2922:
246:, these became known as the "Armenian" themes in contrast to the older, larger "Roman" themes. From ca. 970 until the mid-11th century, another military and administrative level appeared: regional commands which grouped several themes under a general termed duke (
158:, the old provinces continued to serve as the main administrative and fiscal units. Gradually however, the themes superseded the provinces, the last vestiges of which were abolished in the early 9th century inspired in part by the Hellenistic pagarchies and
34:(330–1453). The Empire had a developed administrative system, which can be divided into three major periods: the late Roman/early Byzantine, which was a continuation and evolution of the system begun by the emperors
372:
Byzantine administrative terminology was initially based on Roman terms for various administrative offices and units, with common variants in both Latin and Greek languages. Since the Roman conquest, the
1091:
231:) that came under Byzantine authority were usually allowed some form of limited self-governance under archons of their own. By the 10th century however, most of the archontates and
1801:
238:
With the great military expansion of the 10th and early 11th centuries, new themes were established as land was recovered from the Arabs in the East and after the conquest of
409:). That term was used both colloquially and officially, in Roman legal acts that were issued in the Greek language. In the same time, provincial governor was called
87:(r. 527–565) undertook his administrative reforms. He effectively abolished the dioceses, merged smaller provinces and created new types of jurisdictions like the
2034:
283:, which were tied to specific agencies and bureaux of the fiscal bureaucracy, as well as to individual magnates. The Komnenian system survived until the
1014:
2910:
1264:
1165:
242:. Many of the new themes in the East were smaller than the old, comprising only a fortified town and its immediate area. Garrisoned chiefly by
2949:
2598:
1175:
1108:
1123:
1118:
2199:
1185:
1160:
934:"Dyrrhachion und die Küsten von Epirus und Dalmatien im frühen Mittelalter - Beobachtungen zur Entwicklungder byzantinischen Oberhoheit"
2550:
2533:
1190:
1170:
2249:
2095:
2067:
1711:
1703:
1180:
1113:
314:
and the post-1261 restored
Byzantine Empire as a generic term for a territorial and fiscal circumscription. These were divided into
2445:
1806:
187:
Alongside the themes, other types of provincial units existed. Peripheral territories, often with a strong maritime character like
2294:
2774:
2299:
882:
Byzantium on the
Balkans: Studies on the Byzantine administration and the Southern Slavs from the VIIth to the XIIth centuries
2698:
1458:
1451:
1007:
2450:
2309:
269:
at their head. However, mainly in Greece, the themes dissolved into the smaller local fiscal and administrative units, the
1441:
2779:
2192:
17:
2880:
1446:
50:, and the late Byzantine, where the structure was more varied and decentralized and where feudal elements appeared.
1943:
1000:
449:, the city's urban prefect. Since the 7th century, the old provincial administration was gradually replaced by the
951:"Military, Administrative and Religious Strongholds on the Danubian Frontier: The Example of Morava and Braničevo"
2915:
2737:
1269:
1037:
93:, which combined civil with military authority, thus overturning the main principle of the Diocletianic system.
467:. Thereafter, eparchs were usually appointed as city governors, the most important amongst them still being the
2885:
2875:
2747:
2668:
2486:
2354:
1926:
1870:
1791:
1658:
964:"Dacia Mediterranea and Macedonia Secunda in the Sixth Century: A Question of Influence on Church Architecture"
623:
389:) had an equivalent in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the Empire. In the Greek language, province was called
284:
221:
120:
The traditional administrative system faced a severe challenge in the first half of the 7th century, when the
2742:
2732:
2647:
2402:
2187:
148:) were established. Initially these were simply military jurisdictions, reflecting the area that each of the
1622:
162:
of late Roman Egypt. Each theme had a regular and simple structure, being divided along military lines into
2816:
2784:
2688:
2397:
2369:
2177:
1716:
2540:
2182:
2029:
1786:
1537:
2860:
2806:
2545:
2417:
2407:
2107:
1987:
1865:
1796:
1684:
1653:
1496:
1436:
605:
450:
322:
137:
2720:
2244:
2100:
1885:
1776:
1663:
918:
682:
176:
963:
457:
remained in use until the 9th century as designation for the senior administrative official of each
2019:
1771:
1258:
1137:
468:
446:
132:
led to extensive territorial loss. The only major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire was
330:
were sometimes grouped into larger jurisdictions which were then placed under a "universal head" (
2925:
2349:
2075:
1895:
1781:
2850:
2440:
2282:
1726:
1532:
1506:
1501:
1274:
1250:
1246:
1213:
346:
239:
121:
809:
2568:
2422:
1612:
1522:
1486:
1371:
1101:
1096:
540:
442:
77:
47:
39:
2811:
2794:
2615:
2374:
2339:
2222:
2159:
2154:
1689:
1632:
471:, whose office had wide-ranging powers and functioned continuously until the 13th century.
105:
985:
The
Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare
8:
1721:
1637:
1627:
1491:
1254:
1242:
1129:
564:
353:
196:
109:
89:
924:
The Early
Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
826:
The
Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century
2799:
2789:
2663:
2334:
2217:
2134:
1997:
1349:
1329:
1309:
1299:
1065:
795:
430:
60:
345:
for members of the imperial family, the most famous and long-lasting of which was the
2921:
2855:
2760:
2693:
2673:
2641:
2573:
2560:
2481:
2476:
2227:
1992:
1842:
1361:
1314:
1304:
1294:
97:
2725:
2518:
2466:
2412:
2379:
2329:
2122:
2112:
1890:
1578:
1470:
1393:
1376:
1354:
1339:
1324:
1238:
1023:
311:
304:
262:
204:
31:
2870:
2703:
2683:
2678:
2633:
2623:
2583:
2578:
2528:
2523:
2304:
1910:
1827:
1822:
1562:
1552:
1388:
1382:
1366:
1344:
1334:
1319:
983:
922:
908:
891:
880:
867:
854:
835:
824:
813:
799:
2708:
2588:
2321:
2080:
1974:
1960:
1759:
1463:
1218:
434:
414:
394:
382:
378:
374:
300:
288:
149:
69:
2943:
2628:
2505:
2471:
2209:
2144:
2117:
2002:
1617:
1557:
521:
73:
2389:
2364:
2344:
2149:
2127:
1982:
1230:
1225:
1059:
700:
364:
remained extant, and formed the country's sole administrative subdivision.
316:
65:
43:
992:
83:
The late Roman administrative system remained intact until the 530s, when
2890:
2865:
2359:
2169:
1936:
1542:
1527:
84:
2164:
2024:
2014:
1847:
1837:
1547:
640:
275:
133:
35:
2713:
2593:
2085:
1953:
1900:
1832:
582:
463:
338:
243:
216:
154:
101:
950:
320:, which usually were little more than a town, where the governor or
258:) and hence usually rendered as duchies or catepanates in English.
2239:
2139:
2090:
1948:
1880:
1668:
933:
342:
254:
227:
170:
772:
441:, "eparch of the praetorium"), who were in charge of the Empire's
2605:
2491:
2432:
1931:
1905:
1583:
494:
361:
159:
125:
307:
successor states maintained many of its features and structure.
2234:
2009:
1875:
661:
200:
192:
164:
42:, which gradually evolved into the middle Byzantine, where the
957:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studie. pp. 103–107.
815:
The
Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi
666:
645:
587:
545:
500:
419:
399:
188:
184:
however was only a military, not an administrative division.
129:
2513:
299:
Following the dissolution of the
Byzantine state after the
837:
326:("head") resided, with its surrounding countryside. Minor
152:'s field armies occupied; underneath the themes and their
58:
The classical administrative model, as exemplified by the
760:
248:
112:, which became effectively semi-autonomous territories.
913:. Venezia: Deputazione di storia patria per le Venezie.
872:
Actes du XIIe Congrès international d'études byzantines
100:(r. 582–602), this was carried a step further with the
724:
859:
Actes du X. Congrès international d'études byzantines
748:
736:
955:
927:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
861:. İstanbul: Comité d'organisation. pp. 307–315.
115:
868:"Sur la date de la création du thème de Dyrrachium"
294:
337:The 14th century also saw the creation of several
53:
2941:
1383:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
219:, distinct border provinces were created, the
1008:
829:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies.
265:, the themes continued to exist, now with a
136:, and there in the period 640–660 the first
1022:
794:
766:
730:
1015:
1001:
892:"Les iles dalmates dans l'Empire byzantin"
822:
808:
754:
742:
207:times and are hence known as archontates (
931:
429:). Similar terms were employed for later
948:
2271:
961:
910:L'amministrazione Bizantina in Dalmazia
906:
889:
878:
874:. Beograd: Naučno delo. pp. 83–92.
865:
852:
215:). Along the eastern frontier with the
14:
2942:
981:
235:had been raised to themes themselves.
46:predominated alongside a restructured
2839:
2270:
2055:
1747:
1414:
1035:
996:
833:
778:
552:large supra-regional circumscription
2950:Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
2056:
917:
453:. Even after that however, the term
28:Subdivisions of the Byzantine Empire
1758:
510:traditional rendering of the Roman
24:
846:
547:ἐπαρχότης / ὑπαρχία τῶν πραιτωρίων
72:, which in turn were grouped into
25:
2961:
2881:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
225:. In the Balkans, Slavic tribes (
116:Middle period: 7th–12th centuries
32:Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
30:were administrative units of the
2920:
295:Late period: 13th–15th centuries
1270:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1092:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
54:Early period: 4th–7th centuries
2355:Great Palace of Constantinople
2096:Patriarchate of Constantinople
1415:
801:History of the Byzantine State
367:
13:
1:
781:, p. 81, 84-86, 138-139.
718:
600:698 (Carthage)/751 (Ravenna)
2817:University of Constantinople
2398:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1748:
1548:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1237:Byzantine successor states (
962:Snively, Carolyn S. (2005).
529:regional group of provinces
7:
2487:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1543:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1538:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1036:
823:Krsmanović, Bojana (2008).
652:small-scale local district
310:The themes survived in the
10:
2966:
2876:Neo-Byzantine architecture
2840:
1497:Comes sacrarum largitionum
988:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
949:Komatina, Predrag (2016).
919:Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.
804:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
787:
667:
646:
588:
546:
501:
420:
400:
2903:
2846:
2835:
2756:
2656:
2614:
2559:
2504:
2459:
2446:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2431:
2388:
2320:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2266:
2208:
2066:
2062:
2051:
1973:
1919:
1858:
1815:
1767:
1754:
1743:
1702:
1677:
1646:
1605:
1596:
1571:
1515:
1479:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1283:
1199:
1146:
1077:
1048:
1044:
1031:
932:Kislinger, Ewald (2011).
896:Byzantinische Forschungen
855:"L'archontat de Dalmatie"
438:
418:
398:
2020:Droungarios of the Fleet
982:Whitby, Michael (1988).
907:Ferluga, Jadran (1978).
890:Ferluga, Jadran (1977).
879:Ferluga, Jadran (1976).
866:Ferluga, Jadran (1964).
853:Ferluga, Jadran (1957).
708:military-civil province
691:military-civil province
673:military-civil province
613:military-civil province
594:military-civil province
572:military-civil province
469:Eparch of Constantinople
447:Eparch of Constantinople
124:and the invasion of the
2534:Early Byzantine mosaics
1896:Domestic of the Schools
834:Mason, Hugh J. (1974).
2851:Byzantine commonwealth
1613:Praetorian prefectures
1533:Logothetes tou genikou
1507:Quaestor sacri palatii
1502:Comes rerum privatarum
1275:Fall of Constantinople
1214:Sack of Constantinople
461:, under the governing
443:praetorian prefectures
439:ἔπαρχος τοῦ πραιτωρίου
386:
347:Despotate of the Morea
285:sack of Constantinople
78:praetorian prefectures
2551:Komnenian renaissance
2546:Macedonian period art
2451:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2423:Walls of Thessaloniki
1523:Logothetes tou dromou
1138:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1102:Valentinianic dynasty
1097:Constantinian dynasty
885:. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
818:. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
541:praetorian prefecture
40:Constantine the Great
2748:Units of measurement
2482:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2375:Pammakaristos Church
2223:Corpus Juris Civilis
2174:Missionary activity
1633:Exarchate of Ravenna
1459:Imperial bureaucracy
810:Maksimović, Ljubomir
2272:Culture and society
2135:Ecumenical councils
1638:Exarchate of Africa
1628:Quaestura exercitus
1492:Magister officiorum
1487:Praetorian prefects
1130:Byzantine Dark Ages
840:. Toronto: Hakkert.
796:Ostrogorsky, George
565:quaestura exercitus
431:praetorian prefects
354:Empire of Trebizond
90:quaestura exercitus
64:, divided the late
48:central bureaucracy
2689:Flags and insignia
2335:Baths of Zeuxippus
2218:Codex Theodosianus
2108:Oriental Orthodoxy
1066:Later Roman Empire
631:military province
558:6th/7th centuries
535:6th/7th centuries
516:early 9th century
445:, and also to the
61:Notitia Dignitatum
18:Byzantine province
2937:
2936:
2899:
2898:
2856:Byzantine studies
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2642:Alexander Romance
2500:
2499:
2477:Nea Moni of Chios
2340:Blachernae Palace
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2228:Code of Justinian
2076:Eastern Orthodoxy
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
1969:
1968:
1843:Scholae Palatinae
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1704:Foreign relations
1698:
1697:
1592:
1591:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1205:(1204–1453)
971:Niš and Byzantium
716:
715:
332:katholike kephale
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2924:
2837:
2836:
2780:Imperial Library
2726:Byzantine Greeks
2467:Daphni Monastery
2418:Panagia Chalkeon
2413:Hagios Demetrios
2380:Prison of Anemas
2330:Basilica Cistern
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2267:
2123:West Syriac Rite
2113:Alexandrian Rite
2064:
2063:
2057:Religion and law
2053:
2052:
1988:Maritime themata
1944:Palaiologan army
1797:Military manuals
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1603:
1602:
1579:Megas logothetes
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1285:By modern region
1206:
1153:
1152:(717–1204)
1084:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1032:
1024:Byzantine Empire
1017:
1010:
1003:
994:
993:
989:
978:
968:
958:
945:
928:
914:
903:
886:
875:
862:
841:
830:
819:
805:
782:
776:
770:
767:Ostrogorsky 1956
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
731:Ostrogorsky 1956
728:
670:
669:
649:
648:
591:
590:
549:
548:
504:
503:
474:
473:
440:
424:
423:
422:
404:
403:
402:
360:of the theme of
312:Empire of Nicaea
263:Komnenian period
122:Muslim conquests
21:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2895:
2871:Cyrillic script
2842:
2823:
2768:
2752:
2652:
2634:Digenes Akritas
2610:
2555:
2496:
2460:Other locations
2455:
2427:
2384:
2316:
2305:Cross-in-square
2273:
2254:
2204:
2058:
2039:
1965:
1915:
1911:Varangian Guard
1854:
1828:East Roman army
1823:Late Roman army
1811:
1750:
1731:
1694:
1673:
1642:
1588:
1567:
1563:Epi ton deeseon
1553:Epi tou eidikou
1511:
1475:
1417:
1398:
1385:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1265:Palaiologan era
1207:
1204:
1195:
1166:Nikephorian era
1154:
1151:
1142:
1085:
1083:(330–717)
1082:
1073:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1021:
966:
849:
847:Further reading
844:
790:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
755:Krsmanović 2008
753:
749:
743:Maksimović 1988
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:
668:τούρμα / τοῦρμα
507:civil province
451:thematic system
370:
305:Byzantine Greek
297:
205:classical Greek
118:
56:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Byzantine Bath
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2322:Constantinople
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:Byzantine Rite
2072:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1961:Grand domestic
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1927:Komnenian army
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1802:Military units
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Battle tactics
1768:
1762:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:Medieval Greek
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:Fourth Crusade
1210:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Macedonian era
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:Theodosian era
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
979:
959:
946:
929:
915:
904:
887:
876:
863:
848:
845:
843:
842:
831:
820:
806:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:
771:
769:, p. 221.
759:
747:
735:
722:
720:
717:
714:
713:
711:
709:
706:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
689:
686:
679:
678:
676:
674:
671:
664:
658:
657:
655:
653:
650:
643:
637:
636:
634:
632:
629:
626:
620:
619:
617:
614:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
585:
579:
578:
576:
573:
570:
568:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
543:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
518:
517:
514:
508:
505:
498:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
369:
366:
301:Fourth Crusade
296:
293:
289:Fourth Crusade
252:) or catepan (
150:Byzantine army
117:
114:
76:and then into
55:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2962:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Encyclopedias
2773:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Hellenization
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:Everyday life
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:Acritic songs
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Hosios Loukas
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Monophysitism
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Armenian Rite
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2036:
2035:Naval battles
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1742:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Protasekretis
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Komnenian era
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:Heraclian era
1122:
1120:
1119:Justinian era
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
987:
986:
980:
976:
972:
965:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
925:
920:
916:
912:
911:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
850:
839:
838:
832:
828:
827:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
723:
712:
710:
707:
705:κατεπανίκιον
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
675:
672:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:
651:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
596:
593:
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
569:
567:
566:
562:
561:
557:
554:
551:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
509:
506:
499:
497:("province")
496:
493:
492:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
470:
466:
465:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
432:
428:
416:
412:
408:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
365:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
308:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:chartoularata
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
256:
251:
250:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
91:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2640:
2408:Hagia Sophia
2390:Thessalonica
2365:Hagia Sophia
2345:Chora Church
2283:Architecture
2160:Great Schism
2150:Paulicianism
2128:Miaphysitism
1983:Karabisianoi
1597:
1287:or territory
1247:Thessalonica
1231:Latin Empire
1226:Frankokratia
1201:
1161:Isaurian era
1148:
1079:
1064:
1060:Roman Empire
1050:
984:
974:
970:
954:
941:
937:
923:
909:
899:
895:
881:
871:
858:
836:
825:
814:
800:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:
701:katepanikion
563:
511:
462:
458:
454:
426:
410:
406:
390:
371:
357:
351:
336:
331:
327:
321:
315:
309:
298:
280:
274:
270:
266:
260:
253:
247:
237:
232:
226:
220:
212:
208:
199:were run by
186:
181:
175:
169:
163:
153:
145:
141:
119:
95:
88:
82:
66:Roman Empire
59:
57:
44:theme system
27:
26:
2891:Megali Idea
2866:Byzantinism
2569:Agriculture
2360:Hagia Irene
2193:Kievan Rus'
2170:Mount Athos
1993:Cibyrrhaeot
1937:Vestiaritai
1792:Mercenaries
1669:Catepanates
1528:Sakellarios
1447:Family tree
1372:Mesopotamia
1191:Angelid era
1171:Amorian era
685:("banner")
480:Greek name
368:Terminology
317:katepanikia
276:episkepseis
197:Cephallenia
85:Justinian I
2886:Third Rome
2812:University
2795:Philosophy
2785:Inventions
2648:Historians
2616:Literature
2599:Varangians
2441:San Vitale
2370:Hippodrome
2350:City Walls
2250:Mutilation
2245:Hexabiblos
2165:Bogomilism
2155:Iconoclasm
2025:Megas doux
2015:Greek fire
1998:Aegean Sea
1871:Kleisourai
1848:Excubitors
1838:Bucellarii
1690:Despotates
1659:Kleisourai
1598:Provincial
1442:Coronation
1416:Governance
1181:Doukid era
1114:Leonid era
977:: 213–224.
944:: 313–352.
938:Millennium
779:Mason 1974
719:References
641:archontate
628:κλεισούρα
616:640s/660s
597:580s/590s
526:διοίκησις
356:, the old
339:despotates
233:kleisourai
222:kleisourai
209:archontiai
160:nomarchies
134:Asia Minor
102:exarchates
36:Diocletian
2714:Octoechos
2594:Silk Road
2086:Hesychasm
1954:Paramonai
1901:Hetaireia
1833:Foederati
1722:Diplomacy
1717:Diplomats
1623:Provinces
1452:Empresses
1255:Trebizond
1051:Preceding
921:(1991) .
624:kleisoura
589:ἐξαρχᾶτον
583:exarchate
512:provincia
464:strategos
387:provincia
377:term for
343:appanages
291:in 1204.
244:Armenians
217:Caliphate
213:archontia
155:strategoi
70:provinces
2944:Category
2807:Scholars
2800:Rhetoric
2790:Medicine
2765:Learning
2664:Calendar
2541:Painters
2240:Basilika
2178:Bulgaria
2140:Arianism
2091:Hayhurum
2068:Religion
2030:Admirals
1949:Allagion
1881:Droungos
1787:Generals
1749:Military
1712:Treaties
1618:Dioceses
1437:Emperors
1350:Sardinia
1330:Dalmatia
1310:Bulgaria
1300:Anatolia
1259:Theodoro
1253: /
1249: /
1241: /
902:: 35–71.
812:(1988).
798:(1956).
647:ἀρχοντία
427:eparchos
407:eparchia
379:province
328:kephalai
255:katepano
240:Bulgaria
228:Sclaveni
211:, sing.
182:droungos
171:droungoi
144:, sing.
74:dioceses
2916:Outline
2861:Museums
2761:Science
2738:Slavery
2694:Gardens
2674:Cuisine
2606:Dynatoi
2574:Coinage
2561:Economy
2529:Mosaics
2492:Mystras
2433:Ravenna
2295:Secular
2183:Moravia
1932:Pronoia
1906:Akritai
1891:Tagmata
1866:Themata
1807:Revolts
1777:Battles
1685:Kephale
1654:Themata
1584:Mesazon
1426:Central
1362:Maghreb
1315:Corsica
1305:Armenia
1295:Albania
1038:History
788:Sources
688:βάνδον
522:diocese
502:ἐπαρχία
495:eparchy
421:ἔπαρχος
401:ἐπαρχία
391:eparchy
362:Chaldia
352:In the
323:kephale
287:by the
261:In the
201:archons
165:tourmai
142:themata
128:by the
126:Balkans
98:Maurice
2926:Portal
2841:Impact
2721:People
2669:Cities
2519:Enamel
2300:Sacred
2235:Ecloga
2101:Saints
2010:Dromon
1886:Bandon
1876:Tourma
1859:Middle
1782:Beacon
1664:Bandon
1647:Middle
1516:Middle
1471:Senate
1394:Thrace
1377:Serbia
1355:Sicily
1340:Greece
1325:Cyprus
1243:Epirus
1239:Nicaea
1149:Middle
1026:topics
683:bandon
662:tourma
486:First
455:eparch
411:eparch
303:, its
203:as in
193:Crimea
180:. The
138:themes
110:Africa
96:Under
2911:Index
2743:Death
2733:Women
2704:Music
2684:Dress
2679:Dance
2624:Novel
2584:Trade
2579:Mints
2524:Glass
2514:Icons
2310:Domes
2188:Serbs
2003:Samos
1816:Early
1606:Early
1480:Early
1389:Syria
1367:Malta
1345:Italy
1335:Egypt
1320:Crete
1251:Morea
1080:Early
967:(PDF)
610:θέμα
606:thema
555:330s
532:290s
489:Last
483:Type
477:Name
459:thema
435:Greek
415:Greek
395:Greek
383:Latin
375:Latin
358:banda
271:horia
189:Crete
177:banda
146:thema
130:Slavs
106:Italy
68:into
2709:Lyra
2589:silk
2200:Jews
1975:Navy
1920:Late
1760:Army
1727:Wars
1678:Late
1572:Late
1202:Late
575:536
334:).
279:and
267:doux
249:doux
174:and
108:and
38:and
2506:Art
2210:Law
349:.
341:as
195:or
104:of
80:.
2946::
973:.
969:.
953:.
940:.
936:.
898:.
894:.
870:.
857:.
437::
425:,
417::
405:,
397::
385::
273:,
191:,
168:,
1261:)
1257:–
1245:–
1132:"
1128:"
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
975:3
942:8
900:5
757:.
745:.
733:.
433:(
413:(
393:(
381:(
140:(
20:)
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