3837:
608:
569:
19:
348:
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4207:
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the motion does not depend on the ratio of the weights, but that the difference in time is a very small one. And so, if the difference in the weights is not considerable, that is, of one is, let us say, double the other, there will be no difference, or else an imperceptible difference, in time, though the difference in weight is by no means negligible, with one body weighing twice as much as the other.
265:
Paper, which the
Muslims received from China in the 8th century, was being used in the Byzantine Empire by the 9th century. There were very large private libraries, and monasteries possessed huge libraries with hundreds of books that were lent to people in each monastery's region. Thus were preserved
240:
But this is completely erroneous, and our view may be corroborated by actual observation more effectively than by any sort of verbal argument. For if you let fall from the same height two weights of which one is many times as heavy as the other, you will see that the ratio of the times required for
556:
Constantinople was full of inventors and craftsmen. The "philosopher" Leo of
Thessalonika made for the Emperor Theophilos (829–842) a golden tree, the branches of which carried artificial birds which flapped their wings and sang, a model lion which moved and roared, and a bejewelled clockwork lady
338:
The first known example of separating conjoined twins happened in the
Byzantine Empire in the 10th century when a pair of conjoined twins from Armenia came to Constantinople. Many years later one of them died, so the surgeons in Constantinople decided to remove the body of the dead one. The result
883:
405:
first appeared in the
Byzantine Empire, where rudimentary incendiary grenades made of ceramic jars holding glass or nails were made and used on battlefields. The first examples of hand-held flamethrowers occurred in the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, where infantry units were equipped with
801:
attracted the interest of almost all scholars. In the final century of the empire, Byzantine grammarians were those principally responsible for carrying in person and in writing ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to early
Renaissance Italy, and among them
274:
Emmanuel A. Paschos says: "A Byzantine (Roman), article from the 13th century contains advanced astronomical ideas and pre-Copernican diagrams. The models are geocentric but contain improvements on the trajectories of the Moon and
Mercury." One known astronomer was
891:
262:, when visiting the Byzantine emperor, explained that he saw the emperor sitting on a hydraulic throne and that it was "made in such a cunning manner that at one moment it was down on the ground, while at another it rose higher and was seen to be up in the air".
253:
is an invention made by the
Byzantines and was constructed in order to mill grains by using the energy of the stream of water. The technology eventually spread to the rest of Europe and was in use until c. 1800. The Byzantines knew and used the concept of
772:
Despite the political, and military decline of these last two centuries, the empire saw a flourishing of science and literature, often described as the "Palaeologean" or "Last
Byzantine Renaissance". Some of this era's most eminent representatives are:
220:
commentator and
Christian theologian, and author of philosophical treatises and theological works. He was the first who criticized Aristotle and attacked Aristotle's theory of the free fall. His criticism of Aristotelian physics was an inspiration for
172:
architecture, a specific spherical form in the upper corners to support a dome, is a
Byzantine invention. Although the first experimentation was made in the 200s, it was in the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire that its potential was fully achieved.
339:
was partly successful, as the surviving twin lived three days before dying, a result so impressive that it was mentioned a century and a half later by historians. The next case of separating conjoined twins did not occur until 1689 in Germany.
764:
Byzantine humanism found its most characteristic expression. During the 13th and 14th centuries, a period of intense creative activity, Byzantine humanism approached its zenith, and manifested a striking analogy to the contemporaneous
521:). Byzantine science thus played an important role in transmitting ancient Greek knowledge to Western Europe and the Islamic world, and also transmitting Arabic knowledge to Western Europe. Some historians suspect that
398:. It has been argued that no single person invented the Greek fire but that it was "invented by the chemists in Constantinople who had inherited the discoveries of the Alexandrian chemical school...".
201:
church, a technological breakthrough for its time and for centuries afterwards because of its striking geometry, bold design and height. In middle Byzantium (8th to 12th century) mathematicians like
161:
says that "much of what we know about antiquity—especially Hellenic and Roman literature and Roman law—would have been lost forever if it weren't for the scholars and scribes of Constantinople."
138:
expended most of their efforts upon the transcription of ecclesiastical manuscripts, while ancient-pagan literature was transcribed, summarized, excerpted, and annotated by laymen or clergy like
511:
There were also some Byzantine scientists who used Arabic transliterations to describe certain scientific concepts instead of the equivalent Ancient Greek terms (such as the use of the Arabic
374:
to great effect as it could continue burning even on water. It provided a technological advantage and was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of
1918:
305:. The concept of the hospital appeared in Byzantine Empire as an institution to offer medical care and possibility of a cure for the patients because of the ideals of Christian charity.
126:. Even the latter offered instruction in the ancient classics and included literary, philosophical, and scientific texts in its curriculum. The monastic schools concentrated upon the
1668:
752:
as a renaissance of interest in classical authors, however, during the centuries before (9–12), Renaissance humanism and wanting for classical learning was prominent during the
434:
During the Middle Ages, there was frequently an exchange of works between Byzantine and Islamic science. The Byzantine Empire initially provided the medieval Islamic world with
2628:
3937:
1339:
454:
for translation into Arabic as the Byzantine Empire was the leading center of scientific scholarship in the region at the beginning of the Middle Ages. Later as the
316:, who realised the diagnostic potential of uroscopy in a time when no microscope or stethoscope existed. That practice eventually spread to the rest of Europe. The
769:. Byzantine humanism believed in the vitality of classical civilization, and of its sciences, and its proponents occupied themselves with scientific sciences.
2861:
1369:
1841:
1690:
3912:
3737:
2091:
1992:
1317:
418:
when the Byzantines used this new-developed siege weaponry to devastate citadels and fortifications. This siege artillery marked the apogee of
3425:
2002:
1935:
3788:
1950:
1945:
3962:
3957:
3927:
3917:
3907:
3026:
2012:
1987:
1664:
1042:
735:
3967:
3952:
3947:
3932:
3377:
3360:
2017:
1997:
3076:
2922:
2894:
2538:
2530:
2007:
1940:
471:
548:, a sort of analogue device used in astronomy and invented around the late second century BC, was utilized in the Byzantine period.
3272:
2633:
1396:
The Age of dromon: The Byzantine Navy, ca. 500-1024. The Medieval Mediterranean: Peoples, Economies and Cultures, 400-1500. vol. 62
3121:
467:
331:(late 13th century), continued to be used as the authoritative texts by Europeans through the Renaissance. Myrepsos invented the
3601:
3126:
298:
4000:
1427:
Tucker, Spencer C. 2011. “The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History”. ABC-CLIO. Page 450.
4177:
3942:
3866:
3525:
2285:
2278:
1834:
1335:
1293:
1086:
618:
379:
55:
3277:
3136:
2424:
1810:
544:
A mechanical sundial device consisting of complex gears made by the Byzantines has been excavated which indicates that the
382:, thus securing the empire's survival. Greek fire proper however was invented in c. 672 and is ascribed by the chronicler
3876:
3861:
3811:
2268:
1125:
312:
was known to Galen, he did not see the importance of using it to diagnose disease. It was Byzantine physicians, such as
3606:
3019:
1142:
Pevny, Olenka Z. (2000). "Perceptions of Byzantium and Its Neighbors: 843–1261". Yale University Press. pp. 94–95.
704:
94:. Despite some opposition to pagan learning, many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high office in the
3826:
3707:
2273:
1781:
1403:
1210:
1166:
1018:
955:
820:
458:
and other medieval Islamic cultures became the leading centers of scientific knowledge, Byzantine scientists such as
3781:
2770:
1827:
293:
Medicine was one of the sciences in which the Byzantines improved on their Greco-Roman predecessors, starting from
4124:
3742:
3564:
2096:
1864:
1721:
Partington, J.R. (1999). "A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder". The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 13.
728:
4162:
4068:
3856:
3712:
3702:
3574:
3495:
3313:
3181:
2753:
2697:
2618:
2485:
972:
Anastos, Milton V. (1962). "The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961".
644:
491:
1418:
Partington, J. R. (1999). "A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder". The Johns Hopkins University Press. page 13
3569:
3559:
3474:
3229:
3014:
1273:
Prioreschi, Plinio. 2004. A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. p. 146.
2449:
1730:
Prioreschi, Plinio. 2004. A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. p. 42.
1637:; Wright, M. T. (22 August 2006). "Gears from the Byzantines: A portable sundial with calendrical gearing".
4134:
4096:
3851:
3643:
3611:
3515:
3224:
3196:
3004:
2543:
1362:
815:
525:
or another European author had access to an Arabic astronomical text, resulting in the transmission of the
115:
71:
58:
to Renaissance Italy. Its rich historiographical tradition preserved ancient knowledge upon which splendid
3836:
4233:
4129:
4086:
3774:
3367:
3009:
2856:
2613:
2364:
426:. From the Byzantines, the armies of Europe and Asia eventually learned and adopted this siege weaponry.
139:
1697:
4255:
3977:
3687:
3633:
3372:
3244:
3234:
2934:
2814:
2692:
2623:
2511:
2480:
2323:
2263:
1462:
1442:
1321:
830:
825:
761:
721:
313:
225:
many centuries later; Galileo cited Philoponus substantially in his works and followed him in refuting
147:
4221:
3816:
3547:
3071:
2927:
2712:
2603:
2490:
395:
4033:
3821:
2846:
2598:
2085:
1964:
794:
479:
451:
387:
383:
87:
1601:
565:
Such mechanical devices reached a high level of sophistication and were made to impress visitors.
4172:
4076:
4058:
3891:
3886:
3752:
3176:
2902:
2722:
2608:
928:
607:
581:
443:
95:
4139:
4081:
4048:
4015:
3881:
3677:
3267:
3109:
2553:
2359:
2333:
2328:
2101:
2077:
2073:
2040:
857:
753:
634:
588:
to Constantinople, which gave warning of enemy raids and was used as diplomatic communication.
317:
4210:
4116:
4101:
4053:
3871:
3395:
3249:
2439:
2349:
2313:
2198:
1928:
1923:
1500:
920:
545:
529:, an astronomical model developed by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi that later appeared in the work of
415:
4187:
4182:
4106:
3995:
3985:
3638:
3621:
3442:
3201:
3166:
3049:
2986:
2981:
2516:
2459:
782:
766:
749:
689:
495:
463:
259:
226:
194:
8:
4192:
4157:
4149:
4038:
4028:
2548:
2464:
2454:
2318:
2081:
2069:
1956:
862:
778:
664:
557:
who walked. These mechanical toys continued the tradition represented in the treatise of
530:
522:
276:
158:
143:
51:
43:
1496:"Introduction to Astronomy, Containing the Eight Divided Books of Abu Ma'shar Abalachus"
4167:
4023:
4005:
3990:
3797:
3626:
3616:
3490:
3161:
3044:
2961:
2824:
2176:
2156:
2136:
2126:
1892:
1545:
1485:
Decker, Michael J. (2013). The Byzantine Art of War. Westholme Publishing. pp. 227–229.
1311:
1243:
989:
803:
798:
694:
639:
573:
558:
459:
411:
320:
288:
190:
83:
47:
23:
568:
18:
4217:
3748:
3682:
3520:
3500:
3468:
3400:
3387:
3308:
3303:
3054:
2819:
2669:
2188:
2141:
2131:
2121:
1806:
1777:
1399:
1299:
1289:
1206:
1162:
1014:
951:
679:
674:
654:
649:
447:
367:
332:
328:
246:
182:
940:
The faculty was composed exclusively of philosophers, scientists, rhetoricians, and
4043:
3552:
3345:
3293:
3239:
3206:
3156:
2949:
2939:
2717:
2405:
2297:
2220:
2203:
2181:
2166:
2151:
2065:
1850:
1646:
1605:
1582:
1537:
1235:
1115:
Wikander, Orjan. 2000. "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology". Brill. Page 383-384.
1034:
981:
912:
774:
599:
549:
538:
356:
107:
99:
39:
1476:
Decker, Michael J. (2013). The Byzantine Art of War. Westholme Publishing. p. 226.
1288:. Christopher J. Duffin, Richard Moody, Christopher Gardner-Thorpe. London. 2013.
1094:
110:
of Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries, the vigor of the philosophical academy of
3697:
3530:
3510:
3505:
3460:
3450:
3410:
3405:
3355:
3350:
3131:
2737:
2654:
2649:
2389:
2379:
2215:
2209:
2193:
2171:
2161:
2146:
1634:
1200:
1183:
1158:
The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh Through the Fifteenth Century
1156:
1064:
1008:
786:
699:
669:
659:
534:
352:
222:
217:
213:
202:
3535:
3415:
3148:
2907:
2801:
2787:
2586:
2290:
2045:
1573:
1152:
924:
756:, and continued into what we see now as the 12th century Renaissance under the
624:
475:
439:
375:
324:
123:
1650:
4249:
3455:
3332:
3298:
3036:
2971:
2944:
2829:
2444:
2384:
1525:
1303:
853:
684:
629:
500:
435:
371:
347:
118:, which concerned itself entirely with secular subjects, to the exclusion of
3216:
3191:
3171:
2976:
2954:
2809:
2057:
2052:
1886:
1457:
1437:
916:
419:
198:
63:
1819:
1283:
86:. Therefore, Byzantine science was in every period closely connected with
3717:
3692:
3186:
2996:
2763:
2369:
2354:
1565:
The Astronomical Works of Gregory Chioniades, Volume I: The Zij al- Ala'i
526:
406:
hand pumps and swivel tubes used to project the flame. The counterweight
370:
weapon used by the Byzantine Empire. The Byzantines typically used it in
302:
135:
91:
911:
Some noteworthy exceptions to this tolerance include the closing of the
797:, became a renowned center for the study of astronomy, mathematics, and
2991:
2851:
2841:
2674:
2664:
2374:
1549:
1247:
993:
487:
363:
255:
169:
111:
67:
1226:
Temkin, Owsei (1962). "Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism".
490:(who was of Byzantine Greek descent but raised in a Persian culture),
3766:
3540:
3420:
2912:
2780:
2727:
2659:
941:
748:
During the 12th century the Byzantines produced their model of early
517:
483:
455:
407:
250:
216:, also known as John the Grammarian, was an Alexandrian philologist,
186:
181:
Byzantine scientists preserved and continued the legacy of the great
151:
27:
1541:
1393:
1239:
985:
3066:
2966:
2917:
2775:
2707:
2495:
1586:
1495:
757:
309:
119:
103:
70:
and technological achievements were built. Byzantines stood behind
4091:
3432:
3318:
3259:
2758:
2732:
2410:
790:
585:
402:
391:
131:
98:. The writings of antiquity never ceased to be cultivated in the
3061:
2836:
2702:
584:, a sort of optical telegraph, stretching across Anatolia from
423:
1202:
Schemata of the Stars, the, Byzantine Astronomy from 1300 A.d.
1199:
Paschos, Emmanuel; Sotiroudis, Panagiotis (24 December 1998).
945:
351:
A Byzantine ship uses Greek fire against a ship of the rebel,
294:
127:
31:
980:. Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 409–411.
806:
was involved over the never achieved union of the Churches.
3340:
1363:"The Unspeakable History of Thoracopagus Twins' Separation"
323:(6th century), and the works of Byzantine doctors such as
505:
410:
was invented in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of
59:
1624:
E. S. Kennedy, "Late Medieval Planetary Theory," p. 377.
1528:(1964). "Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy".
1087:"John Philoponus, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, pp"
205:
considered mathematics as a way to interpret the world.
1569:
An Eleventh-Century Manual of Arabo-Byzantine Astronomy
1336:"The Case of Conjoined Twins in 10th Century Byzantium"
946:
Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).
197:
developed mathematical formulas to construct the great
189:(5th to 7th century) the architects and mathematicians
77:
858:"Islamic Science and the Making of Renaissance Europe"
580:
Leo the Mathematician has also been credited with the
561:(c. A.D. 125), which was well-known to the Byzantines.
297:. As a result, Byzantine medicine had an influence on
533:. Byzantine scientists also became acquainted with
1067:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 8 June 2007
1774:The Byzantine Grammarians: Their Place in History
1198:
4247:
429:
42:played an important role in the transmission of
1599:
1394:Pryor, John H.; Jeffries, Elizabeth M. (2006).
1126:"Boat mills: water powered, floating factories"
2210:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
576:, which shows a set of seven famous physicians
3782:
1835:
1225:
852:
729:
1849:
1633:
1181:
591:
30:. The most prominent man in the picture is
4206:
3789:
3775:
1842:
1828:
1772:Robins, Robert Henry (1993). "Chapter I".
1602:"The Zij as-Sanjari of Gregory Chioniades"
1520:
1518:
1316:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
736:
722:
355:, 821. 12th century illustration from the
335:, which was a kind of opiate or antidote.
185:and put mathematics in practice. In early
1360:
931:for their devotion to ancient philosophy.
884:"Byzantine Medicine - Vienna Dioscurides"
480:Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
1751:
1749:
1264:. University of Chicago Press. Page 349.
1007:Norwich, John Julius (29 October 1998).
890:. University of Virginia. Archived from
848:
846:
567:
541:through citations in some Arabic works.
346:
17:
3098:
1800:
1563:King, David A. (March 1991). "Reviews:
1524:
1515:
1006:
971:
4248:
3796:
1771:
1567:by Gregory Chioniades, David Pingree;
279:, who was active in the 14th century.
249:was invented in the Byzantine Empire.
3770:
3666:
3097:
2882:
2574:
2241:
1862:
1823:
1746:
1375:from the original on 25 February 2017
1151:
1013:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 41.
843:
478:, including for example the works of
2883:
1767:
1765:
1715:
1562:
78:Classical and ecclesiastical studies
2585:
1488:
950:. Hackett Publishing. p. 189.
258:: in the 10th century the diplomat
13:
1733:
1671:from the original on 12 March 2021
1361:Montandon, Denys (December 2015).
1342:from the original on 4 August 2019
266:the works of classical antiquity.
82:Byzantine science was essentially
72:several technological advancements
54:, and also in the transmission of
38:Scientific scholarship during the
14:
4267:
3827:History and philosophy of science
3708:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1762:
1600:Joseph Leichter (June 27, 2009).
1285:A history of geology and medicine
1262:The Beginnings of Western Science
821:Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
4229:
4228:
4216:
4205:
3835:
3747:
1803:A Companion to Byzantine Science
1776:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 8.
1665:"Byzantine sundial-cum-calendar"
1035:"Pendentive | architecture"
606:
236:on Aristotle, Philoponus wrote:
102:because of the impetus given to
2097:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1919:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1724:
1683:
1657:
1627:
1618:
1593:
1556:
1479:
1470:
1450:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1387:
1354:
1328:
1276:
1267:
1254:
1219:
1192:
1175:
1145:
1136:
1118:
1109:
1045:from the original on 8 May 2015
301:as well as the medicine of the
164:
3182:Great Palace of Constantinople
2923:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2242:
1801:Lazaris, Stavros, ed. (2020).
1079:
1057:
1027:
1000:
965:
934:
905:
876:
492:Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
176:
34:, who sits on a folding chair.
1:
836:
515:instead of the Ancient Greek
462:, who had visited the famous
430:Byzantine and Islamic science
114:, and to the services of the
3644:University of Constantinople
3225:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
2575:
2375:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2064:Byzantine successor states (
1182:Vryonis Jr., Speros (1967).
1010:A Short History of Byzantium
816:List of Byzantine inventions
269:
183:Ancient Greek mathematicians
116:University of Constantinople
26:shows a set of seven famous
7:
4178:Neurology and neurosurgery
3314:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2370:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2365:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1863:
1398:. Brill. pp. 607–609.
923:; and the condemnations of
809:
619:Aristocracy and bureaucracy
342:
282:
10:
4272:
3703:Neo-Byzantine architecture
3667:
2324:Comes sacrarum largitionum
1794:
1463:World History Encyclopedia
1443:World History Encyclopedia
831:Science in the Middle Ages
826:List of Byzantine scholars
762:Eustathius of Thessalonica
394:in the former province of
314:Theophilus Protospatharius
286:
208:
148:Eustathius of Thessalonica
134:. Therefore, the monastic
122:, which was taught in the
4201:
4148:
4115:
4067:
4014:
3976:
3900:
3844:
3833:
3804:
3730:
3673:
3662:
3583:
3483:
3441:
3386:
3331:
3286:
3273:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3258:
3215:
3147:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3093:
3035:
2893:
2889:
2878:
2800:
2746:
2685:
2642:
2594:
2581:
2570:
2529:
2504:
2473:
2432:
2423:
2398:
2342:
2306:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2110:
2026:
1973:
1904:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1651:10.1080/00033798500200131
508:treatises) among others.
2847:Droungarios of the Fleet
1260:Lindberg, David. (1992)
592:Humanism and Renaissance
572:The frontispiece of the
308:Although the concept of
88:ancient-pagan philosophy
22:The frontispiece of the
3892:20th century in science
3887:19th century in science
3361:Early Byzantine mosaics
2723:Domestic of the Schools
1039:Encyclopedia Britannica
793:, highly influenced by
3812:Theories and sociology
3678:Byzantine commonwealth
2440:Praetorian prefectures
2360:Logothetes tou genikou
2334:Quaestor sacri palatii
2329:Comes rerum privatarum
2102:Fall of Constantinople
2041:Sack of Constantinople
754:Macedonian Renaissance
577:
563:
466:, translated books on
422:before the use of the
414:(1081–1118) under the
360:
318:illuminated manuscript
243:
35:
3872:Scientific Revolution
3378:Komnenian renaissance
3373:Macedonian period art
3278:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3250:Walls of Thessaloniki
2350:Logothetes tou dromou
1965:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1929:Valentinianic dynasty
1924:Constantinian dynasty
1571:by Alexander Jones".
1530:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1501:World Digital Library
1438:"Greek Fire Grenades"
1320:) CS1 maint: others (
1228:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
974:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
921:Cosmas Indicopleustes
571:
554:
546:Antikythera mechanism
416:Komnenian restoration
350:
238:
124:Patriarchical Academy
21:
4125:Agricultural science
3877:Age of Enlightenment
3575:Units of measurement
3309:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3202:Pammakaristos Church
3050:Corpus Juris Civilis
3001:Missionary activity
2460:Exarchate of Ravenna
2286:Imperial bureaucracy
1757:Byzantine Philosophy
1755:Tatakes-Moutafakis,
1741:Byzantine Philosophy
1739:Tatakes-Moutafakis,
1185:Byzantium and Europe
948:Byzantine Philosophy
783:Demetrius Triclinius
750:Renaissance humanism
496:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
464:Maragheh observatory
390:, an architect from
260:Liutprand of Cremona
227:Aristotelian physics
195:Anthemius of Tralles
4163:Veterinary medicine
3857:Classical Antiquity
3099:Culture and society
2962:Ecumenical councils
2465:Exarchate of Africa
2455:Quaestura exercitus
2319:Magister officiorum
2314:Praetorian prefects
1957:Byzantine Dark Ages
1091:homepages.wmich.edu
863:Library of Congress
779:Manuel Moschopoulus
559:Heron of Alexandria
531:Nicolaus Copernicus
277:Nicephorus Gregoras
159:John Julius Norwich
144:Arethas of Caesarea
44:classical knowledge
3798:History of science
3516:Flags and insignia
3162:Baths of Zeuxippus
3045:Codex Theodosianus
2935:Oriental Orthodoxy
1893:Later Roman Empire
1338:. 4 January 2014.
1205:World Scientific.
1161:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1153:Laiou, Angeliki E.
1097:on 11 January 2016
804:Manuel Chrysoloras
578:
574:Vienna Dioscurides
460:Gregory Chioniades
412:Alexios I Komnenos
361:
327:(7th century) and
321:Vienna Dioscurides
289:Byzantine medicine
191:Isidore of Miletus
36:
24:Vienna Dioscurides
4256:Byzantine science
4243:
4242:
4135:Materials science
4097:Political science
3862:Medieval European
3764:
3763:
3726:
3725:
3683:Byzantine studies
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3469:Alexander Romance
3327:
3326:
3304:Nea Moni of Chios
3167:Blachernae Palace
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3055:Code of Justinian
2903:Eastern Orthodoxy
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2796:
2795:
2670:Scholae Palatinae
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2531:Foreign relations
2525:
2524:
2419:
2418:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2032:(1204–1453)
1703:on 10 August 2017
1639:Annals of Science
1295:978-1-86239-356-1
1130:LOW-TECH MAGAZINE
1065:"John Philoponus"
789:. The academy at
746:
745:
600:Byzantine culture
582:system of beacons
474:and science into
468:Islamic astronomy
333:Aurea Alexandrina
329:Nicholas Myrepsos
247:theory of impetus
104:classical studies
84:classical science
52:Renaissance Italy
4263:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4209:
4208:
4130:Computer science
3978:Natural sciences
3943:Medieval Islamic
3839:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3751:
3664:
3663:
3607:Imperial Library
3553:Byzantine Greeks
3294:Daphni Monastery
3245:Panagia Chalkeon
3240:Hagios Demetrios
3207:Prison of Anemas
3157:Basilica Cistern
3115:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3094:
2950:West Syriac Rite
2940:Alexandrian Rite
2891:
2890:
2884:Religion and law
2880:
2879:
2815:Maritime themata
2771:Palaiologan army
2624:Military manuals
2592:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2430:
2429:
2406:Megas logothetes
2257:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2112:By modern region
2033:
1980:
1979:(717–1204)
1911:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1851:Byzantine Empire
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1812:978-90-0441460-0
1788:
1787:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1696:. Archived from
1695:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1606:Internet Archive
1597:
1591:
1590:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1307:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1093:. Archived from
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1004:
998:
997:
969:
963:
961:
938:
932:
929:Georgios Plethon
913:Platonic Academy
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
888:Antiqua Medicina
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
850:
795:Persian sciences
775:Maximus Planudes
767:Italian humanism
738:
731:
724:
621:
610:
596:
595:
550:J. R. Partington
539:Indian astronomy
357:Madrid Skylitzes
299:Islamic medicine
130:, theology, and
100:Byzantine Empire
40:Byzantine Empire
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4227:
4215:
4197:
4144:
4111:
4069:Social sciences
4063:
4010:
3972:
3896:
3840:
3831:
3800:
3795:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3722:
3698:Cyrillic script
3669:
3650:
3595:
3579:
3479:
3461:Digenes Akritas
3437:
3382:
3323:
3287:Other locations
3282:
3254:
3211:
3143:
3132:Cross-in-square
3100:
3081:
3031:
2885:
2866:
2792:
2742:
2738:Varangian Guard
2681:
2655:East Roman army
2650:Late Roman army
2638:
2577:
2558:
2521:
2500:
2469:
2415:
2394:
2390:Epi ton deeseon
2380:Epi tou eidikou
2338:
2302:
2244:
2225:
2212:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2092:Palaiologan era
2034:
2031:
2022:
1993:Nikephorian era
1981:
1978:
1969:
1912:
1910:(330–717)
1909:
1900:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1848:
1813:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1598:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1542:10.2307/1291210
1523:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1255:
1240:10.2307/1291159
1224:
1220:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1005:
1001:
986:10.2307/1291170
970:
966:
958:
939:
935:
910:
906:
897:
895:
882:
881:
877:
868:
866:
851:
844:
839:
812:
787:Thomas Magister
742:
617:
594:
442:Greek texts on
432:
353:Thomas the Slav
345:
291:
285:
272:
223:Galileo Galilei
214:John Philoponus
211:
203:Michael Psellos
179:
167:
80:
56:Islamic science
12:
11:
5:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Human medicine
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3817:Historiography
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Byzantine Bath
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3149:Constantinople
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Byzantine Rite
2899:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2788:Grand domestic
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2754:Komnenian army
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:Military units
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Battle tactics
2595:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:Medieval Greek
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:Fourth Crusade
2037:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Macedonian era
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Theodosian era
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1761:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1691:"Sundial info"
1682:
1656:
1626:
1617:
1592:
1587:10.1086/355661
1555:
1526:Pingree, David
1514:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1449:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1404:
1386:
1353:
1327:
1294:
1275:
1266:
1253:
1218:
1211:
1191:
1174:
1167:
1144:
1135:
1117:
1108:
1078:
1056:
1026:
1019:
999:
964:
956:
933:
925:Ioannis Italos
904:
875:
856:(2006-04-27).
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
811:
808:
744:
743:
741:
740:
733:
726:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
612:
611:
603:
602:
593:
590:
476:Medieval Greek
431:
428:
420:siege weaponry
378:from two Arab
376:Constantinople
344:
341:
325:Paul of Aegina
287:Main article:
284:
281:
271:
268:
210:
207:
178:
175:
166:
163:
79:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4268:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4235:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
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4034:Combinatorics
4032:
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4001:Earth science
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3852:Ancient world
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3822:Pseudoscience
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3484:Everyday life
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2988:
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2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Monophysitism
2970:
2968:
2965:
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2960:
2956:
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2948:
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2945:Armenian Rite
2943:
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2862:Naval battles
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2385:Protasekretis
2383:
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2368:
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2047:
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2043:
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2038:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Komnenian era
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:Heraclian era
1949:
1947:
1946:Justinian era
1944:
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1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
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1920:
1917:
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1914:
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1903:
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1785:
1783:3-11-013574-4
1779:
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1433:
1424:
1415:
1407:
1405:90-04-15197-4
1401:
1397:
1390:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1331:
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1319:
1313:
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1222:
1214:
1212:9789814496117
1208:
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1203:
1195:
1187:
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1170:
1168:9780884023326
1164:
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1139:
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1127:
1121:
1112:
1096:
1092:
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1082:
1066:
1060:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1020:9780141928593
1016:
1012:
1011:
1003:
995:
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987:
983:
979:
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968:
959:
957:0-87220-563-0
953:
949:
943:
937:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:
894:on 2012-07-19
893:
889:
885:
879:
865:
864:
859:
855:
854:George Saliba
849:
847:
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832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
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817:
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813:
807:
805:
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623:
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583:
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551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
509:
507:
503:
502:
501:Zij-i Ilkhani
498:(such as the
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:naval battles
369:
365:
358:
354:
349:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
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267:
263:
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206:
204:
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174:
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162:
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155:
153:
149:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:Islamic world
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
20:
16:
4173:Neuroscience
4077:Anthropology
4059:Trigonometry
3922:
3587:
3467:
3235:Hagia Sophia
3217:Thessalonica
3192:Hagia Sophia
3172:Chora Church
3110:Architecture
2987:Great Schism
2977:Paulicianism
2955:Miaphysitism
2810:Karabisianoi
2114:or territory
2074:Thessalonica
2058:Latin Empire
2053:Frankokratia
2028:
1988:Isaurian era
1975:
1906:
1891:
1887:Roman Empire
1877:
1802:
1773:
1756:
1740:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1659:
1642:
1638:
1635:Field, J. V.
1629:
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1595:
1581:(1): 116–8.
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1533:
1529:
1506:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1461:
1458:"Greek Fire"
1452:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1330:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1157:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:the original
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1009:
1002:
977:
973:
967:
947:
942:philologists
936:
917:obscurantism
915:in 529; the
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
887:
878:
867:. Retrieved
861:
771:
747:
709:
635:Architecture
579:
564:
555:
552:writes that
543:
516:
512:
510:
499:
433:
400:
362:
337:
307:
292:
273:
264:
244:
239:
234:Commentaries
233:
231:
218:Aristotelian
212:
199:Hagia Sophia
180:
168:
165:Architecture
156:
81:
64:architecture
37:
15:
4140:Engineering
4082:Archaeology
4049:Probability
4016:Mathematics
3882:Romanticism
3867:Renaissance
3718:Megali Idea
3693:Byzantinism
3396:Agriculture
3187:Hagia Irene
3020:Kievan Rus'
2997:Mount Athos
2820:Cibyrrhaeot
2764:Vestiaritai
2619:Mercenaries
2496:Catepanates
2355:Sakellarios
2274:Family tree
2199:Mesopotamia
2018:Angelid era
1998:Amorian era
1071:14 December
1049:25 February
527:Tusi couple
472:mathematics
448:mathematics
303:Renaissance
177:Mathematics
92:metaphysics
4117:Technology
4102:Psychology
4054:Statistics
3901:By culture
3805:Background
3713:Third Rome
3639:University
3622:Philosophy
3612:Inventions
3475:Historians
3443:Literature
3426:Varangians
3268:San Vitale
3197:Hippodrome
3177:City Walls
3077:Mutilation
3072:Hexabiblos
2992:Bogomilism
2982:Iconoclasm
2852:Megas doux
2842:Greek fire
2825:Aegean Sea
2698:Kleisourai
2675:Excubitors
2665:Bucellarii
2517:Despotates
2486:Kleisourai
2425:Provincial
2269:Coronation
2243:Governance
2008:Doukid era
1941:Leonid era
1611:2009-10-02
1536:: 135–60.
1508:2013-07-16
1234:: 97–115.
898:2007-05-27
869:2008-03-01
837:References
690:Literature
523:Copernicus
518:horoscopus
504:and other
488:Al-Khazini
452:philosophy
438:and early
392:Heliopolis
388:Kallinikos
384:Theophanes
368:incendiary
364:Greek fire
256:hydraulics
170:Pendentive
157:Historian
136:scriptoria
112:Alexandria
68:literature
28:physicians
4211:Timelines
4188:Pathology
4183:Nutrition
4107:Sociology
4087:Economics
3996:Chemistry
3986:Astronomy
3923:Byzantine
3918:Brazilian
3913:Argentine
3541:Octoechos
3421:Silk Road
2913:Hesychasm
2781:Paramonai
2728:Hetaireia
2660:Foederati
2549:Diplomacy
2544:Diplomats
2450:Provinces
2279:Empresses
2082:Trebizond
1878:Preceding
1805:. Brill.
1645:(2): 87.
1312:cite book
1304:866617885
791:Trebizond
665:Diplomacy
484:Ibn Yunus
456:caliphate
444:astronomy
408:trebuchet
270:Astronomy
251:Ship mill
187:Byzantium
152:Bessarion
4250:Category
4234:Category
4193:Pharmacy
4150:Medicine
4039:Geometry
4029:Calculus
3948:Japanese
3634:Scholars
3627:Rhetoric
3617:Medicine
3592:Learning
3491:Calendar
3368:Painters
3067:Basilika
3005:Bulgaria
2967:Arianism
2918:Hayhurum
2895:Religion
2857:Admirals
2776:Allagion
2708:Droungos
2614:Generals
2576:Military
2539:Treaties
2445:Dioceses
2264:Emperors
2177:Sardinia
2157:Dalmatia
2137:Bulgaria
2127:Anatolia
2086:Theodoro
2080: /
2076: /
2068: /
1669:Archived
1667:. 2009.
1370:Archived
1340:Archived
1155:(2002).
1101:25 April
1043:Archived
810:See also
799:medicine
758:Komnenoi
695:Medicine
640:Calendar
535:Sassanid
440:Medieval
396:Phoenice
343:Weaponry
310:uroscopy
283:Medicine
120:theology
4168:Anatomy
4092:History
4024:Algebra
4006:Physics
3991:Biology
3968:Spanish
3963:Russian
3958:Mexican
3933:Chinese
3908:African
3743:Outline
3688:Museums
3588:Science
3565:Slavery
3521:Gardens
3501:Cuisine
3433:Dynatoi
3401:Coinage
3388:Economy
3356:Mosaics
3319:Mystras
3260:Ravenna
3122:Secular
3010:Moravia
2759:Pronoia
2733:Akritai
2718:Tagmata
2693:Themata
2634:Revolts
2604:Battles
2512:Kephale
2481:Themata
2411:Mesazon
2253:Central
2189:Maghreb
2142:Corsica
2132:Armenia
2122:Albania
1865:History
1795:Sources
1707:1 March
1550:1291210
1248:1291159
994:1291170
710:Science
680:Gardens
675:Economy
655:Cuisine
650:Coinage
586:Cilicia
436:Ancient
403:grenade
366:was an
232:In his
209:Physics
140:Photios
132:liturgy
108:Academy
106:by the
50:and to
46:to the
4222:Portal
3953:Korean
3938:Indian
3928:French
3845:By era
3753:Portal
3668:Impact
3548:People
3496:Cities
3346:Enamel
3127:Sacred
3062:Ecloga
2928:Saints
2837:Dromon
2713:Bandon
2703:Tourma
2686:Middle
2609:Beacon
2491:Bandon
2474:Middle
2343:Middle
2298:Senate
2221:Thrace
2204:Serbia
2182:Sicily
2167:Greece
2152:Cyprus
2070:Epirus
2066:Nicaea
1976:Middle
1853:topics
1809:
1780:
1675:5 June
1548:
1504:. 1506
1402:
1379:5 June
1346:5 June
1302:
1292:
1246:
1209:
1165:
1017:
992:
954:
705:People
645:Cities
424:cannon
380:sieges
150:, and
96:Church
4044:Logic
3738:Index
3570:Death
3560:Women
3531:Music
3511:Dress
3506:Dance
3451:Novel
3411:Trade
3406:Mints
3351:Glass
3341:Icons
3137:Domes
3015:Serbs
2830:Samos
2643:Early
2433:Early
2307:Early
2216:Syria
2194:Malta
2172:Italy
2162:Egypt
2147:Crete
2078:Morea
1907:Early
1759:, 189
1743:, 110
1701:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1546:JSTOR
1373:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1244:JSTOR
990:JSTOR
760:. In
700:Music
670:Dress
660:Dance
513:talei
295:Galen
128:Bible
32:Galen
3536:Lyra
3416:silk
3027:Jews
2802:Navy
2747:Late
2587:Army
2554:Wars
2505:Late
2399:Late
2029:Late
1807:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1709:2018
1677:2022
1574:Isis
1400:ISBN
1381:2022
1348:2022
1322:link
1318:link
1300:OCLC
1290:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1103:2018
1073:2017
1051:2018
1015:ISBN
952:ISBN
927:and
785:and
625:Army
537:and
494:and
450:and
401:The
245:The
193:and
90:and
3333:Art
3037:Law
1647:doi
1583:doi
1538:doi
1236:doi
982:doi
919:of
685:Law
630:Art
506:Zij
386:to
60:art
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1748:^
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1368:.
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781:,
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2084:–
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