CDC 6000 series - Knowledge

1324: 1344: 1597: 1624: 1609: 98: 253:, delivered in April 1966. The 6400 central processor is a slower, less expensive implementation with serial processing, rather than the 6600's parallel functional units. All other aspects of the 6400 are identical to the 6600. Then followed a machine with dual 6400-style central processors, the CDC 6500, designed principally by James E. Thornton, in October 1967. And finally, the CDC 6700, with both a 6600-style CPU and a 6400-style CPU, was released in October 1969. 1356: 948: 2896: 723:. The 6600 is faster. With good compiler instruction scheduling, the machine can approach its theoretical peak of 10 MIPS. Floating-point additions take four clock cycles, and floating-point multiplications take 10 clocks (but there are two multiply functional units, so two operations can be processing at the same time.) The 6600 can therefore have a peak floating-point speed of 2-3 MFLOPS. 1384: 1323: 1259:. In contrast to the 6600, which had 10 parallel functional units which could work on multiple instructions at the same time, the 6400 had a unified arithmetic unit, which could only work on a single instruction at a time. This resulted in a slower, lower-performance CPU, but one that cost significantly less. Memory, peripheral processor-based 2774:, University of Minnesota. Engineers include Robert Moe, Wayne Specker, Dennis Grinna, Tom Rowan, Maurice Hutson, Curt Alexander, Don Pagelkopf, Maris Bergmanis, Dolan Toth, Chuck Hawley, Larry Krueger, Mike Pavlov, Dave Resnick, Howard Krohn, Bill Bhend, Kent Steiner, Raymon Kort, and Neil R. Lincoln. Discussion topics include 909:

units. They relieve the central processor of all input/output tasks, so that it can perform calculations while the peripheral processors are engaged in input/output and operating system functions. This feature promotes rapid overall processing of user programs. Much of the operating system ran on the

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instructions.) The eight 18-bit A registers are 'coupled' to their corresponding X registers: setting an address into any of registers A1 through A5 causes a memory load of the contents of that address into the corresponding X registers. Likewise, setting an address into registers A6 and A7 causes

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The CDC 6500 was a dual CPU 6400, with two CPUs but only one set of I/O PPs, designed for computation-bound problems. The CDC 6700 was also a dual CPU machine, which had one 6600 CPU and one 6400 CPU. The CDC 6415 was an even cheaper and slower machine; it had a 6400 CPU but was available with only

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based. Analog circuitry steers the electron beams to draw the individual characters on the screen. One of the peripheral processors runs a dedicated program called "DSD" (Dynamic System Display), which drives the console. Coding in DSD needs to be fast as it needs to continually redraw the screen

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For input or output, each peripheral processor accesses a peripheral device over a communication link called a data channel. One peripheral device can be connected to each data channel; however, a channel can be modified with hardware to service more than one device. The data channels have no access

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The CDC 6700 computer combines features of the other three computers. Like the CDC 6500, it has two central processors. One is a CDC 6400/CDC 6500 central processor with the unified arithmetic section; the other is the more efficient CDC 6600 central processor. The combination makes the CDC 6700 the

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The central processor is the high-speed arithmetic unit that functions as the workhorse of the computer. It performs the addition, subtraction, and logical operations and all of the multiplication, division, incrementing, indexing, and branching instructions for user programs. Note that in the CDC

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It includes twelve different independent computers. Ten are peripheral and control processors, each of which have a separate memory and can run programs separately from each other and the two 6400 central processors. Instead of being air-cooled, it has a liquid refrigeration system and each of the

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An extended core storage unit (ECS) provides additional memory storage and enhances the powerful computing capabilities of the CDC 6000 series computers. The unit contains interleaved core banks, each one ECS word (488 bits) wide and an 488 bit buffer for each bank. While nominally slower than CM,

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for 18-bit integer arithmetic to as many as 68 clock cycles (60-bit population count). The CDC 6500 is identical to the 6400, but includes two identical 6400 CPUs. Thus the CDC 6500 can nearly double the computational throughput of the machine, although the I/O throughput is still limited by the

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Each peripheral processor can communicate with any peripheral device if another peripheral processor is not using the data channel connected to that device. In other words, only one peripheral processor at a time can use a particular data channel to communicate to a peripheral device. However, a

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Attaching a second system configured without a Central Processor (numbered 6416 and identified as "Augmented I/O Buffer and Control) to the first; the combined total effectively was 20 peripheral and control processors with 24 channels, and the purpose was to support additional peripherals and

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SA1 X SET REGISTER A1 TO ADDRESS OF X; LOADS X1 FROM THAT ADDRESS SA2 Y SET REGISTER A2 TO ADDRESS OF Y; LOADS X2 FROM THAT ADDRESS IX6 X1+X2 LONG INTEGER ADD REGISTERS X1 AND X2, RESULT INTO X6 SA6 A1 SET REGISTER A6 TO (A1); STORES X6 TO X; THUS, X += Y

261:"significantly increase the multiprogramming and batch job processing of the 6000 series." (A 30-PPU, 36 channel 6600 machine was operated by Control Data's Software Research Lab during 1971–1973 as the Minneapolis Cybernet host, but this version was never sold commercially.) 913:

Each peripheral processor can add, subtract, and perform logical operations. Special instructions perform data transfer between processor memory and, via the channels, peripheral devices at up to 1 μs per word. The peripheral processors are collectively implemented as a

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The minimum hardware requirements of a CDC 6000 series computer system consists of the computer, including 32,768 words of central memory storage, any combination of disks, disk packs, or drums to provide 24 million characters of mass storage, a

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DSD displays information about the system and the jobs in process. The console also includes a keyboard through which the operator can enter requests to modify stored programs and display information about jobs in or awaiting execution.

719:. Floating-point additions are fairly fast at 11 clock cycles, however floating-point multiplication is very slow at 57 clock cycles. Thus its floating-point speed will depend heavily on the mix of operations and can be under 200 873:

The central processor shares access to central memory with up to ten peripheral processors (PPs). Each peripheral processor is an individual computer with its own 1 μs memory of 4K 12-bit words. (They are somewhat similar to

293:), which reside in central memory. Instructions from these programs are read into the central processor registers and are executed by the central processor at scheduled intervals. The results are then returned to central memory. 684:, each of which was designed for a specific type of operation. All 10 functional units can operate simultaneously, each working on their own operation. The function units provided are: branch, Boolean, shift, long integer add, 925:

Instructions use a six-bit op code, thus leaving six bits for an operand. It is also possible to combine the next word's 12 bits, to form an 18-bit address (the size needed to access the full 131,072 words of Central Memory).

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instead of the normal ten. The CDC 6416 was an upgrade that could be added to a 6000 series machine; it added an extra PPU bank, giving a total of 20 PPUs and 24 channels, designed for significantly improved I/O performance.

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a memory store into that location in memory from X6 or X7. Registers A0 and X0 are not coupled in this way, so can be used as scratch registers. However A0 and X0 are used when addressing CDCs Extended Core Storage (ECS).

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Larger systems could be obtained by including optional equipment such as additional central memory, extended core storage (ECS), additional disk or drum units, card readers, punches, printers, and tape units. Graphic

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the contents of eight instruction words (32 short instructions or 16 long instructions, or a combination). Small loops can reside entirely within the stack, eliminating memory latency from instruction fetches.

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The first CDC 6600s were delivered in 1965 to the Livermore and Los Alamos National Labs (managed by the University of California). Serial #4 went to the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

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representation of integers. Its successors would continue the architectural tradition for more than 30 years until the late 1980s, and were the last chips designed with ones'-complement integers.

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This display console was a significant departure from conventional computer consoles of the time, which contained hundreds of blinking lights and switches for every state bit in the machine. (See

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long, and generally used for indexing and address storage. Register B0 is hard-wired to always return 0. By software convention, register B1 is generally set to 1. (This often allows the use of

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In addition to communication between peripheral devices and peripheral processors, communication takes place between the computer operator and the operating system. This is made possible by the

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computer. Display console shown in the foreground, main system cabinet in background, with memory/logic/wiring to the left and middle, and power/cooling generation and control to the right.

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had one delivered for its Computer Science and Mathematics Departments, and installed underground on its main campus, tucked into a hillside with one side exposed, for cooling efficiency.

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The 6600 processor can issue a new instruction every clock cycle, assuming that various processor (functional unit, register) resources were available. These resources are tracked by a

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Operator console of the CDC 6400 with four magnetic tape memory units in the background with a magnetic tape controller unit in front of them at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of

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CDC 405 Card Reader - Unit reads 80-column cards at 1200 cards a minute and 51-column cards at 1600 cards per minute. Each tray holds 4000 cards to reduce the rate of required loading.

901:, and NOS/BE, run on the PPs. Only the PPs have access to the channels and can perform input/output: the transfer of information between central memory and peripheral devices such as 680:

The CDC 6600 computer, like the CDC 6400, has just one central processor. However, its central processor offers much greater efficiency. The processor is divided into 10 individual

1255:, a member of the CDC 6000 series, is a mainframe computer made by Control Data Corporation in the 1960s. The central processing unit was architecturally compatible with the 1867: 2749: 649:

word. A 60-bit word can contain any combination of 15-bit and 30-bit instructions that fit within the word, but a 30-bit instruction can not wrap to the next word. The

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ECS included a buffer (cache) that in some applications gave ECS better performance than CM. However, with a more common reference pattern the CM was still faster.

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appeared in 1967—which made it one of the first full-screen editors. (Unfortunately, it took CDC another 15 years to offer FSE, a full-screen editor for normal

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are six bits long. The remainder of the instruction is either three three-bit register fields (two operands and one result), or two registers with an 18-bit

304:). The highly efficient address and data control mechanisms involved permit a word to be moved into or out of central memory in as little as 100 nanoseconds. 144:

The CDC 6400 is a single CPU with an identical instruction set, but with a single unified arithmetic function unit that can only do one instruction at a time.

3159: 1982: 1175:, the CDC 6600, of which about 100 were sold, was the world's fastest computer from 1964 to 1969, when it relinquished that status to its successor, the 2024: 2857: 692:(18-bit integer add) units. Functional unit latencies are between three clock cycles for increment add and 29 clock cycles for floating-point divide. 638: 634: 2744: 2220: 3174: 2409: 2736: 1596: 935:

to either central or peripheral memory, and rely on programs running in a peripheral processor to access memory or to chain operations.

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The CDC 6600 is a single CPU with 10 functional units that can operate in parallel, each working on an instruction at the same time.

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Seven-track magnetic tape memory units (CDC 604) at the Rechenzentrum (Computer Center) of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (1970)

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MHz). Due to the serial nature of the 6400 CPU, its exact speed is heavily dependent on instruction mix, but generally around 1

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There are also a variety of games that were written using the operator console. These included BAT (a baseball game), KAL (a

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In later years, special editions of the 6000 series were delivered to some customers with more or fewer, somewhat like IBM's

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which performs one machine instruction at a time. Depending on instruction type, an instruction can take anywhere from five

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speed of external I/O devices served by the same 10 PPs/12 Channels. Many CDC customers worked on compute-bound problems.

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In all the CDC 6000 series computers, the central processor communicates with around seven simultaneously active programs (

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The official list of supported Central Memory configurations is: 16,384 / 32,768 / 49,152 / 65,536 / 98,304 or 131,072.

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CDC 6676 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 64 asynchronous data connections up to 300 bit/s each for

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That is, each PP has its own registers, and its own bank of peripheral memory, but the other hardware is shared.

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James E. Thornton ... 1994 Eckert-Mauchly Award ... helped design the CDC 1604, 6600, 6400, 6500, and STAR-100.

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The CDC 6600 was the flagship. The CDC 6400 was a slower, lower-performance CPU that cost significantly less.

661:(assembly language) code loads two values from memory, performs a 60-bit integer add, then stores the result: 2557: 2031: 2010: 1229: 1221: 1197:, with the writing to its address registers triggering memory load or store of data from its data registers. 2685: 3019: 2741:

CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE 3.3 User's Guide, Publication No. 60252700 A, 1970

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for an example.) By comparison, the 6000 series console is an elegant design: simple, fast and reliable.

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CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600/6700 Computer Systems, SCOPE Reference Manual, Publication No. 60305200, 1971

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tracks that CERN experiments were producing every year. In 1966 another CDC 6600 was delivered to the

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CDC 6671 Communications Multiplexer - supported up to 16 synchronous data connections up to 4800

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strutting across the screens), EYE (changes the screens into giant eyeballs, then winks them), PAC (a

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long, and used for most data manipulation—both integer and floating point. The eight B registers are

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Neil R. Lincoln with 18 Control Data Corporation (CDC) engineers on computer architecture and design

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peripheral processor may write data to a channel that a different peripheral processor is reading.

890: 39: 17: 1554:- installed in 1967 at the oldest Computer Science department in the country, established in 1962. 3144: 3086: 2378: 2355: 2245: 1956: 1719: 1473: 1236: 716: 618:(I/O) operations. Input/Output is totally asynchronous, and performed by peripheral processors. 246:

Control Data manufactured about 100 machines of this type, selling for $ 6 to $ 10 million each.

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CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual, Publication No. 60100000 D, 1967

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The only currently (as of 2018) running CDC 6000 series machine, a 6500, has been restored by

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Proceedings of the November 16-18, 1971, fall joint computer conference on - AFIPS '71 (Fall)

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Information is stored in central memory in the form of words. The length of each word is 60

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computers, which were all extremely rapid and efficient for their time. Each is a large,

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Instructions are either 15 or 30 bits long, so there can be up to four instructions per

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Resurrected! Paul Allen's tech team brings 50-year-old supercomputer back from the dead

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PPs, thus leaving the full power of the Central Processor available for user programs.

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at NYU in Greenwich Village, New York CIty. The first delivery outside the US went to

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Control Data also marketed a CDC 6400 with a smaller number of peripheral processors:

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The family's members differ primarily by the number and kind of central processor(s):

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minicomputers, sharing the 12-bit word length and portions of the instruction set.)

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Subsequent special edition options were custom-developed for the series, including:

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still provides a ones'-complement environment, but using two's complement hardware.

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The other-than-10 PPU configuration was non-standard, and problems were documented.

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The CDC 6700 is also a dual-CPU system, with a 6600 and a 6400 central processor.

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http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_70/ucb/CAL_RUN_Sep74.pdf

1733: 1217: 956: 685: 290: 2537:"Chronik des heutigen Rechen- und Kommunikationszentrums (RZ) der RWTH Aachen" 2485: 2071:"CDC delivered an early version of their SCOPE operating system for the 3600" 1709: 97: 3133: 2970: 2188:"In 1964 Cray's CDC 6600 replaced Stretch as the fastest computer on earth." 1822: 1533: 1427: 1164: 1156: 906: 862:

Add, Multiply (2x), Divide, Long add, Shift, Boolean, Increment (2x), Branch

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Add, Multiply (2x), Divide, Long add, Shift, Boolean, Increment (2x), Branch

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The CDC 6000 series computers are composed of four main functional devices:

2965: 2885: 2835: 2787: 1537: 1260: 1015: 1008: 902: 615: 297: 220: 75: 2259: 3104: 2522: 1310: 1267: 1213: 1098: 1040: 1004: 968: 882: 673: 232: 3041: 2829: 1216:, where it was used to analyse the two to three million photographs of 1044: 894: 201: 2499: 625:, designated X0–X7, A0–A7, and B0–B7. The eight X registers are each 3118: 3058: 2983: 1734:"Partitioned-Data-Set Utility Routines for the Control Data CDC-6700" 1655: 1462: 1060: 1023: 1000: 177: 87: 688:

add, floating-point divide, two floating-point multipliers, and two

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Certain features and nomenclature had also been used in the earlier

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mechanism. Also contributing to keeping the issue rate high is an

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The CDC 6500 is a dual-CPU system with two 6400 central processors

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The CDC 6600 was also the first widespread computer to include a

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CONTROL DATA 6400/6500/6600 COMPUTER SYSTEMS Reference Manual

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Cayton, Andrew R. L.; Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Chris (2006).

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the Laboratory of Computing Techniques and Automation in the

1263:(I/O), and peripherals were otherwise identical to the 6600. 1172: 1171:, by a factor of three. With performance of up to three 720: 668:

The central processor used in the CDC 6400 series contains a

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Making a World of Difference: Engineering Ideas into Reality

1116:"CDC 6400" redirects here. Likewise: CDC 6500, and CDC 6700. 196:

until 1989 when it was decommissioned and then given to the

2584:"Control Data Corporation Collection - Historical Timeline" 2293:

Contrtol Data Corporation Technical Specifications Pamphlet

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EXPERT SYSTEMS, KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING FOR HUMAN REPLICATION

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with controllers, and two seven-track magnetic tape units.

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Both the 6400 and 6600 CPUs have a cycle time of 100 ns (10

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6000 architecture, the central processing unit performs no

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CDC 606 Magnetic Tape Transports (7-track, IBM compatible)

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While the PPs were designed as an interface to the 12 I/O

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was used for its operating system implementations on the

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GeekWire article on the restoration of a CDC 6500 at the

1760:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Control Data Corporation. 1967 2832:'s collection of timesharing and interactive computers. 1710:"CDC 6500 supercomputer at the Living Computers Museum" 1658:- contained the successors to the 6000 series computers 1159:

of the 6000 series of computer systems manufactured by

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Open panels of the CDC 6500 undergoing restoration at

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fastest and the most powerful of the CDC 6000 series.

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in the 1960s. It consisted of the CDC 6200, CDC 6300,

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three bays of the computer has its own cooling unit.

1452:$ 8 million ~ equivalent to $ 78,592,275 in 2023 1859: 1564:, and it was the only academic mainframe on campus. 1984:Control Data 6000 Series Hardware Reference Manual 1891:The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia 1887: 1823:"Validation of a trace-driven CDC 6400 simulation" 1163:. Generally considered to be the first successful 2189: 1030:-like game), a lunar lander simulator, and more. 3131: 2660:"The 6400 is ugraded to a 6500 | CERN timelines" 1754:6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual 1502:from 10,000 pounds (5.0 short tons; 4.5 t). 212:The first member of the CDC 6000 series was the 198:Chippewa Falls Museum of Industry and Technology 134:The 6000 series has a distributed architecture. 2473:Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 1928: 1780:"Control Data Corporation, CDC-6600 & 7600" 1570:- upgraded from a 6400 to a 6500 in April 1969. 1167:, it outperformed its fastest predecessor, the 2442:https://gsmall.us/Computing/CDC6400/index.html 1022:flying his doghouse across the screens), ADC ( 307: 2851: 2609:"Museum to Resurrect First-Gen Supercomputer" 1868:"Museum restoring Purdue's 1st supercomputer" 1186:design philosophy and, unusually, employed a 3160:Control Data Corporation mainframe computers 2865: 2072: 1707: 2073:Henley, Ernest J.; Lewins, Jeffery (2014). 1747: 1745: 1743: 1084:CDC 626 Magnetic Tape Transports (14-track) 270:CDC 6415–8 with eight peripheral processors 267:CDC 6415–7 with seven peripheral processors 2858: 2844: 2683: 2076:Advances in Nuclear Science and Technology 2065: 1646:was the most powerful of the 6000 series. 1382: 1307:European Organization for Nuclear Research 1130: 889:(COS), and systems derived from it, e.g., 273:CDC 6415–9 with nine peripheral processors 124: 2484: 2348: 2168:. National Academy of Engineering. 2014. 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1866:Courier, Hayleigh Colombo Journal &. 1669: 1011:users on CDCs Network Operating System.) 984:quickly enough to avoid visible flicker. 390: 368: 346: 326: 249:The next system to be introduced was the 2215: 2213: 2155: 1922: 1794:"CDC 6000s at Michigan State University" 1740: 1683: 1560:- bought in 1968, meant to replace its 1033: 946: 868: 621:A 6000 series CPU contains 24 operating 120:one or two high-speed central processors 96: 2305: 2107: 2105: 1908: 1820: 1800: 1786: 533: 526: 519: 512: 505: 498: 491: 484: 477: 429: 409: 239:was launched. The machine is cooled by 14: 3175:Computer-related introductions in 1964 3132: 2252: 1962: 838: 790: 284: 2956: 2839: 2306:Anthony, Sebastian (April 10, 2012). 2210: 1772: 2684:Enterprise, I. D. G. (5 June 1978). 2466: 2102: 1602:CDC 6500 (right) and other equipment 1582:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 1547:CDC 6500 systems were installed at: 1226:University of California at Berkeley 316: 2529: 2500:https://caltss.computerhistory.org/ 2454:"CSDL | IEEE Computer Society" 1865: 1642:Composed of a 6600 and a 6400, the 1366: 27:Family of 1960s mainframe computers 24: 1629:Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at 1614:Detailed image of the CDC 6500 at 942: 25: 3186: 3140:Control Data Corporation hardware 2828:, one of the computers online at 2761: 1708:Lath Carlson (17 November 2016). 1697:. September 12, 1977. p. 94. 1691:"Controversy over export license" 1313:(TTY) until it was replaced by a 569:: Extended Core Storage (24 bits) 192:It was built in 1967 and used by 2894: 2291:"Control Data 405 Card Reader". 2099:Living Computers: Museum + Labs] 1821:Noe, J. D.; Nutt, G. J. (1971). 1722:from the original on 2021-12-19. 1622: 1607: 1595: 1354: 1342: 1322: 1235:A CDC 6600 is on display at the 929: 731:Architecture of CDC 6000 series 2826:Living Computers: Museum + Labs 2677: 2652: 2627: 2601: 2576: 2550: 2523:"Erik E. Fair's Computing page" 2515: 2504: 2493: 2460: 2446: 2435: 2402: 2384: 2371: 2362: 2324: 2308:"The History of Supercomputers" 2299: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2238: 2182: 2130: 2093: 2048: 2017: 2003: 1994: 1949: 1881: 1390:Living Computers: Museum + Labs 1290:acquired a CDC 6400, the first 1273:In 1966, the Computing Center ( 1107:CDC 6681 Data Channel Converter 1104:CDC 6682/6683 Satellite Coupler 1063:recorders were also available. 595:: Increment registers (18 bits) 190:Living Computers: Museum + Labs 162:Arithmetic was ones complement. 82:tasks under the control of the 2392:"The CDC 6600 arrives at CERN" 1814: 1726: 1701: 1588:University of Colorado Boulder 1066: 320: 13: 1: 2729: 2539:(in German). ReZe RWTH Aachen 2056:"COMPASS for 48 bit machines" 2025:"COMPASS for 24 bit machines" 1230:University of Texas at Austin 1222:Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 1182:The CDC 6600 anticipated the 1075:CDC 6602/6612 Console Display 991:A full-screen editor, called 605:: Operand registers (60 bits) 585:: Address registers (18 bits) 250: 55: 47: 43: 2755:Gordon Bell on CDC computers 2750:Computer history on CDC 6600 2418:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 2356:"CDC 6600's Five Year Reign" 2246:"CDC 6600's Five Year Reign" 1894:. Indiana University Press. 1361:CDC 6400 used by the US Navy 857: 837: 817: 809: 789: 769: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 462: 448: 428: 408: 389: 367: 345: 325: 34:is a discontinued family of 7: 2824:to the working CDC 6500 at 1649: 1637: 1371: 1246: 1137: 1111: 854:Unified Arithmetic Section 814:Unified Arithmetic Section 806:Unified Arithmetic Section 786:Unified Arithmetic Section 545:: Program Address (18 bits) 308:Extended Core Storage (ECS) 279: 123:ten peripheral processors ( 108: 10: 3191: 2190:Andreas Sofroniou (2013). 1932:Supercomputer Architecture 1141: 1115: 861: 853: 833: 818: 813: 805: 785: 770: 670:unified arithmetic element 563:: Central Memory (18 bits) 392: 370: 348: 328: 207: 200:before being purchased by 125:Peripheral Processing Unit 3095: 3069: 3037:Chippewa Operating System 2992: 2903: 2892: 2873: 2772:Charles Babbage Institute 2486:10.32604/cmes.2021.019434 1808:"CDC Historical Timeline" 1677:"My first computer - CDC" 1573:the technical lab at the 1558:Michigan State University 1514: 1506: 1498: 1490: 1482: 1472: 1456: 1448: 1433: 1423: 1415: 1405: 1397: 1381: 1241:Mountain View, California 887:Chippewa Operating System 847: 844: 841: 799: 796: 793: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 229:Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin 3170:Control Data Corporation 3165:Transistorized computers 2867:Control Data Corporation 1935:. Springer. p. 47. 1929:Paul B. Schneck (2012). 1662: 1530:Control Data Corporation 1410:Control Data Corporation 1161:Control Data Corporation 975:The console screens are 637:instructions instead of 470: 465: 456: 451: 442: 437: 422: 417: 402: 397: 383: 378: 361: 356: 338: 333: 169:was used by CDC for the 40:Control Data Corporation 3087:PLATO (computer system) 2379:UNIVAC 1100/2200 series 2336:Encyclopædia Britannica 1835:10.1145/1478873.1478969 1478:Dual 6400, up to 40 MHz 1237:Computer History Museum 1195:load–store architecture 2798:2016 GeekWire article 2713:Cite journal requires 2420:. 1981. Archived from 2295:(2/74). February 1974. 2117:Living Computer Museum 1575:Patrick Air Force Base 1331:RWTH Aachen University 1301:and the second one in 1288:RWTH Aachen University 1283: 1129:seven, eight, or nine 1122:" has its own article. 952: 575:: Exit Mode (18 bits) 322:Exchange Jump Package 105: 3082:Storage Module Device 2260:"The Illinois Zephyr" 1266:In December 1966, at 1034:Minimum configuration 950: 869:Peripheral processors 100: 3096:Affiliated companies 2692:(23). IDG Enterprise 2664:timeline.web.cern.ch 2011:"IT History Society" 1829:. pp. 749–757. 1078:CDC 6603 Disk System 951:Console for CDC 6600 920:direct memory access 2138:"James E. Thornton" 2013:. 15 December 2015. 1918:. November 8, 2014. 1486:65,000 60-bit words 1378: 1041:punched card reader 732: 551:: Reference Address 323: 285:Central memory (CM) 36:mainframe computers 2820:2020-05-28 at the 2564:. 15 December 2015 1449:Introductory price 1376: 1317:computer in 1976. 1045:punched card punch 953: 885:, portions of the 756:Central Processor 730: 655:immediate constant 321: 171:assembly languages 130:a display console. 117:the central memory 106: 3127: 3126: 2979: 2978: 2615:. 13 January 2014 2148:. 12 April 2018. 2146:Computer Society) 1552:Purdue University 1522: 1521: 1202:Courant Institute 866: 865: 701:instruction stack 611: 610: 568: 562: 435: 415: 376: 354: 317:Central processor 225:James E. Thornton 194:Purdue University 173:on both families. 16:(Redirected from 3182: 3155:12-bit computers 3150:60-bit computers 2954: 2953: 2898: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2479:(3): 1489–1504. 2464: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2223:. Archived from 2217: 2208: 2207: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2109: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2030:. Archived from 2029: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1906: 1905: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1759: 1749: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1673: 1626: 1611: 1599: 1532:and designed by 1510:IBM 7030 Stretch 1458:Operating system 1444: 1442: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1367:Dual CPU systems 1358: 1346: 1326: 1278: 1208:laboratory near 1188:ones'-complement 1169:IBM 7030 Stretch 1152:is the flagship 1093:Remote Job Entry 959:, which had two 957:computer console 916:barrel processor 766:Functional Unit 733: 729: 714: 682:functional units 566: 560: 433: 413: 374: 352: 324: 184:and 6000 series. 84:operating system 72:Remote Job Entry 64:multiprogramming 38:manufactured by 21: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3097: 3091: 3065: 2988: 2975: 2952: 2931:CDC 6000 series 2926:CDC 3000 series 2899: 2890: 2869: 2864: 2822:Wayback Machine 2815:Request a login 2764: 2759: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2695: 2693: 2686:"Computerworld" 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2588:www.cbi.umn.edu 2582: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2494: 2469:"A memory lane" 2465: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2414:Research Review 2408: 2407: 2403: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1927: 1923: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1860: 1845: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1706: 1702: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1652: 1640: 1633: 1627: 1618: 1612: 1603: 1600: 1440: 1438: 1419:CDC 6000 series 1393: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1350: 1347: 1338: 1327: 1274: 1249: 1146: 1140: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1069: 1036: 945: 943:Display console 932: 871: 762: 752: 747: 742: 737: 712: 666: 319: 310: 287: 282: 210: 111: 80:data management 68:multiprocessing 32:CDC 6000 series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3145:Supercomputers 3142: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3070:Other products 3067: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3003: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2916:CDC 160 series 2913: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2881:William Norris 2877: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2812: 2802: 2796: 2791: 2763: 2762:External links 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2715:|journal= 2676: 2651: 2626: 2600: 2575: 2549: 2528: 2514: 2503: 2492: 2459: 2445: 2434: 2401: 2396:CERN Timelines 2383: 2370: 2361: 2347: 2323: 2298: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2251: 2237: 2209: 2203:978-1291595093 2202: 2181: 2175:978-0309312653 2174: 2154: 2142:computer.org ( 2129: 2101: 2092: 2086:978-1483215662 2085: 2064: 2047: 2016: 2002: 1993: 1961: 1948: 1942:978-1461579571 1941: 1921: 1907: 1901:978-0253003492 1900: 1880: 1858: 1843: 1813: 1799: 1785: 1771: 1739: 1725: 1700: 1682: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1416:Product family 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1339: 1328: 1321: 1248: 1245: 1224:, part of the 1218:bubble-chamber 1142:Main article: 1139: 1136: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1035: 1032: 944: 941: 931: 928: 870: 867: 864: 863: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 836: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 820: 816: 815: 812: 808: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 788: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 768: 767: 764: 758: 757: 754: 749: 744: 739: 686:floating-point 663: 609: 608: 607: 606: 596: 586: 576: 570: 564: 558: 557:: Field Length 552: 546: 531: 530: 524: 523: 517: 516: 510: 509: 503: 502: 496: 495: 489: 488: 482: 481: 475: 474: 469: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 447: 446: 441: 436: 427: 426: 421: 416: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 388: 387: 382: 377: 369: 366: 365: 360: 355: 347: 344: 343: 337: 332: 327: 318: 315: 309: 306: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 271: 268: 262: 219:, designed by 209: 206: 186: 185: 174: 163: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 132: 131: 128: 121: 118: 110: 107: 92:supercomputers 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3187: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2971:CDC Cyber 200 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2720: 2707: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2496: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467:None (2021). 2463: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2438: 2424:on 2018-01-18 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410:"Bumper Crop" 2405: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2365: 2357: 2351: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2227:on 2016-05-15 2226: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2185: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2057: 2051: 2037:on 2012-09-10 2033: 2026: 2020: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1958: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1917: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1844:9781450379090 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1803: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1735: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1696: 1695:Computerworld 1692: 1686: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1632: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534:supercomputer 1531: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1428:Supercomputer 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1380: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315:CDC Cyber 175 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:supercomputer 1293: 1289: 1285: 1284:Rechenzentrum 1281: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:supercomputer 1162: 1158: 1157:supercomputer 1155: 1151: 1145: 1135: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 985: 982: 978: 973: 971: 970: 964: 962: 958: 949: 940: 936: 930:Data channels 927: 923: 921: 917: 911: 908: 907:magnetic tape 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 858: 850: 830: 827: 824: 821: 810: 802: 782: 779: 776: 773: 765: 760: 759: 734: 728: 724: 722: 718: 709: 706: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 678: 675: 671: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 619: 617: 604: 600: 597: 594: 590: 587: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 565: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 540: 539: 537: 532: 529: 522: 515: 508: 501: 494: 487: 480: 473: 468: 459: 454: 445: 440: 432: 425: 420: 412: 405: 400: 395: 386: 381: 373: 364: 359: 351: 341: 336: 331: 314: 305: 303: 299: 298:binary digits 294: 292: 272: 269: 266: 265: 263: 259: 258: 257: 254: 252: 247: 244: 243:refrigerant. 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 214:supercomputer 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 183: 179: 175: 172: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 157: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 129: 127:, or PPU) and 126: 122: 119: 116: 115: 114: 103: 99: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3098:and products 2966:CDC STAR-100 2930: 2886:Seymour Cray 2788:Seymour Cray 2706:cite journal 2694:. Retrieved 2689: 2679: 2667:. Retrieved 2663: 2654: 2642:. Retrieved 2638: 2629: 2617:. Retrieved 2612: 2603: 2591:. Retrieved 2587: 2578: 2566:. Retrieved 2561: 2552: 2541:. Retrieved 2531: 2517: 2506: 2495: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2448: 2437: 2426:. Retrieved 2422:the original 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2373: 2364: 2350: 2339:. Retrieved 2335: 2326: 2315:. Retrieved 2311: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2254: 2240: 2229:. Retrieved 2225:the original 2196:. Lulu.com. 2192: 2184: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2141: 2132: 2120:. Retrieved 2116: 2095: 2079:. Elsevier. 2075: 2067: 2050: 2039:. Retrieved 2032:the original 2019: 2005: 1996: 1983: 1951: 1931: 1924: 1910: 1890: 1883: 1871:. Retrieved 1861: 1826: 1816: 1802: 1788: 1774: 1762:. Retrieved 1753: 1728: 1713: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1671: 1643: 1641: 1546: 1542: 1538:Seymour Cray 1525: 1523: 1434:Release date 1406:Manufacturer 1401:Seymour Cray 1292:Control Data 1272: 1265: 1261:input/output 1252: 1250: 1234: 1199: 1192: 1181: 1149: 1147: 1127: 1124: 1053: 1037: 1016:kaleidoscope 1013: 1009:time-sharing 990: 986: 977:calligraphic 974: 967: 965: 954: 937: 933: 924: 912: 880: 872: 741:Input/Output 725: 710: 700: 696: 694: 689: 681: 679: 674:clock cycles 669: 667: 644: 620: 616:input/output 612: 602: 598: 592: 588: 582: 578: 572: 554: 548: 542: 535: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 478: 471: 466: 457: 452: 443: 438: 430: 423: 418: 410: 403: 398: 393: 384: 379: 371: 362: 357: 349: 339: 334: 329: 311: 295: 288: 255: 248: 245: 221:Seymour Cray 211: 187: 153: 136: 133: 112: 101: 76:time-sharing 31: 29: 3105:ETA Systems 3006:Languages: 2312:ExtremeTech 1507:Predecessor 1392:in Seattle. 1268:UC Berkeley 1214:Switzerland 1099:timesharing 1067:Peripherals 1005:text editor 995:(after the 969:front panel 748:Processors 736:6000 series 233:IBM Stretch 204:for LCM+L. 60:solid-state 3134:Categories 3042:CDC Kronos 2874:Key people 2830:Paul Allen 2730:References 2639:60bits.net 2635:"CDC 6500" 2562:IT History 2558:"CDC 6500" 2543:2013-12-13 2428:2017-10-04 2341:2015-02-02 2332:"CDC 6600" 2317:2015-02-02 2231:2017-10-15 2221:"CDC 7600" 2113:"CDC 6500" 2041:2017-10-04 1305:after the 999:model 026 763:Registers 746:Peripheral 697:scoreboard 202:Paul Allen 3119:Cray Inc. 3059:CDC SCOPE 2984:CDC Cyber 2904:Computers 1656:CDC Cyber 1515:Successor 1398:Developer 1311:teletypes 1286:) of the 1276:‹See Tfd› 1173:megaFLOPS 1154:mainframe 1091:each for 1061:microfilm 1024:Andy Capp 1001:key punch 963:screens. 761:Operating 743:Channels 738:Computer 690:increment 623:registers 176:The name 165:The name 3077:CDC Wren 2993:Software 2948:CDC 8600 2943:CDC 7600 2936:CDC 6600 2921:CDC 1700 2911:CDC 1604 2818:Archived 2784:CDC 7600 2780:CDC 6600 2776:CDC 1604 1853:10937665 1720:Archived 1650:See also 1644:CDC 6700 1638:The 6700 1577:in 1978. 1562:CDC 3600 1536:pioneer 1526:CDC 6500 1518:CDC 7600 1377:CDC 6500 1372:The 6500 1257:CDC 6600 1253:CDC 6400 1247:The 6400 1177:CDC 7600 1150:CDC 6600 1144:CDC 6600 1138:The 6600 1120:CDC 6600 1112:Versions 1057:plotters 1018:), DOG ( 893:, MACE, 883:channels 876:CDC 160A 839:CDC 6700 819:CDC 6600 791:CDC 6500 771:CDC 6400 703:, which 651:op codes 280:Hardware 251:CDC 6400 237:CDC 7600 217:CDC 6600 158:series: 156:CDC 3000 109:Overview 102:CDC 6600 56:CDC 6700 52:CDC 6600 48:CDC 6500 44:CDC 6400 18:CDC 6400 3010:COMPASS 2696:25 July 2669:25 July 2644:25 July 2619:25 July 2613:HPCwire 2593:25 July 2568:25 July 2122:25 July 1990:. 1978. 1873:25 July 1764:25 July 1715:YouTube 1491:Display 1439: ( 1337:(1970). 1335:Germany 1299:Germany 1101:access. 1049:printer 1028:Pac-Man 753:Memory 751:Central 659:COMPASS 631:18 bits 627:60 bits 208:History 167:COMPASS 86:called 3052:NOS/VE 2958:Vector 2786:, and 2200: 2172: 2083: 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