558; 10573: 10569: 10561:, p. 489; 10557: 10553: 10537:, p. 489; 10533: 10529: 10494: 10490: 10482: 10478: 10470:, p. 403; 10466:, p. 488; 10462: 10458: 10451: 10437: 10433: 10425:, p. 401; 10421:, p. 487; 10417: 10413: 10401:, p. 502; 10397: 10393: 10377: 10373: 10361: 10357: 10349:, p. 557; 10345: 10341: 10333:, p. 557; 10329: 10325: 10317:, p. 634; 10313: 10309: 10301:, p. 557; 10297: 10293: 10285:, p. 555; 10281:, p. 463; 10279:Kaldellis 2021a 10277: 10273: 10261:, p. 556; 10257:, p. 463; 10255:Kaldellis 2021a 10253: 10249: 10241:, p. 556; 10237: 10233: 10225:, p. 555; 10221: 10217: 10209:, p. 562; 10205: 10201: 10181: 10177: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141:, p. 554; 10133: 10129: 10118: 10114: 10106:, p. 155; 10102: 10098: 10079: 10075: 10063: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10017:Garipzanov 2018 10011: 10007: 9999:, p. 272; 9993:Garipzanov 2018 9991:, pp. 45; 9987: 9983: 9973:Garipzanov 2018 9967: 9963: 9920: 9916: 9904: 9900: 9892:, p. 264; 9888:, p. 358; 9884: 9880: 9864: 9863: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9788: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9724:, p. 529; 9716: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9692:, p. 185; 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9639: 9635: 9627: 9623: 9611: 9607: 9591:, p. 135; 9587: 9583: 9571:, p. 168; 9567: 9563: 9551: 9547: 9539:, p. 168; 9535:, p. 135; 9531: 9527: 9519: 9515: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9475:, p. 945; 9471: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9423: 9416: 9408:, p. 949; 9400:, p. 134; 9392: 9388: 9376: 9372: 9356: 9352: 9348:, pp. 4–5. 9340:, p. 289; 9336: 9332: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9296:, p. 309; 9292: 9288: 9280: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9248: 9232: 9228: 9220:, p. 221; 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9176: 9172: 9160: 9156: 9144:, p. 303; 9140: 9136: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100:, p. 326; 9096:, p. 338; 9092: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9010: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8940: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8889: 8885: 8862:10.2307/2708049 8835: 8831: 8815: 8811: 8804: 8790: 8786: 8751: 8747: 8724:10.2307/1291527 8704: 8700: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8621: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8547: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8485: 8477:, p. 179; 8473: 8469: 8465:, pp. 3–4. 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8433: 8429: 8414:10.2307/2846872 8396:Vasiliev, A. A. 8393: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8359: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8335: 8329:Wayback Machine 8319: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8291: 8287: 8275: 8271: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8126:Magdalino 2002a 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8102:Magdalino 2002a 8100: 8096: 8086: 8084: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7959: 7955: 7947:, p. 124; 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7905: 7898: 7892:Wayback Machine 7867: 7863: 7855:, p. 157; 7853:Stephenson 2000 7851: 7847: 7835: 7831: 7825:Wayback Machine 7814: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7752: 7727: 7723: 7711: 7707: 7695:, p. 505; 7691: 7687: 7679:, p. 267; 7671: 7667: 7659:, p. 267; 7655: 7651: 7643:, p. 267; 7635: 7631: 7623:, p. 296; 7619: 7615: 7603:, p. 266; 7599: 7595: 7583: 7579: 7571:, p. 254; 7559: 7555: 7543: 7539: 7531:, p. 265; 7523: 7519: 7507:, p. 265; 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7459:, p. 261; 7455: 7451: 7439:, p. 261; 7435: 7431: 7415: 7411: 7395: 7391: 7379:, p. 260; 7375: 7371: 7355: 7351: 7339: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7307:, p. 257; 7299: 7295: 7287:, p. 257; 7279: 7275: 7267:, p. 403; 7263: 7259: 7247:, p. 403; 7243: 7239: 7231:, p. 257; 7223: 7219: 7207: 7203: 7195:, p. 389; 7191: 7187: 7179:, p. 257; 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7151:, p. 256; 7147:, p. 387; 7143: 7139: 7131:, p. 256; 7127:, p. 375; 7123: 7119: 7103:, p. 255; 7095: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7059:, p. 254; 7051: 7047: 7031: 7027: 7019:, p. 254; 7011: 7007: 6999:, p. 254; 6991: 6987: 6979:, p. 217; 6971: 6967: 6951: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6915: 6911: 6899:, p. 297; 6895: 6891: 6875: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6811: 6807: 6795:, p. 106; 6791:, p. 250; 6787: 6783: 6771:, p. 244; 6767: 6763: 6751:, p. 244; 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6695: 6691: 6675:, p. 242; 6671: 6667: 6655:, p. 242; 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6603:, p. 241; 6599: 6595: 6583:, p. 240; 6579: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6483:, p. 335; 6479: 6475: 6459: 6455: 6451:, pp. 4–7. 6443:, p. 233; 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6399: 6395: 6383: 6379: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6319:, pp. 8–9. 6307: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6247: 6243: 6220:nomos empsychos 6212: 6208: 6199: 6195: 6172: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6111: 6083:Klavdiy Lebedev 6032: 6014: 6004: 5875: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5845: 5839: 5833:has continued. 5810:Filioque Clause 5724:Jewish diaspora 5712: 5700:Main articles: 5698: 5693: 5622:Galileo Galilei 5614:John Philoponus 5598: 5591: 5519: 5505: 5499: 5466:North Macedonia 5447: 5441: 5435: 5405:, and Romanian 5318:Pepin the Short 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5273:lira da braccio 5230:Museo Nazionale 5210:Byzantine music 5206: 5205: 5204: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5170: 5160: 5154:Byzantine music 5150: 5125:Digenes Akritas 5112:authorial voice 5100:Michael Psellos 5095: 5069: 800–1000 5068: 5046: 5014:John Chrysostom 4989: 4948: 4940:Main articles: 4938: 4842: 4717: 4694: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4636: 4589:cross-in-square 4565: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4472:), the Greens ( 4456:, most notably 4440:, now known as 4430:Byzantine Greek 4417: 4391: 4381: 4335:κοπτοπλακοῦς), 4317: 4311: 4286:classical Greek 4282: 4280:Byzantine dress 4276: 4271: 4149: 4139: 4133: 4090:Steven Runciman 4082: 4071: 4014: 4002: 3977:in light grey. 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3957:Vatican Library 3950: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3924: 3923: 3912: 3906: 3892: 3886: 3853: 3841: 3827: 3821: 3772: 3766: 3741: 3713: 3699: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3664: 3626: 3620: 3592: 3577: 3537: 3531: 3519: 3486: 867–1056 3482: 3459: 3443: 3431:Main articles: 3429: 3424: 3390:Heraldic flag's 3367: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3300:) achieved the 3294: 3285:to replace the 3267:leges speciales 3253: 3221: 3204: 3194: 3174: 3156: 3150: 3144:anything else. 3082: 3059: 3039:The embassy of 3010: 3004: 2998: 2986: 2983:Robert Browning 2949: 2938: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2878: 2867: 2710: 2704: 2644: 2636:Main articles: 2634: 2626:Catalan Company 2545:. A third, the 2523:Thomas Morosini 2487: 2421: 2407: 2338:Agnes of France 2318: 2312: 2310:Angelid dynasty 2307: 2301: 2284: 2277: 2172:Marcus Aurelius 2131: 2125: 2117:Treaty of Devol 2011: 2005: 1985: 1979: 1893:Robert Guiscard 1881:Byzantine Italy 1879:gradually into 1858:George Maniakes 1852:The seizure of 1759:, the powerful 1749:Constantine VII 1712: 1693: 1686: 1676: 1666: 1638: 1593:religious icons 1559: 1532: 1514: 1485:was undergoing 1469:, but suffered 1459: 1440: 1401:pyrrhic victory 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1365: 1359:Sasanian Empire 1351: 1350: 1349: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1276: 1246:Sasanian Empire 1225:by the general 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1143: 1133: 1113: 1094: 1063: 1007: 968: 959: 955: 953: 949: 870: 853: 817: 790: 776: 767: 760: 757: 739: 733: 725:Hieronymus Wolf 669: 659: 590:, experiencing 544: 534:were proscribed 522: 507: 444: 384: 374: 364: 354: 344: 305: 293: 281: 269: 257: 245: 244:• 717–741 233: 232:• 610–641 221: 220:• 527–565 209: 208:• 408–450 197: 196:• 379–395 185: 184:• 306–337 153: 125: 85: 73: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 28081: 28071: 28070: 28068:Former empires 28065: 28060: 28055: 28050: 28045: 28040: 28035: 28030: 28025: 28020: 28015: 28010: 28005: 28000: 27995: 27980: 27979: 27962: 27945: 27943:from Wikiquote 27928: 27911: 27882: 27879: 27878: 27866: 27854: 27842: 27830: 27807: 27806: 27801: 27800: 27798: 27797: 27792: 27787: 27782: 27777: 27772: 27767: 27762: 27757: 27752: 27746: 27744: 27740: 27739: 27737: 27736: 27731: 27726: 27721: 27716: 27711: 27706: 27701: 27696: 27691: 27686: 27681: 27676: 27671: 27666: 27661: 27656: 27654:Russian Empire 27651: 27646: 27644:British Empire 27641: 27639:Dutch Republic 27636: 27634:Swedish Empire 27631: 27626: 27621: 27616: 27614:Spanish Empire 27611: 27606: 27604:Ottoman Empire 27601: 27596: 27591: 27586: 27581: 27576: 27575: 27574: 27564: 27559: 27553: 27551: 27545: 27544: 27542: 27541: 27536: 27531: 27526: 27521: 27519:Serbian Empire 27516: 27511: 27506: 27501: 27496: 27491: 27486: 27464: 27459: 27454: 27453: 27452: 27447: 27442: 27437: 27427: 27426: 27425: 27420: 27412: 27407: 27402: 27397: 27392: 27391: 27390: 27380: 27375: 27369: 27367: 27361: 27360: 27358: 27357: 27355:Late antiquity 27352: 27347: 27342: 27341: 27340: 27330: 27325: 27320: 27318:Roman Republic 27315: 27309: 27307: 27301: 27300: 27298: 27297: 27292: 27287: 27282: 27276: 27274: 27268: 27267: 27260: 27259: 27252: 27245: 27237: 27228: 27227: 27225: 27224: 27219: 27214: 27209: 27204: 27199: 27194: 27189: 27184: 27179: 27174: 27169: 27164: 27159: 27154: 27149: 27144: 27139: 27134: 27129: 27124: 27119: 27114: 27109: 27104: 27099: 27093: 27091: 27082: 27081: 27079: 27078: 27073: 27068: 27063: 27058: 27053: 27048: 27043: 27038: 27033: 27028: 27023: 27018: 27013: 27008: 27003: 26998: 26993: 26988: 26982: 26980: 26976: 26975: 26972: 26971: 26969: 26968: 26963: 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26923: 26918: 26913: 26908: 26903: 26898: 26893: 26888: 26883: 26878: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26833: 26828: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26808: 26803: 26797: 26795: 26789: 26788: 26786: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26765: 26760: 26755: 26750: 26745: 26740: 26735: 26730: 26725: 26720: 26715: 26710: 26705: 26700: 26695: 26690: 26685: 26680: 26675: 26670: 26665: 26660: 26658:Pomponius Mela 26655: 26650: 26645: 26640: 26635: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26595: 26590: 26585: 26580: 26575: 26570: 26565: 26560: 26555: 26550: 26545: 26540: 26535: 26530: 26525: 26520: 26515: 26510: 26505: 26500: 26495: 26490: 26485: 26480: 26475: 26470: 26465: 26460: 26455: 26450: 26445: 26440: 26435: 26430: 26425: 26420: 26415: 26410: 26405: 26400: 26395: 26393:Aelius Donatus 26389: 26387: 26378: 26374: 26373: 26371: 26370: 26365: 26364: 26363: 26361:Ecclesiastical 26358: 26353: 26348: 26343: 26338: 26333: 26328: 26323: 26315: 26310: 26304: 26302: 26296: 26295: 26293: 26292: 26287: 26282: 26277: 26272: 26267: 26262: 26257: 26252: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26222: 26216: 26214: 26208: 26207: 26205: 26204: 26199: 26194: 26189: 26184: 26179: 26174: 26169: 26164: 26163: 26162: 26152: 26147: 26142: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26121: 26119: 26113: 26112: 26110: 26109: 26104: 26102:Toys and games 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26074: 26073: 26072: 26062: 26057: 26052: 26047: 26042: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26017: 26012: 26007: 26002: 25996: 25994: 25988: 25987: 25985: 25984: 25979: 25974: 25969: 25964: 25959: 25954: 25948: 25946: 25940: 25939: 25937: 25936: 25931: 25926: 25921: 25916: 25915: 25914: 25909: 25904: 25899: 25894: 25884: 25879: 25878: 25877: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25826: 25824: 25818: 25817: 25814: 25813: 25811: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25774: 25772: 25768: 25767: 25765: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25713: 25711: 25704: 25698: 25697: 25695: 25694: 25689: 25684: 25679: 25674: 25669: 25664: 25659: 25654: 25649: 25644: 25642:Vigintisexviri 25639: 25634: 25629: 25624: 25619: 25614: 25609: 25604: 25602:Cursus honorum 25599: 25594: 25588: 25586: 25580: 25579: 25577: 25576: 25571: 25566: 25561: 25556: 25551: 25546: 25540: 25538: 25532: 25531: 25529: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25517: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25501: 25491: 25486: 25481: 25476: 25471: 25466: 25460: 25458: 25452: 25451: 25448: 25447: 25445: 25444: 25443: 25442: 25432: 25431: 25430: 25425: 25415: 25414: 25413: 25408: 25401:Western Empire 25398: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25377: 25375: 25369: 25368: 25366: 25365: 25360: 25359: 25358: 25348: 25342: 25336: 25330: 25329: 25327: 25326: 25321: 25315: 25312: 25311: 25303: 25302: 25295: 25288: 25280: 25271: 25270: 25266: 25265: 25260: 25256: 25255: 25239: 25238:63 BCE–224 CE 25235: 25234: 25229: 25224: 25220: 25219: 25214: 25210: 25209: 25201:Ancient Greeks 25193: 25189: 25188: 25183: 25179: 25178: 25166: 25162: 25161: 25159: 25157: 25153: 25152: 25147: 25143: 25142: 25123: 25118: 25111: 25102: 25093: 25088: 25084: 25083: 25076: 25060: 25056: 25055: 25053:Middle Assyria 25050: 25048: 25043: 25039: 25038: 25026: 25014: 25010: 25009: 24999: 24994: 24990: 24989: 24973: 24968: 24956: 24952: 24951: 24946: 24942: 24941: 24934: 24930: 24929: 24924: 24920: 24919: 24906: 24903: 24899: 24898: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24875: 24874: 24866: 24865: 24858: 24851: 24843: 24834: 24833: 24830: 24829: 24827: 24826: 24820: 24814: 24808: 24807: 24806: 24803:Italian Empire 24793: 24791: 24781: 24780: 24774: 24768: 24762: 24756: 24750: 24747:Roman Republic 24744: 24738: 24732: 24726: 24720: 24714: 24708: 24702: 24699:Duchy of Lucca 24696: 24693:Duchy of Genoa 24689: 24687: 24681: 24680: 24677: 24676: 24674: 24673: 24668: 24663: 24658: 24653: 24648: 24643: 24638: 24633: 24628: 24623: 24617: 24615: 24611: 24610: 24608: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24582: 24577: 24572: 24567: 24562: 24556: 24554: 24547: 24533: 24532: 24529: 24528: 24526: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24505: 24499: 24494: 24489: 24484: 24479: 24473: 24471: 24457: 24456: 24454: 24453: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24436: 24435: 24430: 24425: 24420: 24415: 24404: 24402: 24394: 24393: 24390: 24389: 24387: 24386: 24381: 24376: 24371: 24365: 24363: 24357: 24356: 24354: 24353: 24348: 24343: 24337: 24335: 24331: 24330: 24328: 24327: 24322: 24316: 24314: 24308: 24307: 24305: 24304: 24299: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24270: 24268:Duchy of Gaeta 24265: 24259: 24257: 24250: 24246:Southern Italy 24242: 24241: 24239: 24238: 24233: 24228: 24223: 24218: 24213: 24208: 24203: 24198: 24192: 24190: 24189:(c. 1000–1797) 24184: 24183: 24181: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24164: 24162: 24154: 24153: 24151: 24150: 24149: 24148: 24143: 24141:County of Nice 24138: 24136:Duchy of Aosta 24133: 24128: 24123: 24116:Savoyard state 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24073: 24068: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24051:Duchy of Milan 24048: 24046:Duchy of Ivrea 24043: 24042: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23920: 23918: 23906: 23905: 23903: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23887: 23882: 23877: 23872: 23866: 23864: 23856: 23855: 23853: 23852: 23846: 23845: 23844: 23838: 23832: 23819: 23817: 23810: 23809: 23807: 23806: 23805: 23804: 23799: 23794: 23789: 23787:Duchy of Ivrea 23784: 23779: 23768: 23762: 23756: 23753:Odoacer's rule 23749: 23747: 23738: 23728: 23727: 23725: 23724: 23718: 23717:(27 BC–395 AD) 23712: 23711:(509 BC–27 BC) 23709:Roman Republic 23706: 23699: 23697: 23691: 23690: 23688: 23687: 23682: 23677: 23672: 23667: 23662: 23657: 23652: 23651: 23650: 23648:Cisalpine Gaul 23640: 23635: 23630: 23625: 23624: 23623: 23612: 23610: 23606: 23605: 23598: 23597: 23590: 23583: 23575: 23566: 23565: 23468: 23467: 23464: 23463: 23456: 23455: 23448: 23441: 23433: 23424: 23423: 23421: 23420: 23419: 23418: 23413: 23404: 23402: 23398: 23397: 23395: 23394: 23389: 23384: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23368: 23367: 23356: 23354: 23350: 23349: 23346: 23345: 23343: 23342: 23337: 23332: 23327: 23322: 23321: 23320: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23270: 23265: 23264: 23263: 23258: 23248: 23243: 23237: 23235: 23226: 23225: 23224: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23193: 23188: 23187: 23186: 23176: 23171: 23170: 23169: 23164: 23159: 23149: 23144: 23143: 23142: 23137: 23127: 23126: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23110: 23105: 23095: 23094: 23093: 23088: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23062: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23041: 23031: 23030: 23029: 23024: 23014: 23009: 23008: 23007: 23002: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22985: 22975: 22974: 22973: 22968: 22958: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22921: 22916: 22915: 22914: 22909: 22901: 22896: 22891: 22886: 22881: 22875: 22873: 22867: 22866: 22864: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22848: 22847: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22806: 22801: 22800: 22799: 22794: 22789: 22784: 22779: 22774: 22764: 22763: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22696: 22695: 22690: 22680: 22679: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22663: 22658: 22653: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22624: 22623: 22618: 22613: 22603: 22602: 22601: 22596: 22591: 22586: 22576: 22571: 22566: 22561: 22556: 22551: 22550: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22524: 22523: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22497: 22496: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22454: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22433: 22428: 22427: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22391: 22390: 22389: 22384: 22374: 22373: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22347: 22342: 22341: 22340: 22330: 22329: 22328: 22323: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22279: 22277: 22275:Post-classical 22271: 22270: 22268: 22267: 22266: 22265: 22255: 22250: 22249: 22248: 22243: 22233: 22232: 22231: 22221: 22220: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22184: 22179: 22174: 22173: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22147: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22130: 22125: 22124: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22093: 22088: 22083: 22082: 22081: 22076: 22074:Middle Kingdom 22071: 22061: 22056: 22055: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22034: 22033: 22032: 22030:Neo-Babylonian 22027: 22022: 22020:Old Babylonian 22012: 22011: 22010: 22005: 21995: 21990: 21984: 21982: 21970: 21969: 21962: 21961: 21954: 21947: 21939: 21933: 21930: 21929: 21917: 21916: 21914: 21913: 21911: 21910: 21900: 21895: 21889: 21886: 21883: 21882: 21879: 21878: 21876: 21875: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21850: 21845: 21840: 21835: 21829: 21826: 21825: 21815: 21814: 21811: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21801: 21791: 21786: 21785: 21784: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21753: 21751: 21749: 21748: 21745: 21739: 21736: 21735: 21733: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21711: 21710: 21700: 21699: 21698: 21693: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21642: 21640: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21632: 21627: 21620: 21619: 21618: 21608: 21602: 21600: 21594: 21593: 21591: 21590: 21585: 21584: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21563: 21558: 21553: 21547: 21545: 21539: 21538: 21536: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21519: 21518: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21492: 21490: 21484: 21483: 21480: 21479: 21477: 21476: 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21445: 21443: 21439: 21438: 21436: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21419: 21417: 21411: 21410: 21408: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21385:Byzantine Bath 21382: 21376: 21374: 21368: 21367: 21365: 21364: 21359: 21354: 21349: 21344: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21308: 21306: 21304:Constantinople 21300: 21299: 21297: 21296: 21295: 21294: 21289: 21279: 21273: 21267: 21257: 21256: 21246: 21245: 21242: 21241: 21238: 21237: 21235: 21234: 21229: 21224: 21219: 21214: 21213: 21212: 21202: 21196: 21194: 21188: 21187: 21185: 21184: 21179: 21178: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21113: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21087: 21086: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21063:Byzantine Rite 21054: 21052: 21042: 21041: 21031: 21030: 21027: 21026: 21023: 21022: 21020: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20988: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20967: 20961: 20959: 20953: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20946: 20945: 20943:Grand domestic 20940: 20939: 20938: 20933: 20923: 20922: 20921: 20916: 20909:Komnenian army 20905: 20903: 20899: 20898: 20896: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20844: 20842: 20838: 20837: 20835: 20834: 20833: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20807: 20801: 20799: 20795: 20794: 20792: 20791: 20786: 20784:Military units 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20754:Battle tactics 20750: 20744: 20734: 20733: 20723: 20722: 20719: 20718: 20715: 20714: 20712: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20690: 20688: 20682: 20681: 20678: 20677: 20675: 20674: 20669: 20663: 20661: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20632: 20630: 20626: 20625: 20623: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20591: 20589: 20582: 20576: 20575: 20572: 20571: 20569: 20568: 20563: 20557: 20555: 20551: 20550: 20548: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20501: 20499: 20495: 20494: 20492: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20465: 20463: 20459: 20458: 20456: 20455: 20450: 20449: 20448: 20446:Medieval Greek 20438: 20437: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20415: 20409: 20401: 20400: 20390: 20389: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20340: 20339: 20334: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20273: 20271: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20260: 20259: 20254: 20249: 20244: 20217: 20216: 20215: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20201:Fourth Crusade 20192: 20190: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20158:Macedonian era 20155: 20150: 20145: 20139: 20137: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20123: 20122: 20117: 20116: 20115: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20091:Theodosian era 20088: 20087: 20086: 20081: 20070: 20068: 20060: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20053: 20052: 20051: 20038: 20036: 20031: 20024: 20023: 20011: 20010: 20002: 20001: 19994: 19987: 19979: 19973: 19972: 19967: 19961: 19955: 19945: 19932: 19929:De Re Militari 19926: 19920: 19907: 19904:Dumbarton Oaks 19896: 19895: 19891: 19890: 19885: 19879: 19862: 19856: 19837: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19820: 19819: 19808: 19807: 19805: 19804:External links 19802: 19800: 19799: 19786: 19763: 19750: 19724: 19718: 19705: 19699: 19683: 19677: 19664: 19620: 19602: 19584: 19578: 19565: 19559: 19541: 19512: 19506: 19483: 19477: 19460: 19454: 19432: 19426: 19413: 19407: 19399:The Byzantines 19387: 19381: 19368: 19335: 19329: 19314: 19308: 19295: 19289: 19263: 19257: 19244: 19222: 19214:10.2307/301038 19193: 19176: 19155: 19154: 19153: 19149:Shepard (2009) 19144: 19140:Shepard (2009) 19132: 19128:Shepard (2009) 19124:Moorhead, John 19120: 19116:Shepard (2009) 19108: 19104:Shepard (2009) 19096: 19092:Shepard (2009) 19084: 19080:Shepard (2009) 19069: 19051: 19050: 19049: 19045:Shepard (1990) 19037: 19033:Shepard (1990) 19025: 19021:Shepard (1990) 19013: 19009:Shepard (1990) 19004: 19000:Shepard (1990) 18995: 18991:Shepard (1990) 18977: 18964: 18958: 18942: 18936: 18923: 18902: 18885:Schaff, Philip 18881: 18857: 18851: 18820: 18814: 18801: 18795: 18782: 18776: 18760: 18746: 18725: 18719: 18706: 18693: 18676: 18635: 18617: 18580: 18574: 18558: 18552: 18539: 18517: 18511: 18495: 18489: 18476: 18455: 18432: 18399: 18378: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18345: 18336: 18318: 18305: 18299: 18286: 18280: 18260: 18254: 18238: 18200: 18194: 18178: 18160: 18145: 18139: 18123: 18122: 18121: 18109: 18100: 18082: 18065: 18047: 18032: 18026: 18000: 17973: 17967: 17954: 17921:(3): 865–888. 17900: 17899: 17898: 17883: 17871:Young, Frances 17863: 17843:10.2307/624442 17819: 17813: 17799:Millar, Fergus 17795: 17789: 17768: 17754: 17739: 17733: 17720: 17714: 17701: 17684: 17683: 17682: 17673: 17664: 17655: 17646: 17620: 17605: 17588: 17582: 17566: 17560: 17544: 17538: 17526:Fouracre, Paul 17518: 17493: 17487: 17472: 17466: 17453: 17424: 17418: 17399: 17390:978-0884022886 17389: 17372: 17371: 17370: 17349:978-0884022886 17348: 17325: 17307: 17289: 17279:(2): 171–178. 17268: 17262: 17249: 17243: 17226: 17178: 17177: 17176: 17152: 17134: 17128: 17109: 17097:978-0884022886 17096: 17072: 17066: 17048: 17002:(2): 272–316. 16996:Church History 16987: 16982:978-0197549322 16981: 16968: 16962: 16937: 16912: 16906: 16893: 16887: 16871: 16857: 16851: 16836: 16835: 16834: 16830:Johnson (2015) 16825: 16821:Johnson (2015) 16810: 16787: 16769: 16751: 16737:(6): 123–130. 16722: 16708: 16688: 16682: 16666: 16648:(2): 185–226. 16638:Hopkins, Keith 16634: 16628: 16609: 16603: 16586: 16572: 16551: 16545: 16532: 16526: 16513: 16507: 16491: 16460: 16431: 16410: 16398: 16373: 16367: 16350: 16344: 16328: 16322: 16306: 16300: 16287: 16269: 16255:Garland, Lynda 16251: 16245: 16232: 16177: 16159: 16144: 16138: 16125: 16119: 16099: 16068: 16046:Diehl, Charles 16042: 16016:(2): 289–301. 16005: 15987: 15973:Davidson, Alan 15969: 15951: 15933: 15912: 15911: 15910: 15906:Cormack (2008) 15901: 15897:Cormack (2008) 15892: 15888:Cormack (2008) 15883: 15879:Cormack (2008) 15871: 15867:Cormack (2008) 15862: 15858:Cormack (2008) 15853: 15849:Cormack (2008) 15845:Haldan, John F 15841: 15837:Cormack (2008) 15833:Haldon, John F 15829: 15825:Cormack (2008) 15820: 15816:Cormack (2008) 15812:Bryer, Anthony 15808: 15804:Cormack (2008) 15793: 15780: 15774: 15759: 15753: 15730: 15729: 15728: 15719: 15710: 15698: 15689: 15677: 15662: 15649: 15621: 15615: 15602: 15584: 15572:Wiseman, T. P. 15563: 15557: 15549:The Byzantines 15544: 15538: 15530:The Byzantines 15521: 15500: 15494: 15478: 15464: 15458: 15442: 15419: 15413: 15396: 15372: 15366: 15353: 15347: 15325: 15319: 15306: 15300: 15287: 15281: 15265: 15259: 15237: 15231: 15214: 15208: 15192: 15174: 15156: 15130: 15110:10.2307/626864 15104:(2): 202–205. 15093: 15087: 15067: 15061: 15048: 15042: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15012: 15003: 14985: 14975:, ed. (2006). 14969: 14963: 14947: 14910: 14900:(3): 366–375. 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14877: 14850:"Books X–XIII" 14842: 14836: 14820: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14792: 14791: 14785:, p. 71; 14775: 14773:, p. 261. 14760: 14748: 14746:, p. 127. 14736: 14724: 14712: 14700: 14688: 14676: 14664: 14662:, p. 213. 14652: 14645: 14625: 14618: 14597: 14581: 14562: 14542: 14528: 14506:Chazan, Robert 14493: 14491:, p. 173. 14489:Kenworthy 2008 14478: 14466: 14464:, p. 187. 14454: 14442: 14422: 14410: 14398: 14386: 14374: 14362: 14350: 14338: 14326: 14322:Nicholson 1960 14314: 14312:, p. 363. 14302: 14290: 14288:, p. vii. 14278: 14266: 14254: 14252:, p. 346. 14242: 14240:, p. 375. 14230: 14218: 14206: 14194: 14192:, p. 418. 14182: 14170: 14168:, p. 181. 14153: 14138: 14126: 14111: 14099: 14087: 14075: 14063: 14061:, p. 364. 14051: 14039: 14027: 14015: 14003: 14001:, p. 542. 13991: 13979: 13967: 13955: 13943: 13941:, p. 118. 13931: 13919: 13907: 13895: 13888: 13867: 13837: 13830: 13807: 13800: 13774: 13738: 13718: 13716:, p. 409. 13706: 13704:, p. 189. 13691: 13676: 13649:Saliba, George 13640: 13628: 13616: 13614:, p. 218. 13601: 13586: 13584:, p. 110. 13574: 13562: 13548: 13518: 13511: 13485: 13466: 13443: 13422:10.2307/310399 13400: 13366: 13346: 13315: 13283: 13281:, p. 124. 13271: 13244: 13222: 13203: 13183: 13168: 13156: 13154:, p. 685. 13144: 13121: 13117:Kaldellis 2021 13105: 13089: 13077: 13073:Browning 1991a 13065: 13053: 13036: 13024: 12993: 12985:Weitzmann 1982 12983:, Chapter 17; 12973: 12961: 12949: 12937: 12935:, p. 185. 12925: 12913: 12901: 12894: 12886:The Art Museum 12876: 12874:, p. xix. 12872:Weitzmann 1979 12864: 12860:Weitzmann 1979 12852: 12845: 12837:The Art Museum 12827: 12820: 12812:The Art Museum 12802: 12795: 12777: 12750: 12721: 12714: 12688: 12657: 12655:, p. 643. 12645: 12629: 12617: 12602: 12600:, p. 729. 12590: 12559: 12525: 12523:, p. 672. 12513: 12506: 12488: 12486:, p. 184. 12468: 12466:, p. 482. 12448: 12428: 12398: 12391: 12373: 12371:, p. 723. 12367:, p. 13; 12357: 12351:, p. 18; 12338: 12326: 12324:, p. 535. 12307: 12305:, p. 532. 12291: 12279: 12267: 12255: 12243: 12228: 12211: 12196: 12190:, p. 95; 12188:Kaldellis 2007 12180: 12172:Versteegh 1977 12166:, p. 10; 12156: 12150:, p. 20; 12140: 12120: 12081:(1–4): 63–64. 12061: 12059:, p. 283. 12045: 12033: 12026: 12005: 11993: 11991:, p. 283. 11981:Kaldellis 2023 11973: 11966: 11954:Wickham, Chris 11945: 11943:, p. 562. 11933:Kaldellis 2023 11925: 11923:, p. 109. 11909: 11889: 11879:, p. 77; 11877:McDonnell 2006 11875:, p. 59; 11865: 11863:, p. 5–7. 11861:Treadgold 1997 11845: 11818: 11787: 11785:, p. 850. 11771: 11755: 11753:, p. 133. 11747:Kaldellis 2023 11739: 11737:, p. 310. 11733:, p. 40; 11731:Kaldellis 2023 11723: 11707: 11705:, p. 136. 11691: 11687:Kaldellis 2023 11667: 11657:, p. 40; 11655:Kaldellis 2023 11647: 11641:, p. 40; 11639:Kaldellis 2023 11631: 11629:, p. xvi. 11619:Kaldellis 2023 11611: 11603:Kaldellis 2023 11595: 11591:Kaldellis 2023 11583: 11581:, p. xiv. 11577:, p. 41; 11575:Kaldellis 2023 11573:, p. 13; 11563: 11555:Kaldellis 2023 11547: 11541:, p. 41; 11539:Kaldellis 2023 11531: 11529:, p. 121. 11525:, p. 83; 11515: 11513:, p. 132. 11499: 11493:, p. 85; 11487:Kaldellis 2023 11479: 11477:, p. 331. 11473:, p. 39; 11471:Kaldellis 2023 11463: 11461:, p. 329. 11457:, p. 39; 11455:Kaldellis 2023 11447: 11445:, p. 563. 11441:, p. 38; 11439:Kaldellis 2023 11431: 11425:, p. 53; 11421:, p. 40; 11419:Kaldellis 2023 11411: 11354: 11338:Kaldellis 2023 11330: 11292: 11290:, p. 470. 11286:, p. 42; 11280:Kaldellis 2023 11268: 11262:, p. 39; 11260:Kaldellis 2023 11252: 11236: 11230:, p. 32; 11226:, p. 40; 11224:Kaldellis 2023 11216: 11212:Kaldellis 2023 11204: 11200:Treadgold 1997 11192:Kaldellis 2023 11184: 11180:Treadgold 1997 11156: 11152:Treadgold 1997 11148:Kaldellis 2023 11140: 11138:, p. 138. 11136:Kaldellis 2023 11128: 11121: 11093: 11091:, p. 364. 11085:Treadgold 1997 11081:Kaldellis 2023 11065: 11051: 11023: 11019:Treadgold 1997 11017:, p. 34; 11015:Kaldellis 2023 11007: 10995:Treadgold 1997 10993:, p. 34; 10991:Kaldellis 2023 10983: 10944: 10918: 10898:Ando, Clifford 10870: 10848: 10840:Kaldellis 2023 10836:Spawforth 1993 10824: 10817: 10792: 10785: 10767: 10747: 10745:, p. 789. 10735: 10733:, p. 798. 10719: 10715:Kaldellis 2023 10713:, p. 31; 10699: 10695:Treadgold 1997 10683: 10679:Treadgold 1997 10667: 10665:, p. 310. 10659:Kaldellis 2023 10655:Treadgold 1997 10647: 10639:Kaldellis 2023 10631: 10627:Treadgold 1997 10619:Kaldellis 2023 10611: 10609:, p. 558. 10599: 10595:Treadgold 1997 10591:Kaldellis 2023 10583: 10579:Treadgold 1997 10567: 10551: 10549:, p. 947. 10545:, p. 33; 10543:Treadgold 1995 10541:, p. 29; 10535:Kaldellis 2023 10527: 10488: 10486:, p. 489. 10476: 10456: 10449: 10431: 10411: 10409:, p. 560. 10399:Kaldellis 2023 10391: 10389:, p. 555. 10385:, p. 29; 10379:Kaldellis 2023 10371: 10363:Kaldellis 2023 10355: 10351:Treadgold 1997 10339: 10335:Treadgold 1997 10323: 10321:, p. 557. 10315:Kaldellis 2023 10307: 10303:Treadgold 1997 10291: 10287:Treadgold 1997 10271: 10267:Treadgold 1995 10263:Treadgold 1997 10247: 10231: 10227:Treadgold 1997 10215: 10213:, p. 206. 10211:Treadgold 1995 10207:Kaldellis 2023 10199: 10191:Treadgold 1997 10183:Kaldellis 2023 10175: 10173:, p. 555. 10167:Kaldellis 2023 10159: 10157:, p. 331. 10155:Kaldellis 2023 10147: 10143:Treadgold 1997 10135:Kaldellis 2023 10127: 10112: 10096: 10073: 10071:, pp. 36. 10057: 10055:, p. 472. 10045: 10033: 10021: 10005: 9981: 9961: 9940:10.1086/704909 9914: 9912:, p. 264. 9898: 9878: 9843:(2): 118–133. 9827: 9813: 9782: 9762: 9750: 9748:, p. 529. 9746:Kaldellis 2023 9730: 9722:Kaldellis 2023 9720:, p. 97; 9710: 9698: 9682: 9680:, p. 185. 9670: 9658: 9633: 9621: 9605: 9581: 9579:, p. 120. 9569:Kaldellis 2023 9561: 9559:, p. 120. 9545: 9537:Kaldellis 2023 9525: 9513: 9503:, p. 16; 9493: 9481: 9465: 9453: 9441: 9429: 9427:, p. 949. 9414: 9412:, p. 286. 9386: 9370: 9368:, p. 338. 9366:Kaldellis 2023 9350: 9330: 9328:, p. 289. 9314: 9312:, p. 282. 9302: 9294:Kaldellis 2023 9286: 9284:, p. 283. 9274: 9262: 9246: 9240:, p. 35; 9226: 9222:Kaldellis 2023 9210: 9206:Obolensky 1994 9198: 9186: 9178:Kaldellis 2023 9170: 9168:, p. 185. 9166:Kaldellis 2023 9164:, p. 98; 9154: 9150:Kaldellis 2023 9146:Treadgold 1997 9134: 9130:Treadgold 1997 9118: 9106: 9098:Treadgold 1997 9094:Kaldellis 2023 9086: 9076:, p. 35; 9074:Kaldellis 2023 9066: 9060:, p. 63; 9054:Kaldellis 2023 9046: 9032: 9004: 8990: 8962: 8950: 8944:, p. 25; 8934: 8922: 8883: 8842:Voegelin, Eric 8829: 8809: 8802: 8784: 8745: 8698: 8692:, p. 30; 8682: 8670: 8655: 8643: 8631: 8625:, p. 29; 8612: 8610:, p. 300. 8600: 8588: 8576: 8574:, p. 270. 8564: 8545: 8522: 8520:, p. 268. 8510: 8508:, p. 261. 8498: 8496:, p. 257. 8483: 8481:, p. 260. 8467: 8455: 8443: 8441:, p. 162. 8427: 8387: 8375: 8353: 8345: 8343:, p. 301. 8333: 8313: 8311:, p. 299. 8301: 8285: 8283:, p. 216. 8269: 8257: 8255:, p. 293. 8245: 8243:, p. 118. 8233: 8231:, p. 397. 8218: 8216:, p. 292. 8206: 8204:, p. 291. 8194: 8178: 8166: 8154: 8152:, p. 196. 8142: 8140:, p. 128. 8130: 8118: 8116:, p. 372. 8106: 8094: 8083:. 4 April 2024 8068: 8056: 8044: 8032: 8020: 8008: 8006:, p. 377. 7996: 7994:, p. 267. 7984: 7972: 7953: 7943:, p. 55; 7933: 7931:, p. 234. 7921: 7896: 7861: 7845: 7829: 7805: 7801:Treadgold 1997 7793: 7781: 7779:, p. 116. 7769: 7750: 7721: 7713:Kaldellis 2023 7705: 7703:, p. 267. 7697:Kaldellis 2023 7685: 7683:, p. 503. 7673:Kaldellis 2023 7665: 7661:Kaldellis 2023 7649: 7641:Kaldellis 2023 7629: 7627:, p. 526. 7625:Kaldellis 2023 7613: 7609:Treadgold 1997 7605:Kaldellis 2023 7593: 7591:, p. 266. 7577: 7565:Kaldellis 2023 7553: 7551:, p. 266. 7545:Kaldellis 2023 7537: 7525:Kaldellis 2023 7517: 7513:Kaldellis 2023 7497: 7493:Kaldellis 2023 7485: 7483:, p. 261. 7477:Magdalino 2002 7473:Kaldellis 2023 7465: 7461:Kaldellis 2023 7449: 7447:, p. 170. 7445:Magdalino 2002 7441:Treadgold 2002 7429: 7421:Kaldellis 2023 7417:Treadgold 2002 7409: 7397:Kaldellis 2023 7389: 7385:Treadgold 2002 7381:Kaldellis 2023 7369: 7367:, p. 450. 7365:Kaldellis 2023 7349: 7341:Kaldellis 2023 7333: 7325:Kaldellis 2023 7313: 7311:, p. 265. 7301:Treadgold 2002 7293: 7289:Kaldellis 2023 7281:Treadgold 2002 7273: 7271:, p. 135. 7269:Treadgold 2002 7265:Kaldellis 2023 7257: 7253:Treadgold 2002 7245:Kaldellis 2023 7237: 7225:Treadgold 1997 7217: 7209:Treadgold 1997 7201: 7193:Kaldellis 2023 7185: 7183:, p. 387. 7181:Kaldellis 2023 7169: 7167:, p. 387. 7165:Kaldellis 2023 7157: 7155:, p. 129. 7153:Treadgold 2002 7145:Kaldellis 2023 7137: 7125:Kaldellis 2023 7117: 7113:Treadgold 1997 7105:Kaldellis 2023 7089: 7085:Kaldellis 2023 7081:Treadgold 1997 7069: 7067:, p. 241. 7065:Treadgold 1997 7053:Kaldellis 2023 7045: 7043:, p. 254. 7037:Treadgold 1997 7033:Kaldellis 2023 7025: 7005: 7001:Treadgold 1997 6995:, p. 51; 6985: 6977:Treadgold 1997 6973:Kaldellis 2023 6965: 6963:, p. 253. 6953:Treadgold 1997 6945: 6937:Kaldellis 2023 6933:Treadgold 1997 6925: 6921:Kaldellis 2023 6919:, p. 49; 6909: 6901:Treadgold 1997 6897:Kaldellis 2023 6889: 6881:Kaldellis 2023 6879:, p. 46; 6869: 6861:Kaldellis 2023 6849: 6841:Kaldellis 2023 6829: 6825:Treadgold 1997 6823:, p. 45; 6817:Kaldellis 2023 6805: 6803:, p. 174. 6801:Treadgold 1997 6797:Kaldellis 2023 6781: 6777:Treadgold 1997 6773:Kaldellis 2023 6761: 6757:Treadgold 1997 6753:Kaldellis 2023 6741: 6737:Kaldellis 2023 6729: 6725:Treadgold 1997 6721:Kaldellis 2023 6709: 6705:Treadgold 1997 6701:Kaldellis 2023 6689: 6681:Treadgold 1997 6677:Kaldellis 2023 6665: 6661:Treadgold 1997 6657:Kaldellis 2023 6645: 6643:, p. 136. 6641:Kaldellis 2023 6633: 6629:Treadgold 1997 6625:Kaldellis 2023 6613: 6609:Treadgold 1997 6605:Kaldellis 2023 6593: 6589:Treadgold 1997 6585:Kaldellis 2023 6573: 6569:Treadgold 1997 6565:Kaldellis 2023 6553: 6549:Treadgold 1997 6545:Kaldellis 2023 6533: 6529:Treadgold 1997 6525:Kaldellis 2023 6513: 6509:Treadgold 1997 6505:Kaldellis 2023 6493: 6489:Treadgold 1997 6485:Kaldellis 2023 6473: 6469:Treadgold 1997 6465:Kaldellis 2023 6453: 6449:Treadgold 1997 6445:Kaldellis 2023 6433: 6431:, p. 232. 6421: 6409: 6403:, p. 34; 6401:Kaldellis 2023 6393: 6389:Kaldellis 2015 6377: 6369:Kaldellis 2023 6361: 6357:Kaldellis 2022 6349: 6337: 6329:Kaldellis 2022 6321: 6309:Kaldellis 2023 6300: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6265: 6256: 6241: 6206: 6193: 6174:Medieval Greek 6165: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6107: 6069:Czech Republic 6049:Averil Cameron 6024:mosaic in the 6003: 6000: 5988:Russian Empire 5917:Mani Peninsula 5871:Main article: 5868: 5865: 5860:Main article: 5857: 5854: 5841:Main article: 5838: 5835: 5800:in Byzantium. 5796:in Persia and 5746:Edict of Milan 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5501:Main article: 5498: 5495: 5434: 5431: 5298:Calabrian lira 5240:Ibn Khordadbeh 5180: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5146: 5047: 650–800 4990: 330–650 4967:medieval Greek 4937: 4934: 4922:carved ivories 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4687: 4684: 4669: 4662: 4661: 4638:Christ as the 4637: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4612:(Greece), the 4545: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4506: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4497:Main article: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4401:played by the 4399:τάβλι (tabula) 4380: 4377: 4313:Main article: 4310: 4307: 4291:Byzantine silk 4278:Main article: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4226:Arab conquests 4193:British Museum 4143:Byzantine silk 4135:Main article: 4132: 4129: 4086: 610–641 4075: 527–565 3936: 3935: 3926: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3905: 3902: 3885: 3882: 3852: 3851:Socio-economic 3849: 3845: 393–423 3820: 3817: 3765: 3762: 3754:Πανδιδακτήριον 3750:Medieval Greek 3746:Pandidakterion 3698: 3695: 3686: 284–305 3671:Main article: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3622:Main article: 3619: 3616: 3596: 867–886 3581: 685–711 3535:Byzantine Navy 3533:Main article: 3530: 3527: 3503:regiment, the 3463: 886–912 3437:Byzantine army 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3396:considers the 3371: 963–969 3356: 306–337 3337:Main article: 3334: 3331: 3298: 886–912 3257: 717–741 3225: 527–565 3208: 402–450 3198: 284–305 3178: 117–138 3152:Main article: 3149: 3146: 3067:Roman Republic 3063: 379–395 3056:Michael Whitby 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2990: 886–912 2953: 602–610 2923: 2920: 2903: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2879: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2762:Aegean islands 2722:Constantinople 2706:Main article: 2703: 2700: 2668:Serbian Empire 2633: 2630: 2622:Andronikos III 2591:Ottoman Empire 2573:following the 2560:expedition in 2507:Western Europe 2481:Fourth Crusade 2411:Fourth Crusade 2406: 2403: 2360:reincorporated 2352:Isaac Komnenos 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2303:Main article: 2300: 2297: 2188:German Emperor 2165:Alexios's son 2129:Second Crusade 2124: 2121: 2004: 2001: 1978: 1975: 1955:Michael Doukas 1920:John Skylitzes 1916:Constantine IX 1895:, followed by 1831:John Tzimiskes 1796:Fourth Crusade 1738:lost in Sicily 1716: 886–912 1697: 867–886 1665: 1662: 1642: 829–842 1616:Constantine VI 1563: 741–775 1513: 1510: 1463: 668–685 1456:Constantine IV 1444: 641–668 1353: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1280: 565–578 1219:Vandal Kingdom 1167: 1166: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1132: 1129: 1117: 491–518 1098: 474–491 1067: 457–474 1011: 408–450 980:Magnus Maximus 972: 379–395 954: 948: 918:Sasanid Persia 886:Constantinople 874: 306–337 857: 284–305 830:its government 822:Roman Republic 775: 772: 751:late antiquity 743:periodizations 735:Main article: 732: 729: 715:—"Romanland". 707:Constantinople 699:(Latinised as 658: 655: 639:perennial wars 619:Fourth Crusade 548: 527–565 530:state religion 526: 379–395 511: 324–337 479:and the later 453:Ottoman Empire 433:Late Antiquity 429:Constantinople 411: 410: 397: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 382: 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 368: 365: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 345: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 330: 329: 323:Late Antiquity 320: 319:Historical era 316: 315: 312: 311: 309:Constantine XI 306: 303: 300: 299: 294: 291: 288: 287: 282: 279: 276: 275: 270: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 240: 239: 234: 231: 228: 227: 222: 219: 216: 215: 210: 207: 204: 203: 198: 195: 192: 191: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 148: 142: 141: 131: 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 108: 106: 102: 101: 94:Constantinople 91: 87: 86: 83: 75: 74: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28080: 28069: 28066: 28064: 28061: 28059: 28056: 28054: 28051: 28049: 28046: 28044: 28041: 28039: 28036: 28034: 28031: 28029: 28026: 28024: 28021: 28019: 28016: 28014: 28011: 28009: 28006: 28004: 28001: 27999: 27996: 27994: 27991: 27990: 27988: 27976: 27975: 27974:Travel guides 27963: 27959: 27958: 27946: 27942: 27941: 27929: 27925: 27924: 27912: 27908: 27907: 27895: 27894: 27891: 27885: 27877: 27872: 27867: 27865: 27855: 27853: 27848: 27843: 27841: 27831: 27829: 27819: 27818: 27815: 27796: 27793: 27791: 27788: 27786: 27783: 27781: 27778: 27776: 27773: 27771: 27768: 27766: 27763: 27761: 27758: 27756: 27753: 27751: 27750:Art of Europe 27748: 27747: 27745: 27741: 27735: 27732: 27730: 27727: 27725: 27722: 27720: 27717: 27715: 27712: 27710: 27707: 27705: 27702: 27700: 27697: 27695: 27692: 27690: 27687: 27685: 27682: 27680: 27677: 27675: 27672: 27670: 27667: 27665: 27662: 27660: 27657: 27655: 27652: 27650: 27647: 27645: 27642: 27640: 27637: 27635: 27632: 27630: 27627: 27625: 27622: 27620: 27617: 27615: 27612: 27610: 27607: 27605: 27602: 27600: 27597: 27595: 27592: 27590: 27587: 27585: 27582: 27580: 27577: 27573: 27570: 27569: 27568: 27565: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27554: 27552: 27550: 27549:Modern period 27546: 27540: 27537: 27535: 27532: 27530: 27527: 27525: 27522: 27520: 27517: 27515: 27512: 27510: 27507: 27505: 27502: 27500: 27497: 27495: 27492: 27490: 27487: 27484: 27480: 27476: 27472: 27468: 27465: 27463: 27460: 27458: 27455: 27451: 27448: 27446: 27443: 27441: 27438: 27436: 27433: 27432: 27431: 27428: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27415: 27413: 27411: 27408: 27406: 27403: 27401: 27398: 27396: 27393: 27389: 27386: 27385: 27384: 27381: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27371: 27370: 27368: 27366: 27362: 27356: 27353: 27351: 27348: 27346: 27343: 27339: 27336: 27335: 27334: 27331: 27329: 27326: 27324: 27321: 27319: 27316: 27314: 27311: 27310: 27308: 27306: 27302: 27296: 27293: 27291: 27288: 27286: 27283: 27281: 27278: 27277: 27275: 27273: 27269: 27265: 27258: 27253: 27251: 27246: 27244: 27239: 27238: 27235: 27223: 27220: 27218: 27215: 27213: 27210: 27208: 27205: 27203: 27200: 27198: 27195: 27193: 27190: 27188: 27185: 27183: 27180: 27178: 27175: 27173: 27170: 27168: 27165: 27163: 27160: 27158: 27155: 27153: 27150: 27148: 27145: 27143: 27140: 27138: 27135: 27133: 27130: 27128: 27125: 27123: 27120: 27118: 27115: 27113: 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27095: 27094: 27092: 27083: 27077: 27074: 27072: 27069: 27067: 27064: 27062: 27059: 27057: 27054: 27052: 27049: 27047: 27044: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27012: 27009: 27007: 27004: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26983: 26981: 26977: 26967: 26964: 26962: 26959: 26957: 26954: 26952: 26949: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26912: 26909: 26907: 26904: 26902: 26899: 26897: 26894: 26892: 26889: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26798: 26796: 26794: 26790: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26749: 26746: 26744: 26741: 26739: 26736: 26734: 26731: 26729: 26726: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26716: 26714: 26711: 26709: 26706: 26704: 26701: 26699: 26696: 26694: 26691: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26681: 26679: 26676: 26674: 26671: 26669: 26666: 26664: 26661: 26659: 26656: 26654: 26651: 26649: 26646: 26644: 26641: 26639: 26636: 26634: 26631: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26594: 26591: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26566: 26564: 26561: 26559: 26556: 26554: 26551: 26549: 26548:Julius Paulus 26546: 26544: 26541: 26539: 26536: 26534: 26531: 26529: 26526: 26524: 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26499: 26496: 26494: 26491: 26489: 26486: 26484: 26483:Fabius Pictor 26481: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26469: 26466: 26464: 26461: 26459: 26456: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26439: 26436: 26434: 26431: 26429: 26426: 26424: 26421: 26419: 26416: 26414: 26411: 26409: 26406: 26404: 26401: 26399: 26396: 26394: 26391: 26390: 26388: 26386: 26382: 26379: 26375: 26369: 26366: 26362: 26359: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26349: 26347: 26344: 26342: 26339: 26337: 26334: 26332: 26329: 26327: 26324: 26322: 26319: 26318: 26316: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26305: 26303: 26301: 26297: 26291: 26288: 26286: 26283: 26281: 26278: 26276: 26273: 26271: 26268: 26266: 26263: 26261: 26258: 26256: 26253: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26241: 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26226: 26223: 26221: 26220:Amphitheatres 26218: 26217: 26215: 26213: 26209: 26203: 26200: 26198: 26195: 26193: 26190: 26188: 26185: 26183: 26180: 26178: 26175: 26173: 26170: 26168: 26165: 26161: 26158: 26157: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26148: 26146: 26143: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26122: 26120: 26118: 26114: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26071: 26068: 26067: 26066: 26063: 26061: 26058: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26041: 26038: 26036: 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26006: 26003: 26001: 25998: 25997: 25995: 25993: 25989: 25983: 25980: 25978: 25975: 25973: 25970: 25968: 25965: 25963: 25960: 25958: 25957:Deforestation 25955: 25953: 25950: 25949: 25947: 25945: 25941: 25935: 25932: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25920: 25917: 25913: 25910: 25908: 25907:Siege engines 25905: 25903: 25900: 25898: 25895: 25893: 25890: 25889: 25888: 25885: 25883: 25880: 25876: 25873: 25872: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25840:Establishment 25838: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25827: 25825: 25823: 25819: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25775: 25773: 25771:Extraordinary 25769: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25757:Promagistrate 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25714: 25712: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25699: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25680: 25678: 25675: 25673: 25670: 25668: 25665: 25663: 25660: 25658: 25655: 25653: 25650: 25648: 25645: 25643: 25640: 25638: 25635: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25605: 25603: 25600: 25598: 25595: 25593: 25590: 25589: 25587: 25585: 25581: 25575: 25572: 25570: 25567: 25565: 25562: 25560: 25557: 25555: 25552: 25550: 25547: 25545: 25544:Twelve Tables 25542: 25541: 25539: 25537: 25533: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25496: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25485: 25482: 25480: 25477: 25475: 25472: 25470: 25467: 25465: 25462: 25461: 25459: 25457: 25453: 25441: 25438: 25437: 25436: 25433: 25429: 25426: 25424: 25421: 25420: 25419: 25416: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25404: 25403: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25378: 25376: 25374: 25370: 25364: 25361: 25357: 25354: 25353: 25352: 25349: 25347: 25344: 25343: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25331: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25316: 25313: 25308: 25301: 25296: 25294: 25289: 25287: 25282: 25281: 25278: 25264: 25257: 25253: 25252: 25247: 25243: 25236: 25233: 25228: 25221: 25218: 25211: 25207: 25206: 25202: 25197: 25191: 25190: 25187: 25181: 25180: 25176: 25175: 25170: 25164: 25163: 25155: 25154: 25151: 25145: 25144: 25141: 25140: 25135: 25134: 25129: 25128: 25122: 25117: 25116: 25110: 25106: 25101: 25097: 25092: 25086: 25085: 25082: 25081: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25066: 25065: 25058: 25057: 25054: 25049: 25047: 25041: 25040: 25036: 25035: 25030: 25024: 25023: 25018: 25012: 25011: 25007: 25003: 24998: 24992: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24981: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24965: 24960: 24954: 24953: 24950: 24944: 24943: 24940: 24939: 24932: 24931: 24928: 24922: 24921: 24918: 24914: 24910: 24901: 24900: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24881: 24876: 24872: 24864: 24859: 24857: 24852: 24850: 24845: 24844: 24841: 24824: 24821: 24818: 24815: 24812: 24809: 24804: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24795: 24794: 24792: 24790: 24785: 24778: 24775: 24772: 24769: 24766: 24763: 24760: 24757: 24754: 24751: 24748: 24745: 24742: 24739: 24736: 24733: 24730: 24727: 24724: 24721: 24718: 24715: 24712: 24709: 24706: 24703: 24700: 24697: 24694: 24691: 24690: 24688: 24682: 24672: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24657: 24654: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24618: 24616: 24612: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24583: 24581: 24578: 24576: 24573: 24571: 24568: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24557: 24555: 24551: 24548: 24543: 24538: 24534: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24511: 24509: 24506: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24495: 24493: 24490: 24488: 24487:Duchy of Sora 24485: 24483: 24480: 24478: 24475: 24474: 24472: 24468: 24462: 24458: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24410: 24409: 24406: 24405: 24403: 24399: 24395: 24385: 24382: 24380: 24377: 24375: 24372: 24370: 24367: 24366: 24364: 24362: 24358: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24338: 24336: 24332: 24326: 24325:Muslim Sicily 24323: 24321: 24318: 24317: 24315: 24313: 24309: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24266: 24264: 24261: 24260: 24258: 24254: 24251: 24247: 24243: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24212: 24209: 24207: 24204: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24194: 24193: 24191: 24185: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24165: 24163: 24159: 24155: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24118: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23966: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23921: 23919: 23911: 23907: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23878: 23876: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23867: 23865: 23861: 23857: 23850: 23847: 23842: 23839: 23836: 23833: 23830: 23829:Duchy of Rome 23827: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23820: 23818: 23815: 23811: 23803: 23800: 23798: 23795: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23778: 23775: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23766: 23763: 23760: 23757: 23754: 23751: 23750: 23748: 23742: 23739: 23729: 23722: 23719: 23716: 23713: 23710: 23707: 23704: 23703:Roman Kingdom 23701: 23700: 23698: 23696: 23692: 23686: 23683: 23681: 23678: 23676: 23675:Magna Graecia 23673: 23671: 23668: 23666: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23656: 23653: 23649: 23646: 23645: 23644: 23641: 23639: 23636: 23634: 23631: 23629: 23626: 23622: 23619: 23618: 23617: 23614: 23613: 23611: 23607: 23603: 23596: 23591: 23589: 23584: 23582: 23577: 23576: 23573: 23465: 23461: 23454: 23449: 23447: 23442: 23440: 23435: 23434: 23431: 23417: 23416:Soviet empire 23414: 23412: 23409: 23408: 23406: 23405: 23403: 23401:Miscellaneous 23399: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23366: 23363: 23362: 23361: 23358: 23357: 23355: 23351: 23341: 23338: 23336: 23333: 23331: 23328: 23326: 23323: 23319: 23316: 23315: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23291: 23289: 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23271: 23269: 23266: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23253: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23238: 23236: 23234: 23230: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23198: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23185: 23182: 23181: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23168: 23165: 23163: 23160: 23158: 23155: 23154: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23132: 23131: 23128: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23109: 23106: 23104: 23101: 23100: 23099: 23096: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23083: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23036: 23035: 23032: 23028: 23025: 23023: 23020: 23019: 23018: 23015: 23013: 23010: 23006: 23003: 23001: 23000:German Empire 22998: 22997: 22996: 22993: 22989: 22986: 22984: 22981: 22980: 22979: 22976: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22963: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22930: 22927: 22926: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22913: 22910: 22908: 22905: 22904: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22895: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22885: 22882: 22880: 22877: 22876: 22874: 22872: 22868: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22811: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22798: 22795: 22793: 22790: 22788: 22785: 22783: 22780: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22769: 22768: 22765: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22742: 22741: 22740:Turco-Persian 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22685: 22684: 22681: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22648: 22647: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22612: 22609: 22608: 22607: 22604: 22600: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22590: 22587: 22585: 22582: 22581: 22580: 22577: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22565: 22562: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22528: 22525: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22502: 22501: 22498: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22396: 22395: 22392: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22378: 22375: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22352: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22327: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22318: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22280: 22278: 22276: 22272: 22264: 22261: 22260: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22238: 22237: 22234: 22230: 22227: 22226: 22225: 22222: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22189: 22188: 22185: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22175: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22152: 22151: 22148: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22135: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22097: 22094: 22092: 22089: 22087: 22084: 22080: 22077: 22075: 22072: 22070: 22067: 22066: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22038: 22035: 22031: 22028: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22016: 22013: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 22000: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21975: 21971: 21967: 21960: 21955: 21953: 21948: 21946: 21941: 21940: 21937: 21931: 21924: 21909: 21905: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21891: 21890: 21888: 21887: 21884: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21834: 21831: 21830: 21827: 21820: 21816: 21800: 21797: 21796: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21783: 21780: 21779: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21757:Encyclopedias 21755: 21754: 21752: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21740: 21737: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21704: 21701: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21681:Hellenization 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21643: 21641: 21639:Everyday life 21637: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21625: 21621: 21617: 21614: 21613: 21612: 21611:Acritic songs 21609: 21607: 21604: 21603: 21601: 21599: 21595: 21589: 21586: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21568: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21548: 21546: 21544: 21540: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21517: 21514: 21513: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21493: 21491: 21489: 21485: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21454:Hosios Loukas 21452: 21450: 21447: 21446: 21444: 21440: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21420: 21418: 21416: 21412: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21377: 21375: 21373: 21369: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21307: 21305: 21301: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21284: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21274: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21262: 21258: 21251: 21247: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21223: 21220: 21218: 21215: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21197: 21195: 21193: 21189: 21183: 21180: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21157: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21127:Monophysitism 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21100:Armenian Rite 21098: 21096: 21093: 21092: 21091: 21088: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21059: 21056: 21055: 21053: 21051: 21047: 21043: 21036: 21032: 21018: 21017:Naval battles 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20972: 20971: 20968: 20966: 20963: 20962: 20960: 20958: 20954: 20944: 20941: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20928: 20927: 20924: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20911: 20910: 20907: 20906: 20904: 20900: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20839: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20802: 20800: 20796: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20751: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20739: 20735: 20728: 20724: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20664: 20662: 20658: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20633: 20631: 20627: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20592: 20590: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20577: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20558: 20556: 20552: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20540:Protasekretis 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20502: 20500: 20496: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20466: 20464: 20460: 20454: 20451: 20447: 20444: 20443: 20442: 20439: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20421: 20420: 20417: 20416: 20413: 20410: 20406: 20402: 20395: 20391: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20366: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20338: 20335: 20333: 20330: 20329: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20264: 20258: 20255: 20253: 20250: 20248: 20245: 20242: 20238: 20234: 20230: 20226: 20222: 20218: 20214: 20211: 20210: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20198: 20197: 20194: 20193: 20191: 20185: 20180: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20168:Komnenian era 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20140: 20138: 20132: 20127: 20121: 20118: 20113: 20109: 20108: 20107: 20106:Heraclian era 20104: 20102: 20101:Justinian era 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20076: 20075: 20072: 20071: 20069: 20063: 20058: 20050: 20049: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20029: 20025: 20021: 20016: 20012: 20007: 20000: 19995: 19993: 19988: 19986: 19981: 19980: 19977: 19971: 19968: 19965: 19962: 19959: 19956: 19954:; in English. 19953: 19949: 19946: 19943: 19939: 19936: 19933: 19930: 19927: 19924: 19921: 19918: 19914: 19911: 19908: 19905: 19901: 19898: 19897: 19893: 19892: 19889: 19886: 19883: 19880: 19877: 19873: 19869: 19866: 19863: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19851: 19850: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19789: 19783: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19770: 19764: 19753: 19747: 19743: 19739: 19735: 19734: 19729: 19725: 19721: 19719:9780870991790 19715: 19711: 19706: 19702: 19696: 19692: 19688: 19684: 19680: 19674: 19670: 19665: 19653: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19637: 19634:(71): 79–91. 19633: 19629: 19625: 19621: 19609: 19605: 19599: 19595: 19594: 19589: 19585: 19581: 19575: 19571: 19566: 19562: 19556: 19552: 19551: 19547:(1928–1935). 19546: 19542: 19535: 19531: 19527: 19520: 19519: 19513: 19509: 19503: 19499: 19495: 19491: 19490: 19484: 19480: 19474: 19470: 19461: 19457: 19455:0-8047-2630-2 19451: 19447: 19443: 19442: 19437: 19433: 19429: 19423: 19419: 19414: 19410: 19404: 19400: 19396: 19392: 19388: 19384: 19378: 19374: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19336: 19332: 19326: 19322: 19321: 19315: 19311: 19305: 19301: 19296: 19292: 19286: 19282: 19278: 19274: 19273: 19268: 19264: 19260: 19254: 19250: 19245: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19229: 19225: 19223:960-7099-00-1 19219: 19215: 19211: 19207: 19203: 19199: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19182: 19177: 19173: 19169: 19165: 19161: 19156: 19150: 19145: 19141: 19137: 19133: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19112:Louth, Andrew 19109: 19105: 19101: 19100:Louth, Andrew 19097: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19076: 19075: 19072: 19066: 19062: 19061: 19056: 19052: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19030: 19029:Kennedy, Hugh 19026: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19005: 19001: 18996: 18992: 18988: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18978:9780860783381 18974: 18970: 18965: 18961: 18955: 18951: 18947: 18943: 18939: 18933: 18929: 18924: 18909: 18905: 18899: 18892: 18891: 18886: 18882: 18878: 18874: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18848: 18844: 18840: 18839: 18834: 18830: 18828: 18821: 18817: 18811: 18807: 18802: 18798: 18792: 18788: 18783: 18779: 18773: 18769: 18765: 18761: 18757: 18753: 18749: 18743: 18739: 18735: 18731: 18726: 18722: 18716: 18712: 18707: 18696: 18690: 18686: 18682: 18677: 18665: 18661: 18657: 18653: 18652:10.1418/90426 18649: 18645: 18641: 18636: 18624: 18620: 18618:9781405186056 18614: 18609: 18604: 18600: 18596: 18592: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18577: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18549: 18545: 18540: 18536: 18532: 18528: 18527: 18526:Byzantine Art 18522: 18518: 18514: 18508: 18504: 18500: 18496: 18492: 18486: 18482: 18477: 18466: 18462: 18458: 18452: 18448: 18444: 18440: 18439: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18421: 18417: 18413: 18409: 18405: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18389:(1–4): 3–26. 18388: 18384: 18379: 18375: 18371: 18365: 18361: 18357: 18351: 18346: 18342: 18337: 18333: 18328: 18327: 18321: 18315: 18311: 18306: 18302: 18296: 18292: 18287: 18283: 18277: 18272: 18271: 18265: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18247: 18243: 18239: 18235: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18217: 18214:(in French). 18213: 18209: 18205: 18201: 18197: 18191: 18187: 18183: 18179: 18167: 18163: 18157: 18153: 18152: 18146: 18142: 18136: 18132: 18128: 18124: 18118: 18114: 18113:Louth, Andrew 18110: 18106: 18101: 18097: 18093: 18089: 18088: 18085: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18066: 18054: 18050: 18048:0-246-10559-3 18044: 18040: 18039: 18033: 18029: 18023: 18019: 18018: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18001: 17994: 17990: 17986: 17979: 17974: 17970: 17964: 17960: 17955: 17948: 17944: 17940: 17936: 17932: 17928: 17924: 17920: 17916: 17909: 17905: 17901: 17895: 17890: 17889: 17886: 17880: 17876: 17872: 17868: 17864: 17860: 17856: 17852: 17848: 17844: 17840: 17836: 17832: 17828: 17824: 17820: 17816: 17810: 17806: 17805: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17786: 17779: 17778: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17751: 17747: 17746: 17740: 17736: 17730: 17726: 17721: 17717: 17715:9781559344333 17711: 17707: 17702: 17698: 17694: 17690: 17685: 17679: 17674: 17670: 17665: 17661: 17656: 17652: 17647: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17634: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17617: 17613: 17612: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17589: 17585: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17567: 17563: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17539:9781139053938 17535: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17522:Louth, Andrew 17519: 17507: 17503: 17499: 17494: 17490: 17484: 17480: 17479: 17473: 17469: 17463: 17459: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17435:(230): 3–46. 17434: 17430: 17425: 17421: 17415: 17411: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17386: 17382: 17378: 17373: 17367: 17366:Laiou (2002a) 17362: 17361: 17355: 17351: 17345: 17341: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17314: 17310: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17269: 17265: 17259: 17255: 17250: 17246: 17240: 17235: 17234: 17227: 17216: 17212: 17208: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17179: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17155: 17149: 17145: 17144: 17139: 17135: 17131: 17125: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17110: 17103: 17099: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17078: 17073: 17069: 17063: 17059: 17058: 17053: 17049: 17037: 17033: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16978: 16974: 16969: 16965: 16963:9780197532768 16959: 16955: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16938: 16926: 16922: 16918: 16913: 16909: 16903: 16899: 16894: 16890: 16884: 16880: 16876: 16872: 16868: 16867: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16848: 16844: 16843: 16837: 16831: 16826: 16822: 16817: 16816: 16813: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16794: 16788: 16776: 16772: 16766: 16762: 16761: 16756: 16752: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16705: 16701: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16685: 16683:9780198897880 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16659: 16655: 16651: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16625: 16621: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16606: 16600: 16595: 16594: 16587: 16583: 16579: 16575: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16552: 16548: 16542: 16538: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16519: 16514: 16510: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16461: 16449: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16411: 16401: 16399:0-19-881501-8 16395: 16391: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16374: 16370: 16364: 16360: 16356: 16351: 16347: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16319: 16315: 16311: 16307: 16303: 16297: 16293: 16288: 16276: 16272: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16256: 16252: 16248: 16242: 16238: 16233: 16229: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16152: 16151: 16145: 16141: 16135: 16131: 16126: 16122: 16116: 16111: 16110: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16077:(in German). 16076: 16075: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16006: 15994: 15990: 15984: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15970: 15958: 15954: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15938: 15937:Dalby, Andrew 15934: 15930: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15913: 15907: 15902: 15898: 15893: 15889: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15868: 15863: 15859: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15826: 15821: 15817: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15796: 15790: 15786: 15781: 15777: 15771: 15767: 15766: 15760: 15756: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15737: 15731: 15725: 15720: 15716: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15690: 15686: 15682: 15678: 15674: 15669: 15668: 15665: 15663:9781139054133 15659: 15655: 15650: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15627: 15622: 15618: 15616:9781139054133 15612: 15608: 15603: 15591: 15587: 15585:9780197263235 15581: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15564: 15560: 15554: 15550: 15545: 15541: 15535: 15531: 15526:Οι Βυζαντινοί 15522: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15501: 15497: 15495:9780281076147 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15420: 15416: 15410: 15405: 15404: 15397: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15363: 15359: 15354: 15350: 15344: 15340: 15336: 15335: 15330: 15326: 15322: 15316: 15312: 15307: 15303: 15297: 15293: 15288: 15284: 15282:9780521035521 15278: 15274: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15256: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15215: 15211: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15181: 15177: 15171: 15167: 15166: 15161: 15157: 15152: 15148: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15099: 15094: 15090: 15084: 15079: 15078: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15058: 15054: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15021: 15020:Angold (2006) 15017: 15013: 15009: 15008:Angold (2006) 15004: 15000: 14999:Angold (2006) 14996: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14986:9781139054089 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14960: 14956: 14952: 14948: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14928: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14886: 14866: 14862: 14858: 14857: 14851: 14847: 14846:Komnene, Anna 14843: 14839: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14816: 14811: 14807: 14806: 14789:, p. 38. 14788: 14784: 14779: 14772: 14767: 14765: 14757: 14752: 14745: 14740: 14734:, p. 25. 14733: 14728: 14721: 14716: 14709: 14704: 14697: 14692: 14685: 14680: 14674:, p. 31. 14673: 14668: 14661: 14656: 14648: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14629: 14621: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14601: 14594: 14590: 14585: 14569: 14565: 14559: 14555: 14554: 14546: 14531: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14497: 14490: 14485: 14483: 14475: 14470: 14463: 14458: 14451: 14446: 14439: 14435: 14431: 14426: 14419: 14414: 14407: 14402: 14395: 14390: 14383: 14378: 14371: 14366: 14359: 14354: 14347: 14342: 14336:, p. 47. 14335: 14330: 14323: 14318: 14311: 14306: 14299: 14294: 14287: 14282: 14275: 14270: 14263: 14258: 14251: 14246: 14239: 14234: 14227: 14222: 14215: 14210: 14204:, p. 14. 14203: 14198: 14191: 14186: 14179: 14174: 14167: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14150: 14145: 14143: 14135: 14130: 14123: 14118: 14116: 14108: 14103: 14096: 14091: 14085:, p. xx. 14084: 14079: 14072: 14067: 14060: 14055: 14048: 14043: 14036: 14031: 14024: 14023:Cameron 2006b 14019: 14012: 14007: 14000: 13999:Cameron 2006b 13995: 13988: 13983: 13976: 13971: 13964: 13959: 13952: 13947: 13940: 13935: 13929:, p. 18. 13928: 13923: 13916: 13915:Humfress 2013 13911: 13904: 13899: 13891: 13889:9780801859540 13885: 13881: 13877: 13871: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13833: 13831:9780226482057 13827: 13823: 13822: 13817: 13811: 13803: 13801:9780226482057 13797: 13793: 13792: 13787: 13781: 13779: 13762: 13758: 13757: 13752: 13748: 13742: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13722: 13715: 13710: 13703: 13698: 13696: 13688: 13683: 13681: 13664: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13638:, p. 47. 13637: 13632: 13626:, p. 42. 13625: 13620: 13613: 13612:Browning 1992 13608: 13606: 13598: 13597:Browning 1992 13593: 13591: 13583: 13578: 13571: 13566: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13522: 13514: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13473: 13469: 13463: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13404: 13398: 13394: 13391: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13373: 13371: 13363: 13359: 13356: 13350: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13319: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13259: 13255: 13248: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13210: 13206: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13187: 13180: 13179:Kazhdan 1991b 13175: 13173: 13165: 13164:Kazhdan 1991b 13160: 13153: 13148: 13141: 13140:Kazhdan 1991b 13136: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13126: 13118: 13114: 13113:Browning 2022 13109: 13102: 13099:, p. 1; 13098: 13093: 13087:, p. 10. 13086: 13081: 13074: 13069: 13062: 13057: 13050: 13049:Browning 2022 13045: 13043: 13041: 13033: 13028: 13012: 13008: 13004: 12997: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12977: 12970: 12965: 12958: 12953: 12947:, p. 46. 12946: 12941: 12934: 12929: 12922: 12917: 12910: 12905: 12897: 12891: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12856: 12848: 12842: 12838: 12831: 12823: 12817: 12813: 12806: 12798: 12792: 12788: 12781: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12764:Greek Culture 12761: 12754: 12738: 12734: 12733: 12725: 12717: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12692: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12661: 12654: 12649: 12642: 12638: 12633: 12626: 12625:Kazhdan 1991a 12621: 12614: 12609: 12607: 12599: 12594: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12563: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12532: 12530: 12522: 12517: 12509: 12503: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12452: 12446:, p. 81. 12445: 12441: 12440:Davidson 2014 12437: 12432: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12394: 12388: 12384: 12377: 12370: 12366: 12361: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12343: 12335: 12334:Matschke 2002 12330: 12323: 12319: 12314: 12312: 12304: 12300: 12295: 12289:, p. 39. 12288: 12283: 12277:, p. 27. 12276: 12271: 12265:, p. 26. 12264: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12241:, p. 25. 12240: 12235: 12233: 12226:, p. 24. 12225: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12209:, p. 23. 12208: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12189: 12184: 12178:, p. 12. 12177: 12174:, p. 1; 12173: 12169: 12165: 12160: 12154:, p. 12. 12153: 12149: 12144: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12057:Rochette 2023 12054: 12049: 12042: 12037: 12029: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12009: 12002: 11997: 11990: 11989:Rochette 2023 11986: 11985:Rochette 2011 11982: 11977: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11949: 11942: 11941:Rochette 2011 11938: 11937:Rochette 2023 11934: 11929: 11922: 11921:Rochette 2018 11918: 11917:Rochette 2011 11913: 11906: 11902: 11901:Rochette 2018 11898: 11897:Rochette 2023 11893: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11853:Rochette 2018 11849: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11784: 11783:Goldhill 2024 11780: 11779:Rochette 2023 11775: 11768: 11764: 11763:Dawkins, R.M. 11759: 11752: 11748: 11743: 11736: 11732: 11727: 11720: 11716: 11711: 11704: 11703:Kazhdan 1990a 11700: 11695: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11671: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11651: 11644: 11640: 11635: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11615: 11609:, p. 66. 11608: 11604: 11599: 11593:, p. 40. 11592: 11587: 11580: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11544: 11540: 11535: 11528: 11524: 11519: 11512: 11511:Kazhdan 1990a 11508: 11503: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11483: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11460: 11456: 11451: 11444: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11415: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11358: 11351: 11347: 11344:, Chapter 2; 11343: 11339: 11334: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11272: 11265: 11261: 11256: 11250:, p. 59. 11249: 11245: 11240: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11213: 11208: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11172:Rochette 2018 11169: 11168:Goldhill 2024 11165: 11160: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11137: 11132: 11124: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11105: 11097: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11077:Greatrex 2008 11074: 11069: 11054: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11035: 11027: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11004: 11003:Greatrex 2008 11000: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10828: 10820: 10818:9780520069626 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10788: 10786:9780810874770 10782: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10744: 10739: 10732: 10731:Jeffreys 2008 10728: 10723: 10717:, p. 21. 10716: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10680: 10676: 10671: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10644: 10640: 10635: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10603: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10564: 10560: 10555: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10474:, p. 93. 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10429:, p. 92. 10428: 10424: 10420: 10415: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10348: 10343: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10320: 10316: 10311: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10275: 10269:, p. 29. 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10244: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10172: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10145:, p. 50. 10144: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10105: 10104:Soloviev 1935 10100: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10066: 10065:Soloviev 1935 10061: 10054: 10053:Kazhdan 1991a 10049: 10042: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10002: 9998: 9997:Kazhdan 1991a 9994: 9990: 9985: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9907: 9906:Chitwood 2017 9902: 9896:, p. 35. 9895: 9891: 9887: 9882: 9874: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9816: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9786: 9780:, p. 36. 9779: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9760:, p. 35. 9759: 9754: 9747: 9743: 9742:Chitwood 2017 9739: 9738:Browning 1992 9734: 9727: 9726:Chitwood 2017 9723: 9719: 9718:Browning 1992 9714: 9707: 9706:Chitwood 2017 9702: 9696:, p. 65. 9695: 9691: 9690:Chitwood 2017 9686: 9679: 9678:Chitwood 2017 9674: 9668:, p. 23. 9667: 9666:Chitwood 2017 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9645: 9644:Byzantine Law 9637: 9630: 9625: 9619:, p. 21. 9618: 9615:, p. 8; 9614: 9609: 9602: 9598: 9597:Dingledy 2019 9594: 9590: 9585: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9565: 9558: 9554: 9553:Dingledy 2019 9549: 9543:, p. 27. 9542: 9538: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9501:Chitwood 2017 9497: 9490: 9485: 9479:, p. 74. 9478: 9474: 9469: 9462: 9457: 9450: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9383: 9380:, p. 4; 9379: 9374: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9259: 9258:Shepherd 1990 9255: 9251: 9243: 9242:Shepherd 1990 9239: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9207: 9202: 9196:, p. 98. 9195: 9194:Browning 1992 9190: 9184:, p. 67. 9183: 9179: 9174: 9167: 9163: 9162:Browning 1992 9158: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9116:, p. 63. 9115: 9110: 9104:, p. 64. 9103: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9084:, p. 98. 9083: 9082:Browning 1992 9080:, p. 8; 9079: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9035: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9008: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8966: 8960:, p. 11. 8959: 8954: 8948:, p. 11. 8947: 8943: 8942:Bleicken 1978 8938: 8931: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8887: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8826: 8823:, p. 6; 8822: 8821:Bleicken 1978 8818: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759:Acta Classica 8756: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8696:, p. 25. 8695: 8691: 8686: 8679: 8674: 8668:, p. 30. 8667: 8662: 8660: 8652: 8647: 8641:, p. 24. 8640: 8635: 8629:, p. 24. 8628: 8624: 8619: 8617: 8609: 8604: 8597: 8596:Runciman 1990 8592: 8585: 8584:Runciman 1990 8580: 8573: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8384: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8357: 8350: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322:Siege of Zara 8317: 8310: 8305: 8298: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8266: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8187: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8128:, p. 67. 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8104:, p. 74. 8103: 8098: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8060: 8054:, p. 93. 8053: 8048: 8042:, p. 87. 8041: 8036: 8029: 8028:Cinnamus 1976 8024: 8018:, p. 90. 8017: 8012: 8005: 8000: 7993: 7988: 7982:, p. 46. 7981: 7976: 7969: 7968:13.348–13.358 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951:, p. 12. 7950: 7946: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7859:, p. 82. 7858: 7854: 7849: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7802: 7797: 7791:, p. 96. 7790: 7789:Browning 1992 7785: 7778: 7777:Browning 1992 7773: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7718: 7717:Shepard 2009b 7714: 7709: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7693:Shepard 2009b 7689: 7682: 7681:Shepard 2009b 7678: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7637:Shepard 2009b 7633: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7346: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7023:, p. 51. 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6983:, p. 51. 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6941:Moorhead 2009 6938: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6885:Moorhead 2009 6882: 6878: 6873: 6867:, p. 46. 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6769:Greatrex 2008 6765: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6749:Greatrex 2008 6745: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6717:Greatrex 2008 6713: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6697:Greatrex 2008 6693: 6687:, p. 23. 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6673:Greatrex 2008 6669: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6653:Greatrex 2008 6649: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621:Greatrex 2008 6617: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601:Greatrex 2008 6597: 6591:, p. 73. 6590: 6586: 6582: 6581:Greatrex 2008 6577: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6561:Greatrex 2008 6557: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6541:Greatrex 2008 6537: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6521:Greatrex 2008 6517: 6511:, p. 40. 6510: 6507:, chapter 2; 6506: 6502: 6501:Greatrex 2008 6497: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481:Greatrex 2008 6477: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6461:Greatrex 2008 6457: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6441:Greatrex 2008 6437: 6430: 6429:Greatrex 2008 6425: 6419:, p. 26. 6418: 6413: 6407:, p. 22. 6406: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6318: 6314: 6311:, p. 2; 6310: 6305: 6301: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6260: 6252: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6175: 6170: 6166: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5932:(part of the 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5863: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5757:in A.D. 529. 5756: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5688: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554:Islamic world 5551: 5547: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5417:, Semantron, 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5279: 5278:Politiki lyra 5275: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4953:concerns all 4952: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4905:Byzantine art 4901: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4692:Byzantine art 4677: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4653: 4641: 4640:Good Shepherd 4634: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4530: 4519: 4510: 4500: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476:), the Reds ( 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454:tzykanisteria 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4303:class or rank 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4220:, Egypt, and 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4088:). Historian 4080: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4056:Demotic Greek 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019:Theodosius II 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3943:Coptic Museum 3940: 3930: 3921: 3911: 3901: 3898: 3891: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3361: 3351:Constantine ( 3345: 3340: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3190:Hermogenianus 3186: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163:Twelve Tables 3160: 3155: 3154:Byzantine law 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3071:Orbis Romanus 3068: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012:According to 3009: 3003: 2993: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2946: 2944: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Roman emperor 2907: 2900: 2883: 2876: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Cyrene, Libya 2736:and south to 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2692:Sultan Mehmed 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:Andronikos II 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2600:, managed to 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2577:allowed many 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2340:for himself. 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2272: 2268: 2267:John Vatatzes 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Fatimid Egypt 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2153:, flanked by 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2091:Pope Urban II 2088: 2079: 2078:First Crusade 2075: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2009:First Crusade 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1827:Nikephoros II 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1557: 1556:Constantine V 1549: 1548:Constantine V 1545: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:of the Levant 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1376: 1375:717–718 siege 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1336: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1198:The reign of 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1152: 1142: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121:Monophysitism 1111: 1107: 1103: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1005: 1004:Theodosius II 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 966: 945: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 868: 867:Constantine I 864: 862: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 815: 807: 803: 799: 794: 789: 785: 781: 771: 752: 748: 747:Roman history 744: 738: 728: 726: 722: 716: 713: 708: 703: 698: 696: 690: 685: 679: 674: 668: 664: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 542: 537: 535: 531: 520: 516: 505: 504:Constantine I 501: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 409: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 380: 376: 370: 366: 360: 356: 350: 346: 340: 336: 331: 328: 324: 321: 317: 313: 310: 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 286: 283: 277: 274: 271: 265: 262: 259: 253: 250: 247: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 223: 217: 214: 213:Theodosius II 211: 205: 202: 199: 193: 190: 189:Constantine I 187: 181: 177: 173: 171: 167: 164: 161: 157: 152: 149: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 128: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 81: 76: 71: 67: 63: 57: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 27972: 27955: 27938: 27926:from Commons 27921: 27904: 27883: 27852:Christianity 27828:Ancient Rome 27709:World War II 27562:Early modern 27539:Kalmar Union 27410:Papal States 27404: 27328:Roman Empire 27162:Institutions 27026:Leptis Magna 26979:Major cities 26886:Philostratus 26673:Quadrigarius 26493:Rufus Festus 26356:Contemporary 26077:Romanization 26000:Architecture 25607:Collegiality 25456:Constitution 25417: 25307:Ancient Rome 25249: 25245: 25242:Ancient Rome 25213:311–129 BCE 25199: 25192:336–301 BCE 25182:539–331 BCE 25172: 25165:626–539 BCE 25156:729–609 BCE 25146:911–729 BCE 25137: 25131: 25125: 25113: 25078: 25068: 25062: 25032: 25020: 25005: 24982: 24961: 24936: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24869:Timeline of 24799:(1861–1946) 24777:Papal States 24605:Transpadania 24178:Stato da Màr 23860:Papal States 23813: 23771:Lombard rule 23735:Early Modern 23723:(395–476 AD) 23715:Roman Empire 23695:Ancient Rome 23167:Contemporary 23017:Indo-Persian 23005:Nazi Germany 22949:Contemporary 22851:Vijayanagara 22750:Great Seljuk 22661:Thessalonica 22650: 22589:Golden Horde 22245: 22229:Carthaginian 22008:Neo-Assyrian 21993:Neo-Sumerian 21622: 21390:Hagia Sophia 21372:Thessalonica 21347:Hagia Sophia 21327:Chora Church 21265:Architecture 21142:Great Schism 21132:Paulicianism 21110:Miaphysitism 20965:Karabisianoi 20269:or territory 20229:Thessalonica 20213:Latin Empire 20208:Frankokratia 20183: 20143:Isaurian era 20130: 20061: 20046: 20042:Roman Empire 20032: 20005: 19848: 19824:Online books 19814: 19791:. Retrieved 19768: 19755:. Retrieved 19732: 19709: 19690: 19668: 19656:. Retrieved 19631: 19612:. Retrieved 19592: 19569: 19549: 19534:the original 19517: 19488: 19468: 19440: 19417: 19398: 19372: 19347: 19343: 19319: 19299: 19271: 19267:Stein, Peter 19248: 19205: 19201: 19188: 19184: 19163: 19159: 19058: 19041:Haldon, John 18968: 18949: 18927: 18915:. Retrieved 18889: 18868: 18864: 18837: 18829:Prolegomena" 18826: 18805: 18786: 18767: 18756:j.ctv2175h0p 18729: 18710: 18698:. Retrieved 18684: 18668:. Retrieved 18643: 18627:. Retrieved 18589: 18565: 18543: 18525: 18502: 18480: 18468:. Retrieved 18437: 18411: 18407: 18386: 18382: 18373: 18309: 18290: 18269: 18245: 18215: 18211: 18185: 18170:. Retrieved 18150: 18130: 18092:Brown, Peter 18073: 18057:. Retrieved 18037: 18016: 18012:Burns, J. H. 17988: 17984: 17958: 17947:the original 17918: 17914: 17874: 17834: 17830: 17827:"Monemvasia" 17803: 17776: 17744: 17724: 17705: 17697:the original 17692: 17678:Mango (2002) 17669:Mango (2002) 17660:Mango (2002) 17651:Mango (2002) 17642:Mango (2002) 17610: 17601:the original 17596: 17573: 17551: 17529: 17510:. Retrieved 17501: 17477: 17457: 17432: 17408: 17395:the original 17380: 17354:the original 17339: 17317:. Retrieved 17297: 17276: 17272: 17253: 17232: 17218:. Retrieved 17190: 17186: 17142: 17118: 17114:"Literature" 17102:the original 17087: 17056: 17040:. Retrieved 16999: 16995: 16972: 16953: 16946:Bayly, C. A. 16929:. Retrieved 16920: 16897: 16878: 16865: 16841: 16792: 16779:. Retrieved 16759: 16743:. Retrieved 16734: 16730: 16699: 16673: 16645: 16641: 16618: 16592: 16555: 16536: 16517: 16498: 16470: 16464: 16452:. Retrieved 16418: 16414: 16403:, retrieved 16381: 16358: 16335: 16313: 16291: 16279:. Retrieved 16259: 16236: 16191: 16185: 16169:. Retrieved 16149: 16129: 16108: 16078: 16072: 16054: 16013: 16009: 15997:. Retrieved 15977: 15961:. Retrieved 15941: 15920: 15916: 15784: 15764: 15735: 15653: 15641:. Retrieved 15629: 15606: 15594:. Retrieved 15575: 15548: 15529: 15511:(1): 27–37. 15508: 15504: 15485: 15472: 15449: 15446:Bryce, James 15435: 15402: 15383: 15379: 15376:Brown, Peter 15357: 15338: 15333: 15310: 15291: 15272: 15249: 15222: 15218: 15199: 15184:. Retrieved 15164: 15155:</ref> 15142: 15138: 15101: 15097: 15076: 15052: 15033: 14976: 14954: 14918: 14914: 14897: 14893: 14869:. Retrieved 14853: 14827: 14814: 14778: 14771:Cameron 2009 14751: 14739: 14727: 14720:Cameron 2009 14715: 14710:, p. 7. 14703: 14696:Shepard 2006 14691: 14684:Cameron 2009 14679: 14667: 14655: 14635: 14628: 14609: 14600: 14584: 14572:. Retrieved 14552: 14545: 14533:. Retrieved 14510: 14496: 14469: 14457: 14445: 14430:Kolbaba 2008 14425: 14413: 14401: 14389: 14377: 14370:Kolbaba 2008 14365: 14358:Kolbaba 2008 14353: 14346:Kolbaba 2008 14341: 14329: 14317: 14305: 14293: 14281: 14276:, p. 9. 14269: 14262:Goodman 2007 14257: 14250:Bussell 1910 14245: 14238:Micheau 2006 14233: 14221: 14209: 14197: 14185: 14180:, p. 8. 14173: 14151:, p. 2. 14134:Cameron 2017 14129: 14102: 14090: 14083:Johnson 2015 14078: 14066: 14059:Salzman 1993 14054: 14047:Cameron 2016 14042: 14030: 14018: 14006: 13994: 13989:, p. 1. 13982: 13977:, p. 4. 13970: 13963:Hopkins 1998 13958: 13951:Harnett 2017 13946: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13898: 13879: 13870: 13858:. Retrieved 13849: 13840: 13820: 13810: 13790: 13765:. Retrieved 13755: 13741: 13721: 13714:Anastos 1962 13709: 13689:, p. 8. 13667:. Retrieved 13656: 13643: 13636:Cameron 2006 13631: 13624:Cameron 2006 13619: 13577: 13565: 13553:. Retrieved 13531: 13521: 13494: 13488: 13476:. Retrieved 13456: 13446: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13377: 13349: 13339:22 September 13337:. Retrieved 13318: 13306:. Retrieved 13295: 13286: 13279:Kartomi 1990 13274: 13262:. Retrieved 13247: 13239:the original 13234: 13225: 13213:. Retrieved 13193: 13186: 13159: 13147: 13108: 13097:Kazhdan 1999 13092: 13080: 13068: 13056: 13051:, § para. 1. 13027: 13015:. Retrieved 13006: 12996: 12976: 12964: 12957:Cameron 2017 12952: 12940: 12928: 12921:Halsall 2021 12916: 12904: 12885: 12879: 12867: 12855: 12836: 12830: 12811: 12805: 12786: 12780: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12741:. Retrieved 12731: 12724: 12697: 12691: 12679:. Retrieved 12670: 12660: 12648: 12637:Komnene 1928 12632: 12620: 12593: 12581:. Retrieved 12572: 12562: 12550:. Retrieved 12546:the original 12541: 12516: 12497: 12491: 12484:Salaman 1986 12480:Vryonis 1971 12471: 12464:Vryonis 1971 12451: 12431: 12419:. Retrieved 12410: 12401: 12382: 12376: 12360: 12329: 12294: 12282: 12270: 12258: 12246: 12183: 12159: 12143: 12133: 12123: 12111:. Retrieved 12078: 12074: 12064: 12048: 12036: 12017: 12008: 11996: 11976: 11957: 11948: 11928: 11912: 11892: 11868: 11848: 11836:. Retrieved 11800: 11790: 11774: 11758: 11742: 11726: 11719:Garland 1999 11710: 11694: 11683:Garland 2006 11670: 11650: 11634: 11627:Garland 2006 11614: 11598: 11586: 11579:Garland 2006 11566: 11550: 11534: 11518: 11502: 11482: 11466: 11450: 11443:Brandes 2008 11434: 11414: 11373: 11367: 11357: 11333: 11321:. Retrieved 11304: 11295: 11271: 11255: 11239: 11219: 11207: 11187: 11159: 11143: 11131: 11103: 11096: 11089:Salzman 1993 11068: 11056:. Retrieved 11033: 11026: 11010: 10986: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10930: 10901: 10882: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10827: 10808: 10795: 10776: 10770: 10750: 10738: 10722: 10702: 10686: 10670: 10650: 10634: 10614: 10602: 10586: 10570: 10554: 10539:Blöndal 1979 10530: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10479: 10472:Markis 2002a 10459: 10440: 10434: 10427:Markis 2002a 10414: 10403:Blöndal 1979 10394: 10383:Blöndal 1979 10374: 10358: 10342: 10326: 10310: 10294: 10274: 10250: 10243:Blöndal 1979 10234: 10218: 10202: 10197:, p. 7. 10195:Neville 2004 10178: 10162: 10150: 10130: 10115: 10099: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10060: 10048: 10036: 10024: 10008: 10003:, p. 9. 9984: 9964: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9901: 9881: 9867:cite journal 9840: 9836: 9830: 9818:. Retrieved 9795: 9791:Hudson, John 9785: 9765: 9753: 9733: 9713: 9701: 9685: 9673: 9661: 9643: 9636: 9624: 9608: 9589:Gregory 2010 9584: 9564: 9548: 9533:Gregory 2010 9528: 9516: 9496: 9484: 9468: 9461:Kazhdan 1990 9456: 9449:Kazhdan 1990 9444: 9439:, p. 5. 9437:Kazhdan 1990 9432: 9402:Chrysos 1990 9398:Kennedy 1990 9394:Kazhdan 1990 9389: 9382:Kennedy 1990 9378:Kazhdan 1990 9373: 9362:Neumann 2006 9358:Chrysos 1990 9353: 9346:Neumann 2006 9342:Chrysos 1990 9333: 9322:Chrysos 1990 9317: 9305: 9289: 9277: 9265: 9249: 9238:Chrysos 1990 9234:Neumann 2006 9229: 9213: 9208:, p. 3. 9201: 9189: 9173: 9157: 9137: 9121: 9109: 9089: 9069: 9064:, p. 8. 9049: 9037:. Retrieved 9014: 9007: 8995:. Retrieved 8972: 8965: 8953: 8937: 8925: 8900: 8896: 8886: 8853: 8849: 8838:Hadas, Moses 8832: 8812: 8793: 8787: 8762: 8758: 8748: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8685: 8673: 8646: 8634: 8608:Hindley 2004 8603: 8591: 8579: 8572:Reinert 2002 8567: 8555:. 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229–301. 17193:: 131–143. 16931:12 December 16582:j.ctv6zdbvf 16405:4 September 16355:Gibson, Roy 15596:12 December 15186:28 December 15160:Beard, Mary 15145:(1): 5–59. 14921:: 409–411. 14756:Schaff 1953 14744:Ivanič 2016 14708:Harris 2014 14589:Miller 1907 14535:2 September 14450:Dowley 2018 14406:Rahner 2013 14300:, abstract. 14109:, abstract. 13987:Robert 2009 13687:Robins 1993 13555:1 September 13264:23 November 13152:Martín 2021 13017:1 September 12743:30 December 12681:1 September 12613:Austin 1934 12421:7 September 12369:Laiou 2002b 12353:Laiou 2002a 12176:Harris 2014 12164:Beaton 1996 12152:Harris 2014 12113:23 December 12041:Sedlar 1994 11881:Millar 2006 11857:Millar 2006 11838:21 December 11751:Harris 2017 11735:Karras 2004 11699:Talbot 1997 11679:Harris 2017 11675:Talbot 1997 11663:Karras 2004 11659:Talbot 1997 11643:Talbot 1997 11623:Talbot 1997 11571:Harris 2017 11559:Talbot 1997 11527:Talbot 1997 11523:Rotman 2022 11507:Talbot 1997 11495:Lenski 2021 11491:Rotman 2022 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8825:Tussay 2022 8694:Herrin 2009 8639:Herrin 2009 8627:Herrin 2009 8475:Madden 2005 8439:Madden 2005 8408:(1): 18ff. 8277:Angold 1997 8241:Harris 2014 8190:Harvey 2003 8114:Sedlar 1994 8087:2 September 8064:Harris 2014 8052:Harris 2014 8040:Harris 2014 7949:Watson 1993 7941:Harris 2014 7762:30 December 7701:Holmes 2008 7677:Holmes 2008 7657:Holmes 2008 7645:Holmes 2008 7601:Holmes 2008 7589:Holmes 2008 7569:Auzépy 2009 7561:Holmes 2008 7549:Holmes 2008 7533:Auzépy 2009 7529:Holmes 2008 7509:Auzépy 2009 7505:Holmes 2008 7481:Haldon 2008 7457:Haldon 2008 7437:Haldon 2008 7425:Auzépy 2009 7405:Auzépy 2009 7401:Haldon 2008 7377:Haldon 2008 7357:Auzépy 2009 7345:Auzépy 2009 7329:Auzépy 2009 7321:Haldon 2008 7309:Auzépy 2009 7305:Haldon 2008 7285:Haldon 2008 7249:Haldon 2008 7233:Louth 2009b 7229:Haldon 2008 7213:Louth 2009b 7197:Louth 2009b 7177:Haldon 2008 7149:Haldon 2008 7133:Louth 2009b 7129:Haldon 2008 7109:Louth 2009b 7101:Haldon 2008 7097:Sarris 2002 7077:Haldon 2008 7061:Louth 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Radhošť 6033: 1261 5890:rump states 5685:Dioscorides 5577:metaphysics 5421:, Boukina, 5401:, Armenian 5326:Charlemagne 5306:water organ 5085:hagiography 4983:Koine Greek 4975:Attic Greek 4959:Middle Ages 4353:Rumney wine 4349:Commandaria 4295:resist-dyed 4237:Palaiologoi 4185:Justinian I 4060:Attic Greek 4027:Justinian I 3983:Cappadocian 3981:in orange. 3953:Joshua Roll 3951:Right: The 3897:deaconesses 3656:Black Death 3651:John Haldon 3634:Palaiologos 3406:Palaiologoi 3386:Roman Eagle 3184:Gregorianus 3173:. Hadrian ( 3083: [ 2843:Via Traiana 2835:Via Egnatia 2831:Roman roads 2821:Anti-Taurus 2764:along with 2488: 1204 2383:Alexios III 2354:of Cyprus, 2334:coup d'état 2285: 1180 2278: 1081 2184:Lothair III 2080:(1095–1099) 2076:before the 1804:Middle Ages 1654:Michael III 1620:Charlemagne 1504:managed to 1437:Constans II 1433:First Fitna 1395:in 626 and 1200:Justinian I 647:Renaissance 627:rump states 541:Justinian I 471:instead of 437:Middle Ages 427:centred in 363:• 775 353:• 565 343:• 457 225:Justinian I 27987:Categories 27940:Quotations 27457:Viking Age 27272:Prehistory 27046:Mediolanum 26986:Alexandria 26951:Themistius 26916:Porphyrius 26743:Tertullian 26678:Quintilian 26668:Propertius 26563:Lactantius 26513:Fulgentius 26448:Censorinus 26270:Sanitation 26255:Metallurgy 26212:Technology 26177:Demography 26125:Patricians 26092:Spectacles 26050:Literature 26045:Hairstyles 25882:Technology 25632:Praefectus 25584:Government 25574:Litigation 25559:Auctoritas 25504:Centuriate 25391:Principate 25386:Pax Romana 25346:Foundation 24983:and other 24962:and other 24656:Pontecorvo 24614:Monarchies 24600:Subalpinia 24565:Cispadania 24560:Cisalpinia 24542:Napoleonic 24249:(774–1139) 24161:(697–1797) 23863:(754–1870) 23825:(584–751) 23773:(568–774) 23325:Portuguese 23206:Revival Le 23196:Vietnamese 22839:Later Tran 22809:Vietnamese 22705:Singhasari 22693:Holy Roman 22317:Bulgarian 22253:Satavahana 22224:Phoenician 22160:Achaemenid 22121:Indo-Greek 22101:Macedonian 22015:Babylonian 21868:Third Rome 21794:University 21777:Philosophy 21767:Inventions 21630:Historians 21598:Literature 21581:Varangians 21423:San Vitale 21352:Hippodrome 21332:City Walls 21232:Mutilation 21227:Hexabiblos 21147:Bogomilism 21137:Iconoclasm 21007:Megas doux 20997:Greek fire 20980:Aegean Sea 20853:Kleisourai 20830:Excubitors 20820:Bucellarii 20672:Despotates 20641:Kleisourai 20580:Provincial 20424:Coronation 20398:Governance 20163:Doukid era 20096:Leonid era 19191:: 119–164. 18833:Jaine, Tom 18608:2268/35932 17220:30 January 17042:2 February 15630:dx.doi.org 14894:The Monist 14787:Béhar 1999 14732:Poppe 1991 14660:Clark 2000 14591:, p. 14418:Brown 2008 14334:Louth 2008 14310:Cross 2001 14226:Adams 2021 14202:Olson 1999 14190:Drake 2007 14178:Brown 1976 14149:Brown 1976 14071:Drake 2007 13939:Bundy 2007 13570:Diehl 1948 13478:23 October 13215:23 October 12989:Evans 2004 12945:Louth 2008 12671:Pars Times 12521:Bryer 2008 12192:Nicol 1993 12168:Jones 1986 12014:Pei, Mario 11873:Bryce 1901 11376:(2): 237. 11232:Lavan 2016 11196:Jones 1986 10844:Lavan 2016 10832:Beard 2015 10563:Pryor 2017 10559:Pryor 2002 10508:(2): 240. 10484:Pryor 2002 10468:Pryor 2017 10464:Pryor 2002 10423:Pryor 2017 10419:Pryor 2002 10367:Pryor 2002 9894:Stein 1999 9778:Stein 1999 9758:Stein 1999 9694:Nicol 1988 9617:Stein 1999 9593:Stein 1999 9573:Stein 1999 9541:Stein 1999 9521:Stein 1999 9505:Stein 1999 9218:Zhang 2023 9142:Louth 2005 9126:Louth 2005 9114:Nicol 1988 9102:Nicol 1988 9058:Nicol 1988 8958:Tuori 2016 8946:Tuori 2016 8903:(4): 358. 8856:(3): 444. 8817:Nicol 1988 8295:, p. 7839:, p. 7361:Kaegi 2009 6225:Themistius 6156:References 6028:, painted 6006:See also: 5992:Third Rome 5982:, meaning 5913:Monemvasia 5782:Patriarchs 5768:, Istanbul 5670:and other 5656:Greek fire 5641:Greek fire 5599: 850 5592: 530 5585:Archimedes 5539:Archimedes 5507:See also: 5443:See also: 5360:, and the 5350:πλαγίαυλος 5346:plagiaulos 5314:pipe organ 5310:Hippodrome 5262:) and the 5232:, Florence 5225:bowed lyra 5152:See also: 5081:tragedians 4979:vernacular 4936:Literature 4903:Surviving 4891:, Germany) 4883:workshop; 4790:Literature 4678:, Austria) 4581:pendentive 4434:backgammon 4418: 530 4397:A game of 4383:See also: 4379:Recreation 4345:Monemvasia 4331:(known as 4269:Daily life 4241:modalities 4158:gold mines 4042:Historian 3999:Punic Wars 3792:Theodosius 3781:Diocletian 3722:quadrivium 3679:Diocletian 3667:Demography 3585:Greek fire 3555:Aegean Sea 3551:Cibirriote 3505:Varangians 3416:firesteels 3326:Hexabiblos 3322:Common law 3313:Hexabiblos 3291:iconoclasm 3279:Procheiron 3233:public law 3128:Limitrophe 3045:Theophilos 3006:See also: 2926:See also: 2922:Governance 2913: 950 2889: 750 2865:Government 2859:Aegean sea 2726:Singidunum 2450:encyclical 2223:accident. 2127:See also: 2112:pilgrimage 2007:See also: 1991:Mosaic of 1981:See also: 1951:Alp Arslan 1932:Kekaumenos 1687: 867 1635:Theophilos 1577:Artabasdos 1516:See also: 1471:a reversal 1452:Greek fire 1385:Khosrow II 1363:Khosrow II 1227:Belisarius 1178:Belisarius 1135:See also: 850:Diocletian 834:an emperor 806:Diocletian 800:under the 768: 500 758: 300 661:See also: 604:Asia Minor 488:Pax Romana 408:hyperpyron 377:12,000,000 357:26,000,000 347:16,000,000 333:Population 159:Government 146:Demonym(s) 27504:Feudalism 27475:Catalonia 27202:Quaestors 27132:Empresses 27122:Dynasties 27112:Dictators 27087:and other 27076:Volubilis 27071:Vindobona 27031:Londinium 26956:Theodoret 26926:Procopius 26906:Polyaenus 26881:Pausanias 26783:Vitruvius 26728:Symmachus 26723:Suetonius 26633:Petronius 26618:Obsequens 26583:Macrobius 26578:Lucretius 26503:Frontinus 26478:Eutropius 26463:Columella 26413:Augustine 26403:Appuleius 26351:Neo-Latin 26326:Classical 26317:Versions 26225:Aqueducts 26167:Patronage 26087:Sexuality 26060:Mythology 26035:Education 26025:Cosmetics 25850:Campaigns 25845:Structure 25798:Decemviri 25657:Imperator 25356:overthrow 25174:Chaldeans 25091:Phoenicia 25029:Karduniaš 24631:Guastalla 24621:Benevento 24553:Republics 24408:Judicates 24256:Byzantine 23913:and other 23851:(585–698) 23843:(554–752) 23837:(554–752) 23831:(533–751) 23816:(584–751) 23767:(435–534) 23761:(493–553) 23755:(476–493) 23746:(476–774) 23680:Iapygians 23318:Couronian 22956:Ethiopian 22944:Manchukuo 22899:Brazilian 22745:Ghaznavid 22715:Srivijaya 22666:Trebizond 22651:Byzantine 22633:North Sea 22628:Norwegian 22616:Almoravid 22599:Ilkhanate 22569:Majapahit 22542:Muromachi 22451:Solomonic 22436:Ethiopian 22350:Caliphate 22283:Aragonese 22111:Ptolemaic 21696:Octoechos 21576:Silk Road 21068:Hesychasm 20936:Paramonai 20883:Hetaireia 20815:Foederati 20704:Diplomacy 20699:Diplomats 20605:Provinces 20434:Empresses 20237:Trebizond 20033:Preceding 19658:1 January 19640:2398-3264 19364:0307-0131 19232:0075-4358 18827:Dolmathon 18660:1720-9331 18501:(2000) . 18470:18 August 18428:1754-517X 18234:1105-1639 17991:: 25–51. 17943:144773343 17935:1569-2981 17859:250246026 17572:(2002a). 17502:Study.com 17449:0031-2746 17331:(2002a). 17207:0070-7546 17032:161817885 17016:0009-6407 16662:170769034 16427:490034792 16038:155065665 15643:26 August 15151:0378-2506 15139:Byzantion 15126:163212104 15071:Ash, John 14935:0070-7546 14574:2 October 14298:Löhr 2007 14286:Sabo 2018 14214:Lieu 2007 14107:Hall 2007 13430:0073-0688 13032:Rice 1968 12981:Rice 1968 12969:Rice 1968 12476:Faas 2005 12460:Faas 2005 12095:0017-1298 11828:258920619 11406:160720781 11390:0018-2311 11323:9 January 11313:1055-7660 11058:16 August 10978:0009-8388 10939:1055-7660 10891:1055-7660 10522:0307-0131 10013:Pozo 2021 9989:Pozo 2021 9969:Pozo 2021 9948:0038-7134 9859:2312-3605 9820:24 August 9039:15 August 8997:15 August 8909:0009-8353 8870:0022-5037 8771:0065-1141 8732:0070-7546 8435:Kean 2006 7945:Read 2000 6296:Citations 6183:romanized 5668:astronomy 5470:Komnenian 5415:Tambouras 5403:Parkapzuk 5397:, Cretan 5388:Tsampouna 5250:(organ), 5134:Bessarion 5120:Chivalric 5108:mysticism 5022:Procopius 4994:Hellenism 4981:based on 4971:diglossic 4957:from the 4918:sculpture 4873:amethysts 4765:Diplomacy 4602:alabaster 4438:tzykanion 4403:Byzantine 4222:Palestine 4214:Sassanids 4079:Heraclius 4048:diglossic 3945:, Egypt, 3796:Justinian 3697:Education 3643:pronoiars 3638:Gasmouloi 3606:called a 3570:chelandia 3542:Venetians 3447:limitanei 3229:civil law 3159:Roman law 3098:John VIII 3076:oikouménē 3049:Al-Ma'mun 2996:Diplomacy 2975:strategos 2839:Macedonia 2750:Palestine 2702:Geography 2672:Gallipoli 2499:Alexios V 2440:In 1198, 2395:Trebizond 2220:Holy Land 2141:from the 2098:with the 2059:Pechenegs 2035:Alexios I 1993:Alexios I 1899:in 1068. 1787:in 1071. 1765:Romanos I 1692:Basil I ( 1324:Heraclius 1273:Justin II 1264:, as the 1242:Khosrow I 1170:Justinian 1106:Theodoric 1102:Ostrogoth 1030:heretical 1015:Anthemius 878:Byzantium 861:Tetrarchy 802:Tetrarchy 702:Byzantium 695:Byzantion 461:Byzantium 387:2,000,000 367:7,000,000 273:Alexios I 237:Heraclius 163:Autocracy 151:Byzantine 130:Religion 27743:See also 27714:Cold War 27509:Crusades 27479:Valencia 27207:Tribunes 27197:Praetors 27147:Generals 27127:Emperors 27036:Lugdunum 27021:Eboracum 27011:Carthage 26996:Aquileia 26911:Polybius 26901:Plutarch 26871:Libanius 26861:Josephus 26856:Herodian 26748:Tibullus 26663:Priscian 26638:Phaedrus 26598:Manilius 26543:Jordanes 26528:Hydatius 26458:Claudian 26438:Catullus 26428:Boëthius 26423:Ausonius 26341:Medieval 26313:Alphabet 26285:Theatres 26260:Numerals 26245:Concrete 26235:Circuses 26202:Bagaudae 26192:Adoption 26187:Marriage 26160:Assembly 26065:Religion 26040:Folklore 26020:Clothing 26015:Calendar 25972:Currency 25962:Commerce 25860:Strategy 25822:Military 25808:Triumvir 25788:Dictator 25783:Interrex 25762:Governor 25747:Quaestor 25710:Ordinary 25692:Province 25682:Tetrarch 25672:Augustus 25637:Vicarius 25627:Officium 25564:Imperium 25514:Plebeian 25474:Republic 25396:Dominate 25363:Republic 25324:Timeline 25115:Arameans 25109:Damascus 25080:Arameans 25034:Kassites 25022:Hurrians 24590:Piedmont 24440:Oristano 24433:Logudoro 24423:Cagliari 24398:Sardinia 24131:Piedmont 23880:Holy See 23731:Medieval 23685:Picentes 23628:Samnites 23298:Japanese 23261:Scottish 23241:American 23233:Colonial 23162:Imperial 23130:Moroccan 23066:Japanese 23044:Afsharid 22903:Burmese 22889:Austrian 22844:Later Le 22819:Early Le 22804:Venetian 22730:Tiwanaku 22643:Hellenic 22606:Moroccan 22537:Kamakura 22527:Japanese 22510:Saffarid 22463:Georgian 22377:Chalukya 22355:Rashidun 22345:Calakmul 22313:Bruneian 22192:Haryanka 22170:Sasanian 22165:Parthian 22116:Bactrian 22106:Seleucid 22086:Goguryeo 22064:Egyptian 21998:Assyrian 21988:Akkadian 21979:Colonies 21789:Scholars 21782:Rhetoric 21772:Medicine 21747:Learning 21646:Calendar 21523:Painters 21222:Basilika 21160:Bulgaria 21122:Arianism 21073:Hayhurum 21050:Religion 21012:Admirals 20931:Allagion 20863:Droungos 20769:Generals 20731:Military 20694:Treaties 20600:Dioceses 20419:Emperors 20332:Sardinia 20312:Dalmatia 20292:Bulgaria 20282:Anatolia 20241:Theodoro 20235: / 20231: / 20223: / 19938:Archived 19913:Archived 19868:Archived 19691:The Icon 19689:(1982). 19652:Archived 19648:43767621 19626:(1998). 19608:Archived 19590:(1971). 19438:(1997). 19269:(1999). 19172:41524218 18948:(1967). 18908:Archived 18887:(1953). 18766:(1990). 18664:Archived 18623:Archived 18564:(1993). 18523:(1968). 18366:(1925). 18266:(1969). 18244:(1999). 18218:: 9–22. 18206:(1999). 18184:(1994). 18166:Archived 18129:(1998). 18053:Archived 18006:(1988). 17993:Archived 17906:(2006). 17825:(1907). 17801:(2006). 17774:(1979). 17764:81252739 17630:50270189 17550:(2005). 17506:Archived 17406:(2007). 17313:Archived 17295:(1992). 17167:Language 17054:(1990). 17036:Archived 16952:(eds.). 16925:Archived 16877:(2007). 16863:(1986). 16775:Archived 16739:Archived 16672:(2024). 16616:(1996). 16497:(2014). 16487:26362608 16454:11 April 16448:Archived 16312:(2010). 16275:Archived 16257:(1999). 16228:30586375 16187:PLOS One 16165:Archived 16105:(2004). 16095:27621785 15993:Archived 15957:Archived 15590:Archived 15484:(2017). 15470:(1910). 15448:(1901). 15434:(eds.). 15386:: 1–24. 15331:(1978). 15247:(2014). 15198:(1996). 15180:Archived 15162:(2015). 15073:(1995). 15032:(1887). 14953:(1997). 14865:Archived 14848:(1928). 14826:(1976). 14608:(2004). 14568:Archived 13878:(1999). 13854:Archived 13818:(1992). 13788:(1992). 13761:Archived 13749:(2018). 13730:Archived 13663:Archived 13472:Archived 13416:: 1–60. 13393:Archived 13358:Archived 13333:Archived 13302:Archived 13300:. 2009. 13258:Archived 13209:Archived 13011:Archived 12772:64273966 12737:Archived 12675:Archived 12577:Archived 12456:Ash 1995 12436:Ash 1995 12415:Archived 12131:(1933). 12107:Archived 12103:41219881 11956:(2009). 11832:Archived 11798:(2023). 11765:(1916). 11398:27809564 11317:Archived 10900:(2011). 10807:(1990). 9956:26845546 9928:Speculum 8840:(1958). 8779:24595080 8551:Archived 8533:(1964). 8401:Speculum 8325:Archived 8186:Day 1977 7888:Archived 7821:Archived 7756:Archived 7732:(2018). 6274:Arianism 6189:Rhōmaîoi 6109:See also 5960:Ivan III 5934:Perateia 5691:Religion 5645:caltrops 5587:' works 5531:basilica 5411:Kanonaki 5386:, Greek 5370:wineskin 5362:askaulos 5302:lijerica 5252:shilyani 5198:Maryamin 5010:rhetoric 5002:Paganism 4977:, and a 4869:sapphire 4795:Medicine 4740:Calendar 4658:, Italy) 4622:Istanbul 4616:and the 4593:coffered 4585:basilica 4552:Istanbul 4450:Tatikios 4411:Agathias 4405:emperor 4341:Malvasia 4337:tiropita 4325:pastirma 4274:Clothing 4195:, London 4121:Thracian 4117:Illyrian 4113:Georgian 4109:Armenian 4105:Slavonic 4062:) until 4054:(later, 4011:Arcadius 3971:Anatolia 3904:Language 3870:hedonism 3866:Theodora 3838:Honorius 3807:such as 3422:Military 3402:Komnenoi 3307:Basilika 3283:Eisagoge 3281:and the 3187:and the 3182:Codices 3106:Florence 3024:and the 2855:Caesarea 2841:and the 2815:and the 2809:Anatolia 2803:and the 2801:Rhodopes 2785:Anatolia 2730:Belgrade 2728:(modern 2676:Ottomans 2566:de facto 2558:Georgian 2554:Komnenos 2541:and the 2466:Dalmatia 2236:invasion 2208:Melitene 2055:Thessaly 1967:Bithynia 1889:Calabria 1808:Calabria 1798:in 1204. 1772:Basil II 1757:Nicholas 1721:Basilika 1701:defeated 1664:867–1081 1650:Theodora 1601:Lombards 1413:of Egypt 1284:Lombards 1168:Emperor 1077:deposed 996:Arianism 984:Eugenius 940:in 378. 916:against 908:in 312. 904:, which 828:, while 820:BC, the 584:Isaurian 574:—to the 517:. Under 435:and the 404:denarius 396:Currency 285:Manuel I 261:Basil II 138:official 98:Istanbul 72:in pink) 49:330–1453 27814:Portals 27584:Baroque 27483:Majorca 27395:Francia 27177:Legions 27137:Fiction 27107:Consuls 27102:Climate 27056:Ravenna 27051:Pompeii 27041:Lutetia 27006:Bononia 27001:Berytus 26991:Antioch 26966:Zosimus 26961:Zonaras 26936:Sozomen 26921:Priscus 26896:Photius 26738:Terence 26733:Tacitus 26718:Statius 26703:Servius 26688:Sallust 26643:Plautus 26623:Orosius 26603:Martial 26558:Juvenal 26533:Hyginus 26518:Gellius 26377:Writers 26308:History 26290:Thermae 26280:Temples 26230:Bridges 26197:Slavery 26145:Equites 26117:Society 26097:Theatre 26070:Deities 26030:Cuisine 26010:Bathing 25992:Culture 25967:Finance 25944:Economy 25835:Borders 25830:History 25732:Tribune 25727:Praetor 25617:Legatus 25612:Emperor 25499:Curiate 25469:Kingdom 25464:History 25440:History 25423:decline 25381:History 25351:Kingdom 25334:History 25319:Outline 25017:Mitanni 24985:Amorite 24964:Amorite 24938:Gutians 24671:Corsica 24661:Tuscany 24626:Etruria 24575:Liguria 24428:Gallura 24418:Arborea 24334:Lombard 24034:Tuscany 24024:Trieste 23660:Ligures 23621:Etruria 23365:largest 23360:Empires 23340:Swedish 23335:Spanish 23330:Russian 23293:Italian 23268:Chinese 23256:English 23251:British 23246:Belgian 23221:Vietnam 23211:Tay son 23157:Tsarist 23152:Russian 23147:Ottoman 23113:Dzungar 23108:Khoshut 23081:Mexican 23076:Maratha 23059:Pahlavi 23039:Safavid 23034:Iranian 22961:Haitian 22924:Chinese 22884:Ashanti 22856:Wagadou 22782:Eastern 22777:Western 22760:Timurid 22720:Tibetan 22710:Songhai 22700:Serbian 22621:Almohad 22611:Idrisid 22515:Samanid 22505:Tahirid 22500:Iranian 22478:Kannauj 22458:Genoese 22394:Chinese 22387:Eastern 22382:Western 22370:Fatimid 22365:Abbasid 22360:Umayyad 22333:Burmese 22293:Ayyubid 22288:Angevin 22258:Xianbei 22246:Eastern 22241:Western 22187:Magadha 22150:Iranian 22143:Xiongnu 22128:Hittite 22037:Chinese 22025:Kassite 21974:Ancient 21966:Empires 21898:Outline 21843:Museums 21743:Science 21720:Slavery 21676:Gardens 21656:Cuisine 21588:Dynatoi 21556:Coinage 21543:Economy 21511:Mosaics 21474:Mystras 21415:Ravenna 21277:Secular 21165:Moravia 20914:Pronoia 20888:Akritai 20873:Tagmata 20848:Themata 20789:Revolts 20759:Battles 20667:Kephale 20636:Themata 20566:Mesazon 20408:Central 20344:Maghreb 20297:Corsica 20287:Armenia 20277:Albania 20020:History 19852:at the 19793:26 July 19757:26 July 19614:25 June 19397:(ed.). 19160:Latomus 18877:4436297 18843:184–187 18835:(ed.). 18587:(ed.). 18172:25 June 18014:(ed.). 17528:(ed.). 17512:21 June 17319:25 June 17215:1291623 17086:(ed.). 17024:4146526 16781:25 June 16698:(ed.). 16281:21 June 16219:6306252 16196:Bibcode 16171:20 June 16064:1058121 16030:2118759 15999:20 June 15963:25 June 15574:(ed.). 14943:1291170 14856:Alexiad 14797:Sources 14508:(ed.). 13860:1 March 13767:8 March 13753:(ed.). 13669:1 March 12583:25 June 12552:25 June 8917:3298499 8878:2708049 8844:(ed.). 8740:1291527 8557:19 July 8422:2846872 7966:Alexiad 6288:entity. 6185:: 6178:Ῥωμαῖοι 6067:in the 5972:Ivan IV 5964:Muscovy 5849:Karaite 5837:Judaism 5556:and to 5552:to the 5427:Crotala 5419:Salpinx 5379:dankiyo 5364:(ἀσκός 5354:πλάγιος 5352:, from 5285: 5268:bagpipe 5264:salandj 5026:miracle 4897:Leo III 4865:emerald 4861:Collier 4810:Science 4780:Gardens 4775:Economy 4755:Cuisine 4750:Coinage 4656:Ravenna 4597:mosaics 4478:Russati 4474:Prasini 4462:Ephesus 4357:Retsina 4329:baklava 4309:Cuisine 4299:printed 4263:coinage 4181:solidus 4179:Golden 4131:Economy 3975:Demotic 3959:, Rome) 3939:psalter 3858:coloni, 3819:Slavery 3718:trivium 3662:Society 3647:Genoese 3612:dromons 3589:Basil I 3546:Genoans 3516:pronoia 3512:tagmata 3497:tagmata 3493:tourmai 3467:themata 3364:Chi Rho 3360:Labarum 3271:Ecloga, 3171:Jurists 3108:in 1438 3102:Ferrara 2970:themata 2805:Balkans 2742:Balkans 2587:Osman I 2579:beyliks 2562:Chaldia 2551:Alexios 2446:legates 2293:Genoese 2244:Raynald 2212:Cilicia 2051:Larissa 1940:Seljuks 1897:Otranto 1869:Normans 1842:tagmata 1836:τάγματα 1820:Antioch 1727:Tactica 1658:Basil I 1599:to the 1597:Ravenna 1550:(right) 1544:Leo III 1540:solidus 1512:718–867 1502:Leo III 1475:Bulgars 1367:Bottom: 1322:led by 1296:Maurice 1250:Antioch 1244:of the 1186:Mosaics 1131:518–717 1075:Odoacer 1052:tribute 1048:Balkans 936:at the 912:fought 731:History 712:Romanía 678:Romaioi 598:at the 451:to the 431:during 400:Solidus 249:Leo III 90:Capital 70:vassals 27864:Greece 27471:Aragon 27450:Amalfi 27435:Venice 27423:Second 27187:Nomina 27172:Legacy 27152:Gentes 27089:topics 27085:Lists 27066:Smyrna 26946:Strabo 26876:Lucian 26866:Julian 26816:Arrian 26811:Appian 26801:Aelian 26778:Vergil 26553:Justin 26538:Jerome 26523:Horace 26508:Fronto 26498:Florus 26473:Ennius 26453:Cicero 26433:Caesar 26331:Vulgar 26155:Tribes 26082:Romans 25892:Legion 25875:castra 25752:Aedile 25722:Censor 25717:Consul 25677:Caesar 25647:Lictor 25569:Status 25509:Tribal 25489:Senate 25479:Empire 25373:Empire 25309:topics 24737:(1848) 24731:(1831) 24686:states 24651:Naples 24361:Norman 24168:Dogado 24039:Verona 24004:Mantua 23999:Istria 23979:Finale 23969:Ancona 23917:states 23737:states 23655:Veneti 23633:Latins 23303:Mongol 23288:German 23283:French 23273:Danish 23216:Dainam 23191:Tongan 23179:Somali 23174:Sokoto 23140:'Alawi 23118:Kalmyk 23098:Mongol 23091:Second 23071:Korean 23022:Mughal 23012:Indian 22995:German 22988:Second 22978:French 22971:Second 22907:Second 22879:Afghan 22871:Modern 22797:Kyrgyz 22792:Uighur 22787:Second 22767:Turkic 22735:Toltec 22671:Epirus 22656:Nicaea 22579:Mongol 22532:Yamato 22468:Huetar 22326:Second 22263:Rouran 22212:Shunga 22207:Maurya 22182:Kushan 22155:Median 22133:Hunnic 22091:Harsha 21908:Portal 21823:Impact 21703:People 21651:Cities 21501:Enamel 21282:Sacred 21217:Ecloga 21083:Saints 20992:Dromon 20868:Bandon 20858:Tourma 20841:Middle 20764:Beacon 20646:Bandon 20629:Middle 20498:Middle 20453:Senate 20376:Thrace 20359:Serbia 20337:Sicily 20322:Greece 20307:Cyprus 20225:Epirus 20221:Nicaea 20131:Middle 20008:topics 19812:about 19784: 19748: 19716: 19697: 19675: 19646: 19638: 19600: 19576: 19557: 19504: 19475: 19452: 19424: 19405: 19379: 19362: 19327: 19306: 19287: 19255: 19240:301038 19238: 19230: 19220: 19170: 19067: 18975: 18956: 18934: 18917:9 June 18900: 18875: 18849: 18812: 18793: 18774: 18754: 18744: 18717: 18691: 18658: 18615: 18572: 18550: 18533: 18509: 18487: 18463: 18453: 18426: 18316: 18297: 18278: 18252: 18232: 18192: 18158: 18137: 18080: 18045: 18024: 17965: 17941: 17933: 17881: 17857: 17851:624442 17849: 17811: 17787: 17762: 17752: 17731: 17712: 17628: 17618: 17580: 17558: 17536: 17485: 17464: 17447: 17416: 17387: 17346: 17305: 17260: 17241: 17213: 17205: 17170:". In 17150: 17126: 17094: 17064: 17030: 17022: 17014: 16979: 16960: 16904: 16885: 16849: 16808: 16767: 16745:9 June 16716: 16706: 16680: 16660: 16626: 16601: 16580: 16570: 16543: 16524: 16505: 16485: 16425: 16396: 16365: 16342: 16320: 16298: 16267: 16243: 16226: 16216: 16157: 16136: 16117: 16093: 16062: 16036: 16028: 15985: 15949: 15791: 15772: 15751: 15660: 15613: 15582: 15555: 15536: 15492: 15456: 15411: 15364: 15345: 15317: 15298: 15279: 15257: 15229: 15206: 15172: 15149: 15124: 15118:626864 15116: 15085: 15059: 15040: 14983: 14961: 14941: 14933: 14871:18 May 14834: 14643: 14616: 14560: 14526: 13886: 13828: 13798: 13546: 13509: 13464: 13438:310399 13436: 13428: 13390:p. 327 13384: 13308:2 June 13292:"lira" 13201: 12892: 12843: 12818: 12793: 12770: 12712: 12504: 12389: 12101: 12093: 12075:Glotta 12024: 11964: 11826: 11816: 11404: 11396: 11388: 11311: 11119: 11049: 10976: 10937: 10916: 10889: 10868: 10815: 10783: 10761: 10520: 10447: 10093:: 412. 9954: 9946: 9857: 9811: 9030: 8988: 8915: 8907: 8876: 8868: 8800: 8777: 8769: 8765:: 18. 8738: 8730: 8718:: 29. 8543: 8420: 7748: 6103:Caesar 5984:caesar 5892:: the 5856:Legacy 5708:, and 5515:, and 5478:mosaic 5462:Nerezi 5423:Syrinx 5407:Cimpoi 5392:Pontic 5374:Zourna 5330:Aachen 5248:urghun 5192:, and 5004:. The 4910:fresco 4889:Berlin 4877:pearls 4805:People 4745:Cities 4676:Vienna 4579:, and 4573:Russia 4482:Albati 4470:Veneti 4466:Athens 4464:, and 4458:Sparta 4365:Otto I 4248:guilds 4212:, and 4125:Celtic 4123:, and 4101:Coptic 4097:Syriac 4015: 4013:in 397 4003: 3979:Pontic 3833:coloni 3742: 3709:, and 3608:galeai 3604:dromon 3600:dromon 3566:dromon 3439:, and 3287:Ecloga 3262:Ecloga 3130:system 2943:senate 2934:, and 2906:themes 2882:themes 2847:Edirne 2817:Taurus 2811:, the 2799:, the 2795:, the 2793:Pindos 2789:Danube 2778:Crimea 2774:Sicily 2770:Cyprus 2760:; the 2718:Turkey 2714:Greece 2606:Epirus 2583:ghazis 2458:Venice 2436:(1840) 2417:, and 2387:Vlachs 2186:, the 2139:mosaic 2041:, who 1971:Nicaea 1948:Sultan 1905:Apulia 1885:Reggio 1875:, the 1854:Edessa 1816:Cyprus 1709:Leo VI 1568:Ecloga 1528:, and 1415:, and 1403:. The 1389:Levant 1383:Under 1312:Phocas 1308:Danube 1258:Totila 1233:; the 1229:, who 1040:Attila 956: 950: 934:Valens 922:Julian 844:until 836:. The 818: 786:, and 761: 689:Graeci 673:Romans 558:and a 554:. The 463:, the 445: 406:, and 174: 27957:Texts 27923:Media 27440:Genoa 27418:First 26851:Galen 26793:Greek 26763:Varro 26573:Lucan 26385:Latin 26300:Latin 26275:Ships 26265:Roads 26250:Domes 26182:Women 26130:Plebs 26055:Music 25597:Forum 25592:Curia 25251:Syria 25127:Chal- 25105:Aram- 24980:Larsa 24787:Post- 24636:Italy 24580:Lucca 24570:Italy 24121:Savoy 24029:Turin 24009:Milan 23994:Ivrea 23670:Umbri 23643:Celts 23353:Lists 23308:Omani 23278:Dutch 23184:Isaaq 23135:Saadi 23103:Oirat 23086:First 23054:Qajar 22983:First 22966:First 22939:China 22912:Third 22772:First 22725:Tikal 22676:Morea 22646:Roman 22564:Latin 22559:Khmer 22554:Kanem 22520:Buyid 22446:Zagwe 22441:Aksum 22431:Chola 22338:First 22321:First 22308:Bornu 22303:Benin 22298:Aztec 22236:Roman 22217:Gupta 22202:Nanda 22138:White 21893:Index 21725:Death 21715:Women 21686:Music 21666:Dress 21661:Dance 21606:Novel 21566:Trade 21561:Mints 21506:Glass 21496:Icons 21292:Domes 21170:Serbs 20985:Samos 20798:Early 20588:Early 20462:Early 20371:Syria 20349:Malta 20327:Italy 20317:Egypt 20302:Crete 20233:Morea 20062:Early 19644:JSTOR 19537:(PDF) 19522:(PDF) 19467:[ 19236:JSTOR 19168:JSTOR 18911:(PDF) 18894:(PDF) 18873:JSTOR 18831:. In 18752:JSTOR 18535:39485 18461:JSTOR 18414:(0). 18372:[ 18010:. In 17996:(PDF) 17981:(PDF) 17950:(PDF) 17939:S2CID 17911:(PDF) 17855:S2CID 17847:JSTOR 17781:(PDF) 17357:(PDF) 17336:(PDF) 17211:JSTOR 17105:(PDF) 17082:. In 17080:(PDF) 17028:S2CID 17020:JSTOR 16714:JSTOR 16658:S2CID 16578:JSTOR 16483:JSTOR 16417:[ 16091:JSTOR 16034:S2CID 16026:JSTOR 15570:. In 15528:[ 15426:. In 15337:[ 15221:[ 15122:S2CID 15114:JSTOR 14939:JSTOR 13434:JSTOR 13355:p. 44 12762:[ 12099:JSTOR 11824:S2CID 11402:S2CID 11394:JSTOR 10860:[ 9952:JSTOR 8913:JSTOR 8874:JSTOR 8775:JSTOR 8736:JSTOR 8418:JSTOR 7736:. In 6161:Notes 5978:, or 5947:) as 5922:David 5395:Tulum 5384:Gaida 5366:askos 5358:flute 5342:duduk 5334:aulos 5202:Syria 5190:aulos 5186:organ 5148:Music 5138:vices 5073:Homer 4800:Music 4770:Dress 4760:Dance 4650:3 m; 4577:domes 4426:tavli 4373:umami 4369:murri 4343:from 4321:garos 4259:silks 4218:Syria 4210:Avars 4206:Slavs 4170:Italy 4162:Egypt 4064:Koine 4052:Koine 4023:Leo I 3884:Women 3734:Greek 3559:Samos 3501:tagma 3087:] 2851:Sofia 2766:Crete 2758:Libya 2754:Egypt 2746:Syria 2720:with 2454:Egypt 2432:, by 2151:Jesus 2108:Cross 2047:Corfu 1612:Irene 1538:Gold 1288:Avars 1182:right 1104:king 1060:Leo I 994:over 976:Goths 880:as a 812:In a 572:Syria 568:Egypt 473:Latin 469:Greek 154:Roman 116:Greek 112:Latin 68:(its 27445:Pisa 27167:Laws 27142:Film 27061:Roma 26628:Ovid 26568:Livy 26336:Late 26150:Gens 26107:Wine 25919:Navy 25887:Army 25526:SPQR 25428:fall 25406:fall 25203:and 24976:Isin 24959:Mari 24666:Elba 24595:Rome 24544:eras 24540:and 24513:Gozo 24312:Arab 24295:and 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