389:, which unlike WTSA is open to public for participation. The people involved in these SGs are experts in telecommunications from all over the world. There are currently 11 SGs. Study groups meet face to face (or virtually under exceptional circumstances) according to a calendar issued by the TSB. SGs are augmented by Focus Groups (FGs), an instrument created by ITU-T, providing a way to quickly react to ICT standardization needs and allowing great flexibility in terms of participation and working methods. The key difference between SGs and FGs is that the latter have greater freedom to organize and finance themselves, and to involve non-members in their work, but they do not have the authority to approve Recommendations. Focus Groups can be created very quickly, are usually short-lived and can choose their own working methods, leadership, financing, and types of deliverables. Current Focus Groups include the
38:
479:
series letter is followed by a period and the
Recommendation number, which uniquely identifies the Recommendation within the series. Often, a range of related Recommendations are further grouped within the series and given adjacent numbers, such as "H.200-H.499: Infrastructure of audiovisual services" or "H.260-H.279: Coding of moving video". Many numbers are "skipped" to give room for future Recommendations to be adjacent to related Recommendations. Recommendations can be revised or "superseded" and keep their existing Recommendation number.
908:, with the definition of international telecommunication services, cooperation between countries and national administrations, safety of life and priority of telecommunications and charging and accounting principles. The adoption of the ITRs in 1988 is often taken as the start of the wider liberalization process in international telecommunications, though a few countries, including United States and United Kingdom, had made steps to liberalize their markets before 1988.
4835:
4845:
4824:
4855:
342:
process in the ITU-T much more responsive to the needs of rapid technology development than in the ITU's historical past. New and updated
Recommendations are published on an almost daily basis, and nearly all of the library of over 3,270 Recommendations is now free of charge online. (About 30 specifications jointly maintained by the ITU-T and ISO/IEC are not available for free to the public.)
912:"regional preparatory meetings", the ITU Secretariat developed 13 "Background Briefs on key issues" that were expected to be discussed at the conference. Convened by former ITU secretary-general Hamadoun Touré, the Conference, WCIT-12, was then held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, during the period 3–14 December 2014.
478:
ITU-T assigns each
Recommendation a name based on the series and Recommendation number. The name starts with the letter of the series the Recommendation belongs to. Each series encompasses a broad category of Recommendations, such as "H-Series Recommendations: Audiovisual and multimedia systems". The
911:
The
Constitution and Convention of ITU provides for the amendment of ITRs through a World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT). Accordingly, in 1998 there began a process of review of the ITRs; and in 2009 extensive preparations began for such a conference, WCIT-12. In addition to
421:
This dramatic overhaul of standards-making by streamlining approval procedures was implemented in 2001 and is estimated to have cut the time involved in this critical aspect of the standardization process by 80 to 90 percent. This means that an average standard that took around four years to approve
341:
The ITU-T now operates under much more streamlined processes. The time between an initial proposal of a draft document by a member company and the final approval of a full-status ITU-T Recommendation can now be as short as a few months (or less in some cases). This makes the standardization approval
945:(NGN) concept takes into consideration new realities in the telecommunication industry characterized by factors such as; the need to converge and optimize the operating networks and the extraordinary expansion of digital traffic (i.e., increasing demand for new multimedia services, mobility, etc.).
588:
Recommendation that addresses acceptable delays for voice applications, is oriented to national telecommunications, and is more stringent than what is normally applied in private voice networks. One of the issues it addresses is voice delay. It states that 150 milliseconds is acceptable, while 400
365:
Most of the work of ITU-T is carried out by its Sector
Members and Associates, while the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB) is the executive arm of ITU-T and coordinator for a number of workshops and seminars to progress existing work areas and explore new ones. The events cover a wide
898:
In addition to the ITU-T Recommendations, which have non-mandatory status unless they are adopted in national laws, ITU-T is also the custodian of a binding international treaty, the
International Telecommunication Regulations. The ITRs go back to the earliest days of the ITU when there were two
425:
Besides streamlining the underlying procedures involved in the approval process, an important contributory factor to the use of AAP is electronic document handling. Once the approval process has begun the rest of the process can be completed electronically, in the vast majority of cases, with no
461:
Those
Recommendations considered as having policy or regulatory implications are approved through what is known as the Traditional Approval Process (TAP), which allows a longer period for reflection and commenting by member states. TAP Recommendations are also translated into the six working
445:
If no comments other than editorial corrections are received, the
Recommendation is considered approved since no issues were identified that might need any further work. However, if there are any comments, the SG chairman, in consultation with TSB, sets up a comment resolution process by the
457:
the
Recommendation is considered as approved if no comments are received. If comments are received, it is apparent that there are some issues that still need more work, and the draft text and all comments are sent to the next Study Group meeting for further discussion and possible approval.
301:
were presented at plenary assemblies for endorsement, held every four years, and the full set of
Recommendations were published after each plenary assembly. However, the delays in producing texts, and translating them into other working languages, did not suit the fast pace of change in the
197:
The ITU-T mission is to ensure the efficient and timely production of standards covering all fields of telecommunications and Information Communication Technology (ICTs) on a worldwide basis, as well as defining tariff and accounting principles for international telecommunication services.
345:
ITU-T has moreover tried to facilitate cooperation between the various forums and standard-developing organizations (SDOs). This collaboration is necessary to avoid duplication of work and the consequent risk of conflicting standards in the market place.
208:
Since the ITU-T is part of the ITU, which is a United Nations specialized agency, its standards carry more formal international weight than those of most other standards development organizations that publish technical specifications of a similar form.
402:
433:
A panel of SG experts drafts a proposal that is then forwarded at an SG meeting to the appropriate body which decides if it is sufficiently ready to be designated a draft text and thus gives its consent for further review at the next level.
437:
After this Consent has been given, TSB announces the start of the AAP procedure by posting the draft text to the ITU-T website and calling for comments. This gives the opportunity for all members to review the text. This phase, called
221:, the French government invited international participants to a conference in Paris in 1865 to facilitate and regulate international telegraph services. A result of the conference was the founding of the forerunner of the modern ITU.
417:
The Alternative Approval Process (AAP) is a fast-track approval procedure that was developed to allow standards to be brought to market in the timeframe that industry now demands. The AAP is defined in ITU-T Recommendation A.8.
933:
ITU-T has expressed a commitment to "bridging the standardization gap" – disparities in the ability of developing countries, relative to developed ones, to access, implement, contribute to and influence international ICT
937:
The ICT Security Standards Roadmap has been developed to assist in the development of security standards by bringing together information about existing standards and current standards work in key standards development
366:
array of topics in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) and attract high-ranking experts as speakers, and attendees from engineers to high-level management from all industry sectors.
406:
429:
The introduction of AAP also formalizes public/private partnership in the approval process by providing equal opportunities for both sector members and member states in the approval of technical standards.
394:
899:
separate treaties, dealing with telegraph and telephone. The ITRs were adopted, as a single treaty, at the World Administrative Telegraphy and Telephone Conference held in Melbourne, 1988 (WATTC-88).
205:" (with the word capitalized to distinguish its meaning from the common parlance sense of the word "recommendation"), as they become mandatory only when adopted as part of a national law.
278:(the top policy-making conference of ITU) saw a reform of ITU, giving the Union greater flexibility to adapt to an increasingly complex, interactive and competitive environment. The
1644:
Ben-Tovim, Erez (February 2014). "12: {ITU} {G.hn} – {B}roadband Home Networking". In Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M. (eds.).
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224:
At the 1925 Paris conference, the ITU created two consultative committees to deal with the complexities of the international telephone services, known as
1315:
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2155:
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167:
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was renamed the Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T), as one of three Sectors of the Union alongside the Radiocommunication Sector (
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3269:
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2456:
1986:
664:
350:
2807:
1950:
1810:
1087:
4807:
4779:
4774:
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422:
and publish until the mid nineties, and two years until 1997, can now be approved in an average of two months, or as little as five weeks.
330:
project, which began in 1985 when a profusion of software firms around the world were still furiously competing to shape the future of the
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2698:
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4879:
1898:
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1990:
257:, a decision was taken in 1956 to merge them into a single entity, the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (
3615:
2843:
2069:
1041:
679:
1788:
1631:
470:
ITU-T Recommendations are the names given to telecommunications and computer protocol specification documents published by ITU-T.
2913:
986:
724:
592:
1669:
4801:
2918:
804:
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2500:
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1170:
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132:
103:
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1362:
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144:
3933:
1711:
4858:
4791:
4637:
174:
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3706:
3684:
2883:
2858:
1063:
4657:
3481:
2532:
1943:
1663:
1259:
720:
627:
Error performance parameters and objectives for multi-operator international paths within optical transport networks
4442:
3990:
3792:
3523:
3077:
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2168:
830:
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2542:
354:
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3303:
2708:
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971:
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1307:
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2815:
2801:
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809:
2795:
2248:
4848:
4609:
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3816:
3763:
3365:
3286:
2996:
2703:
2693:
2602:
2465:
2140:
2062:
1995:
1966:
1936:
1876:
733:
369:
The technical work, the development of Recommendations, of ITU-T is managed by Study Groups (SGs), such as
314:
industry in the early 1980s created a new common practice among both consumers and businesses of adopting "
4838:
4345:
3785:
2873:
563:
385:(WTSA) which is held every four years. As part of the deliberations, WTSA has instructed ITU to hold the
271:). The first Plenary Assembly of the new organization was held in Geneva, Switzerland in December 1956.
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1824:
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1596:
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1531:
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1441:
1405:
1385:
864:
Operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) functions and mechanisms for Ethernet-based networks
769:
738:
658:
618:
177:
called the Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB), which is based at the ITU headquarters in
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4070:
4005:
3958:
3918:
3657:
3610:
3444:
3398:
3260:
3196:
2933:
2334:
942:
601:
1647:{MIMO} Power Line Communications: {N}arrow and Broadband Standards, {EMC}, and Advanced Processing
4667:
4652:
4496:
4447:
4370:
4270:
3948:
3834:
3829:
3603:
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3424:
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2953:
2713:
1802:
1084:
752:
547:
Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plant, L-series
2202:
1622:: Long delays can cause people to unintentionally "talk over" one another during a conversation.
442:, is a four-week period in which comments can be submitted by member states and sector members.
163:
for video compression, between its Member States, Private Sector Members, and Academia Members.
4589:
4375:
4190:
4135:
4130:
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3434:
3281:
2908:
2145:
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1928:
319:
4491:
4295:
4260:
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4160:
4082:
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3891:
3664:
3508:
3298:
2517:
2495:
2473:
2135:
966:
798:
37:
17:
3824:
1923:
1890:
4405:
4365:
4335:
4092:
4027:
3849:
3637:
3324:
2485:
2416:
2284:
1727:
1329:
378:
374:
370:
338:'s then-secret binary file formats had become established as the global de facto standard.
924:, the United Nations platform for the sustainable development of Artificial Intelligence.
8:
4415:
4355:
4114:
4076:
3874:
3859:
3625:
3293:
3085:
2991:
2938:
2650:
2445:
2421:
2369:
2125:
2028:
1975:
991:
952:
First of its kind publication features ITU-T standards for smart grid and home networking
787:
178:
1033:
4642:
4599:
4530:
4400:
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4305:
4240:
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3231:
3216:
2756:
2728:
2411:
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550:
140:
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2575:
633:(Next generation wired home networking over powerlines, phonelines and coaxial cable)
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4501:
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4310:
4140:
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3642:
3593:
3045:
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2478:
2329:
2003:
1659:
1645:
331:
323:
311:
4350:
1685:"X.805 : Security architecture for systems providing end-to-end communications"
1682:
X.805 : Security architecture for systems providing end-to-end communications
4687:
4647:
4627:
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4523:
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3419:
3347:
3314:
2527:
2193:
2045:
2013:
1962:
1846:
1651:
335:
239:
Comité Consultatif International des Communications Téléphoniques à grande distance
160:
1916:
1577:
1487:
114:
4315:
4170:
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136:
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1351:
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1128:
185:(of Japan), whose 4-year term commenced on 1 January 2023. Seizo Onoe succeeded
4513:
4385:
4360:
4320:
4290:
4165:
4000:
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3928:
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3308:
2401:
1708:
245:
In view of the basic similarity of many of the technical problems faced by the
201:
The international standards that are produced by the ITU-T are referred to as "
125:
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
31:
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
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4662:
4435:
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4230:
4225:
4215:
4200:
4022:
3881:
3647:
3454:
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2746:
2512:
2396:
2040:
1507:"A.8: Alternative approval process for new and revised ITU-T Recommendations"
825:
315:
189:
of South Korea, who was director from 1 January 2015 until 31 December 2022.
3011:
349:
In the work of standardization, ITU-T cooperates with other SDOs, e.g., the
4540:
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1055:
462:
languages of ITU (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish).
218:
1759:"ITU-T – Review of the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs)"
4740:
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4300:
4285:
4245:
4205:
4064:
3535:
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3016:
2779:
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2359:
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2008:
186:
79:
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4015:
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3449:
3342:
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2522:
2391:
2354:
2289:
2173:
2050:
1959:
904:
318:" communications technology even if it was not yet standardized. Thus,
182:
91:
1655:
950:
170:(WTSA), the sector's governing conference, convenes every four years.
4730:
4195:
4010:
3777:
3518:
3120:
2923:
2903:
2723:
2718:
2381:
2339:
893:
506:
446:
concerned experts. The revised text is then posted on the web for an
322:
had to put forth standards much faster, or find themselves ratifying
1506:
858:(Digital Subscriber Line) series of standards for broadband telecoms
4725:
4715:
4632:
4457:
4280:
3496:
3375:
3006:
2898:
2324:
2178:
1758:
326:
after the fact. One of the most prominent examples of this was the
27:
Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union
4720:
4705:
3923:
3711:
3652:
3565:
3319:
3206:
3165:
3160:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
2986:
2928:
2868:
2632:
2612:
2597:
2386:
2314:
2294:
1532:"Standards for better Communications – ITU-T Guide for Beginners"
1442:"Standards for better Communications – ITU-T Guide for Beginners"
1406:"Standards for better Communications – ITU-T Guide for Beginners"
1056:"ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) – About Us"
598:
576:
510:
1958:
1868:
1847:"World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT-12)"
4750:
4710:
4032:
3513:
2971:
2665:
2505:
2426:
2406:
2344:
2081:
2057:
2035:
2023:
2018:
885:
880:
875:
870:
861:
848:
624:
398:
156:
152:
75:
1104:
1012:
Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique
269:
Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique
4735:
4672:
3980:
3560:
3491:
3110:
2958:
2660:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2565:
2319:
2299:
2130:
2120:
2115:
2091:
842:
819:
813:
779:
773:
764:
760:
756:
746:
742:
714:
708:
704:
687:
674:
654:
648:
639:
615:
611:
607:
581:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
495:
488:
289:
285:
148:
657:
safe listening standard (audio) developed together with the
595:: Software tools for speech and audio coding standardization
4677:
3501:
3246:
3201:
3191:
3181:
3155:
3115:
3105:
3001:
2943:
2863:
2826:
2821:
2738:
2680:
2670:
2431:
2309:
2183:
2163:
836:
696:
692:
643:
630:
571:
567:
502:
407:
Artificial Intelligence for Assisted and Autonomous Driving
230:(as the French acronym) and with long-distance telegraphy
3540:
3528:
3370:
3186:
3090:
2893:
2490:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
855:
663:
Interconnection rate harmonization, D-series (Secretary:
559:
391:
ITU-WHO Focus Group on Artificial Intelligence for Health
56:
1308:"ITU-T Newslog – Free access for all to ITU-T standards"
305:
867:
Machine Learning for 5G and future networks (IMT2020):
700:
1235:. International Telecommunication Union. p. 16.
636:
Green ICT standards and supplements (L.1000 series)
894:International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs)
920:The Standardization Sector of ITU also organizes
482:
381:for security standards, which are created by the
360:
4871:
473:
383:World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly
288:) and the Telecommunication Development Sector (
168:World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly
131:) is one of the three Sectors (branches) of the
1643:
1123:
1121:
670:International Emergency Preference Scheme E.106
412:
1279:"Free access for all to ITU-T standards.(ITU)"
351:International Organization for Standardization
3793:
1944:
1650:. Devices, Circuits, and Systems. CRC Press.
465:
403:Quantum Information Technologies for Networks
4890:United Nations organizations based in Geneva
1352:"CCITT – 50 Years of Excellence – 1956–2006"
1230:"CCITT – 50 Years of Excellence – 1956–2006"
1199:"CCITT – 50 Years of Excellence – 1956–2006"
1164:"CCITT – 50 Years of Excellence – 1956–2006"
1129:"CCITT – 50 Years of Excellence – 1956–2006"
1118:
673:International telecommunication charge card
296:
279:
258:
252:
246:
237:
231:
225:
4808:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1260:ITU-T Standards now freely available online
948:
902:The ITRs comprise ten articles which deal,
713:ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
4844:
3800:
3786:
1951:
1937:
1825:"WCIT-12 Highlights – 13–14 December 2012"
1010:Until 1992 known as the CCITT, in French:
135:(ITU). It is responsible for coordinating
1204:. International Telecommunication Union.
1097:
778:Public telecommunication numbering plan,
295:Historically, the Recommendations of the
1637:
1597:"ITU-T Recommendation series structure"
1107:. International Telecommunication Union
987:World Summit on the Information Society
642:family of standards for multimedia and
334:, and was completed in 1999 long after
14:
4872:
3807:
1835:from the original on 13 November 2014.
805:Specification and Description Language
4895:International Telecommunication Union
3781:
1932:
1803:"WCIT-12: Background Briefs and FAQs"
1359:International Telecommunication Union
1171:International Telecommunication Union
1136:International Telecommunication Union
1066:from the original on 19 December 2017
719:Objective voice quality measurements
181:. The current director of the TSB is
133:International Telecommunication Union
104:International Telecommunication Union
4854:
145:Information Communication Technology
453:Similar to the last call phase, in
192:
24:
3742:Comparison of audio coding formats
1756:
1634:– (Recommendation G.114 (05/2003))
25:
4906:
4885:Organizations established in 1992
4880:Organizations established in 1956
1908:
1738:from the original on 3 March 2016
1548:from the original on 3 March 2016
1458:from the original on 3 March 2016
1422:from the original on 3 March 2016
4853:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4822:
4443:Free-space optical communication
1901:from the original on 2007-10-24.
1891:"ICT Security Standards Roadmap"
1879:from the original on 2007-10-29.
1857:from the original on 2012-10-13.
1813:from the original on 2014-12-16.
1791:from the original on 2014-12-16.
1769:from the original on 2007-10-24.
1672:from the original on 2014-05-12.
1340:from the original on 2010-08-25.
1318:from the original on 2010-09-13.
1044:from the original on 2015-04-27.
831:Wavelength-division multiplexing
36:
1883:
1861:
1839:
1817:
1795:
1773:
1750:
1720:
1702:
1691:from the original on 2014-03-01
1676:
1625:
1613:
1589:
1560:
1524:
1499:
1470:
1434:
1398:
1379:
1368:from the original on 2011-06-07
1344:
1322:
1300:
1271:
1253:
1242:from the original on 2011-06-07
1211:from the original on 2011-06-07
1180:from the original on 2011-06-07
1145:from the original on 2011-06-07
822:, Cooperative document handling
355:Internet Engineering Task Force
3304:ISO/IEC base media file format
1781:"WCIT-12: Preparatory Process"
1541:. March 2005. pp. 28–29.
1415:. March 2005. pp. 13–16.
1222:
1191:
1156:
1078:
1048:
1026:
1004:
972:Global Standards Collaboration
915:
491:(Abstract Syntax Notation One)
483:Key standards published by ITU
377:for multimedia standards, and
361:Development of Recommendations
13:
1:
1020:
949:ITU newslog (February 2014).
927:
810:Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
589:milliseconds is unacceptable.
474:Recommendation categorization
302:telecommunications industry.
4829:Telecommunication portal
4610:Telecommunications equipment
1578:ITU-T e-FLASH – Issue No. 22
734:Open Systems Interconnection
553:over the telephone network,
413:Alternative Approval Process
7:
4346:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
960:
703:videoconferencing systems,
426:further physical meetings.
306:"Real time" standardization
10:
4911:
4050:Telecommunications history
3747:Comparison of video codecs
2257:(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1)
1632:ITU-T Recommendation G.114
1451:. March 2005. p. 17.
651:Continua Design Guidelines
466:Series and Recommendations
387:Global Standards Symposium
328:Open Document Architecture
276:Plenipotentiary Conference
212:
159:for machine learning, and
4817:
4759:
4696:
4658:Public Switched Telephone
4618:
4582:
4539:
4480:
4470:telecommunication circuit
4431:Fiber-optic communication
4414:
4176:Francis Blake (telephone)
4123:
3971:Optical telecommunication
3815:
3760:
3734:
3579:
3553:
3407:
3384:
3356:
3333:
3268:
3259:
3174:
3055:
3044:
2836:
2788:
2765:
2737:
2679:
2641:
2556:
2455:
2444:
2272:
2241:
2192:
2154:
2102:
1985:
1974:
770:Public key infrastructure
739:Optical Transport Network
659:World Health Organization
619:Single-mode optical fiber
297:
280:
259:
253:
247:
232:
226:
109:
97:
85:
71:
63:
52:
44:
35:
4569:Orbital angular-momentum
4006:Satellite communications
3845:Communications satellite
997:
943:Next Generation Networks
851:Quantum Key Distribution
784:Security framework X.805
753:Passive optical networks
602:Multi-mode optical fiber
501:Coding of still images:
4448:Molecular communication
4271:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
4100:Undersea telegraph line
3835:Cable protection system
3571:Alliance for Open Media
1330:"ITU-T Recommendations"
1034:"TSB Director's Corner"
450:period of three weeks.
395:Machine Learning for 5G
373:for network standards,
320:standards organizations
4590:Communication protocol
4376:Charles Sumner Tainter
4191:Walter Houser Brattain
4136:Edwin Howard Armstrong
3944:Information revolution
2491:MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)
793:Standards relating to
268:
238:
173:ITU-T has a permanent
4564:Polarization-division
4296:Narinder Singh Kapany
4261:Erna Schneider Hoover
4181:Jagadish Chandra Bose
4161:Alexander Graham Bell
3892:online video platform
3509:QuickTime File Format
1924:ITU-T Recommendations
982:ITU-T recommendations
977:ITU-R recommendations
967:ITU Radio Regulations
799:quality of experience
562:standards T.2 – T.4,
393:(FG-AI4H) as well as
217:At the initiative of
4406:Vladimir K. Zworykin
4366:Almon Brown Strowger
4336:Charles Grafton Page
3991:Prepaid mobile phone
3919:Electrical telegraph
3768:Compression software
3325:MPEG media transport
2402:Sorenson Video/Spark
4356:Johann Philipp Reis
4115:Wireless revolution
4077:The Telephone Cases
3934:Hydraulic telegraph
3766:for techniques and
3764:Compression methods
2260:HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)
992:World Standards Day
788:Signalling System 7
179:Geneva, Switzerland
151:for cybersecurity,
99:Parent organization
32:
4554:Frequency-division
4531:Telephone exchange
4401:Charles Wheatstone
4331:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
4306:Innocenzo Manzetti
4241:Reginald Fessenden
3976:Optical telegraphy
3809:Telecommunications
1714:2007-11-29 at the
1583:2007-11-03 at the
1572:2007-11-29 at the
1493:2007-11-01 at the
1488:ITU-T Focus Groups
1482:2007-11-29 at the
1391:2007-11-29 at the
1265:2009-05-17 at the
1090:2007-10-30 at the
839:, packet switching
795:quality of service
551:Data communication
324:de facto standards
141:telecommunications
30:
4867:
4866:
4605:Store and forward
4600:Data transmission
4514:Network switching
4465:Transmission line
4311:Guglielmo Marconi
4276:Internet pioneers
4141:Mohamed M. Atalla
4110:Whistled language
3775:
3774:
3549:
3548:
3467:DivX Media Format
3255:
3254:
3040:
3039:
2440:
2439:
2330:Microsoft Video 1
2265:AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)
2251:(GB/T 20090.2/16)
1656:10.1201/b16540-14
516:Coding of video:
494:Coding of audio:
455:additional review
448:additional review
397:(which developed
332:electronic office
312:personal computer
121:
120:
16:(Redirected from
4902:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4698:Notable networks
4688:Wireless network
4628:Cellular network
4620:Types of network
4595:Computer network
4482:Network topology
4396:Thomas A. Watson
4251:Oliver Heaviside
4236:Philo Farnsworth
4211:Daniel Davis Jr.
4186:Charles Bourseul
4146:John Logie Baird
3855:Data compression
3850:Computer network
3802:
3795:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3541:VOB, IFO and BUP
3315:Motion JPEG 2000
3266:
3265:
3053:
3052:
3012:aptX Low Latency
2789:Chinese Standard
2453:
2452:
2242:Chinese Standard
2014:Motion JPEG 2000
1983:
1982:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1917:Official website
1903:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1754:
1748:
1747:
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1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1285:. Archived from
1275:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
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1185:
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1133:
1125:
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1115:
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1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1030:
1014:
1008:
956:
528:(MPEG-2 Video),
498:and G.72x series
336:Microsoft Office
310:The rise of the
300:
299:
283:
282:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
241:
235:
234:
229:
228:
193:Primary function
161:H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
117:
40:
33:
29:
21:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4823:
4821:
4813:
4755:
4692:
4614:
4578:
4535:
4484:
4476:
4417:
4410:
4316:Robert Metcalfe
4171:Tim Berners-Lee
4119:
3939:Information Age
3811:
3806:
3776:
3771:
3756:
3730:
3575:
3545:
3403:
3380:
3352:
3329:
3251:
3170:
3068:
3047:
3036:
2832:
2804:(GB/T 33475.3)
2798:(GB/T 20090.10)
2784:
2761:
2733:
2675:
2637:
2552:
2548:MPEG-H 3D Audio
2474:MPEG-1 Layer II
2464:
2447:
2436:
2268:
2237:
2188:
2150:
2098:
1994:
1977:
1970:
1957:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1716:Wayback Machine
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1605:
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1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:Wayback Machine
1574:Wayback Machine
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1495:Wayback Machine
1484:Wayback Machine
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:Wayback Machine
1384:
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1369:
1365:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1306:
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1292:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:Wayback Machine
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1105:"ITU's History"
1103:
1102:
1098:
1092:Wayback Machine
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
963:
930:
918:
896:
485:
476:
468:
415:
363:
308:
215:
203:Recommendations
195:
113:
100:
88:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4841:
4831:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4549:Space-division
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4386:Camille Tissot
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4361:Claude Shannon
4358:
4353:
4351:Tivadar Puskás
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:Antonio Meucci
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Charles K. Kao
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4266:Harold Hopkins
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Emile Berliner
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:Videotelephony
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4080:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4008:
4003:
4001:Radiotelephone
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Internet video
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3752:List of codecs
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3554:Collaborations
3551:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3320:MPEG-21 Part 9
3317:
3312:
3309:MPEG-4 Part 14
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3276:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Monkey's Audio
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:(SJ/T 11299.4)
2824:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2493:
2488:
2486:MPEG-1 Layer I
2483:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2468:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:Part 2 / LCEVC
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1910:
1909:External links
1907:
1905:
1904:
1882:
1860:
1838:
1816:
1794:
1772:
1749:
1719:
1701:
1675:
1664:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1588:
1559:
1523:
1498:
1469:
1433:
1397:
1378:
1361:. p. 17.
1343:
1321:
1299:
1270:
1252:
1221:
1190:
1173:. p. 14.
1155:
1117:
1096:
1077:
1047:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
962:
959:
958:
957:
946:
939:
938:organizations.
935:
929:
926:
917:
914:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
865:
859:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
823:
817:
807:
802:
791:
785:
782:
776:
767:
750:
736:
731:
717:
711:
690:
682:codes used in
677:
671:
668:
661:
652:
646:
637:
634:
628:
622:
605:
596:
590:
579:
574:
557:
548:
545:
536:(MPEG-4 AVC),
514:
499:
492:
484:
481:
475:
472:
467:
464:
414:
411:
379:Study Group 17
375:Study Group 16
371:Study Group 13
362:
359:
353:(ISO) and the
307:
304:
214:
211:
194:
191:
119:
118:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
95:
94:
89:
86:
83:
82:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4907:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4860:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4574:Code-division
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Time-division
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:and switching
4483:
4479:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:optical fiber
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Coaxial cable
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Radia Perlman
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Lee de Forest
4229:
4227:
4226:Thomas Edison
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Donald Davies
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Claude Chappe
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Smoke signals
4043:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:Semiconductor
4021:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:Digital media
3880:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
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3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:CCITT Group 4
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:aptX Adaptive
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2767:Bluetooth SIG
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:MPEG Surround
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:Part 2 / HEVC
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:Part 33 / IVC
2049:
2047:
2046:Part 10 / AVC
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1665:9781466557529
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1513:. August 2010
1512:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1289:on 2012-11-04
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1238:
1231:
1225:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1141:
1138:. p. 8.
1137:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1013:
1007:
1003:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
954:
953:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:
925:
923:
913:
909:
907:
906:
900:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
866:
863:
862:G.8013/Y.1731
860:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
827:
826:TrustworthyAI
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:(SDH) G.707,
811:
808:
806:
803:
800:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
781:
777:
775:
771:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
748:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
669:
666:
662:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
645:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
556:
552:
549:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
486:
480:
471:
463:
459:
456:
451:
449:
443:
441:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
358:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:bleeding edge
313:
303:
293:
291:
287:
277:
274:In 1992, the
272:
270:
266:
243:
240:
222:
220:
210:
206:
204:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
115:ITU.int/ITU-T
112:
108:
105:
102:
96:
93:
90:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:ITU-T / UIT-T
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4541:Multiplexing
4416:Transmission
4381:Nikola Tesla
4371:Henry Sutton
4326:Samuel Morse
4256:Robert Hooke
4221:Amos Dolbear
4156:John Bardeen
4075:
4055:Telautograph
3959:Mobile phone
3914:Edholm's law
3897:social media
3830:Broadcasting
3334:
3073:
2818:(GB/T 22726)
2557:
2479:Multichannel
2335:MSU Lossless
2249:AVS1 P2/AVS+
2203:TrueMotion S
2141:H.265 / HEVC
2103:
2087:Part 1 / EVC
2075:Part 3 / VVC
2041:Part 2 / ASP
1894:
1885:
1872:
1863:
1850:
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1828:
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1806:
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1731:
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1600:
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1538:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1510:
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1472:
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1448:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1412:
1400:
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1346:
1333:
1324:
1311:
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1287:the original
1283:highbeam.com
1282:
1273:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1158:
1147:. Retrieved
1109:. Retrieved
1099:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1037:
1028:
1011:
1006:
951:
919:
910:
903:
901:
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790:Q.7xx series
665:Simao Campos
513:T.83x series
477:
469:
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454:
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428:
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368:
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309:
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273:
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223:
219:Napoleon III
216:
207:
202:
200:
196:
172:
165:
128:
124:
122:
72:Headquarters
64:Legal status
45:Abbreviation
4741:NPL network
4453:Radio waves
4391:Alfred Vail
4301:Hedy Lamarr
4286:Dawon Kahng
4246:Elisha Gray
4206:Yogen Dalal
4131:Nasir Ahmed
4065:Teleprinter
3929:Heliographs
3536:MOD and TOD
3477:Flash Video
3415:3GP and 3G2
3096:HEIC / HEIF
3048:compression
2808:Audio Vivid
2543:MPEG-D USAC
2538:MPEG-4 CELP
2533:MPEG-4 HVXC
2448:compression
2280:Apple Video
2196:and AOMedia
2146:H.266 / VVC
2136:H.264 / AVC
1978:compression
1963:compression
1060:www.itu.int
922:AI for Good
916:AI for Good
187:Chaesub Lee
175:secretariat
80:Switzerland
4874:Categories
4787:Antarctica
4746:Toasternet
4668:Television
4151:Paul Baran
4083:Television
4067:(teletype)
4060:Telegraphy
4038:transistor
4016:Phryctoria
3986:Photophone
3964:Smartphone
3954:Mass media
3770:for codecs
3717:Daubechies
3692:Transforms
3594:Arithmetic
3261:Containers
2966:True Audio
2810:(GY/T 363)
2528:MPEG-4 DST
2523:MPEG-4 SLS
2518:MPEG-4 ALS
2392:SheerVideo
2366:QuickTime
2194:TrueMotion
1960:Multimedia
1695:2014-02-05
1606:2022-11-01
1517:2021-11-19
1372:2011-03-20
1293:2010-09-06
1246:2011-03-20
1215:2011-03-20
1184:2011-03-20
1149:2011-03-20
1111:2011-03-20
1021:References
934:standards.
928:Hot topics
905:inter alia
797:(QoS) and
509:T.80x and
183:Seizo Onoe
147:, such as
92:Seizo Onoe
4771:Americas
4760:Locations
4731:Internet2
4492:Bandwidth
4196:Vint Cerf
4093:streaming
4071:Telephone
4011:Semaphore
3902:streaming
3519:RealMedia
3121:JPEG 2000
2924:RealAudio
2904:OptimFROG
2382:RealVideo
2370:Animation
2340:OMS Video
1967:container
1728:"itu.int"
1576:, (s27),
1386:apdip.net
1085:apdip.net
507:JPEG 2000
440:last call
137:standards
4839:Category
4726:Internet
4716:CYCLADES
4633:Ethernet
4583:Concepts
4507:terminal
4458:wireless
4281:Bob Kahn
4124:Pioneers
3949:Internet
3840:Cable TV
3638:Lossless
3604:Modified
3497:Matroska
3376:Matroska
3287:MPEG-PES
2899:Musepack
2796:AVS1 P10
2375:Graphics
2325:Lagarith
1899:Archived
1877:Archived
1855:Archived
1833:Archived
1811:Archived
1789:Archived
1767:Archived
1757:tsbedh.
1736:Archived
1712:Archived
1689:Archived
1670:Archived
1581:Archived
1570:Archived
1543:Archived
1491:Archived
1480:Archived
1453:Archived
1417:Archived
1389:Archived
1363:Archived
1338:Archived
1316:Archived
1263:Archived
1237:Archived
1206:Archived
1175:Archived
1140:Archived
1088:Archived
1064:Archived
1042:Archived
961:See also
555:V-series
540:(HEVC),
357:(IETF).
87:Director
4859:Commons
4849:Outline
4802:Oceania
4721:FidoNet
4706:ARPANET
4519:circuit
4088:digital
3817:History
3712:Wavelet
3653:DEFLATE
3599:Huffman
3589:Entropy
3581:Methods
3566:MPEG LA
3455:Smacker
3343:H.222.0
3299:MPEG-TS
3294:MPEG-PS
3282:MPEG-ES
3166:TIFF/IT
3161:TIFF/EP
3146:JPEG XT
3141:JPEG XS
3136:JPEG XR
3131:JPEG XL
3126:JPEG-LS
3007:aptX HD
2987:WavPack
2929:RTAudio
2869:Codec 2
2802:AVS2 P3
2729:GSM-EFR
2699:AMR-WB+
2633:G.729.1
2613:G.723.1
2603:G.722.2
2598:G.722.1
2397:Smacker
2387:RTVideo
2315:Huffyuv
2295:Cinepak
2255:AVS2 P2
1969:formats
1895:itu.int
1873:itu.int
1869:"ITU-T"
1829:itu.int
1763:itu.int
1732:itu.int
1709:itu.int
1567:itu.int
1539:itu.int
1477:itu.int
1449:itu.int
1413:itu.int
1312:itu.int
816:, G.803
749:, G.872
599:G.651.1
577:F.780.2
511:JPEG XR
213:History
110:Website
4797:Europe
4767:Africa
4751:Usenet
4711:BITNET
4648:Mobile
4524:packet
4033:MOSFET
4028:device
3825:Beacon
3514:RatDVD
3408:Others
3175:Others
2977:VMR-WB
2972:TwinVQ
2837:Others
2724:GSM-FR
2719:GSM-HR
2709:EVRC-B
2694:AMR-WB
2666:Vorbis
2506:AAC-LD
2501:HE-AAC
2407:Theora
2350:ProRes
2345:Pixlet
2273:Others
2082:MPEG-5
2070:MPEG-I
2058:MPEG-H
2036:MPEG-4
2029:Part 2
2024:MPEG-2
2019:MPEG-1
1662:
886:Y.3181
881:Y.3176
876:Y.3173
871:Y.3172
849:Y.3800
772:(PKI)
755:(PON)
741:(OTN)
686:cards
625:G.8201
584:is an
505:T.8x,
405:, and
399:Y.3172
265:French
157:Y.3173
153:Y.3172
76:Geneva
67:Active
59:sector
4780:South
4775:North
4736:JANET
4673:Telex
4663:Radio
4502:Nodes
4497:Links
4418:media
3996:Radio
3981:Pager
3909:Drums
3875:video
3870:image
3860:audio
3735:Lists
3680:ADPCM
3675:µ-law
3670:A-law
3643:Lossy
3616:ACELP
3561:NETVC
3386:SMPTE
3348:T.802
3335:ITU-T
3311:(MP4)
3111:JBIG2
3074:ITU-T
3046:Image
2982:VSELP
2959:SVOPC
2949:Siren
2919:RCELP
2914:QCELP
2859:ATRAC
2844:ACELP
2661:Speex
2628:G.729
2623:G.728
2618:G.726
2608:G.723
2593:G.722
2588:G.719
2583:G.718
2576:µ-law
2571:A-law
2566:G.711
2558:ITU-T
2446:Audio
2320:Indeo
2300:Daala
2156:SMPTE
2131:H.263
2126:H.262
2121:H.261
2116:H.120
2104:ITU-T
2009:MJPEG
1976:Video
1742:6 May
1552:6 May
1546:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1462:6 May
1456:(PDF)
1445:(PDF)
1426:6 May
1420:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1395:(s10)
1366:(PDF)
1355:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1202:(PDF)
1178:(PDF)
1167:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
1132:(PDF)
1094:(p13)
1070:6 May
998:Notes
845:email
843:X.400
833:(WDM)
820:T.192
814:G.783
801:(QoE)
780:E.164
774:X.509
765:G.987
761:G.984
757:G.983
747:G.798
743:G.709
729:P.863
725:P.862
721:P.861
715:Q.931
709:H.324
705:H.320
688:E.212
675:E.118
655:H.870
649:H.810
640:H.323
621:(SMF)
616:G.657
612:G.655
608:G.652
604:(MMF)
593:G.191
582:G.114
544:(VVC)
542:H.266
538:H.265
534:H.264
530:H.263
526:H.262
522:H.261
518:H.120
496:G.711
489:ASN.1
298:CCITT
290:ITU-D
286:ITU-R
281:CCITT
263:, in
260:CCITT
149:X.509
129:ITU-T
18:CCITT
4792:Asia
4678:UUCP
4638:ISDN
3762:See
3707:MDCT
3685:DPCM
3631:WLPC
3621:CELP
3524:RIFF
3502:WebM
3492:M2TS
3482:HEIF
3450:Bink
3430:AIFF
3358:IETF
3247:WebP
3242:WBMP
3237:QTVR
3217:ICER
3212:FLIF
3202:DjVu
3192:AVIF
3182:APNG
3156:TIFF
3116:JPEG
3106:JBIG
3101:HEVC
3078:JPEG
3065:IETF
3032:LLAC
3027:LHDC
3022:LDAC
3002:aptX
2963:TTA
2944:SILK
2884:MELP
2879:Lyra
2874:iSAC
2864:CELT
2854:Asao
2849:ALAC
2827:ExAC
2822:L2HC
2752:AC-4
2747:AC-3
2739:ETSI
2704:EVRC
2681:3GPP
2671:FLAC
2656:iLBC
2651:Opus
2643:IETF
2466:MPEG
2432:YULS
2412:Thor
2360:4444
2310:FFV1
2290:Bink
2184:VC-6
2179:VC-5
2174:VC-3
2169:VC-2
2164:VC-1
2108:VCEG
1996:MPEG
1965:and
1744:2018
1660:ISBN
1620:Note
1554:2018
1464:2018
1428:2018
1072:2018
941:The
837:X.25
707:and
697:PSTN
695:and
693:ISDN
680:IMSI
644:VoIP
631:G.hn
572:T.38
568:T.37
564:T.30
503:JPEG
254:CCIT
251:and
248:CCIF
233:CCIT
227:CCIF
166:The
155:and
143:and
139:for
123:The
53:Type
4683:WAN
4653:NGN
4643:LAN
3924:Fax
3865:DCT
3722:DWT
3702:FFT
3697:DCT
3665:PCM
3658:LZW
3626:LSP
3611:LPC
3529:WAV
3487:IFF
3472:EVO
3462:BMP
3445:BPG
3435:AVI
3425:ASF
3420:AMV
3399:MXF
3394:GXF
3371:Ogg
3366:RTP
3274:IEC
3270:ISO
3232:QOI
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3207:EXR
3197:BPG
3187:AV1
3151:PNG
3091:GIF
3070:W3C
3061:ISO
3057:IEC
2997:MQA
2992:WMA
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2934:SD2
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2816:DRA
2780:LC3
2775:SBC
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2714:EVS
2689:AMR
2496:AAC
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2457:ISO
2427:XEB
2422:WMV
2355:422
2305:DVI
2285:AVS
2233:AV1
2228:VP9
2223:VP8
2218:VP7
2213:VP6
2208:VP3
1991:IEC
1987:ISO
1851:ITU
1807:ITU
1785:ITU
1652:doi
1601:ITU
1511:ITU
1334:ITU
1038:ITU
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