2665:
2735:
1185:
1160:, COPD and lung cancer. A noted difference between marijuana use and tobacco was that respiratory problems were resolved with stopping usage unlike the continued decline with stopping tobacco smoking. Respiratory symptoms reported with marijuana use included chronic cough, increased sputum production and wheezing but not shortness of breath. Also these symptoms were typically reported ten years ahead of their affecting tobacco smokers. Another study found that chronic marijuana smokers even with the additional use of tobacco developed similar respiratory problems, but did not seem to develop airflow limitation and COPD.
1828:
2459:
training (IMT, EMT) have been suggested and may provide some improvements when compared to no treatment. A combination of IMT and walking exercises at home may help limit breathlessness in cases of severe COPD. Additionally, the use of low amplitude high velocity joint mobilization together with exercise improves lung function and exercise capacity. The goal of spinal manipulation therapy is to improve thoracic mobility in an effort to reduce the work on the lungs during respiration, however, the evidence supporting manual therapy for people with COPD is very weak.
2432:
therapy; the use of high concentrations of oxygen without taking into account a person's oxygen saturations may lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide and worsened outcomes. In those at high risk of high carbon dioxide levels, oxygen saturations of 88–92% are recommended, while for those without this risk, recommended levels are 94–98%. Once prescribed long-term oxygen therapy, patients should be re-assessed after 60 to 90 days, to deteermine whether supplemental oxygen is still indicated and if prescribed supplemental oxygen is effective.
2187:(LABA), is better is unclear and trying each and continuing with the one that works best may be advisable. Both types of agent appear to reduce the risk of acute exacerbations by 15–25%. The combination of LABA/LAMA may reduce COPD exacerbations and improve quality-of-life compared to long-acting bronchodilators alone. The 2018 NICE guideline recommends use of dual long-acting bronchodilators with economic modelling suggesting that this approach is preferable to starting one long acting bronchodilator and adding another later.
1840:
517:
1852:
1804:
1537:
1006:, that irritate the lung causing inflammation that interacts with a number of host factors. Such exposure needs to be significant or long-term. The greatest risk factor for the development of COPD is tobacco smoke. However, less than 50 percent of heavy smokers develop COPD, so other factors need to be considered, including exposure to indoor and outdoor pollutants, allergens, occupational exposure, and host factors. One of the known causes of COPD is the exposure to
1792:
2250:. Ipratropium is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA), while tiotropium is long-acting (LAMA). Tiotropium is associated with a decrease in exacerbations and improved quality of life, and tiotropium provides those benefits better than ipratropium. It does not appear to affect mortality or the overall hospitalization rate. Anticholinergics can cause dry mouth and urinary tract symptoms. They are also associated with increased risk of heart disease and
1816:
503:
1470:
494:
it was the fourth biggest cause of death, responsible for approximately 5% of total deaths. The number of deaths is projected to increase further because of continued exposure to risk factors and an aging population. In the United States in 2010 the economic cost was put at US$ 32.1 billion and projected to rise to US$ 49 billion in 2020. In the United
Kingdom this cost is estimated at £3.8 billion annually.
1364:
2477:(PEP) devices and other mechanical devices, may reduce the need for increased ventilatory assistance, the duration of ventilatory assistance and the length of hospital stay in people with acute COPD. In people with stable COPD, ACTs may lead to short-term improvements in health-related quality of life and a reduced long-term need for hospitalizations related to respiratory issues.
2876:
The increase in the developing world between 1970 and the 2000s is believed to be related to increasing rates of smoking in this region, an increasing population and an aging population due to fewer deaths from other causes such as infectious diseases. Some developed countries have seen increased rates, some have remained stable and some have seen a decrease in COPD prevalence.
372:
airflow limitation in a significant number of people. Chronic bronchitis does not always result in airflow limitation. However, in young adults with chronic bronchitis who smoke, the risk of developing COPD is high. Many definitions of COPD in the past included emphysema and chronic bronchitis, but these have never been included in
3054:
expected to more than double by 2030. In Europe, COPD represents 3% of healthcare spending. In the United States, costs of the disease are estimated at $ 50 billion, most of which is due to exacerbation. COPD was among the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with a total cost of about $ 5.7 billion.
1466:. The destruction of the connective tissue of the lungs leads to emphysema, which then contributes to the poor airflow and finally, poor absorption and release of respiratory gases. General muscle wasting that often occurs in COPD may be partly due to inflammatory mediators released by the lungs into the blood.
910:, evident in emphysema and lacking in chronic bronchitis. This terminology was no longer accepted as useful, as most people with COPD have a combination of both emphysema and airway disease. These are now recognized as the two major phenotypes of COPD — emphysematous phenotype and chronic bronchitic phenotype.
2631:
Both of these techniques are associated with adverse effects including persistent air leaks and cardiovascular complications. Thermal vapor ablation has an improved profile. Heated water vapor is used to target lobe regions which leads to permanent fibrosis and volume reduction. The procedure is able
2431:
and death. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation (ambulatory) may improve shortness of breath when given during exercise, but may not improve breathlessness during normal daily activities or affect the quality of life. During acute exacerbations, many require oxygen
2376:
is recommended by NICE. GOLD also supports the use of some mucolytics that are advised against when inhaled corticosteroids are being used and singles out erdosteine as having good effects regardless of corticosteroid use. Erdosteine also has antioxidant properties but there is not enough evidence to
2025:
are also managed. An action plan is drawn up and is to be reviewed. Providing people with a personalized action plan, an educational session and support for use of their action plan in the event of an exacerbation, reduces the number of hospital visits and encourages early treatment of exacerbations.
1966:
and dust control. Effective dust control can be achieved by improving ventilation, using water sprays and by using mining techniques that minimize dust generation. If a worker develops COPD, further lung damage can be reduced by avoiding ongoing dust exposure, for example by changing their work role.
1932:
is the only measure shown to slow down the worsening of COPD. Even at a late stage of the disease, it can reduce the rate of worsening lung function and delay the onset of disability and death. Often, several attempts are required before long-term abstinence is achieved. Attempts over 5 years lead to
800:
has been seen to affect up to fifty percent of those with COPD and significantly affects the outcomes. When comorbid with COPD there is more systemic inflammation. It is not known if it co-exists with COPD or develops as a consequence of the pathology. Metabolic syndrome on its own has a high rate of
3053:
Globally, as of 2010, COPD is estimated to result in economic costs of $ 2.1 trillion, half of which occurring in the developing world. Of this total an estimated $ 1.9 trillion are direct costs such as medical care, while $ 0.2 trillion are indirect costs such as missed work. This is
2171:
and improve exercise tolerance. Short-acting bronchodilators have an effect for four hours and for maintenance therapy long acting bronchodilators with an effect of over twelve hours are used. In times of more severe symptoms a short acting agent may be used in combination. An inhaled corticosteroid
2006:
COPD currently has no cure, but the symptoms are treatable and its progression can be delayed, particularly by stopping smoking. The major goals of management are to reduce exposure to risk factors including offering non-pharmacological treatments such as help with stopping smoking. Stopping smoking
1985:
Both indoor and outdoor air quality can be improved, which may prevent COPD or slow the worsening of existing disease. This may be achieved by public policy efforts, cultural changes and personal involvement. Many developed countries have successfully improved outdoor air quality through regulations
1515:
due to decreased ventilation from airway obstruction, hyperinflation and a reduced desire to breathe. During exacerbations, airway inflammation is also increased, resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory airflow and worsening of gas transfer. This can lead to low blood oxygen levels
1492:
Narrowing of the airways occurs due to inflammation and subsequent scarring within them. This contributes to the inability to breathe out fully. The greatest reduction in air flow occurs when breathing out, as the pressure in the chest is compressing the airways at this time. This can result in more
7533:
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Weinberger SE, Hanania NA, Criner G, van der Molen T, et al. (August 2011). "Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the
American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American
2480:
Being either underweight or overweight can affect the symptoms, degree of disability and prognosis of COPD. People with COPD who are underweight can improve their breathing muscle strength by increasing their calorie intake. When combined with regular exercise or a pulmonary rehabilitation program,
2443:
is a program of exercise, disease management and counseling, coordinated to benefit the individual. A severe exacerbation leads to hospital admission, high mortality and a decline in the ability to carry out daily activities. Following a hospital admission pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to
1151:
is the second most commonly smoked substance, but evidence linking its use to COPD is very limited. Limited evidence shows that marijuana does not accelerate lung function decline. A low use of marijuana gives a bronchodilatory effect rather than the bronchoconstrictive effect from tobacco use, but
493:
As of 2015, COPD affected about 174.5 million people (2.4% of the global population). It typically occurs in males and females over the age of 35–40. In 2019 it caused 3.2 million deaths, 80% occurring in lower and middle income countries, up from 2.4 million deaths in 1990. In 2021,
2875:
Estimates of prevalence have considerable variation due to differences in analytical and surveying approach and the choice of diagnostic criteria. An estimated 384 million people aged 30 years or more had COPD in 2010, corresponding to a global prevalence of 12%. The disease affects men and women.
1217:
associated with an increased risk of hospitalization due to the exacerbations caused. Long-term exposure is indicated as an increased rate of mortality in COPD. Studies have shown that people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas. Areas with
1098:
with an increased rate of developing COPD shown in smokers and ex-smokers. Of those who smoke, about 20% will get COPD, increasing to less than 50% in heavy smokers. In the United States and United
Kingdom, of those with COPD, 80–95% are either current or previous smokers. Several studies indicate
2883:
In the UK, three million people are reported to be affected by COPD – two million of these being undiagnosed. On average, the number of COPD-related deaths between 2007 and 2016 was 28,600. The estimated number of deaths due to occupational exposure was estimated to be about 15% at
2283:
as a first-line maintenance treatment in COPD cases with repeated exacerbations. Their regular use increases the risk of pneumonia in severe cases. Studies have shown that the risk of pneumonia is associated with all types of corticosteroids; is related to the disease severity and a dose-response
2447:
The optimal exercise routine, use of noninvasive ventilation during exercise and intensity of exercise suggested for people with COPD, is unknown. Performing endurance arm exercises improves arm movement for people with COPD and may result in a small improvement in breathlessness. Performing arm
1957:
A number of measures have been taken to reduce the likelihood that workers in at-risk industries—such as coal mining, construction and stonemasonry—will develop COPD. Examples of these measures include the creation of public policy, education of workers and management about the risks, promoting
1301:
that promote respiratory symptoms. Workplace exposure is believed to be the cause in 10–20% of cases and in the United States, it is believed to be related to around 30% of cases among never smokers and probably represents a greater risk in countries without sufficient regulations. The negative
371:
is defined as a productive cough that is present for at least three months each year for two years. Both of these conditions can exist without airflow limitation when they are not classed as COPD. Emphysema is just one of the structural abnormalities that can limit airflow and can exist without
2879:
Around three million people die of COPD each year. In some countries, mortality has decreased in men but increased in women. This is most likely due to rates of smoking in women and men becoming more similar. A higher rate of COPD is found in those over 40 years and this increases greatly with
2458:
exercises appear to be safe to practice for people with COPD and may be beneficial for pulmonary function and pulmonary capacity when compared to a regular treatment program. Tai Chi was not found to be more effective than other exercise intervention programs. Inspiratory and expiratory muscle
2310:
is a PDE4 inhibitor used orally once daily to reduce inflammation, it has no direct bronchodilatory effects. It is essentially used in treating those with chronic bronchitis along with systemic corticosteroids. Reported adverse effects of roflumilast appear early in treatment, become less with
613:
can be intermittent and may be swallowed or spat out depending on social or cultural factors and is therefore not always easy to evaluate. However, an accompanying productive cough is only seen in up to 30% of cases. Sometimes limited airflow may develop in the absence of a cough. Symptoms are
3079:
that provides a protective coating for cells. It has been shown that on exposure to pollution the hyaluronan in the lungs breaks down into fragments causing irritation and activation of the immune system. There follows subsequent airway constriction and inflammation. The study showed that the
1725:
refers to a modified MRC scale that if used, needs to include other tests since it is simply a test of breathlessness experienced. Scores on CAT range from 0–40 with the higher the score, the more severe the disease. Spirometry may help to determine the severity of airflow limitation. This is
1049:
is a filter for harmful substances and any variant has the potential to disrupt this. A variation has been found to be associated with the development of chronic bronchitis and another with the development of emphysema. A branch variant in the central airway is specifically associated with an
7201:
Knox-Brown B, Potts J, Santofimio VQ, Minelli C, Patel J, Abass NM, Agarwal D, Ahmed R, Mahesh PA, Bs J, Denguezli M, Franssen F, Gislason T, Janson C, Juvekar SK, Koul P, Malinovschi A, Nafees AA, Nielsen R, Paraguas SN, Buist S, Burney PG, Amaral AF (November 2023). "Isolated small airways
2880:
advancing age with the highest rate found in those over 60 years. Sex differences in the anatomy of the respiratory system include smaller airway lumens and thicker airway walls in women, which contribute to a greater severity of COPD symptoms like dyspnea and frequency of COPD exacerbation.
3143:
and mucus secretion, which results in narrowing the airways. In those with COPD these nerves are overactive, usually as a result of smoking damage and the constant mucus secretion and airway constriction leads to the symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, wheeze and tightness of the chest.
2542:
of at least 21 °C (70 °F) for a minimum of nine hours a day was associated with better health in those with COPD, especially for smokers. The World Health
Organization (WHO) recommends indoor temperatures of a slightly higher range between 18 and 24 °C (64 and 75 °F).
2295:). A triple inhaled therapy of LABA/LAMA/ICS improves lung function, reduces symptoms and exacerbations and is seen to be more effective than mono or dual therapies. NICE guidelines recommend the use of ICSs in people with asthmatic features or features suggesting steroid responsiveness.
53:
2501:
infections. The symptoms that worsen are not specific to COPD and differential diagnoses need to be considered. Acute exacerbations are typically treated by increasing the use of short-acting bronchodilators including a combination of a short-acting inhaled beta agonist and short-acting
1936:
Some smokers can achieve long-term smoking cessation through willpower alone. Smoking, however, is highly addictive and many smokers need further support. The chance of quitting is improved with social support, engagement in a smoking cessation program and the use of medications such as
446:
Most cases of COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to risk factors such as smoking and indoor and outdoor pollutants. While treatment can slow worsening, there is no conclusive evidence that any medications can change the long-term decline in lung function. COPD treatments include
918:
It has since been recognized that COPD is more complex, with a diverse group of disorders of differing risk factors and clinical courses that has resulted in a number of subtypes or phenotypes of COPD being accepted and proposed. The two classic emphysematous and chronic bronchitic
352:. However, this basic dogma has been challenged as varying degrees of co-existing emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and potentially significant vascular diseases have all been acknowledged in those with COPD, giving rise to the classification of other phenotypes or subtypes.
2887:
In 2011, there were approximately 730,000 hospitalizations in the United States for COPD. Globally, COPD in 2019 was the third-leading cause of death. In low-income countries, COPD does not appear in the Top 10 causes of death; in other income groups, it is in the Top 5.
7500:
1726:
typically based on the FEV1 expressed as a percentage of the predicted "normal" for the person's age, gender, height and weight. Guidelines published in 2011 by
American and European medical societies recommend partly basing treatment recommendations on the FEV1. The
1222:, generally have higher rates of COPD. Urban air pollution significantly effects the developing lung and its maturation, and contributes a potential risk factor for the later development of COPD. The overall effect in relation to smoking is believed to be small.
2227:. When used with inhaled steroids they increase the risk of pneumonia. While steroids and LABAs may work better together, it is unclear if this slight benefit outweighs the increased risks. There is some evidence that combined treatment of LABAs with long-acting
8312:
3151:
augmentation treatment for people who have alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is unclear. A later clinical trial of double-dosing has shown some improvements in slowing the breakdown of elastin and the progression of emphysema with further studies being called for.
11689:
Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. (December 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2010".
2231:(LAMA), an anticholinergic, and LABA +ICS (inhaled corticosteroid) may be similar in benefits in terms of fewer exacerbation's and quality of life measures for moderate to severe COPD, but LAMA+LABA offers better improvements in forced expiratory volume (
931:
and COPD. Spirometry measures are inadequate for defining phenotypes and chest X-ray, CT and MRI scans have been mostly employed. Most cases of COPD are diagnosed at a late stage and the use of imaging methods would allow earlier detection and treatment.
9985:
van Geffen WH, Tan DJ, Walters JA, Walters EH (2023-12-06). Cochrane
Airways Group (ed.). "Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
2361:
are widely used. Theophylline is seen to have a mild bronchodilatory effect in stable COPD. Inspiratory muscle function is seen to be improved but the causal effect is unclear. Theophylline is seen to improve breathlessness when used as an add-on to
7096:
Knox-Brown B, Patel J, Potts J, Ahmed R, Aquart-Stewart A, Cherkaski H, et al. (January 2023). "Small airways obstruction and its risk factors in the Burden of
Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: a multinational cross-sectional study".
1895:. The distinction between asthma and COPD is made on the basis of the symptoms, smoking history and whether airflow limitation is reversible with bronchodilators at spirometry. Chronic bronchitis with normal airflow is not classified as COPD.
11137:
2840:
is related to COPD. The proportion of disability from COPD globally has decreased from 1990 to 2010 due to improved indoor air quality primarily in Asia. The overall number of years lived with disability from COPD, however, has increased.
2591:(LVRS) may be an option. LVRS involves the removal of damaged tissue, which improves lung function by allowing the rest of the lungs to expand. It is considered when the emphysema is in the upper lobes and when there are no comorbidities.
1497:. Hyperinflation from exercise is linked to shortness of breath in COPD, as breathing in is less comfortable when the lungs are already partly filled. Hyperinflation may also worsen during an exacerbation. There may also be a degree of
1493:
air from the previous breath remaining within the lungs when the next breath is started, resulting in an increase in the total volume of air in the lungs at any given time, a process called air trapping which is closely followed by
4038:
Dobler CC, Morrow AS, Beuschel B, Farah MH, Majzoub AM, Wilson ME, et al. (March 2020). "Pharmacologic
Therapies in Patients With Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis".
691:, hospital admissions for COPD exacerbations sharply decreased which may be attributable to reduction of emissions and cleaner air. There has also been a marked decrease in the number of cold and flu infections during this time.
581:, which can improve shortness of breath. Shortness of breath is often responsible for reduced physical activity and low levels of physical activity are associated with worse outcomes. In severe and very severe cases there may be
1997:
and electrical heating is also effective. Using fuels such as kerosene or coal might produce less household particulate matter than traditional biomass such as wood or dung, but whether this is better health wise is unclear.
2026:
When self-management interventions, such as taking corticosteroids and using supplemental oxygen, is combined with action plans, health-related quality of life is improved compared to usual care. In those with COPD who are
4828:
Aleva FE, Voets LW, Simons SO, de Mast Q, van der Ven AJ, Heijdra YF (March 2017). "Prevalence and
Localization of Pulmonary Embolism in Unexplained Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
2979:(1837) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy. He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus. In 1842,
1730:
guidelines group people into four categories based on symptoms assessment, degree of airflow limitation and history of exacerbations. Weight loss, muscle loss and fatigue are seen in severe and very severe cases.
576:
and chest tightness associated with breathlessness can be variable over the course of a day or between days and are not always present. Chest tightness often follows exertion. Many people with more advanced COPD
12966:
12943:
1204:
can bring about the development of COPD, or its exacerbations. Those with COPD are more susceptible to the harmful effects of particulate exposure that can cause acute exacerbations brought about by infections.
885:
that is present for at least three months each year for two years but does not always result in airflow limitation although the risk of developing COPD is great. These older definitions grouped the two types as
571:
which is most characteristic of the condition. Shortness of breath (breathlessness) is often the most distressing symptom responsible for the associated anxiety and level of disability experienced. Symptoms of
2262:
is another anticholinergic alternative. When compared to tiotropium, the LAMAs aclidinium, glycopyrronium, and umeclidinium appear to have a similar level of efficacy; with all four being more effective than
2218:
are often used as maintenance therapy. Some feel the evidence of benefits is limited, while others view the evidence of benefit as established. Long-term use appears safe in COPD with adverse effects include
4226:
2551:
For people with COPD, the ideal indoor humidity levels are 30–50% RH. Maintaining indoor humidity can be difficult in the winter, especially in cold climates where the heating system is constantly running.
11873:
Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Sciurba F, Mumford J, Giardino ND, Weinmann G, Kazerooni E, Murray S, Criner GJ, Sin DD, Hogg J, Ries AL, Han M, Fishman AP, Make B, Hoffman EA, Mohsenifar Z, Wise R (April 2007).
629:. Chronic bronchitis can occur before the restricted airflow diagnostic of COPD. Some people with COPD attribute the symptoms to the consequences of smoking. In severe COPD, vigorous coughing may lead to
4084:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
2311:
continued treatment and are reversible. One effect is dramatic weight loss and its use is to be avoided in underweight people. It is also advised to be used with caution in those who have depression.
11129:
2235:) and a lower risk of pneumonia. All three together, LABA, LAMA and ICS, have some evidence of benefits. Indacaterol requires an inhaled dose once a day and is as effective as the other long-acting β
4257:
Mayer AF, Karloh M, Dos Santos K, de Araujo CL, Gulart AA (March 2018). "Effects of acute use of pursed-lips breathing during exercise in patients with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
7152:"The association of spirometric small airways obstruction with respiratory symptoms, cardiometabolic diseases, and quality of life: results from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study"
1989:
In developing countries one key effort is to reduce exposure to smoke from cooking and heating fuels through improved ventilation of homes and better stoves and chimneys. Proper stoves may improve
10856:
Thomas MJ, Simpson J, Riley R, Grant E (June 2010). "The impact of home-based physiotherapy interventions on breathlessness during activities of daily living in severe COPD: a systematic review".
9025:
Cave AC, Hurst MM (May 2011). "The use of long acting β₂-agonists, alone or in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a risk-benefit analysis".
376:
definitions. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis remain the predominant phenotypes of COPD but there is often overlap between them and a number of other phenotypes have also been described. COPD and
4603:"Global Initiative for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. The 2020 GOLD Science Committee Report on COVID-19 and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
3457:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1099:
that women are more susceptible than men to the harmful effects of tobacco smoke. For the same amount of cigarette smoking, women have a higher risk of COPD than men. In non-smokers, exposure to
3165:
to treat people with COPD when they experience episodes of shortness of breath; treating people remotely may reduce the number of emergency-room visits and improve the person's quality of life.
2998:
in December 1952. This spurred epidemiological research in the United Kingdom, Holland and elsewhere. In 1953, George L. Waldbott, an American allergist, first described a new disease he named
964:
Another recognized phenotype is the frequent exacerbator. The frequent exacerbator has two or more exacerbations a year, has a poor prognosis and is described as a moderately stable phenotype.
1949:. Combining smoking-cessation medication with behavioral therapy is more than twice as likely to be effective in helping people with COPD stop smoking, compared with behavioral therapy alone.
7897:
2994:
Air pollution and the increase in cigarette smoking in Great Britain at the start of the 20th century led to high rates of chronic lung disease, though it received little attention until the
4133:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1777:
in the blood; this is recommended in those with an FEV1 less than 35% predicted, those with a peripheral oxygen saturation less than 92% and those with symptoms of congestive heart failure.
3084:
and does not interfere with any drug. It improves mucus clearance by allowing it to move more freely. Further studies are to be carried out in the US to determine optimum dosage levels.
2907:
2007:
can reduce the rate of lung function decline and also reduce mortality from smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Other recommendations include annual
3203:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may occur in a number of other animals and may be caused by exposure to tobacco smoke. Most cases of the disease, however, are relatively mild. In
535:
1583:
less than 70% in someone with symptoms of COPD defines a person as having the disease. Based on these measurements, spirometry would lead to over-diagnosis of COPD in the elderly. The
2288:
can be effective in treating an acute exacerbation. They appear to have fewer side effects than those given intravenously. Five days of steroids work as well as ten or fourteen days.
1734:
Use of screening questionnaires, such as COPD diagnostic questionnaire (CDQ), alone or in combination with hand-held flow meters is appropriate for screening of COPD in primary care.
1156:. There is evidence of it causing some respiratory problems and its use in combination may have a cumulative toxic effect suggesting it as a risk factor for spontaneous pneumothorax,
1601:
using spirometry in those without symptoms has uncertain effect and is generally not recommended; however, it is recommended for those without symptoms but with a known risk factor.
653:
that lasts for several days. The key symptom is increased breathlessness, other more pronounced symptoms are of excessive mucus, increased cough and wheeze. A commonly found sign is
8647:
3959:
Torres-Duque CA, García-Rodriguez MC, González-García M (August 2016). "Is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Caused by Wood Smoke a Different Phenotype or a Different Entity?".
881:
and is just one of the structural abnormalities that can limit airflow. The condition can exist without airflow limitation but commonly it does. Chronic bronchitis is defined as a
1310:
Genetics play a role in the development of COPD. It is more common among relatives of those with COPD who smoke than unrelated smokers. The most well known genetic risk factor is
2019:
vaccine for individuals above 60 years; giving advice as to healthy eating and encouraging physical exercise. Guidance is also advised as to managing breathlessness and stress.
2335:, reduce the frequency of exacerbations in those who have two or more a year. This practice may be cost effective in some areas of the world. Concerns include the potential for
12258:
9312:"Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
2366:. All instances of improvement have been reported using sustained release preparations. Methylxanthines are not recommended for use in exacerbations due to adverse effects.
849:, though if infected they are at risk of hospitalization and developing severe COVID-19. However, there are laboratory and clinical studies showing a possibility of certain
533:
2088:; whether one is better than the others is unclear. There is no clear evidence of improved outcomes for those with less severe cases. The FDA recommends against the use of
1921:
of governments, public health agencies and antismoking organizations can reduce smoking rates by discouraging people from starting and encouraging people to stop smoking.
1339:
The COPDGene study is an ongoing longitudinal study into the epidemiology of COPD, identifying phenotypes and looking for their likely association with susceptible genes.
3112:
had been completed and seventeen were underway. Overall, stem cell therapy has proved to be safe. The trials include the use of stem cells from different sources such as
838:
is common in those with COPD as it is for other lung conditions that affect airflow. Cognitive impairment is associated with the declining ability to cope with the basic
13495:
2494:
1030:
are also recognized as risk factors, as the comorbidity of COPD is reported to be 12 times higher in patients with asthma after adjusting for smoking history. In Europe
646:
483:
2530:
can improve lung function and shorten hospital stays but their use is recommended for only five to seven days; longer courses increase the risk of pneumonia and death.
1402:
COPD develops as a significant and chronic inflammatory response to inhaled irritants which ultimately leads to bronchial and alveolar remodelling in the lung known as
1273:, chemicals and fumes increases the risk of COPD in smokers, nonsmokers and never-smokers. Substances implicated in occupational exposure and listed in the UK, include
961:, has been shown to have benefit in treating the eosinophilic inflammatory type rather than the use of oral corticosteroids, but further studies have been called for.
8794:"Association of Home Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation With Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2427:
and pulmonary hypertension, the levels involved are 56–59 mmHg. Oxygen therapy is to be used for between 15 and 18 hours per day and is said to decrease the risk of
2399:
1925:
in public areas and places of work are important measures to decrease exposure to secondhand smoke and while many places have instituted bans, more are recommended.
2884:
around 4,000. In the United States in 2018, almost 15.7 million people had been diagnosed with COPD and it is estimated that millions more have not been diagnosed.
8946:"Dual combination therapy versus long-acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
7239:
Lo Bello F, Ieni A, Hansbro PM, Ruggeri P, Di Stefano A, Nucera F, et al. (May 2020). "Role of the mucins in pathogenesis of COPD: implications for therapy".
5018:"Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): clinical significance and therapeutic strategies"
1803:
805:
is a risk factor for the development of COPD, and is also a potential comorbidity. Most people with COPD die from comorbidities and not from respiratory problems.
11664:
2377:
support the general use of antioxidants. Erdosteine has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of exacerbations, shorten their duration and hospital stays.
1754:. Characteristic signs of COPD on X-ray include hyperinflation (shown by a flattened diaphragm and an increased retrosternal air space) and lung hyperlucency. A
11735:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
11036:
Ferreira IM, Brooks D, White J, Goldstein R (December 2012). Ferreira IM (ed.). "Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
12069:
3172:
against lung disease including COPD. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties and more trials are said to be needed into its use.
3063:
2280:
1986:
which has resulted in improvements in the lung function of their populations. Individuals are also advised to avoid irritants of indoor and outdoor pollution.
1727:
1722:
1668:
870:
534:
373:
290:
7460:
Cooper CB (October 2006). "The connection between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms and hyperinflation and its impact on exercise and function".
1579:(FVC), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in a single large breath. Normally, 75–80% of the FVC comes out in the first second and a
7611:
2390:
Recent studies show that metformin plays a role in reducing systemic inflammation by reducing biomarker levels that are increased during COPD exacerbations.
1791:
6858:
Reilly JJ, Silverman EK, Shapiro SD (2011). "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". In Longo D, Fauci A, Kasper D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (eds.).
6408:
Chatkin JM, Zabert G, Zabert I, Chatkin G, Jiménez-Ruiz CA, de Granda-Orive JI, et al. (September 2017). "Lung Disease Associated With Marijuana Use".
2054:
is common in those with COPD and can cause increased exacerbations. Supplementation when deficient can give a 50% reduction in the number of exacerbations.
8894:"Long-acting beta2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
2991:
of the lungs. However, his spirometer could only measure volume, not airflow. Tiffeneau and Pinelli in 1947 described the principles of measuring airflow.
923:
are fundamentally different conditions with unique underlying mechanisms. Another subtype of COPD, categorized by some as a separate clinical entity, is
12806:
9801:"Inhaled Corticosteroids and the Pneumonia Risk in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
11200:
Mu Z, Chen PL, Geng FH, Ren L, Gu WC, Ma JY, Peng L, Li QY (2017). "Synergistic effects of temperature and humidity on the symptoms of COPD patients".
2632:
to target individual lobe segments, can be carried out regardless of collateral ventilation and can be repeated with the natural advance of emphysema.
12193:
9263:"Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
7928:
1839:
1584:
729:
Acute exacerbations in COPD are often unexplained and thought to have many causes other than infections. A study has emphasized the possibility of a
11797:
7901:
12275:
2605:
Minimally invasive bronchoscopic procedures may be carried out to reduce lung volume. These include the use of valves, coils, or thermal ablation.
2372:
may help to reduce exacerbations in some people with chronic bronchitis; noticed by less hospitalization and less days of disability in one month.
697:
is proving an increasing risk in many parts of the world and government agencies have published protective advice on their websites. In the US the
8513:"Vitamin D to prevent exacerbations of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials"
7047:"Assessing Static Lung Hyperinflation by Whole-Body Plethysmography, Helium Dilution, and Impulse Oscillometry System (IOS) in Patients with COPD"
13114:
12904:
8464:"Self-management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
1193:
340:
such as walking or dressing becoming difficult. While COPD is incurable, it is preventable and treatable. The two most common types of COPD are
4082:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
12588:
4779:"Impact of Frailty on the Risk of Exacerbations and All-Cause Mortality in Elderly Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
13959:
10623:
McNamara RJ, McKeough ZJ, McKenzie DK, Alison JA (December 2013). "Water-based exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
7756:
1851:
8639:
3080:
inhalation of unfragmented hyaluronan overcame the effects of fragmented HA and reduced inflammation. Inhaled HA only acts locally in the
14202:
2609:
are one-way valves that may be used in those with severe hyperinflation resulting from advanced emphysema; a suitable target lobe and no
1746:
is not useful to establish a diagnosis of COPD but it is of use in either excluding other conditions or including comorbidities such as
808:
Anxiety and depression are often complications of COPD. Other complications include a reduced quality of life and increased disability,
11971:
4445:
2648:
is another imaging method that may be used to evaluate cases for surgical interventions and also to evaluate post-surgery responses. A
1976:
13714:
10809:"Inspiratory muscle training, with or without concomitant pulmonary rehabilitation, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
2664:
1903:
Most cases of COPD are potentially preventable through decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke and other indoor and outdoor pollutants.
1610:
1352:
5385:
Mekov E, Nuñez A, Sin DD, Ichinose M, Rhee CK, Maselli DJ, Coté A, Suppli Ulrik C, Maltais F, Anzueto A, Miravitlles M (June 2021).
2617:
of the lobe that ensures a reduction in residual volume that improves lung function, the capacity for exercise and quality of life.
12249:
10025:
Mammen MJ, Sethi S (2012). "Macrolide therapy for the prevention of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
8640:"Fluoroquinolone Antibacterial Drugs: Drug Safety Communication – FDA Advises Restricting Use for Certain Uncomplicated Infections"
7780:"Diagnostic accuracy of screening tools for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care: Rapid evidence synthesis"
4204:
3339:
1322:(AAT) also smokes. It is responsible for about 1–5% of cases and the condition is present in about three to four in 10,000 people.
12423:
8875:
8873:
8871:
1815:
1406:. Thus, airway remodelling with narrowing of peripheral airway and emphysema are responsible for the alteration of lung function.
853:
for COPD providing a protective role against COVID-19. Differentiating COVID-19 symptoms from an exacerbation is difficult; mild
13738:
13510:
12450:"Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease"
9163:"Indacaterol, a once-daily beta2-agonist, versus twice-daily beta₂-agonists or placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3435:
1050:
increased susceptibility for the later development of COPD. A genetic association for the variants has been sometimes found with
12899:
12353:"A Prospective Safety and Feasibility Study of the RejuvenAir™ System Metered Cryospray Therapy for Chronic Bronchitis Patients"
9747:"Comparative efficacy of long-acting muscarinic antagonist monotherapies in COPD: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"
8313:"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary"
7859:"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary"
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
2624:
coils instead of valves is recommended where there is collateral ventilation that would prevent the use of valves. Nitinol is a
1241:. Women are affected more as they have a greater exposure. These fuels are used as the main source of energy in 80% of homes in
11251:
8868:
8243:
4725:
1827:
1572:
1152:
it is often smoked in combination with tobacco or on its own by tobacco smokers. Higher use however has shown a decline in the
5536:
4006:
673:
may be bacterial or in combination sometimes secondary to a viral infection. The most common bacterial infection is caused by
12782:
12749:
12232:
12084:
10467:
10409:"Oxygen for breathlessness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy"
9558:
Jones P (April 2013). "Aclidinium bromide twice daily for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review".
8276:
8219:
8192:
8036:
7938:
7829:
7591:
7401:
7026:
6867:
6732:
6703:
6156:
6129:
6102:
5196:
3509:
3412:
3215:. RAO can be quite severe and most often is linked to exposure to common allergens. COPD is also commonly found in old dogs.
3026:
2306:(PDE4 inhibitors) are anti-inflammatories that improve lung function and reduce exacerbations in moderate to severe illness.
2093:
9601:
Cazzola M, Page CP, Matera MG (June 2013). "Aclidinium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
4474:"Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Airway Immunity Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of COPD Disease, Progression, and Exacerbation"
1074:
activity is diminished and an inflammatory response promoted. The damage leads to a susceptibility for infection, including
718:
The number of exacerbations is not seen to relate to any stage of the disease; those with two or more a year are classed as
12301:
Poggi C, Mantovani S, Pecoraro Y, Carillo C, Bassi M, D'Andrilli A, Anile M, Rendina EA, Venuta F, Diso D (November 2018).
3610:
2076:
In those with a severe exacerbation, antibiotics improve outcomes. A number of different antibiotics may be used including
1145:
use, also confer a risk. Water-pipe or hookah smoke appears to be as harmful or even more harmful than smoking cigarettes.
8002:
6222:
1552:, a chronic cough, sputum production, or frequent winter colds and a history of exposure to risk factors for the disease.
1347:
has identified more than 80 genome regions associated with COPD and further studies in these regions has been called for.
14171:
13954:
13709:
13107:
12993:
7417:
O'Donnell DE (April 2006). "Hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
3229:
2867:
such as lung cancer and cardiovascular disease and the number and severity of exacerbations needing hospital admittance.
2600:
2016:
1520:
in the lungs, while emphysema leads to the breakdown of capillaries in the lungs. Both of these conditions may result in
12871:
10896:"The Use of Spinal Manipulative Therapy in the Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review"
6576:
4440:
935:
The identification and recognition of different phenotypes can guide appropriate treatment approaches. For example, the
14207:
14197:
13964:
13760:
11656:
2963:
Early descriptions of probable emphysema began in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of "voluminous lungs" and in 1769 by
2859:
NICE recommends against the use of BODE for the prognosis assessment in stable COPD; factors such as exacerbations and
2645:
2387:
are not contraindicated for those with COPD and should only be used where there is concomitant cardiovascular disease.
2156:
898:
due to their pink complexion, fast breathing rate and pursed lips. Type B were chronic bronchitic types referred to as
825:
119:
8350:
6041:"The involvement of GM-CSF deficiencies in parallel pathways of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and the alcoholic lung"
3175:
American COPD patients and their caregivers consider the following COPD-related research areas as the most important:
14161:
13941:
13441:
13136:
13131:
4700:
2176:
12424:"First UK patients get pioneering new treatment for serious lung disease | Royal Brompton & Harefield hospitals"
12090:
2921:
is believed to have first been used in 1965. Previously it has been known by a number of different names, including
1103:(passive smoking) is the cause of 1.2 million deaths from the more than 8 million deaths worldwide each year due to
1011:
2734:
2097:
1595:(the maximum speed of expiration), commonly used in asthma diagnosis, is not sufficient for the diagnosis of COPD.
1399:). The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people. Air trapping precedes lung hyperinflation.
1391:
in which chronic, incompletely reversible poor airflow (airflow limitation) and an inability to breathe out fully (
967:
A pulmonary vascular COPD phenotype has been described due to cardiovascular dysfunction. A molecular phenotype of
564:
11392:
Duffy S, Marchetti N, Criner GJ (September 2020). "Surgical Therapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease".
11341:"Surgical and endoscopic interventions that reduce lung volume for emphysema: a systemic review and meta-analysis"
11073:"Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus inhalers for lung attacks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
10807:
Ammous O, Feki W, Lotfi T, Khamis AM, Gosselink R, Rebai A, Kammoun S (2023-01-06). Cochrane Airways Group (ed.).
2844:
There are many variables affecting the long-term outcome in COPD and GOLD recommends the use of a composite test (
2258:, another long-acting agent, reduces hospitalizations associated with COPD and improves quality of life. The LAMA
2108:. Fewer than 20% of exacerbations require hospital admission. In those without acidosis from respiratory failure,
1438:
involvement similar to that in asthma. Part of this cell response is brought on by inflammatory mediators such as
13905:
8997:"Recommendations | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE"
5494:
9369:"Triple therapy in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis"
2967:
of lungs which were "turgid particularly from air". In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh.
2555:
Keeping the indoor relative humidity above 40% RH significantly reduces the infectivity of aerosolized viruses.
14212:
14176:
13642:
13100:
8106:
6358:
Patel MP, Khangoora VS, Marik PE (October 2019). "A Review of the Pulmonary and Health Impacts of Hookah Use".
3821:
2837:
1782:
1311:
987:
793:
416:
12070:"Pathologic Features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis"
11985:
8462:
Lenferink A, Brusse-Keizer M, van der Valk PD, Frith PA, Zwerink M, Monninkhof EM, et al. (August 2017).
8003:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE"
4180:
13750:
5184:
2738:
2588:
2582:
2303:
1918:
1587:
criteria additionally require a FEV1 less than 80% of predicted. People with COPD also exhibit a decrease in
1575:(FEV1), which is the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath and the
1498:
1340:
920:
349:
234:
11564:
Valipour A (January 2017). "Bronchoscopic Thermal Vapour Ablation: Hot Stuff to Treat Emphysema Patients!".
10306:"Role of metformin in treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review"
7944:
3037:
It is generally accepted that COPD is widely underdiagnosed and many people remain untreated. In the US the
3009:
Modern treatments were developed during the second half of the 20th century. Evidence supporting the use of
1111:, and during the early life of the child is a risk factor for the later development of COPD in their child.
13949:
13900:
13733:
13671:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
3383:
3381:
3208:
3132:
3072:
2474:
2420:
2348:
1938:
1463:
1184:
1179:
9938:"Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
4525:"Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae chronic colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
796:(A1AD) is an important risk factor for COPD. It is advised that everybody with COPD be screened for A1AD.
13910:
11956:"National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011: Statistical Brief #160"
10656:"Non-invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
8239:
4965:
Clementi EA, Talusan A, Vaidyanathan S, Veerappan A, Mikhail M, Ostrofsky D, et al. (January 2019).
2514:, with both appearing to be equally effective. Nebulization may be easier for those who are more unwell.
2116:
670:
13080:
12765:
Churg A, Wright JL (2007). "Animal models of cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive lung disease".
12499:"The Biological Effects of Double-Dose Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Therapy. A Pilot Clinical Trial"
11439:"1 Recommendations | Endobronchial valve insertion to reduce lung volume in emphysema | Guidance | NICE"
9212:"The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
4865:
4601:
Halpin DM, Criner GJ, Papi A, Singh D, Anzueto A, Martinez FJ, Agusti AA, Vogelmeier CF (January 2021).
4573:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
3271:
1422:, appears to be the precursor for the development of emphysema. The inflammatory cells involved include
1371:
shown in upper diagram. Lungs damaged by COPD in lower diagram with an inset showing a cross-section of
14096:
12831:
Miller MS, Tilley LP, Smith FW (January 1989). "Cardiopulmonary disease in the geriatric dog and cat".
9062:"Inhaled corticosteroids versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
3393:
3358:
3131:
is being trialed and has been used as part of a clinical trial (2021) in a hospital in the UK. The new
2910:
2462:
2416:
1888:
1169:
1031:
839:
436:
380:
may coexist and converge in some individuals. COPD is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation.
337:
193:
12690:"Developing a patient-driven chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) research agenda in the U.S."
11096:
8415:"Action plans with brief patient education for exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
6529:"Effect of cannabis smoking on lung function and respiratory symptoms: a structured literature review"
2481:
this can lead to improvements in COPD symptoms. Supplemental nutrition may be useful in those who are
13969:
13594:
13568:
13293:
13194:
11340:
11322:
11320:
8702:
7752:
6958:
4402:
3128:
2980:
2957:
2291:
The use of corticosteroids is associated with a decrease in the number of lymphoid follicles (in the
1778:
857:
may delay its recognition and where they include loss of taste or smell COVID-19 is to be suspected.
777:
111:
11438:
4360:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Paving the Way to Lung Cancer"
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3497:
1318:(genetic subtype) with a specific treatment. This risk is particularly high if someone deficient in
13745:
13573:
13558:
13551:
13456:
13417:
13364:
13342:
13300:
13228:
13004:
3108:
has the potential to restore lung function and thereby improve quality of life. In June 2021 eight
2625:
2613:
are required for this procedure. The placement of one or more valves in the lobe induces a partial
2440:
2203:
2184:
2148:
2128:
1892:
1872:
1718:
1571:, a medication to open up the airways. Two main components are measured to make the diagnosis, the
1567:
measures the amount of airflow obstruction present and is generally carried out after the use of a
1388:
1333:
625:
and when it persists for more than three months each year for at least two years, it is defined as
456:
293:
2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (
286:
226:
197:
181:
13724:
11317:
9698:"Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
8792:
Wilson ME, Dobler CC, Morrow AS, Beuschel B, Alsawas M, Benkhadra R, et al. (February 2020).
8511:
Jolliffe DA, Greenberg L, Hooper RL, Mathyssen C, Rafiq R, de Jongh RT, et al. (April 2019).
6092:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3454:
2167:
causing them to relax and allow improved airflow. They reduce shortness of breath, tend to reduce
1591:
due to decreased surface area in the alveoli, as well as damage to the capillary bed. Testing the
1019:
13873:
13515:
13431:
13306:
10552:
10163:"Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
9850:
Chinet T, Dumoulin J, Honore I, Braun JM, Couderc LJ, Febvre M, et al. (December 2016). "".
8996:
4285:
3987:
3749:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
2527:
2105:
1521:
1395:) exist. The poor airflow is the result of small airways disease and emphysema (the breakdown of
1348:
1234:
1173:
850:
424:
115:
102:
61:
11775:
7858:
7748:
5949:"Effects of different routes of endotoxin injury on barrier function in alcoholic lung syndrome"
5268:
Ramírez-Venegas A, Torres-Duque CA, Guzmán-Bouilloud NE, González-García M, Sansores RH (2019).
5112:
4939:
3843:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
821:
669:. The common cold is usually associated with the winter months but can occur at any time. Other
13999:
13852:
13813:
13728:
13681:
13380:
13223:
8697:
2901:
2653:
2610:
2515:
2168:
1980:
1868:
1063:
907:
817:
761:
694:
675:
601:
The most often first symptom of COPD is a chronic cough, which may or may not be productive of
172:
13055:
12739:
12222:
10945:"Effectiveness of manual therapy in COPD: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials"
10457:
8311:
Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, et al. (February 2013).
8266:
8209:
8182:
7202:
obstruction predicts future chronic airflow obstruction: a multinational longitudinal study".
7045:
D'Ascanio M, Viccaro F, Calabrò N, Guerrieri G, Salvucci C, Pizzirusso D, et al. (2020).
6720:
6693:
6443:
Underner M, Urban T, Perriot J, Peiffer G, Harika-Germaneau G, Jaafari N (December 2018). "".
3679:
13261:
13233:
12688:
Gruß I, McCreary GM, Ivlev I, Houlihan ME, Yawn BP, Pasquale C, et al. (December 2021).
11265:
Noti JD, Blachere FM, McMillen CM, Lindsley WG, Kashon ML, Slaughter DR, Beezhold DH (2013).
9111:"Effect of long-acting beta-agonists on the frequency of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis"
8944:
Oba Y, Keeney E, Ghatehorde N, Dias S, et al. (Cochrane Airways Group) (December 2018).
7581:
7391:
6119:
3726:
3105:
2570:
2564:
2336:
2320:
2228:
2008:
1797:
Chest X-ray demonstrating severe COPD, displaying small heart size in comparison to the lungs
1419:
1407:
1127:
1067:
1007:
475:
7547:
6146:
3301:
1809:
A lateral chest X-ray of a person with emphysema, displaying barrel chest and flat diaphragm
1078:, more so when combined with smoking; smoking induces the upregulation of the expression of
715:. This same advice is offered in Canada and Australia to the effects of their forest fires.
13878:
13830:
13818:
13632:
13590:
13189:
11278:
11209:
9887:"Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
7351:"Flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation: key concepts in modern respiratory physiology"
6309:"Early life insults as determinants of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adult life"
6281:
5846:
4967:"Metabolic Syndrome and Air Pollution: A Narrative Review of Their Cardiopulmonary Effects"
3076:
3042:
2995:
2641:
2503:
2449:
2259:
2051:
2012:
1959:
1912:
1755:
1598:
1592:
1071:
835:
622:
578:
479:
460:
420:
247:
17:
13490:
11733:
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).
10360:"Oxygen therapy in COPD and interstitial lung disease: navigating the knowns and unknowns"
8604:
Mackay AJ, Hurst JR (July 2012). "COPD exacerbations: causes, prevention, and treatment".
7297:"The pathology of small airways disease in COPD: historical aspects and future directions"
6959:"COPD beyond proximal bronchial obstruction: phenotyping and related tools at the bedside"
6908:
Maselli DJ, Bhatt SP, Anzueto A, Bowler RP, DeMeo DL, Diaz AA, et al. (August 2019).
5735:
5267:
5070:"Pulmonary heart disease: The heart-lung interaction and its impact on patient phenotypes"
3006:. This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease.
2863:
need to be considered. Other factors that contribute to a poor outcome include older age,
2092:
when other options are available due to higher risks of serious side effects. In treating
999:
8:
14146:
14113:
13859:
13808:
13436:
13256:
13123:
12970:
6223:"Female Smokers Are at Greater Risk of Airflow Obstruction Than Male Smokers. UK Biobank"
6174:"Host, Gender, and Early-Life Factors as Risks for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
3148:
2606:
2412:
2047:
1447:
1319:
958:
924:
906:
and swollen ankles. These differences were suggested to be due to the presence or not of
568:
333:
298:
90:
11955:
11282:
11213:
11013:
10988:
10680:
10655:
9913:
9886:
9344:
9311:
7178:
7151:
5850:
4751:
4212:
3906:
2444:
significantly reduce future hospital admissions, mortality and improve quality of life.
14004:
13869:
13825:
13657:
13578:
13505:
13375:
12715:
12689:
12665:
12640:
12616:
12523:
12498:
12474:
12449:
12400:
12375:
12329:
12302:
12042:
12015:
11902:
11875:
11850:
11823:
11759:
11734:
11715:
11638:
11589:
11541:
11514:
11490:
11465:
11417:
11371:
11301:
11266:
11233:
11105:
11072:
10920:
10895:
10833:
10808:
10784:
10759:
10732:
10707:
10598:
10580:
10433:
10408:
10384:
10359:
10332:
10305:
10263:
10236:
10187:
10162:
10097:
10072:
10050:
9962:
9937:
9827:
9800:
9773:
9746:
9722:
9697:
9673:
9648:
9626:
9583:
9494:
9469:
9445:
9420:
9393:
9368:
9287:
9262:
9238:
9211:
9187:
9162:
9140:
9086:
9061:
8970:
8945:
8921:
8818:
8793:
8769:
8744:
8720:
8685:
8581:
8556:
8488:
8463:
8439:
8414:
8158:
8133:
8083:
8056:
7806:
7779:
7723:
7656:
7631:
7559:
7442:
7323:
7296:
7274:
7132:
7073:
7046:
6999:
6986:
6934:
6909:
6826:
6801:
6777:
6752:
6553:
6528:
6468:
6383:
6335:
6308:
6263:
6198:
6173:
6065:
6040:
6021:
5973:
5948:
5921:
5896:
5869:
5834:
5810:
5785:
5744:
5719:
5692:
5665:
5641:
5616:
5592:
5565:
5525:
5467:
5440:
5413:
5386:
5243:
5157:
5132:
5096:
5069:
5042:
5017:
4993:
4966:
4923:
4896:
4854:
4805:
4778:
4681:
4627:
4602:
4554:
4500:
4473:
4386:
4359:
4332:
4305:
4157:
4132:
4108:
4083:
4064:
3879:
3797:
3770:
3663:
3636:
3584:
3557:
3481:
3456:
3140:
2470:
1990:
1770:
1747:
1485:
1380:
1278:
1250:
1238:
1014:, non-silica dust (e.g., dust from gypsum, cement, limestone, marble and dolomite) and
874:
797:
769:
730:
650:
634:
626:
506:
392:
356:
345:
85:
12844:
12127:
11750:
11703:
11359:
10568:
8711:
8555:
Vollenweider DJ, Frei A, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA (October 2018).
7110:
4148:
4099:
3472:
1548:
The diagnosis of COPD should be considered in anyone over the age of 35 to 40 who has
1494:
14126:
13370:
13199:
13160:
13092:
13015:
12848:
12788:
12778:
12745:
12720:
12670:
12621:
12569:
12528:
12479:
12405:
12334:
12228:
12175:
12158:
Fishman AP (May 2005). "One hundred years of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
12080:
12047:
11963:
11907:
11855:
11764:
11719:
11707:
11630:
11625:
11608:
11581:
11546:
11495:
11421:
11409:
11363:
11306:
11225:
11182:
11110:
11053:
11018:
10966:
10925:
10873:
10838:
10789:
10737:
10685:
10636:
10584:
10572:
10509:
10463:
10438:
10389:
10337:
10268:
10192:
10143:
10102:
10042:
10007:
9967:
9918:
9867:
9832:
9778:
9727:
9678:
9618:
9575:
9540:
9499:
9450:
9398:
9349:
9331:
9292:
9243:
9192:
9132:
9127:
9110:
9091:
9042:
9038:
8975:
8926:
8850:
8823:
8774:
8725:
8621:
8586:
8534:
8493:
8444:
8332:
8272:
8215:
8188:
8163:
8088:
8032:
7981:
7934:
7878:
7811:
7702:
7661:
7587:
7586:(5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 69.
7551:
7477:
7434:
7397:
7372:
7328:
7278:
7266:
7183:
7136:
7124:
7078:
7022:
7003:
6991:
6939:
6863:
6831:
6782:
6728:
6699:
6674:
6624:
6558:
6509:
6460:
6425:
6387:
6375:
6340:
6255:
6203:
6152:
6125:
6098:
6070:
6025:
6013:
5978:
5926:
5874:
5815:
5749:
5697:
5646:
5597:
5529:
5517:
5472:
5418:
5367:
5332:
5291:
5235:
5192:
5162:
5101:
5047:
5033:
4998:
4928:
4846:
4810:
4685:
4673:
4632:
4558:
4546:
4505:
4391:
4337:
4274:
4162:
4113:
4068:
4056:
3976:
3871:
3863:
3802:
3668:
3589:
3486:
3155:
3135:
which takes about an hour to carry out, places electrodes to destroy branches of the
3101:
2964:
2498:
2466:
2172:
used with a long-acting beta-2 agonist is more effective than either one on its own.
1929:
1451:
1264:
1157:
1100:
688:
526:
448:
408:
207:
160:
73:
12987:
12983:
12979:
12975:
12497:
Campos MA, Geraghty P, Holt G, Mendes E, Newby PR, Ma S, et al. (August 2019).
11642:
11593:
11375:
11237:
10407:
Ekström M, Ahmadi Z, Bornefalk-Hermansson A, Abernethy A, Currow D (November 2016).
10122:"Preventing COPD exacerbations with macrolides: a review and budget impact analysis"
10054:
9885:
Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, Gibson PG, Wood-Baker R, Walters EH (September 2014).
9630:
9144:
8882:, pp. 48–52, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
8235:
8214:(4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 521–522.
7563:
7446:
6601:
Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM (September 2006).
6472:
6371:
5554:, pp. 54–58, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
4130:
4028:, pp. 60–65, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
3934:
3883:
3442:, pp. 40–46, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
2741:
lost to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
14069:
14062:
13926:
13847:
13686:
13622:
13471:
12840:
12770:
12710:
12700:
12660:
12652:
12611:
12607:
12603:
12559:
12518:
12510:
12469:
12465:
12461:
12395:
12387:
12324:
12314:
12167:
12123:
12037:
12027:
11897:
11887:
11845:
11835:
11754:
11746:
11699:
11620:
11573:
11536:
11526:
11485:
11477:
11401:
11355:
11296:
11286:
11217:
11172:
11100:
11092:
11088:
11084:
11049:
11045:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10956:
10915:
10907:
10865:
10828:
10824:
10820:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10632:
10628:
10564:
10499:
10428:
10424:
10420:
10379:
10371:
10327:
10317:
10258:
10248:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10133:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10034:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9859:
9822:
9812:
9768:
9758:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9610:
9587:
9567:
9530:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9388:
9380:
9339:
9327:
9323:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9233:
9223:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9122:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9034:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8893:
8813:
8805:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8715:
8707:
8613:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8524:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8324:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8078:
8068:
7971:
7870:
7801:
7791:
7692:
7651:
7643:
7543:
7469:
7426:
7362:
7318:
7308:
7256:
7248:
7219:
7211:
7173:
7163:
7114:
7106:
7068:
7058:
6981:
6973:
6929:
6921:
6821:
6813:
6772:
6764:
6666:
6657:
Pirozzi C, Scholand MB (July 2012). "Smoking cessation and environmental hygiene".
6614:
6548:
6540:
6499:
6452:
6417:
6367:
6330:
6320:
6267:
6245:
6237:
6193:
6185:
6060:
6052:
6005:
5968:
5960:
5916:
5908:
5864:
5854:
5805:
5797:
5767:
5739:
5731:
5687:
5677:
5636:
5628:
5587:
5577:
5509:
5462:
5452:
5408:
5398:
5359:
5322:
5281:
5247:
5225:
5152:
5144:
5091:
5081:
5037:
5029:
4988:
4978:
4918:
4908:
4858:
4838:
4800:
4790:
4663:
4622:
4614:
4536:
4495:
4485:
4381:
4371:
4327:
4317:
4266:
4152:
4144:
4103:
4095:
4048:
3968:
3855:
3792:
3782:
3658:
3648:
3579:
3569:
3476:
3468:
3455:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016).
3224:
2860:
2539:
2152:
2089:
1517:
1443:
1431:
1274:
1046:
882:
781:
723:
618:
107:
65:
13066:
12352:
10073:"Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
9535:
9518:
8529:
8512:
7252:
6056:
5964:
5912:
4897:"Treatment of lung disease in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a systematic review"
4541:
4524:
1225:
Poorly ventilated fires used for cooking and heating, are often fueled by coal or
46:
Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD)
14091:
14043:
13931:
13882:
13803:
13719:
13527:
13009:
12391:
12142:
11291:
11267:"High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs"
10961:
10944:
10869:
9614:
9519:"Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications"
9470:"Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
7473:
7367:
7350:
6619:
6602:
6456:
6421:
5441:"Impact and prevention of severe exacerbations of COPD: a review of the evidence"
5327:
5310:
5230:
5148:
4270:
3972:
2849:
2354:
2120:
2058:
1481:
1396:
1095:
972:
878:
765:
680:
662:
384:
364:
215:
145:
11481:
10375:
10253:
8842:
7930:
Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation and Treatment of Tobacco Dependence
7898:"Spirometry in practice – a practical guide to using spirometry in primary care"
7796:
7215:
6925:
5513:
4842:
2968:
2836:
COPD is progressive and can lead to premature death. It is estimated that 3% of
2155:; either in long-acting or short-acting forms. Beta2–adrenergic agonists target
2147:
basis; their use on a regular basis is not recommended. The two major types are
1717:
A number of methods can be used to assess the affects and severity of COPD. The
14029:
13691:
13602:
13522:
13332:
13327:
13069:
12705:
12656:
12514:
12171:
11577:
10210:
10138:
10121:
8617:
8328:
7874:
7647:
7168:
6977:
6768:
6670:
6241:
4618:
4322:
3234:
3162:
3113:
3109:
3081:
3014:
2988:
2404:
2380:
2285:
2276:
2140:
2066:
2062:
1880:
1751:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1302:
effects of dust exposure and cigarette smoke exposure appear to be cumulative.
976:
936:
471:
467:
463:
305:, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (
254:
250:
230:
185:
13020:
11892:
11405:
11221:
9863:
9817:
9571:
8365:
8073:
7430:
7313:
6189:
6009:
5213:
3907:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Aetiology | BMJ Best Practice"
3859:
3574:
1721:
or the COPD assessment test (CAT) are simple questionnaires that may be used.
979:
has been described with a difficulty noted of determining the best treatment.
14191:
14121:
13835:
13546:
12873:
Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2021 Report
11925:
9335:
7976:
7959:
7724:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Criteria | BMJ Best Practice"
7224:
6910:"Clinical Epidemiology of COPD: Insights From 10 Years of the COPDGene Study"
6802:"Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: a commonly overlooked cause of lung disease"
5582:
5086:
4490:
4450:
3867:
2897:
2864:
2507:
2428:
2424:
2160:
1994:
1759:
1230:
1214:
1104:
1059:
1003:
809:
757:
745:
741:
432:
396:
360:
310:
149:
12960:
12956:
12952:
12319:
12032:
11824:"Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a literature review"
11531:
11515:"Lung volume reduction with endobronchial coils for patients with emphysema"
11339:
van Geffen WH, Slebos DJ, Herth FJ, Kemp SV, Weder W, Shah PL (April 2019).
11177:
11160:
10504:
10487:
10322:
10286:
9310:
Fukuda N, Horita N, Kaneko A, Goto A, Kaneko T, Ota E, Kew KM (2023-06-05).
8809:
7697:
7680:
7119:
6544:
5859:
5350:
Postma DS, Rabe KF (24 September 2015). "The Asthma–COPD Overlap Syndrome".
3653:
2015:
to help reduce the risk of exacerbations; CDC and GOLD 2024 also recommends
801:
morbidity and mortality and this rate is amplified when comorbid with COPD.
14058:
14011:
13396:
13348:
13217:
12792:
12724:
12674:
12625:
12573:
12532:
12483:
12409:
12338:
12179:
12051:
11967:
11911:
11859:
11768:
11711:
11634:
11585:
11550:
11499:
11413:
11367:
11310:
11229:
11186:
11114:
11057:
11022:
10970:
10929:
10877:
10842:
10793:
10741:
10689:
10640:
10576:
10513:
10442:
10393:
10341:
10272:
10196:
10147:
10106:
10046:
10011:
9971:
9922:
9871:
9836:
9782:
9731:
9682:
9622:
9579:
9544:
9503:
9454:
9402:
9353:
9296:
9247:
9196:
9136:
9095:
9046:
8979:
8930:
8854:
8827:
8778:
8729:
8625:
8590:
8554:
8538:
8497:
8448:
8336:
8167:
8092:
7985:
7882:
7815:
7706:
7665:
7555:
7481:
7438:
7376:
7332:
7270:
7187:
7128:
7082:
6995:
6943:
6835:
6786:
6678:
6628:
6562:
6513:
6504:
6487:
6464:
6429:
6379:
6344:
6259:
6250:
6207:
6074:
6017:
5982:
5930:
5878:
5819:
5753:
5701:
5650:
5601:
5521:
5476:
5422:
5371:
5336:
5295:
5166:
5105:
5051:
5002:
4932:
4850:
4814:
4677:
4636:
4550:
4509:
4395:
4341:
4278:
4166:
4117:
4060:
3980:
3958:
3875:
3806:
3787:
3672:
3593:
3490:
3018:
2482:
2384:
2358:
2340:
2332:
2239:
agonist drugs that require twice-daily dosing for people with stable COPD.
2085:
2061:
are used in the management of stable COPD and exacerbations. These include
2027:
1884:
1512:
1392:
1206:
1201:
1134:
1027:
802:
773:
684:
654:
630:
189:
12879:. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 25 November 2020
12852:
12276:"NIH study shows hyaluronan is effective in treating chronic lung disease"
10911:
10406:
9060:
Spencer S, Karner C, Cates CJ, Evans DJ (December 2011). Spencer S (ed.).
6488:"A Systematic Review of the Respiratory Effects of Inhalational Marijuana"
5632:
5566:"Imbalance Between Injury and Defense in the COPD Emphysematous Phenotype"
5363:
5311:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and phenotypes: a state-of-the-art"
5309:
Corlateanu A, Mendez Y, Wang Y, Garnica RJ, Botnaru V, Siafakas N (2020).
5286:
5269:
5239:
4983:
2668:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths per million persons in 2012:
14156:
14103:
14086:
14081:
14034:
13989:
13840:
13788:
13755:
13627:
13356:
13288:
13251:
13206:
13141:
13050:
10527:
9367:
Zheng Y, Zhu J, Liu Y, Lai W, Lin C, Qiu K, et al. (November 2018).
8389:
8134:"Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
7616:
7063:
6325:
5835:"Human airway branch variation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
5457:
5403:
4913:
4304:
O'Donnell DE, Milne KM, James MD, de Torres JP, Neder JA (January 2020).
3523:
3169:
3136:
3117:
3088:
2913:, who made one of the earliest recorded descriptions of emphysema in 1769
2614:
2519:
2307:
2243:
2224:
2215:
2199:
2144:
2131:
may be used to support breathing and also reduce daytime breathlessness.
2081:
2077:
2070:
2022:
1946:
1922:
1774:
1743:
1508:
1450:
in tobacco smoke and released by inflammatory cells and breakdown of the
1219:
954:
939:
789:
666:
590:
487:
452:
388:
211:
78:
12546:
Nambiar S, Bong How S, Gummer J, Trengove R, Moodley Y (February 2020).
11840:
9763:
9228:
8557:"Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
8268:
Chest medicine : essentials of pulmonary and critical care medicine
7261:
6817:
6039:
Slovinsky WS, Romero F, Sales D, Shaghaghi H, Summer R (November 2019).
5682:
5133:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19: interrelationships"
4795:
4652:"Covid lockdown: England sees fewer cases of colds, flu, and bronchitis"
4376:
2906:
2644:
might be considered. A CT scan may be useful in surgery considerations.
1773:
is used to determine the need for oxygen supplementation and assess for
14076:
13676:
13662:
13637:
13612:
13607:
13541:
13412:
13388:
13337:
13211:
13176:
13151:
13075:
12587:
McLean S, Nurmatov U, Liu JL, Pagliari C, Car J, Sheikh A (July 2011).
12564:
12547:
12114:
Woolcock A (1984). "The Search for Words to Describe the Bad Blowers".
12075:. In Fishman A, Elias J, Fishman J, Grippi M, Senior R, Pack A (eds.).
10989:"Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
10038:
8461:
7960:"Smoking cessation treatment for COPD smokers: the role of counselling"
5801:
4306:"Dyspnea in COPD: New Mechanistic Insights and Management Implications"
3121:
3068:
3022:
2984:
2845:
2649:
2373:
2363:
2324:
2255:
2247:
2211:
2207:
2195:
2180:
2164:
1963:
1845:
Axial CT image of the lung of a person with end-stage bullous emphysema
1564:
1553:
1541:
1473:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1372:
1189:
1083:
1042:
950:
946:
737:
710:
658:
550:
440:
368:
306:
242:
165:
12935:
12774:
9384:
9261:
Nannini LJ, Lasserson TJ, Poole P (September 2012). Nannini LJ (ed.).
5617:"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary vascular disease"
4668:
4651:
1130:
that clears the bronchi of mucus, cellular debris and unwanted fluid.
289:
characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation.
14151:
13783:
13652:
13647:
13617:
13168:
13061:
13026:
9649:"Aclidinium bromide for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
9421:"Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
4895:
Edgar RG, Patel M, Bayliss S, Crossley D, Sapey E, Turner AM (2017).
4131:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).
4052:
3094:
2587:
For severe emphysema that has proved unresponsive to other therapies
2511:
2408:
2369:
2328:
2109:
2035:
2031:
1942:
1769:
is not routinely used except for the exclusion of bronchiectasis. An
1504:
1477:
1148:
1108:
1038:
866:
865:
Many definitions of COPD in the past included chronic bronchitis and
813:
702:
341:
318:
12914:
11159:
Osman LM, Ayres JG, Garden C, Reglitz K, Lyon J, Douglas JG (2008).
8132:
van Eerd EA, van der Meer RM, van Schayck OC, Kotz D (August 2016).
7044:
6883:
4964:
2423:
of less than 88%). When taking into account complications including
1469:
1430:, two types of white blood cells. Those who smoke additionally have
845:
It is unclear if those with COPD are at greater risk of contracting
589:. People with COPD often have increased breathlessness and frequent
14166:
14051:
13451:
13184:
11071:
Van Geffen WH, Douma WR, Slebos DJ, Kerstjens HA (29 August 2016).
10943:
Simonelli C, Vitacca M, Vignoni M, Ambrosino N, Paneroni M (2019).
10894:
Wearing J, Beaumont S, Forbes D, Brown B, Engel R (February 2016).
8131:
6721:"Relationship between cigarette smoking and occupational exposures"
2977:
A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation
2953:
2344:
2124:
2043:
1459:
1455:
1315:
1122:, the major component of alveoli. Smoke also impairs the action of
1115:
1075:
983:
903:
854:
846:
829:
760:) due in part to shared risk factors. Common comorbidities include
734:
706:
586:
573:
502:
412:
314:
153:
8413:
Howcroft M, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R, Walters JA (December 2016).
1536:
13404:
13280:
13031:
11960:
Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs
9799:
Chen H, Sun J, Huang Q, Liu Y, Yuan M, Ma C, et al. (2021).
5378:
3010:
2853:
2621:
2454:
2267:. Further research is needed comparing aclidinium to tiotropium.
2264:
1766:
1549:
1298:
1282:
1226:
1119:
1034:
is rated as the second most important risk factor after smoking.
1015:
733:
as sometimes being responsible in these cases. Signs can include
582:
428:
321:) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.
294:
12998:
12769:. Contributions to Microbiology. Vol. 14. pp. 113–25.
10942:
8510:
8412:
8351:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Treatment - NHS"
8271:(5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 172.
7632:"The importance of the assessment of pulmonary function in COPD"
7200:
4303:
3045:
to be an annual focus on increasing awareness of the condition.
2202:. They provide some relief of symptoms for four to six hours. A
998:
The cause of the development of COPD is the exposure to harmful
13501:
13314:
13243:
12947:
12908:
10358:
Khor YH, Renzoni EA, Visca D, McDonald CF, Goh NS (July 2019).
9161:
Geake JB, Dabscheck EJ, Wood-Baker R, Cates CJ (January 2015).
4472:
Guo-Parke H, Linden D, Weldon S, Kidney JC, Taggart CC (2020).
2856:(breathlessness) and exercise and not just spirometry results.
2251:
2232:
2220:
1876:
1286:
1142:
1123:
1023:
928:
785:
610:
606:
377:
177:
12833:
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
12020:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
11828:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
11466:"Endobronchial Valves for the Treatment of Advanced Emphysema"
11070:
10653:
10622:
9751:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
9216:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
6313:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
5897:"Alcohol use disorder: A pre-existing condition for COVID-19?"
5833:
Smith BM, Traboulsi H, Austin JM, et al. (January 2018).
5438:
5391:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
5270:"SMALLa AIRWAY DISEASE IN COPD ASSOCIATED TO BIOMASS EXPOSURE"
4885:, pp. 26–33, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
4256:
3819:
3409:, pp. 33–35, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
3390:, pp. 20–27, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
3302:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — Complications"
1821:
Lung bulla as seen on chest X-ray in a person with severe COPD
1781:
recommends that all those diagnosed with COPD be screened for
877:) whose walls break down resulting in permanent damage to the
13322:
12807:"Recurrent Airway Obstruction in Horses - Respiratory System"
12545:
12376:"Stem cell therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
12300:
10532:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
9160:
8394:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
7617:
Clinical guideline 101: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
6695:
Mosby's Pharmacy Technician – E-Book: Principles and Practice
6038:
5495:"Airway inflammation in COPD: progress to precision medicine"
5015:
3528:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
3204:
2502:
anticholinergic. These medications can be given either via a
2101:
1415:
1411:
1376:
1294:
1290:
1246:
1242:
1052:
602:
404:
329:
325:
302:
94:
11872:
11264:
11035:
10987:
Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Jones AP, Holland AE (March 2012).
10706:
McKeough ZJ, Velloso M, Lima VP, Alison JA (November 2016).
9744:
6603:"Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis"
6121:
Clinical management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5786:"Human lung development: recent progress and new challenges"
3556:
Myc LA, Shim YM, Laubach VE, Dimastromatteo J (April 2019).
3555:
3098:
is being trialed and was due to complete in September 2021.
2448:
exercises alone does not appear to improve quality of life.
1857:
Very severe emphysema with lung cancer on the left (CT scan)
1363:
945:
Two inflammatory phenotypes show a phenotype stability: the
679:. Other risks include exposure to tobacco smoke (active and
324:
The main symptoms of COPD include shortness of breath and a
13271:
10986:
10485:
10071:
Herath SC, Normansell R, Maisey S, Poole P (October 2018).
10070:
9984:
8683:
7857:
Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, et al. (February 2013).
7532:
7150:
Knox-Brown B, Patel J, Potts J, et al. (23 May 2023).
6600:
6442:
5308:
5214:"Anatomy and physiology of collateral respiratory pathways"
4471:
4430:, pp. 104–109, Chapter 5: Management of exacerbations.
3771:"Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD"
2952:
were formally defined as components of COPD in 1959 at the
2292:
2039:
1588:
1368:
1329:
1270:
1153:
1138:
1079:
968:
756:
COPD often occurs along with a number of other conditions (
400:
12589:"Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
12503:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
12224:
Global problems, local solutions : costs and benefits
12160:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
11880:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10893:
10760:"Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
10488:"BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients"
10304:
Zhu A, Teng Y, Ge D, Zhang X, Hu M, Yao X (October 2019).
10160:
9209:
8791:
8317:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
7863:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
7238:
6723:. In Barnes PJ, Drazen JM, Rennard SI, Thomson NC (eds.).
6485:
6407:
6230:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
6220:
5016:
Chan SH, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R (June 2019).
3769:
De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM (2018).
3017:
came into use in the 1960s following a promising trial of
990:(AATD) genetic subtype and this has a specific treatment.
722:
and these lead to a worsening in the disease progression.
12687:
12586:
11338:
10705:
9936:
Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, Wood-Baker R (March 2018).
9935:
9849:
7095:
6907:
6725:
Asthma and COPD: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Management
6221:
Amaral AF, Strachan DP, Burney PG, Jarvis DL (May 2017).
5615:
Kumar A, Mahajan A, Salazar EA, et al. (June 2021).
5387:"Update on Asthma–COPD Overlap (ACO): A Narrative Review"
4894:
4037:
3038:
2400:
Effect of oxygen on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
927:, which is a condition sharing clinical features of both
873:
definitions. Emphysema is defined as enlarged airspaces (
744:
without signs of infection. Such emboli could respond to
698:
12496:
12194:"November is National COPD Awareness Month | NHLBI, NIH"
10654:
Menadue C, Piper AJ, van 't Hul AJ, Wong KK (May 2014).
10357:
9517:
Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, Furberg CD (January 2013).
9467:
8184:
Essentials of nursing : care of adults and children
7396:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, BMJ Books. p. 32.
6956:
6486:
Martinasek MP, McGrogan JB, Maysonet A (November 2016).
4523:
Short B, Carson S, Devlin AC, et al. (March 2021).
4358:
Szalontai K, Gémes N, Furák J, et al. (June 2021).
3768:
3611:"ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
2526:
and a decreased level of consciousness. Corticosteroids
2518:
can be useful. Excessive oxygen; however, can result in
1544:. Smaller handheld devices are available for office use.
439:. The diagnosis is based on poor airflow as measured by
12641:"The Promising Effects of Astaxanthin on Lung Diseases"
11821:
11732:
11329:, pp. 92–96, Chapter 4: Management of stable COPD.
11158:
11134:
Pulmonary Disorders: Merck Manuals Professional Edition
10855:
10119:
9516:
9059:
8943:
8742:
7501:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - NICE Pathways"
7294:
5130:
4827:
4294:, pp. 90–96, Chapter 4: Management of stable COPD.
4003:, pp. 80–83, Chapter 4: Management of stable COPD.
1516:
which if present for a prolonged period, can result in
1066:
and is seen to be an independent risk factor for COPD.
726:
in ageing increases exacerbations and hospitalization.
403:, exposure to occupational irritants such as dust from
52:
13122:
12251:
The Global Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases
11688:
9745:
Ismaila AS, Huisman EL, Punekar YS, Karabis A (2015).
9468:
Cheyne L, Irvin-Sellers MJ, White J (September 2015).
9309:
7957:
7295:
Higham A, Quinn AM, Cançado JE, Singh D (March 2019).
6857:
5663:
5439:
Halpin DM, Miravitlles M, Metzdorf N, Celli B (2017).
5121:, pp. 121–126, Chapter 6: COPD and comorbidities.
4948:, pp. 26–33, 2. Diagnosis and initial assessment.
4081:
3848:
COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
3139:
in the lungs. The vagus nerve is responsible for both
3064:
COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
687: – both indoor and outdoor. During the
363:
have broken down resulting in permanent damage to the
11784:, pp. 26–33, Chapter 2:Diagnosis and assessment.
10806:
10486:
O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (October 2008).
9884:
9260:
9210:
Decramer ML, Hanania NA, Lötvall JO, Yawn BP (2013).
8310:
7612:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
7534:
Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society".
5384:
4600:
3822:"Asthma COPD and asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS)"
490:, corticosteroids and hospitalization may be needed.
68:
usually caused by smoking and a major feature of COPD
12925:
11391:
8684:
Decramer M, Janssens W, Miravitlles M (April 2012).
7149:
6957:
Capron T, Bourdin A, Perez T, Chanez P (June 2019).
6750:
6577:"Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking"
5894:
5832:
3723:, pp. 8–14, Chapter 1: Definition and overview.
1442:. Other processes involved with lung damage include
10889:
10887:
8031:(6th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. pp. 900–1.
7933:. World Health Organization. 2003. pp. 15–40.
7895:
6718:
6357:
5895:Bailey KL, Samuelson DR, Wyatt TA (February 2021).
5614:
5067:
4357:
3756:, pp. 4–8, Chapter 1: Definition and overview.
3634:
3508:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFGold_Report_20242024 (
8187:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 338.
7348:
5492:
2573:in cases of severe emphysema with hyperinflation.
1589:diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
1418:production. Small airway disease sometimes called
1133:Other types of tobacco smoke, such as from cigar,
705:do not give protection from the fine particles in
541:The sound of wheezing as heard with a stethoscope.
12830:
12373:
12303:"Bronchoscopic treatment of emphysema: an update"
10900:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
10234:
10161:Poole P, Sathananthan K, Fortescue R (May 2019).
9600:
7830:"saber sheath trachea | Search | Radiopaedia.org"
7777:
6753:"Genes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
5946:
5783:
5131:Singh D, Mathioudakis AG, Higham A (March 2022).
4522:
3952:
3506:, p. 15, Chapter 1: Definition and overview.
1993:by 85%. Using alternative energy sources such as
1585:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1237:and are one of the most common causes of COPD in
1018:. Host factors include a genetic susceptibility,
975:. A combined phenotype of chronic bronchitis and
942:is targeted at the chronic-bronchitic phenotype.
14189:
12447:
11161:"Home warmth and health status of COPD patients"
10982:
10980:
10884:
10701:
10699:
9418:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
7856:
7852:
7850:
6800:Brode SK, Ling SC, Chapman KR (September 2012).
6799:
6124:(2nd ed.). Informa Healthcare. p. 23.
5784:Nikolić MZ, Sun D, Rawlins EL (15 August 2018).
5343:
5068:Forfia PR, Vaidya A, Wiegers SE (January 2013).
3503:
3091:aimed at the chronic bronchitic subtype using a
3021:. Further bronchodilators, such as short-acting
2279:are anti-inflammatories that are recommended by
2050:and health-related quality of life. Significant
1410:is particularly altered with a dysregulation of
1114:Inhaled smoke triggers the release of excessive
1010:. The three main types of construction dust are
12374:Chen YT, Miao K, Zhou L, Xiong WN (June 2021).
12079:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 693–705.
12009:
12007:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11999:
11876:"Sex differences in severe pulmonary emphysema"
11822:Rycroft CE, Heyes A, Lanza L, Becker K (2012).
9798:
8840:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7016:
6862:(18th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 2151–9.
6656:
5768:"FAQs Dust - Health and Safety Executive (HSE)"
5666:"Clinical issues of mucus accumulation in COPD"
4776:
3558:"Role of medical and molecular imaging in COPD"
3158:is being studied as a diagnostic tool in COPD.
2242:The two main anticholinergics used in COPD are
1501:to irritants similar to those found in asthma.
1355:(NHLBI) to identify rare genetic determinants.
11463:
11130:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)"
10303:
10120:Simoens S, Laekeman G, Decramer M (May 2013).
9414:
9412:
9366:
9108:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
6751:Foreman MG, Campos M, Celedón JC (July 2012).
6746:
6744:
6094:Oxford Handbook of Epidemiology for Clinicians
5947:Smith P, Jeffers LA, Koval M (November 2019).
4777:Luo J, Zhang D, Tang W, Dou LY, Sun Y (2021).
3340:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)"
2488:
1218:poor outdoor air quality, including that from
13108:
11606:
11512:
11199:
10977:
10696:
9156:
9154:
9115:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
8285:
7997:
7995:
7958:Jiménez-Ruiz CA, Fagerström KO (March 2013).
7847:
7575:
7573:
7416:
7021:(10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 498–502.
6144:
6097:. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–290.
5488:
5486:
5178:
5176:
4701:"Health Effects Attributed to Wildfire Smoke"
3841:
3168:Evidence is growing for the effectiveness of
3025:, were developed in the 1970s and the use of
1094:The primary risk factor for COPD globally is
1070:is disrupted by chronic exposure to alcohol;
64:, with enlarged airspaces in the centre of a
27:Lung disease involving long-term poor airflow
12870:
12216:
12214:
12151:
12063:
12061:
11996:
11953:
11930:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
11781:
11684:
11682:
11326:
11252:"Humidifiers: Ease skin, breathing symptoms"
10757:
10753:
10751:
10591:
9020:
9018:
8879:
8207:
7600:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7419:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
5713:
5711:
5664:Osadnik CR, McDonald CF, Holland AE (2014).
5551:
5118:
4945:
4882:
4427:
4353:
4351:
4291:
4025:
4000:
3753:
3720:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3406:
3387:
2923:chronic obstructive bronchopulmonary disease
2656:occupies more than a third of a hemithorax.
1351:is an ongoing collaboration (2019) with the
1269:Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace
355:Emphysema is defined as enlarged airspaces (
12824:
12764:
12737:
12638:
12596:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
12580:
12454:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
12448:Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK (September 2016).
12227:. Cambridge University Press. p. 143.
12107:
12067:
11949:
11947:
11332:
11038:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10993:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10764:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10712:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10660:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10625:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10481:
10479:
10413:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10077:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10066:
10064:
10024:
10018:
9942:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9891:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9702:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9653:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9474:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9425:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9409:
9316:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9267:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9167:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9109:Wang J, Nie B, Xiong W, Xu Y (April 2012).
9066:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8950:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8901:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8662:
8603:
8597:
8561:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8550:
8548:
8468:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8419:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8138:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8050:
8048:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7822:
7784:Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7349:Calverley PM, Koulouris NG (January 2005).
7344:
7342:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6741:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6306:
6171:
6086:
6084:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
3635:Martini K, Frauenfelder T (November 2020).
3004:Journal of the American Medical Association
2960:Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards.
2558:
2112:may be able to help avoid some admissions.
2096:(acutely raised levels of carbon dioxide),
1434:involvement and some people with COPD have
709:and instead advise the use of well-fitting
13115:
13101:
12767:Models of Exacerbations in Asthma and COPD
12741:Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals
12077:Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders
11918:
11657:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
11097:11370/95fc3e6e-ebd0-440f-9721-489729f80add
10550:
10237:"Mucus, Microbiomes and Pulmonary Disease"
9642:
9640:
9510:
9151:
8891:
8834:
8370:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8366:"RSV information for healthcare providers"
8180:
8026:
7992:
7570:
7290:
7288:
7089:
6860:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
6526:
6403:
6401:
6399:
6397:
5779:
5777:
5483:
5434:
5432:
5349:
5302:
5185:"6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"
5182:
5173:
4446:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3935:"COPD causes - occupations and substances"
3820:GINA and GOLD joint guidelines Ga (2014).
3764:
3762:
1977:Indoor air pollution in developing nations
661:. The usual cause of an exacerbation is a
51:
13715:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
12714:
12704:
12664:
12615:
12563:
12522:
12473:
12399:
12328:
12318:
12211:
12058:
12041:
12031:
11932:. Center for Disease Control. 9 June 2021
11901:
11891:
11849:
11839:
11758:
11679:
11624:
11600:
11557:
11540:
11530:
11489:
11457:
11433:
11431:
11387:
11385:
11300:
11290:
11176:
11121:
11104:
11029:
11012:
10960:
10919:
10832:
10783:
10748:
10731:
10679:
10503:
10432:
10383:
10331:
10321:
10262:
10252:
10186:
10137:
10096:
9961:
9912:
9902:
9826:
9816:
9794:
9792:
9772:
9762:
9721:
9695:
9672:
9534:
9493:
9444:
9392:
9343:
9286:
9237:
9227:
9203:
9186:
9126:
9085:
9024:
9015:
8991:
8989:
8969:
8920:
8817:
8768:
8736:
8719:
8701:
8580:
8528:
8487:
8438:
8157:
8082:
8072:
7975:
7805:
7795:
7778:Tyagi J, Moola S, Bhaumik S (June 2021).
7696:
7672:
7655:
7488:
7453:
7410:
7366:
7322:
7312:
7260:
7223:
7177:
7167:
7118:
7072:
7062:
7040:
7038:
6985:
6933:
6825:
6793:
6776:
6719:Barnes PJ, Drazen JM, Rennard SI (2009).
6698:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 610.
6618:
6552:
6503:
6334:
6324:
6249:
6197:
6064:
6032:
5972:
5942:
5940:
5920:
5890:
5888:
5868:
5858:
5809:
5743:
5717:
5708:
5691:
5681:
5640:
5591:
5581:
5466:
5456:
5412:
5402:
5326:
5285:
5229:
5211:
5205:
5156:
5095:
5085:
5063:
5061:
5041:
4992:
4982:
4922:
4912:
4804:
4794:
4667:
4649:
4643:
4626:
4596:
4594:
4540:
4499:
4489:
4465:
4385:
4375:
4348:
4331:
4321:
4156:
4107:
4075:
3796:
3786:
3662:
3652:
3583:
3573:
3480:
3445:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3013:in COPD was published in the late 1950s.
2347:and changes to the heart rhythm known as
2104:) can decrease mortality and the need of
1862:
470:. Some people may benefit from long-term
12140:
12113:
11978:
11944:
11815:
11792:
11790:
11726:
11563:
11506:
10476:
10462:. Jaypee Brothers Medical. p. 139.
10353:
10351:
10228:
10061:
9646:
9419:Karner C, Chong J, Poole P (July 2014).
8885:
8545:
8099:
8054:
8045:
7951:
7916:
7678:
7519:
7339:
7010:
6901:
6842:
6712:
6635:
6436:
6138:
6081:
5493:Brightling C, Greening N (August 2019).
4951:
4252:
4250:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3637:"Advances in imaging for lung emphysema"
3605:
3603:
2905:
2733:
2663:
2497:(flare-ups) that are commonly caused by
1962:workers for early signs of COPD, use of
1535:
1468:
1362:
1353:National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
1258:
1183:
501:
13739:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
12799:
12548:"Metabolomics in chronic lung diseases"
12490:
12220:
12157:
11077:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10813:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10758:Ngai SP, Jones AY, Tam WW (June 2016).
10708:"Upper limb exercise training for COPD"
10235:Meldrum OW, Chotirmall SH (June 2021).
9988:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9637:
8745:"Palliative care in pulmonary medicine"
8743:Oliveira EP, Medeiros Junior P (2020).
8686:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
8211:Environmental and occupational medicine
7718:
7716:
7548:10.7326/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00008
7285:
7143:
6520:
6394:
6360:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
6274:
6117:
6111:
5774:
5657:
5563:
5429:
5191:(7th ed.). Elsevier. p. 104.
4219:
4197:
4124:
3759:
3628:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3272:"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
2143:are the primary medications used on an
1556:is then used to confirm the diagnosis.
1509:high carbon dioxide levels in the blood
1462:) that are insufficiently inhibited by
894:. Type A were emphysema types known as
567:of COPD is the chronic and progressive
14:
14190:
12632:
12367:
12294:
12268:
11428:
11382:
10455:
9789:
8986:
8264:
7629:
7459:
7389:
7035:
6950:
6691:
6300:
6172:Han MK, Martinez FJ (September 2020).
5995:
5989:
5937:
5885:
5058:
4744:
4698:
4591:
4571:
3929:
3927:
3319:
3247:
3032:
2939:diffuse obstructive pulmonary syndrome
2848:) that includes the main variables of
1981:Air pollution § Pollution control
1952:
1573:forced expiratory volume in one second
1345:International COPD Genetics Consortium
869:but these have never been included in
812:, frequent chest infections including
558:
13096:
13081:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
12905:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
12416:
12355:. clinicaltrials.gov. 25 January 2021
12247:
12013:
11787:
11607:Mortensen J, Berg RM (January 2019).
11513:Welling JB, Slebos DJ (August 2018).
11140:from the original on 28 December 2016
10459:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
10348:
10279:
10027:Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej
9647:Ni H, Soe Z, Moe S (September 2014).
9557:
8246:from the original on December 3, 2013
7759:from the original on December 3, 2013
7579:
7241:Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
7232:
6533:npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine
6351:
5826:
5736:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121224
5608:
4888:
4692:
4516:
4247:
3890:
3842:Agusti À, Soriano JB (January 2008).
3600:
2935:nonspecific chronic pulmonary disease
2919:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2094:acute hypercapnic respiratory failure
497:
279:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
38:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
12921:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
12693:Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes
12345:
12257:. World Economic Forum. p. 24.
12186:
10297:
10203:
8606:The Medical Clinics of North America
7713:
7636:The Medical Clinics of North America
7017:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC (2018).
6876:
6757:The Medical Clinics of North America
6659:The Medical Clinics of North America
6090:
5009:
4718:
4433:
4234:www.assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
3540:
3289:
2743:
2569:There are a number of procedures to
2533:
2314:
1970:
1906:
14172:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
12280:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
8892:Farne HA, Cates CJ (October 2015).
8363:
8208:Rom WN, Markowitz SB, eds. (2007).
8020:
6527:Ribeiro LI, Ind PW (October 2016).
6165:
5557:
5261:
4770:
4565:
3924:
3230:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
3161:Research continues into the use of
2987:, which allowed the measurement of
2956:guest symposium and in 1962 at the
2601:Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
1446:produced by high concentrations of
902:due to low oxygen levels causing a
751:
348:and have been the two classic COPD
24:
14203:Chronic lower respiratory diseases
13761:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
13124:Diseases of the respiratory system
11464:Klooster K, Slebos DJ (May 2021).
7964:Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease
6479:
2646:Ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy
2635:
2298:
2284:relationship has been noted. Oral
2270:
2194:agonists are available, including
2134:
2123:is focused on relieving symptoms.
1833:A severe case of bullous emphysema
1358:
635:a brief loss of consciousness
515:
25:
14224:
12893:
12128:10.1378/chest.85.6_Supplement.73S
9696:Ni H, Htet A, Moe S (June 2017).
9603:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
4756:National Centre for Farmer Health
2902:Chronic bronchitis § History
2435:
2393:
2177:long-acting muscarinic antagonist
2175:Which type of long-acting agent,
1933:success in nearly 40% of people.
1022:, aging and physical inactivity.
904:bluish color to the skin and lips
383:The most common cause of COPD is
12758:
12731:
12681:
12539:
12441:
12264:from the original on 2015-02-04.
12241:
12134:
11974:from the original on 2017-03-14.
11866:
11649:
11626:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.10.010
11348:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
11258:
11244:
11193:
11152:
11127:
11064:
10936:
10849:
10800:
10647:
10616:
10544:
10520:
10449:
10400:
10154:
10113:
9978:
9929:
9878:
9852:Revue des Maladies Respiratoires
9843:
9738:
9689:
9594:
9551:
9461:
9360:
9303:
9254:
9128:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01285.x
9102:
9053:
9039:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.12.008
8937:
8785:
8749:Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
8650:from the original on 16 May 2016
8632:
8504:
8455:
8406:
8382:
8357:
8343:
8258:
8228:
8201:
8174:
8125:
7889:
7771:
7741:
7623:
7462:The American Journal of Medicine
7383:
7355:The European Respiratory Journal
7194:
6607:The European Respiratory Journal
5218:The European Respiratory Journal
5189:Principles of pulmonary medicine
5034:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.013
4574:"Particulate Matter (PM) Basics"
4529:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
4449:. 7 October 2020. Archived from
3198:
3179:family/social/community research
2931:chronic obstructive lung disease
2652:may be carried out when a giant
2594:
2546:
2493:People with COPD can experience
2127:can improve exercise tolerance.
2098:bilevel positive airway pressure
2046:can improve weight, strength of
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1480:(left – large empty spaces) and
657:giving a difficulty in complete
640:
549:Problems playing this file? See
531:
486:, increased use of medications,
12639:Cheng J, Eroglu A (June 2021).
11667:from the original on 2009-11-11
10557:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
10553:"GOLD COPD report: 2024 update"
9027:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
7051:Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
6685:
6594:
6569:
6372:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201902-129CME
6214:
5760:
5670:Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
5445:Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
5352:New England Journal of Medicine
5124:
4901:Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
4821:
4297:
4173:
4031:
3835:
3813:
2870:
1653:After a few minutes of walking
1020:factors associated with poverty
949:inflammatory phenotype and the
585:, weight loss, muscle loss and
482:. In those who have periods of
328:, which may or may not produce
210:, improving indoor and outdoor
14177:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
12863:
12608:10.1002/14651858.CD007718.pub2
12466:10.1002/14651858.CD007851.pub3
11089:10.1002/14651858.CD011826.pub2
11050:10.1002/14651858.CD000998.pub3
11005:10.1002/14651858.CD008328.pub2
10825:10.1002/14651858.CD013778.pub2
10776:10.1002/14651858.CD009953.pub2
10724:10.1002/14651858.CD011434.pub2
10672:10.1002/14651858.CD007714.pub2
10633:10.1002/14651858.CD008290.pub2
10425:10.1002/14651858.CD006429.pub3
10179:10.1002/14651858.CD001287.pub6
10089:10.1002/14651858.CD009764.pub3
10000:10.1002/14651858.CD011600.pub3
9954:10.1002/14651858.CD006897.pub4
9904:10.1002/14651858.CD001288.pub4
9714:10.1002/14651858.CD011897.pub2
9665:10.1002/14651858.CD010509.pub2
9486:10.1002/14651858.CD009552.pub3
9437:10.1002/14651858.CD009285.pub3
9328:10.1002/14651858.CD012066.pub3
9279:10.1002/14651858.CD006829.pub2
9179:10.1002/14651858.CD010139.pub2
9078:10.1002/14651858.CD007033.pub3
8962:10.1002/14651858.CD012620.pub2
8913:10.1002/14651858.CD008989.pub3
8841:Almadhoun K, Sharma S (2021).
8573:10.1002/14651858.CD010257.pub2
8480:10.1002/14651858.CD011682.pub2
8431:10.1002/14651858.CD005074.pub4
8150:10.1002/14651858.CD010744.pub2
7900:. pp. 8–9. Archived from
7681:"The MRC breathlessness scale"
5996:Arvers P (December 2018). "".
5718:Silverman EK (February 2020).
4726:"Forest Fires and Lung Health"
3516:
2739:Disability-adjusted life years
2407:is recommended for those with
2327:, specifically those from the
2304:Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
1871:from other conditions such as
1783:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
1737:
1312:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
1118:in lungs, which then degrades
988:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
794:Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
614:usually worse in the morning.
417:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
13:
1:
13751:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
12845:10.1016/S0195-5616(89)50007-X
11954:Torio CM, Andrews RM (2006).
11751:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
11704:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4
11360:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30431-4
10569:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00461-7
10551:Venkatesan P (January 2024).
9536:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275
8712:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60968-9
8530:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212092
7253:10.1080/17476348.2020.1739525
7204:BMJ Open Respiratory Research
7111:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00456-9
6057:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.07.006
5965:10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.08.007
5913:10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.10.003
4542:10.1080/1040841X.2020.1863330
4211:. 5 July 2019. Archived from
4149:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
4100:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
3473:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
3240:
3000:smoker's respiratory syndrome
2589:lung volume reduction surgery
2583:Lung volume reduction surgery
2419:less than 50–55 mmHg or
2001:
1898:
1775:high levels of carbon dioxide
1604:
1559:
860:
13734:Respiratory hypersensitivity
13672:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
12738:Akers RM, Denbow DM (2008).
12392:10.1097/CM9.0000000000001596
11992:. World Health Organization.
11986:"The top 10 causes of death"
11613:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
11566:Archivos de Bronconeumologia
11292:10.1371/journal.pone.0057485
10962:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2018.12.008
10870:10.1016/j.physio.2009.09.006
9615:10.1517/14656566.2013.789021
8761:10.36416/1806-3756/e20190280
8057:"Smoking cessation and COPD"
7896:BTS COPD Consortium (2005).
7749:"COPD Assessment Test (CAT)"
7474:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.08.004
7368:10.1183/09031936.04.00113204
6620:10.1183/09031936.06.00124605
6457:10.1016/j.pneumo.2018.06.003
6422:10.1016/j.arbres.2017.03.019
6151:. Radcliffe Pub. p. 9.
6145:Sharma A, Barclay J (2010).
5328:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2019.10.006
5231:10.1183/09031936.93.02090893
5212:Delaunois L (October 1989).
5149:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000834
4271:10.1016/j.physio.2017.08.007
4227:"COPD commissioning toolkit"
4181:"The top 10 causes of death"
3973:10.1016/j.arbres.2016.04.004
3961:Archivos de Bronconeumologia
3844:"COPD as a Systemic Disease"
3209:recurrent airway obstruction
3133:minimally invasive procedure
3048:
2659:
2475:positive expiratory pressure
1939:nicotine replacement therapy
1531:
1314:(AATD) and this is the only
1180:Health effects of wood smoke
1163:
7:
13643:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
12147:. Carlton Press. p. 6.
12068:Wright JL, Churg A (2008).
11609:"Lung Scintigraphy in COPD"
11482:10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.007
10376:10.1183/23120541.00118-2019
10310:Journal of Thoracic Disease
10254:10.3390/biomedicines9060675
8240:Health and Safety Executive
8181:Smith BK, Timby NE (2005).
8061:European Respiratory Review
7797:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2263_20
7536:Annals of Internal Medicine
7216:10.1136/bmjresp-2023-002056
6926:10.1016/j.chest.2019.04.135
6307:Savran O, Ulrik CS (2018).
6288:. World Health Organization
5514:10.1183/13993003.00651-2019
4843:10.1016/j.chest.2016.07.034
4699:US EPA O (13 August 2019).
4650:Iacobucci G (August 2020).
4041:Annals of Internal Medicine
3346:. World Health Organization
3218:
3057:
3027:long-acting bronchodilators
2927:chronic airflow obstruction
2576:
2571:reduce the volume of a lung
2489:Management of exacerbations
2463:Airway clearance techniques
2339:and side effects including
1305:
1297:and fumes from cadmium and
971:dysfunction is shared with
913:
579:breathe through pursed lips
285:) is a type of progressive
10:
14229:
13496:Acute exacerbation of COPD
12706:10.1186/s41687-021-00399-7
12515:10.1164/rccm.201901-0010OC
12172:10.1164/rccm.200412-1685OE
11578:10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.009
10599:"Pulmonary Rehabilitation"
10139:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.12.019
8618:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.008
8329:10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP
7875:10.1164/rccm.201204-0596PP
7679:Williams N (August 2017).
7648:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.011
7169:10.1186/s12931-023-02450-1
6978:10.1183/16000617.0010-2019
6769:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.006
6671:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.04.014
6242:10.1164/rccm.201608-1545OC
4619:10.1164/rccm.202009-3533SO
4572:US EPA O (19 April 2016).
4323:10.1007/s12325-019-01128-9
3061:
2911:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
2895:
2891:
2852:, obstruction of airways,
2598:
2580:
2562:
2417:partial pressure of oxygen
2397:
1974:
1910:
1889:obliterative bronchiolitis
1771:analysis of arterial blood
1758:may also be shown that is
1613:shortness of breath scale
1524:also classically known as
1499:airway hyperresponsiveness
1336:are associated with COPD.
1262:
1177:
1170:Energy poverty and cooking
1167:
1089:
1039:airway branching variation
1032:airway hyperresponsiveness
840:activities of daily living
593:before seeking treatment.
194:obliterative bronchiolitis
60:Section of a lung showing
14208:Health effects of tobacco
14198:Aging-associated diseases
14139:
14112:
14042:
14028:
13982:
13940:
13919:
13893:
13796:
13782:
13773:
13702:
13587:
13567:
13450:
13430:
13270:
13150:
13130:
13041:
12929:
11893:10.1164/rccm.200606-828OC
11661:World Health Organization
11525:(Suppl 23): S2797–S2805.
11406:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.011
11394:Clinics in Chest Medicine
11222:10.1007/s00484-017-1379-0
9864:10.1016/j.rmr.2015.11.009
9818:10.3389/fphar.2021.691621
9572:10.1007/s12325-013-0019-2
8849:. StatPearls Publishing.
8074:10.1183/09059180.00007212
8055:Tønnesen P (March 2013).
8027:Kumar P, Clark M (2005).
7753:American Thoracic Society
7431:10.1513/pats.200508-093DO
7314:10.1186/s12931-019-1017-y
6727:. Academic. p. 464.
6190:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.009
6178:Clinics in Chest Medicine
6010:10.1016/j.rmr.2018.02.009
4607:Am J Respir Crit Care Med
3860:10.1080/15412550801941349
3575:10.1186/s40169-019-0231-z
3129:targeted lung denervation
3041:has promoted November as
2958:American Thoracic Society
2452:exercises may be useful.
2293:bronchial lymphoid tissue
2149:beta2-adrenergic agonists
1518:narrowing of the arteries
1107:. Women who smoke during
649:is a sudden worsening of
268:
264:174.5 million (2015)
260:
241:
222:
203:
171:
159:
141:
133:
125:
101:
84:
72:
59:
50:
42:
37:
13559:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
13552:Bronchiolitis obliterans
13418:Laryngotracheal stenosis
13365:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
13343:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
13301:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
13229:Nasal septum perforation
12657:10.1093/advances/nmaa143
7977:10.4081/monaldi.2013.107
5839:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
5583:10.3389/fmed.2021.653332
5087:10.4103/2045-8932.109910
4491:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01205
3093:liquid nitrogen metered
3029:began in the mid-1990s.
2898:Emphysema § History
2559:Procedures for emphysema
2469:, percussion/vibration,
2441:Pulmonary rehabilitation
2204:long-acting beta agonist
2185:long-acting beta agonist
2129:Non-invasive ventilation
2013:pneumococcal vaccination
1893:diffuse panbronchiolitis
1873:congestive heart failure
1719:MRC breathlessness scale
1629:Only strenuous activity
1540:A person blowing into a
1484:with relative preserved
1334:interstitial collagenase
1194:clean cooking facilities
1045:has been described. The
993:
953:inflammatory phenotype.
701:advises that the use of
596:
457:pulmonary rehabilitation
427:are the use of coal and
231:long-term oxygen therapy
227:Pulmonary rehabilitation
198:diffuse panbronchiolitis
182:congestive heart failure
13307:Retropharyngeal abscess
12320:10.21037/jtd.2018.10.43
12033:10.2147/copd.2006.1.1.3
11532:10.21037/jtd.2017.12.95
10505:10.1136/thx.2008.102947
10323:10.21037/jtd.2019.09.84
8810:10.1001/jama.2019.22343
7630:Bailey KL (July 2012).
7019:Robbins basic pathology
6545:10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.71
5860:10.1073/pnas.1715564115
4478:Frontiers in Immunology
3654:10.21037/atm.2020.04.44
2030:, supplementation with
1661:With changing clothing
1522:pulmonary heart disease
1349:Whole genome sequencing
1174:Household air pollution
851:inhaled corticosteroids
609:. Phlegm coughed up as
425:household air pollution
272:3.2 million (2019)
116:pulmonary heart disease
62:centrilobular emphysema
14000:Pulmonary hypertension
13729:Eosinophilic pneumonia
13381:Vocal cord dysfunction
13224:Nasal septum deviation
12900:WHO fact sheet on COPD
12744:. Wiley. p. 852.
12144:A struggle with Titans
8107:"Coping with cravings"
6505:10.4187/respcare.04846
5621:Glob Cardiol Sci Pract
5564:Bai S, Zhao L (2021).
5183:Weinberger SE (2019).
3106:mesenchymal stem cells
2914:
2833:
2731:
2611:collateral ventilation
2516:Oxygen supplementation
2229:muscarinic antagonists
2190:Several short-acting β
2169:dynamic hyperinflation
2009:influenza vaccinations
1863:Differential diagnosis
1545:
1511:, can occur from poor
1489:
1387:COPD is a progressive
1384:
1197:
1064:alcoholic lung disease
908:collateral ventilation
818:secondary polycythemia
762:cardiovascular disease
676:Haemophilus influenzae
671:respiratory infections
520:
510:
173:Differential diagnosis
14213:Occupational diseases
14127:Mediastinal emphysema
13906:Healthcare-associated
13836:Legionnaires' disease
13262:Peritonsillar abscess
13234:Nasal septal hematoma
12016:"The history of COPD"
11178:10.1093/eurpub/ckn015
11165:Eur. J. Public Health
10912:10.1089/acm.2015.0199
7698:10.1093/occmed/kqx086
7468:(10 Suppl 1): 21–31.
5633:10.21542/gcsp.2021.12
5570:Frontiers in Medicine
5364:10.1056/NEJMra1411863
5287:10.24875/RIC.18002652
4984:10.3390/toxics7010006
3504:Gold Report 2024 2024
3147:The effectiveness of
3127:A procedure known as
2909:
2896:Further information:
2737:
2667:
2640:In very severe cases
2599:Further information:
2565:Lung volume reduction
2398:Further information:
2383:are not recommended.
2337:antibiotic resistance
2139:Inhaled short-acting
1975:Further information:
1577:forced vital capacity
1539:
1472:
1420:chronic bronchiolitis
1408:Mucociliary clearance
1404:small airways disease
1366:
1259:Occupational exposure
1187:
1168:Further information:
1128:mucociliary clearance
1082:, a receptor for the
1068:Mucociliary clearance
720:frequent exacerbators
519:
505:
476:lung volume reduction
409:cadmium dust or fumes
397:outdoor air pollution
334:progressively worsens
235:lung volume reduction
13874:Mendelson's syndrome
13746:Hamman–Rich syndrome
12141:Waldbott GL (1965).
10126:Respiratory Medicine
7728:bestpractice.bmj.com
7620:. London, June 2010.
7505:pathways.nice.org.uk
7156:Respiratory Research
7064:10.2147/COPD.S264261
6888:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
6884:"Home - Gene - NCBI"
6326:10.2147/COPD.S153555
6148:COPD in primary care
5458:10.2147/COPD.S139470
5404:10.2147/COPD.S312560
4914:10.2147/COPD.S130440
4730:the lung association
4094:(10053): 1459–1544.
3911:bestpractice.bmj.com
3788:10.1155/2018/1309746
3467:(10053): 1545–1602.
3188:biomedical therapies
3182:patients' well-being
3122:umbilical cord blood
3077:extracellular matrix
3043:COPD Awareness Month
2996:Great Smog of London
2642:lung transplantation
2607:Endobronchial valves
2504:metered-dose inhaler
2450:Pursed-lip breathing
2260:umeclidinium bromide
2052:vitamin D deficiency
1928:In those who smoke,
1913:World No Tobacco Day
1867:COPD may need to be
1756:saber-sheath trachea
1708:Very severe (GOLD 4)
1645:With normal walking
1593:peak expiratory flow
1343:in concert with the
1341:Genome wide analyses
1239:developing countries
1235:indoor air pollution
1037:A host factor of an
1002:or gases, including
836:Cognitive impairment
695:Smoke from wildfires
683:) and environmental
623:mucus hypersecretion
480:lung transplantation
423:, common sources of
421:developing countries
14147:Respiratory failure
14114:Mediastinal disease
13682:Bird fancier's lung
13257:Adenoid hypertrophy
11926:"Basics About COPD"
11841:10.2147/COPD.S32330
11745:(9859): 2163–2196.
11698:(9859): 2197–2223.
11283:2013PLoSO...857485N
11214:2017IJBm...61.1919M
9764:10.2147/COPD.S92412
9560:Advances in Therapy
9229:10.2147/COPD.S39018
7583:Blueprints medicine
6818:10.1503/cmaj.111749
5851:2018PNAS..115E.974S
5683:10.2147/COPD.S61797
4796:10.2147/CIA.S303852
4377:10.3390/jcm10132889
4310:Advances in Therapy
4215:on 9 February 2020.
3194:holistic therapies.
3149:alpha-1 antitrypsin
3089:cryogenic treatment
3033:Society and culture
2626:biocompatible alloy
2413:respiratory failure
2405:Supplemental oxygen
2161:smooth muscle cells
2048:respiratory muscles
1958:smoking cessation,
1953:Occupational health
1672:
1614:
1550:shortness of breath
1464:protease inhibitors
1440:chemotactic factors
1320:alpha-1 antitrypsin
959:monoclonal antibody
925:asthma-COPD overlap
828:, lung cancer, and
822:respiratory failure
569:shortness of breath
559:Shortness of breath
437:cooking and heating
338:everyday activities
299:shortness of breath
91:Shortness of breath
14052:Pleuritis/pleurisy
14005:Pulmonary embolism
13901:Community-acquired
13826:Atypical bacterial
13725:Löffler's syndrome
13506:Status asthmaticus
13491:Chronic bronchitis
13376:Vocal fold paresis
13190:Vasomotor rhinitis
13042:External resources
12565:10.1111/resp.13530
12221:Lomborg B (2013).
11445:. 20 December 2017
10528:"2024 GOLD Report"
10456:Jindal SK (2013).
10293:. 17 October 2017.
10039:10.20452/pamw.1134
8390:"2024 GOLD Report"
8364:CDC (2024-01-18).
8353:. 20 October 2017.
8265:George RB (2005).
7390:Currie GP (2010).
7099:Lancet Glob Health
6118:Rennard S (2013).
5802:10.1242/dev.163485
5720:"Genetics of COPD"
5137:Curr Opin Pulm Med
3524:"2024 GOLD Report"
3141:muscle contraction
2950:chronic bronchitis
2915:
2834:
2732:
2471:autogenic drainage
2421:oxygen saturations
2225:heart palpitations
2059:medical treatments
1991:indoor air quality
1748:pulmonary fibrosis
1667:
1621:Activity affected
1609:
1546:
1490:
1385:
1251:sub-Saharan Africa
1198:
855:prodromal symptoms
832:(muscle wasting).
798:Metabolic syndrome
770:metabolic syndrome
731:pulmonary embolism
651:signs and symptoms
647:acute exacerbation
627:chronic bronchitis
583:constant tiredness
521:
511:
507:Signs and symptoms
498:Signs and symptoms
369:Chronic bronchitis
346:chronic bronchitis
14185:
14184:
14135:
14134:
14092:Empyema/pyothorax
14024:
14023:
14020:
14019:
13978:
13977:
13911:Hospital-acquired
13769:
13768:
13633:Caplan's syndrome
13426:
13425:
13371:Vocal fold nodule
13195:Atrophic rhinitis
13090:
13089:
12811:Veterinary Manual
12784:978-3-8055-8332-9
12775:10.1159/000107058
12751:978-1-118-70115-7
12386:(13): 1535–1545.
12380:Chin Med J (Engl)
12313:(11): 6274–6284.
12282:. 1 February 2021
12234:978-1-107-03959-9
12198:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
12086:978-0-07-164109-8
12014:Petty TL (2006).
11798:"COPD prevalence"
11202:Int J Biometeorol
10469:978-93-5090-353-7
10316:(10): 4371–4378.
9385:10.1136/bmj.k4388
9003:. 5 December 2018
8843:"Bronchodilators"
8751:(in Portuguese).
8696:(9823): 1341–51.
8278:978-0-7817-5273-2
8221:978-0-7817-6299-1
8194:978-0-7817-5098-1
8038:978-0-7020-2763-5
8029:Clinical Medicine
7940:978-92-4-156240-9
7904:on 26 August 2014
7593:978-0-7817-8870-0
7580:Young VB (2010).
7403:978-1-4443-2948-3
7225:20.500.11815/4593
7028:978-0-323-35317-5
6869:978-0-07-174889-6
6734:978-0-12-374001-4
6705:978-0-323-29245-0
6692:Hopper T (2014).
6581:Our World in Data
6498:(11): 1543–1551.
6410:Arch Bronconeumol
6366:(10): 1215–1219.
6158:978-1-84619-316-3
6131:978-0-8493-7588-0
6104:978-0-19-165478-7
6004:(10): 1039–1049.
5358:(13): 1241–1249.
5198:978-0-323-52371-4
4783:Clin Interv Aging
4669:10.1136/bmj.m3182
3775:Mediators Inflamm
3306:BMJ Best Practice
3185:curative research
3156:Mass spectrometry
3102:Stem-cell therapy
2965:Giovanni Morgagni
2831:
2830:
2620:The placement of
2540:room temperatures
2534:Room temperatures
2499:respiratory tract
2467:postural drainage
2409:low oxygen levels
2315:Other medications
2117:end-stage disease
1971:Pollution control
1907:Smoking cessation
1715:
1714:
1692:Moderate (GOLD 2)
1665:
1664:
1637:Vigorous walking
1505:Low oxygen levels
1452:connective tissue
1332:that encodes for
1265:Cadmium poisoning
1229:such as wood and
1158:bullous emphysema
1101:second-hand smoke
1041:, arising during
1008:construction dust
712:particulate masks
689:COVID-19 pandemic
665:, most often the
621:is the result of
536:
509:of stages of COPD
449:smoking cessation
431:such as wood and
276:
275:
161:Diagnostic method
129:Over 35 years old
97:Sputum production
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
14220:
14070:Pleural effusion
14063:Hemopneumothorax
14040:
14039:
13794:
13793:
13780:
13779:
13623:Bauxite fibrosis
13588:External agents/
13585:
13584:
13516:Exercise-induced
13472:Acute bronchitis
13448:
13447:
13148:
13147:
13117:
13110:
13103:
13094:
13093:
12927:
12926:
12922:
12888:
12886:
12884:
12878:
12857:
12856:
12828:
12822:
12821:
12819:
12817:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12718:
12708:
12685:
12679:
12678:
12668:
12636:
12630:
12629:
12619:
12593:
12584:
12578:
12577:
12567:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12526:
12494:
12488:
12487:
12477:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12436:
12434:
12420:
12414:
12413:
12403:
12371:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12349:
12343:
12342:
12332:
12322:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12272:
12266:
12265:
12263:
12256:
12248:Bloom D (2011).
12245:
12239:
12238:
12218:
12209:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12190:
12184:
12183:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12138:
12132:
12131:
12111:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12095:
12089:. Archived from
12074:
12065:
12056:
12055:
12045:
12035:
12011:
11994:
11993:
11982:
11976:
11975:
11951:
11942:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11922:
11916:
11915:
11905:
11895:
11870:
11864:
11863:
11853:
11843:
11819:
11813:
11812:
11810:
11808:
11794:
11785:
11782:Gold Report 2021
11779:
11773:
11772:
11762:
11730:
11724:
11723:
11686:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11628:
11604:
11598:
11597:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11544:
11534:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11493:
11476:(5): 1833–1842.
11461:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11435:
11426:
11425:
11389:
11380:
11379:
11345:
11336:
11330:
11327:Gold Report 2021
11324:
11315:
11314:
11304:
11294:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11248:
11242:
11241:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11180:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11125:
11119:
11118:
11108:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11016:
10984:
10975:
10974:
10964:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10923:
10891:
10882:
10881:
10853:
10847:
10846:
10836:
10804:
10798:
10797:
10787:
10755:
10746:
10745:
10735:
10718:(11): CD011434.
10703:
10694:
10693:
10683:
10651:
10645:
10644:
10627:(12): CD008290.
10620:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10609:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10548:
10542:
10541:
10539:
10538:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10507:
10483:
10474:
10473:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10436:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10387:
10355:
10346:
10345:
10335:
10325:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10283:
10277:
10276:
10266:
10256:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10190:
10158:
10152:
10151:
10141:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10100:
10083:(10): CD009764.
10068:
10059:
10058:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10006: 10698842.
9994:(12): CD011600.
9982:
9976:
9975:
9965:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9916:
9906:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9830:
9820:
9796:
9787:
9786:
9776:
9766:
9742:
9736:
9735:
9725:
9693:
9687:
9686:
9676:
9644:
9635:
9634:
9598:
9592:
9591:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9538:
9514:
9508:
9507:
9497:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9448:
9416:
9407:
9406:
9396:
9364:
9358:
9357:
9347:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9290:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9241:
9231:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9190:
9158:
9149:
9148:
9130:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9089:
9072:(12): CD007033.
9057:
9051:
9050:
9022:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
8993:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8956:(12): CD012620.
8941:
8935:
8934:
8924:
8907:(10): CD008989.
8898:
8889:
8883:
8880:Gold Report 2021
8877:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8821:
8789:
8783:
8782:
8772:
8755:(3): e20190280.
8740:
8734:
8733:
8723:
8705:
8703:10.1.1.1000.1967
8681:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8584:
8567:(10): CD010257.
8552:
8543:
8542:
8532:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8491:
8459:
8453:
8452:
8442:
8425:(12): CD005074.
8410:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8386:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8308:
8283:
8282:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8161:
8129:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8086:
8076:
8052:
8043:
8042:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8014:
7999:
7990:
7989:
7979:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7943:. Archived from
7925:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7854:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7809:
7799:
7790:(6): 2184–2194.
7775:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7764:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7720:
7711:
7710:
7700:
7685:Occup Med (Lond)
7676:
7670:
7669:
7659:
7627:
7621:
7609:
7598:
7597:
7577:
7568:
7567:
7530:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7497:
7486:
7485:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7346:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7316:
7292:
7283:
7282:
7264:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7181:
7171:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7122:
7093:
7087:
7086:
7076:
7066:
7042:
7033:
7032:
7014:
7008:
7007:
6989:
6963:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6937:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6855:
6840:
6839:
6829:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6654:
6633:
6632:
6622:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6507:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6445:Rev Pneumol Clin
6440:
6434:
6433:
6405:
6392:
6391:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6338:
6328:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6253:
6236:(9): 1226–1235.
6227:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6036:
6030:
6029:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5976:
5944:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5845:(5): E974–E981.
5830:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5747:
5724:Annu Rev Physiol
5715:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5685:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5561:
5555:
5552:Gold Report 2021
5549:
5534:
5533:
5499:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5460:
5436:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5330:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5233:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5180:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5128:
5122:
5119:Gold Report 2021
5116:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5089:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4996:
4986:
4962:
4949:
4946:Gold Report 2021
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4892:
4886:
4883:Gold Report 2021
4880:
4863:
4862:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4798:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4752:"Bushfire smoke"
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4732:. 25 August 2014
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4671:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4544:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4493:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4453:on June 18, 2023
4437:
4431:
4428:Gold Report 2021
4425:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4379:
4355:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4325:
4301:
4295:
4292:Gold Report 2021
4289:
4283:
4282:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4143:(9963): 117–71.
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4053:10.7326/M19-3007
4035:
4029:
4026:Gold Report 2021
4023:
4004:
4001:Gold Report 2021
3998:
3985:
3984:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3903:
3888:
3887:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3790:
3766:
3757:
3754:Gold Report 2021
3751:
3724:
3721:Gold Report 2021
3718:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3656:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3452:
3443:
3440:Gold Report 2021
3437:
3410:
3407:Gold Report 2021
3404:
3391:
3388:Gold Report 2021
3385:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3298:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3268:
3225:Dutch hypothesis
2971:, used the term
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2465:(ACTs), such as
2349:long QT syndrome
2198:(albuterol) and
2153:anticholinergics
2090:fluoroquinolones
1930:stopping smoking
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1679:FEV1% predicted
1673:
1666:
1615:
1608:
1507:and eventually,
1454:of the lungs by
1444:oxidative stress
1432:cytotoxic T cell
1047:respiratory tree
883:productive cough
752:Other conditions
619:productive cough
565:cardinal symptom
538:
537:
518:
208:Stopping smoking
55:
35:
34:
21:
14228:
14227:
14223:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14188:
14187:
14186:
14181:
14131:
14108:
14044:Pleural disease
14033:
14016:
13974:
13936:
13920:By distribution
13915:
13894:By vector/route
13889:
13787:
13775:
13765:
13720:Pulmonary edema
13698:
13593:
13589:
13576:
13572:
13563:
13528:Cystic fibrosis
13455:
13439:
13435:
13422:
13266:
13140:
13134:
13126:
13121:
13091:
13086:
13085:
13037:
13036:
12938:
12913:
12896:
12891:
12882:
12880:
12876:
12866:
12861:
12860:
12829:
12825:
12815:
12813:
12805:
12804:
12800:
12785:
12763:
12759:
12752:
12736:
12732:
12686:
12682:
12637:
12633:
12602:(7): CD007718.
12591:
12585:
12581:
12544:
12540:
12495:
12491:
12460:(9): CD007851.
12446:
12442:
12432:
12430:
12428:www.rbht.nhs.uk
12422:
12421:
12417:
12372:
12368:
12358:
12356:
12351:
12350:
12346:
12299:
12295:
12285:
12283:
12274:
12273:
12269:
12261:
12254:
12246:
12242:
12235:
12219:
12212:
12202:
12200:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12156:
12152:
12139:
12135:
12112:
12108:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12087:
12072:
12066:
12059:
12012:
11997:
11984:
11983:
11979:
11952:
11945:
11935:
11933:
11924:
11923:
11919:
11871:
11867:
11820:
11816:
11806:
11804:
11796:
11795:
11788:
11780:
11776:
11731:
11727:
11687:
11680:
11670:
11668:
11655:
11654:
11650:
11605:
11601:
11562:
11558:
11511:
11507:
11462:
11458:
11448:
11446:
11443:www.nice.org.uk
11437:
11436:
11429:
11390:
11383:
11343:
11337:
11333:
11325:
11318:
11263:
11259:
11250:
11249:
11245:
11208:(11): 1919–25.
11198:
11194:
11157:
11153:
11143:
11141:
11126:
11122:
11069:
11065:
11034:
11030:
10999:(3): CD008328.
10985:
10978:
10941:
10937:
10892:
10885:
10854:
10850:
10819:(1): CD013778.
10805:
10801:
10770:(6): CD009953.
10756:
10749:
10704:
10697:
10666:(5): CD007714.
10652:
10648:
10621:
10617:
10607:
10605:
10603:medlineplus.gov
10597:
10596:
10592:
10549:
10545:
10536:
10534:
10526:
10525:
10521:
10484:
10477:
10470:
10454:
10450:
10419:(8): CD006429.
10405:
10401:
10356:
10349:
10302:
10298:
10285:
10284:
10280:
10233:
10229:
10219:
10217:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10173:(3): CD001287.
10159:
10155:
10118:
10114:
10069:
10062:
10023:
10019:
9983:
9979:
9948:(3): CD006897.
9934:
9930:
9897:(9): CD001288.
9883:
9879:
9858:(10): 877–891.
9848:
9844:
9805:Front Pharmacol
9797:
9790:
9743:
9739:
9708:(6): CD011897.
9694:
9690:
9659:(9): CD010509.
9645:
9638:
9599:
9595:
9556:
9552:
9515:
9511:
9480:(9): CD009552.
9466:
9462:
9431:(7): CD009285.
9417:
9410:
9365:
9361:
9322:(6): CD012066.
9308:
9304:
9273:(9): CD006829.
9259:
9255:
9208:
9204:
9173:(3): CD010139.
9159:
9152:
9107:
9103:
9058:
9054:
9023:
9016:
9006:
9004:
9001:www.nice.org.uk
8995:
8994:
8987:
8942:
8938:
8896:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8869:
8859:
8857:
8839:
8835:
8790:
8786:
8741:
8737:
8682:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8646:. 12 May 2016.
8638:
8637:
8633:
8602:
8598:
8553:
8546:
8509:
8505:
8474:(8): CD011682.
8460:
8456:
8411:
8407:
8398:
8396:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8374:
8372:
8362:
8358:
8349:
8348:
8344:
8309:
8286:
8279:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8206:
8202:
8195:
8179:
8175:
8144:(8): CD010744.
8130:
8126:
8116:
8114:
8113:. 27 April 2018
8105:
8104:
8100:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8025:
8021:
8012:
8010:
8007:www.nice.org.uk
8001:
8000:
7993:
7956:
7952:
7941:
7927:
7926:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7894:
7890:
7855:
7848:
7838:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7776:
7772:
7762:
7760:
7747:
7746:
7742:
7732:
7730:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7677:
7673:
7628:
7624:
7610:
7601:
7594:
7578:
7571:
7531:
7520:
7510:
7508:
7499:
7498:
7489:
7458:
7454:
7415:
7411:
7404:
7388:
7384:
7347:
7340:
7293:
7286:
7237:
7233:
7199:
7195:
7148:
7144:
7094:
7090:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7015:
7011:
6972:(152): 190010.
6961:
6955:
6951:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6890:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6870:
6856:
6843:
6812:(12): 1365–71.
6798:
6794:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6717:
6713:
6706:
6690:
6686:
6655:
6636:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6583:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6525:
6521:
6484:
6480:
6441:
6437:
6406:
6395:
6356:
6352:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6132:
6116:
6112:
6105:
6091:Ward H (2012).
6089:
6082:
6037:
6033:
5994:
5990:
5945:
5938:
5893:
5886:
5831:
5827:
5782:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5716:
5709:
5662:
5658:
5613:
5609:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5537:
5497:
5491:
5484:
5437:
5430:
5383:
5379:
5348:
5344:
5307:
5303:
5274:Rev Invest Clin
5266:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5181:
5174:
5129:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5066:
5059:
5014:
5010:
4963:
4952:
4944:
4940:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4866:
4826:
4822:
4775:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4758:. 19 March 2014
4750:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4697:
4693:
4648:
4644:
4599:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4570:
4566:
4521:
4517:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4403:
4356:
4349:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4255:
4248:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4189:
4187:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4129:
4125:
4080:
4076:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4007:
3999:
3988:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3891:
3840:
3836:
3829:GINA Guidelines
3824:
3818:
3814:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3727:
3719:
3680:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3562:Clin Transl Med
3554:
3541:
3532:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3413:
3405:
3394:
3386:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3270:
3269:
3248:
3243:
3221:
3207:it is known as
3201:
3110:clinical trials
3066:
3060:
3051:
3035:
3015:Bronchodilators
2981:John Hutchinson
2904:
2894:
2873:
2850:body-mass index
2832:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819: 1100–1350
2816:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2638:
2636:Other surgeries
2603:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2491:
2438:
2402:
2396:
2381:Cough medicines
2355:Methylxanthines
2317:
2301:
2299:PDE4 inhibitors
2286:glucocorticoids
2277:corticosteroids
2273:
2271:Corticosteroids
2238:
2206:(LABA) such as
2193:
2179:(LAMA) such as
2141:bronchodilators
2137:
2135:Bronchodilators
2121:palliative care
2067:corticosteroids
2063:bronchodilators
2023:Other illnesses
2004:
1983:
1973:
1955:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1834:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1795:
1740:
1700:Severe (GOLD 3)
1607:
1562:
1534:
1361:
1359:Pathophysiology
1308:
1267:
1261:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1096:tobacco smoking
1092:
996:
973:cystic fibrosis
916:
863:
766:skeletal muscle
754:
663:viral infection
643:
599:
561:
556:
555:
547:
545:
544:
543:
542:
539:
532:
529:
522:
516:
500:
484:acute worsening
468:corticosteroids
464:bronchodilators
385:tobacco smoking
251:bronchodilators
216:tobacco control
146:Tobacco smoking
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14226:
14216:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14183:
14182:
14180:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14154:
14149:
14143:
14141:
14137:
14136:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14129:
14124:
14118:
14116:
14110:
14109:
14107:
14106:
14100:
14099:
14094:
14089:
14084:
14079:
14074:
14072:
14066:
14065:
14055:
14054:
14048:
14046:
14037:
14030:Pleural cavity
14026:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14002:
13992:
13986:
13984:
13980:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13973:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13946:
13944:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13929:
13923:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13897:
13895:
13891:
13890:
13888:
13887:
13886:
13885:
13876:
13862:
13857:
13856:
13855:
13845:
13844:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13823:
13822:
13821:
13816:
13806:
13800:
13798:
13791:
13777:
13771:
13770:
13767:
13766:
13764:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13742:
13741:
13731:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13706:
13704:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13694:
13692:Lycoperdonosis
13689:
13684:
13679:
13668:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13640:
13635:
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13603:Pneumoconiosis
13599:
13597:
13582:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13561:
13556:
13555:
13554:
13544:
13539:
13537:
13531:
13530:
13525:
13523:Bronchiectasis
13520:
13519:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13499:
13493:
13483:
13481:
13475:
13474:
13469:
13467:
13461:
13459:
13445:
13428:
13427:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13408:
13400:
13399:
13394:
13392:
13384:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13362:
13360:
13352:
13351:
13346:
13340:
13335:
13333:Laryngeal cyst
13330:
13328:Laryngomalacia
13325:
13320:
13318:
13310:
13309:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13286:
13284:
13276:
13274:
13268:
13267:
13265:
13264:
13259:
13254:
13249:
13247:
13239:
13238:
13237:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13203:
13202:
13197:
13192:
13182:
13180:
13172:
13171:
13166:
13164:
13156:
13154:
13145:
13128:
13127:
13120:
13119:
13112:
13105:
13097:
13088:
13087:
13084:
13083:
13072:
13058:
13046:
13045:
13043:
13039:
13038:
13035:
13034:
13023:
13012:
13001:
12990:
12963:
12939:
12934:
12933:
12931:
12930:Classification
12924:
12923:
12911:
12902:
12895:
12894:External links
12892:
12890:
12889:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12823:
12798:
12783:
12757:
12750:
12730:
12680:
12651:(3): 850–864.
12631:
12579:
12558:(2): 139–148.
12538:
12509:(3): 318–326.
12489:
12440:
12415:
12366:
12344:
12293:
12267:
12240:
12233:
12210:
12185:
12150:
12133:
12122:(6): 73S–74S.
12106:
12085:
12057:
11995:
11977:
11943:
11917:
11886:(3): 243–252.
11865:
11814:
11786:
11774:
11725:
11678:
11648:
11599:
11556:
11505:
11456:
11427:
11400:(3): 559–566.
11381:
11354:(4): 313–324.
11331:
11316:
11257:
11254:. Mayo Clinic.
11243:
11192:
11171:(4): 399–405.
11151:
11120:
11063:
11028:
10976:
10955:(4): 236–247.
10935:
10883:
10848:
10799:
10747:
10695:
10646:
10615:
10590:
10543:
10519:
10475:
10468:
10448:
10399:
10347:
10296:
10278:
10227:
10202:
10153:
10112:
10060:
10017:
9977:
9928:
9877:
9842:
9788:
9737:
9688:
9636:
9609:(9): 1205–14.
9593:
9550:
9509:
9460:
9408:
9359:
9302:
9253:
9202:
9150:
9121:(2): 204–211.
9101:
9052:
9033:(2): 114–143.
9014:
8985:
8936:
8884:
8867:
8833:
8804:(5): 455–465.
8784:
8735:
8661:
8631:
8612:(4): 789–809.
8596:
8544:
8523:(4): 337–345.
8503:
8454:
8405:
8381:
8356:
8342:
8323:(4): 347–365.
8284:
8277:
8257:
8227:
8220:
8200:
8193:
8173:
8124:
8098:
8067:(127): 37–43.
8044:
8037:
8019:
8009:. 23 June 2010
7991:
7950:
7947:on 2008-09-15.
7939:
7915:
7888:
7869:(4): 350–352.
7846:
7821:
7770:
7740:
7712:
7691:(6): 496–497.
7671:
7642:(4): 745–752.
7622:
7599:
7592:
7569:
7542:(3): 179–191.
7518:
7507:. 9 April 2020
7487:
7452:
7409:
7402:
7382:
7338:
7284:
7247:(5): 465–483.
7231:
7210:(1): e002056.
7193:
7142:
7120:10044/1/100800
7105:(1): e69–e82.
7088:
7034:
7027:
7009:
6966:Eur Respir Rev
6949:
6920:(2): 228–238.
6900:
6875:
6868:
6841:
6792:
6763:(4): 699–711.
6740:
6733:
6711:
6704:
6684:
6634:
6593:
6568:
6519:
6478:
6451:(6): 400–415.
6435:
6416:(9): 510–515.
6393:
6350:
6299:
6273:
6213:
6184:(3): 329–337.
6164:
6157:
6137:
6130:
6110:
6103:
6080:
6031:
5998:Rev Mal Respir
5988:
5936:
5884:
5825:
5773:
5759:
5707:
5656:
5627:(2): e202112.
5607:
5556:
5535:
5482:
5428:
5377:
5342:
5301:
5260:
5224:(9): 893–904.
5204:
5197:
5172:
5123:
5111:
5057:
5022:Pharmacol Ther
5008:
4950:
4938:
4887:
4864:
4837:(3): 544–554.
4820:
4769:
4743:
4717:
4691:
4642:
4590:
4564:
4535:(2): 192–205.
4515:
4464:
4441:"Common Colds"
4432:
4401:
4347:
4296:
4284:
4246:
4218:
4196:
4172:
4123:
4074:
4047:(6): 413–422.
4030:
4005:
3986:
3951:
3939:www.hse.gov.uk
3923:
3889:
3854:(2): 133–138.
3834:
3812:
3758:
3725:
3678:
3641:Ann Transl Med
3627:
3599:
3539:
3515:
3496:
3444:
3411:
3392:
3357:
3318:
3288:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3163:telehealthcare
3114:adipose tissue
3082:bronchial tree
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3034:
3031:
2989:vital capacity
2893:
2890:
2872:
2869:
2838:all disability
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2813: 990–1100
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2742:
2728: 376–1089
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2637:
2634:
2596:
2593:
2581:Main article:
2578:
2575:
2563:Main article:
2560:
2557:
2548:
2545:
2535:
2532:
2521:
2490:
2487:
2437:
2436:Rehabilitation
2434:
2395:
2394:Oxygen therapy
2392:
2331:class such as
2321:preventive use
2316:
2313:
2300:
2297:
2272:
2269:
2236:
2191:
2136:
2133:
2115:In those with
2106:intensive care
2003:
2000:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1951:
1908:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1881:bronchiectasis
1869:differentiated
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1789:
1752:bronchiectasis
1739:
1736:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1606:
1603:
1581:FEV1/FVC ratio
1569:bronchodilator
1561:
1558:
1533:
1530:
1495:hyperinflation
1458:(particularly
1360:
1357:
1307:
1304:
1281:dusts such as
1260:
1257:
1209:also known as
1165:
1162:
1091:
1088:
995:
992:
977:bronchiectasis
937:PDE4 inhibitor
915:
912:
862:
859:
753:
750:
746:anticoagulants
642:
639:
598:
595:
560:
557:
546:
540:
530:
525:
524:
523:
514:
513:
512:
499:
496:
472:oxygen therapy
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
245:
239:
238:
224:
220:
219:
205:
201:
200:
186:bronchiectasis
175:
169:
168:
163:
157:
156:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
105:
99:
98:
88:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14225:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14195:
14193:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14142:
14140:Other/general
14138:
14128:
14125:
14123:
14122:Mediastinitis
14120:
14119:
14117:
14115:
14111:
14105:
14102:
14101:
14098:
14095:
14093:
14090:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14068:
14067:
14064:
14060:
14057:
14056:
14053:
14050:
14049:
14047:
14045:
14041:
14038:
14036:
14031:
14027:
14013:
14010:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13997:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13987:
13985:
13981:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13918:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13892:
13884:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13866:
13865:noninfectious
13863:
13861:
13858:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13849:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13828:
13827:
13824:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13785:
13781:
13778:
13774:Obstructive /
13772:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13740:
13737:
13736:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13705:
13701:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13687:Farmer's lung
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13604:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13596:
13592:
13586:
13583:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13566:
13560:
13557:
13553:
13550:
13549:
13548:
13547:Bronchiolitis
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13503:
13500:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13460:
13458:
13453:
13449:
13446:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13429:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13407:
13406:
13402:
13401:
13398:
13395:
13393:
13391:
13390:
13386:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13358:
13354:
13353:
13350:
13347:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13317:
13316:
13312:
13311:
13308:
13305:
13302:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13291:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13283:
13282:
13278:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13269:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13246:
13245:
13241:
13240:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13221:
13220:
13219:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13201:
13198:
13196:
13193:
13191:
13188:
13187:
13186:
13183:
13181:
13179:
13178:
13174:
13173:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13149:
13146:
13143:
13138:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13118:
13113:
13111:
13106:
13104:
13099:
13098:
13095:
13082:
13078:
13077:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13064:
13063:
13059:
13057:
13053:
13052:
13048:
13047:
13044:
13040:
13033:
13029:
13028:
13024:
13022:
13018:
13017:
13013:
13011:
13007:
13006:
13002:
13000:
12996:
12995:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12962:
12958:
12954:
12950:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12940:
12937:
12932:
12928:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12910:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12897:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12868:
12854:
12850:
12846:
12842:
12839:(1): 87–102.
12838:
12834:
12827:
12812:
12808:
12802:
12794:
12790:
12786:
12780:
12776:
12772:
12768:
12761:
12753:
12747:
12743:
12742:
12734:
12726:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12691:
12684:
12676:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12650:
12646:
12642:
12635:
12627:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12609:
12605:
12601:
12597:
12590:
12583:
12575:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12557:
12553:
12549:
12542:
12534:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12516:
12512:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12493:
12485:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12467:
12463:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12444:
12429:
12425:
12419:
12411:
12407:
12402:
12397:
12393:
12389:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12370:
12354:
12348:
12340:
12336:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12297:
12281:
12277:
12271:
12260:
12253:
12252:
12244:
12236:
12230:
12226:
12225:
12217:
12215:
12199:
12195:
12189:
12181:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12161:
12154:
12146:
12145:
12137:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12117:
12110:
12096:on 2016-03-03
12092:
12088:
12082:
12078:
12071:
12064:
12062:
12053:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12010:
12008:
12006:
12004:
12002:
12000:
11991:
11987:
11981:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11950:
11948:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11913:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11869:
11861:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11833:
11829:
11825:
11818:
11803:
11799:
11793:
11791:
11783:
11778:
11770:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11736:
11729:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11685:
11683:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11652:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11603:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11560:
11552:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11509:
11501:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11483:
11479:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11460:
11444:
11440:
11434:
11432:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11388:
11386:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11342:
11335:
11328:
11323:
11321:
11312:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11277:(2): e57485.
11276:
11272:
11268:
11261:
11253:
11247:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11207:
11203:
11196:
11188:
11184:
11179:
11174:
11170:
11166:
11162:
11155:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11124:
11116:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11098:
11094:
11090:
11086:
11083:(8): 011826.
11082:
11078:
11074:
11067:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11032:
11024:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11006:
11002:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10981:
10972:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10939:
10931:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10913:
10909:
10906:(2): 108–14.
10905:
10901:
10897:
10890:
10888:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10864:(2): 108–19.
10863:
10859:
10858:Physiotherapy
10852:
10844:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10810:
10803:
10795:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10754:
10752:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10702:
10700:
10691:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10650:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10619:
10604:
10600:
10594:
10586:
10582:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10547:
10533:
10529:
10523:
10515:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10498:(6): vi1-68.
10497:
10493:
10489:
10482:
10480:
10471:
10465:
10461:
10460:
10452:
10444:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10403:
10395:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10352:
10343:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10300:
10292:
10288:
10282:
10274:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10231:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10157:
10149:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10132:(5): 637–48.
10131:
10127:
10123:
10116:
10108:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10067:
10065:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10044:
10040:
10036:
10033:(1–2): 54–9.
10032:
10028:
10021:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9981:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9955:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9939:
9932:
9924:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9881:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9846:
9838:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9795:
9793:
9784:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9741:
9733:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9684:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9641:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9597:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9566:(4): 354–68.
9565:
9561:
9554:
9546:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9513:
9505:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9464:
9456:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9413:
9404:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9306:
9298:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9257:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9155:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9120:
9116:
9112:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9021:
9019:
9002:
8998:
8992:
8990:
8981:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8829:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8549:
8540:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8507:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8458:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8409:
8395:
8391:
8385:
8371:
8367:
8360:
8352:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8280:
8274:
8270:
8269:
8261:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8236:"Wet cutting"
8231:
8223:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8204:
8196:
8190:
8186:
8185:
8177:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8128:
8112:
8108:
8102:
8094:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8049:
8040:
8034:
8030:
8023:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7996:
7987:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7903:
7899:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7853:
7851:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7744:
7729:
7725:
7719:
7717:
7708:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7595:
7589:
7585:
7584:
7576:
7574:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7537:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7506:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7413:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7386:
7378:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7361:(1): 186–99.
7360:
7356:
7352:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7289:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7197:
7189:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7092:
7084:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7039:
7030:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6904:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6871:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6747:
6745:
6736:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6715:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6665:(4): 849–67.
6664:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6613:(3): 523–32.
6612:
6608:
6604:
6597:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6515:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6447:(in French).
6446:
6439:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6251:10044/1/45106
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:(in French).
5999:
5992:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5889:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5778:
5769:
5763:
5755:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5712:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5487:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5451:: 2891–2908.
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5433:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5397:: 1783–1799.
5396:
5392:
5388:
5381:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5321:(2): 95–100.
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5177:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4907:: 1295–1308.
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4259:Physiotherapy
4253:
4251:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:(8): 425–31.
3966:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:Other animals
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3073:natural sugar
3070:
3065:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:invented the
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2865:comorbidities
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2807: 880–990
2801: 770–880
2795: 660–770
2790:
2787: 550–660
2781: 440–550
2775: 330–440
2769: 220–330
2763: 110–220
2751: no data
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2722: 291–375
2716: 236–290
2710: 190–235
2704: 153–189
2698: 117–152
2666:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2595:Bronchoscopic
2592:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2547:Room humidity
2544:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2495:exacerbations
2486:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2430:
2429:heart failure
2426:
2425:cor pulmonale
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Beta blockers
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1999:
1996:
1995:solar cooking
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:Mild (GOLD 1)
1683:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1526:cor pulmonale
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:free radicals
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:Mutations in
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:, leading to
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:air pollutant
1212:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:, inhibiting
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:tobacco smoke
1102:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Alcohol abuse
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:tobacco smoke
1001:
991:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
965:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
938:
933:
930:
926:
922:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:blue bloaters
897:
893:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
858:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
810:cor pulmonale
806:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:dysfunction,
767:
763:
759:
758:comorbidities
749:
747:
743:
742:heart failure
739:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
641:Exacerbations
638:
636:
632:
631:rib fractures
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
554:
552:
528:
508:
504:
495:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
311:bronchiolitis
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
249:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
151:
150:air pollution
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
104:
103:Complications
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
14059:Pneumothorax
14012:Lung abscess
13994:
13864:
13853:Pneumocystis
13814:Pneumococcal
13595:lung disease
13591:occupational
13569:Interstitial
13534:
13485:
13478:
13464:
13437:lung disease
13403:
13397:Epiglottitis
13387:
13355:
13349:Laryngospasm
13313:
13294:Strep throat
13279:
13242:
13218:nasal septum
13216:
13175:
13159:
13074:
13060:
13049:
13025:
13014:
13003:
12992:
12965:
12942:
12918:
12881:. Retrieved
12872:
12836:
12832:
12826:
12814:. Retrieved
12810:
12801:
12766:
12760:
12740:
12733:
12696:
12692:
12683:
12648:
12644:
12634:
12599:
12595:
12582:
12555:
12551:
12541:
12506:
12502:
12492:
12457:
12453:
12443:
12431:. Retrieved
12427:
12418:
12383:
12379:
12369:
12357:. Retrieved
12347:
12310:
12307:J Thorac Dis
12306:
12296:
12284:. Retrieved
12279:
12270:
12250:
12243:
12223:
12201:. Retrieved
12197:
12188:
12166:(9): 941–8.
12163:
12159:
12153:
12143:
12136:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12098:. Retrieved
12091:the original
12076:
12023:
12019:
11989:
11980:
11959:
11934:. Retrieved
11929:
11920:
11883:
11879:
11868:
11831:
11827:
11817:
11805:. Retrieved
11801:
11777:
11742:
11738:
11728:
11695:
11691:
11669:. Retrieved
11660:
11651:
11619:(1): 16–21.
11616:
11612:
11602:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11522:
11519:J Thorac Dis
11518:
11508:
11473:
11469:
11459:
11447:. Retrieved
11442:
11397:
11393:
11351:
11347:
11334:
11274:
11270:
11260:
11246:
11205:
11201:
11195:
11168:
11164:
11154:
11142:. Retrieved
11133:
11123:
11080:
11076:
11066:
11044:: CD000998.
11041:
11037:
11031:
10996:
10992:
10952:
10948:
10938:
10903:
10899:
10861:
10857:
10851:
10816:
10812:
10802:
10767:
10763:
10715:
10711:
10663:
10659:
10649:
10624:
10618:
10606:. Retrieved
10602:
10593:
10563:(1): 15–16.
10560:
10556:
10546:
10535:. Retrieved
10531:
10522:
10495:
10491:
10458:
10451:
10416:
10412:
10402:
10367:
10364:ERJ Open Res
10363:
10313:
10309:
10299:
10290:
10287:"Bronchitis"
10281:
10244:
10241:Biomedicines
10240:
10230:
10218:. Retrieved
10214:
10211:"Erdosteine"
10205:
10170:
10166:
10156:
10129:
10125:
10115:
10080:
10076:
10030:
10026:
10020:
9991:
9987:
9980:
9945:
9941:
9931:
9894:
9890:
9880:
9855:
9851:
9845:
9808:
9804:
9757:: 2495–517.
9754:
9750:
9740:
9705:
9701:
9691:
9656:
9652:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9529:(1): 114–6.
9526:
9522:
9512:
9477:
9473:
9463:
9428:
9424:
9376:
9372:
9362:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9270:
9266:
9256:
9219:
9215:
9205:
9170:
9166:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9069:
9065:
9055:
9030:
9026:
9005:. Retrieved
9000:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8904:
8900:
8887:
8858:. Retrieved
8846:
8836:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8752:
8748:
8738:
8693:
8689:
8652:. Retrieved
8643:
8634:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8564:
8560:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8471:
8467:
8457:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8397:. Retrieved
8393:
8384:
8373:. Retrieved
8369:
8359:
8345:
8320:
8316:
8267:
8260:
8250:November 29,
8248:. Retrieved
8230:
8210:
8203:
8183:
8176:
8141:
8137:
8127:
8115:. Retrieved
8110:
8101:
8064:
8060:
8028:
8022:
8011:. Retrieved
8006:
7967:
7963:
7953:
7945:the original
7929:
7906:. Retrieved
7902:the original
7891:
7866:
7862:
7837:. Retrieved
7833:
7824:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7763:November 29,
7761:. Retrieved
7743:
7731:. Retrieved
7727:
7688:
7684:
7674:
7639:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7582:
7539:
7535:
7509:. Retrieved
7504:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7425:(2): 180–4.
7422:
7418:
7412:
7392:
7385:
7358:
7354:
7304:
7300:
7262:10453/139160
7244:
7240:
7234:
7207:
7203:
7196:
7159:
7155:
7145:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7054:
7050:
7018:
7012:
6969:
6965:
6952:
6917:
6913:
6903:
6891:. Retrieved
6887:
6878:
6859:
6809:
6805:
6795:
6760:
6756:
6724:
6714:
6694:
6687:
6662:
6658:
6610:
6606:
6596:
6584:. Retrieved
6580:
6571:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6413:
6409:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6285:
6276:
6233:
6229:
6216:
6181:
6177:
6167:
6147:
6140:
6120:
6113:
6093:
6048:
6044:
6034:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5956:
5952:
5904:
5900:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5793:
5789:
5762:
5727:
5723:
5673:
5669:
5659:
5624:
5620:
5610:
5573:
5569:
5559:
5505:
5502:Eur Respir J
5501:
5448:
5444:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5318:
5314:
5304:
5280:(1): 70–78.
5277:
5273:
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5221:
5217:
5207:
5188:
5143:(2): 76–83.
5140:
5136:
5126:
5114:
5077:
5073:
5025:
5021:
5011:
4974:
4970:
4941:
4904:
4900:
4890:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4760:. Retrieved
4755:
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4729:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:
4694:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4613:(1): 24–36.
4610:
4606:
4581:. Retrieved
4577:
4567:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:the original
4444:
4435:
4370:(13): 2889.
4367:
4363:
4316:(1): 41–60.
4313:
4309:
4299:
4287:
4262:
4258:
4237:. Retrieved
4233:
4221:
4213:the original
4208:
4205:"COPD Costs"
4199:
4188:. Retrieved
4184:
4175:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4044:
4040:
4033:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:
3914:. Retrieved
3910:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3828:
3815:
3778:
3774:
3647:(21): 1467.
3644:
3640:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:
3565:
3561:
3531:. Retrieved
3527:
3518:
3499:
3464:
3460:
3348:. Retrieved
3343:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3279:. Retrieved
3275:
3212:
3202:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3126:
3100:
3092:
3086:
3067:
3052:
3036:
3019:isoprenaline
3008:
3003:
3002:in the 1953
2999:
2993:
2976:
2975:in his book
2972:
2969:René Laennec
2962:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:Epidemiology
2858:
2843:
2835:
2692: 96–116
2639:
2630:
2619:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2554:
2550:
2538:Maintaining
2537:
2528:given orally
2520:increased CO
2492:
2483:malnourished
2479:
2473:, hand-held
2461:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2403:
2389:
2379:
2368:
2359:theophylline
2353:
2341:hearing loss
2333:erythromycin
2318:
2302:
2290:
2274:
2241:
2189:
2174:
2138:
2114:
2086:azithromycin
2075:
2057:A number of
2056:
2028:malnourished
2021:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1956:
1935:
1927:
1923:Smoking bans
1916:
1902:
1885:tuberculosis
1866:
1764:
1741:
1733:
1716:
1597:
1563:
1547:
1525:
1513:gas exchange
1503:
1491:
1403:
1401:
1393:air trapping
1389:lung disease
1386:
1379:and damaged
1344:
1338:
1326:
1324:
1309:
1289:, dust from
1268:
1255:
1224:
1210:
1207:Black carbon
1202:particulates
1200:Exposure to
1199:
1147:
1132:
1113:
1093:
1062:can lead to
1058:
1051:
1036:
1028:tuberculosis
997:
981:
966:
963:
951:eosinophilic
947:neutrophilic
944:
934:
917:
899:
896:pink puffers
895:
891:
887:
864:
844:
834:
826:pneumothorax
807:
803:Tuberculosis
774:osteoporosis
755:
728:
719:
717:
711:
693:
674:
655:air trapping
644:
616:
600:
562:
548:
492:
453:vaccinations
445:
435:as fuel for
389:risk factors
382:
354:
323:
287:lung disease
282:
278:
277:
190:tuberculosis
120:pneumothorax
29:
14157:Common cold
14104:Fibrothorax
14087:Chylothorax
14082:Hydrothorax
14035:mediastinum
13995:circulatory
13990:Atelectasis
13797:By pathogen
13789:pneumonitis
13776:Restrictive
13756:Sarcoidosis
13628:Berylliosis
13574:restrictive
13535:unspecified
13457:obstructive
13440:(including
13357:vocal cords
13289:Pharyngitis
13252:Tonsillitis
13207:Nasal polyp
13142:common cold
13135:(including
13051:MedlinePlus
12919:MedlinePlus
12864:Works cited
12552:Respirology
12026:(1): 3–14.
11990:Fact Sheets
11144:16 December
10949:Pulmonology
10608:9 September
7970:(1): 33–7.
7834:Radiopaedia
7393:ABC of COPD
6586:15 February
6492:Respir Care
6319:: 683–693.
6286:Fact Sheets
5790:Development
5730:: 413–431.
5315:Pulmonology
5080:(1): 5–19.
5028:: 160–188.
4789:: 593–601.
4705:www.epa.gov
4578:www.epa.gov
4265:(1): 9–17.
4209:www.cdc.gov
4185:www.who.int
3916:25 November
3781:: 1309746.
3615:icd.who.int
3344:Fact Sheets
3235:Dahl's sign
3170:Astaxanthin
3137:vagus nerve
3118:bone marrow
2825: ≥1350
2686: 81–95
2680: 64–80
2415:at rest (a
2325:antibiotics
2308:Roflumilast
2244:ipratropium
2216:indacaterol
2200:terbutaline
2165:bronchioles
2082:doxycycline
2078:amoxicillin
2071:antibiotics
1964:respirators
1947:varenicline
1744:chest X-ray
1738:Other tests
1482:lung tissue
1428:macrophages
1424:neutrophils
1397:lung tissue
1375:blocked by
1373:bronchioles
1220:exhaust gas
1043:development
1012:silica dust
955:Mepolizumab
940:roflumilast
879:lung tissue
871:GOLD report
790:lung cancer
667:common cold
488:antibiotics
374:GOLD report
365:lung tissue
212:air quality
126:Usual onset
79:Pulmonology
43:Other names
14192:Categories
14077:Hemothorax
13879:Aspiration
13841:Chlamydiae
13831:Mycoplasma
13819:Klebsiella
13677:Bagassosis
13663:Byssinosis
13638:Chalicosis
13613:Asbestosis
13608:Aluminosis
13542:Bronchitis
13413:Tracheitis
13389:epiglottis
13338:Laryngitis
13212:Rhinorrhea
13076:Patient UK
13016:DiseasesDB
12699:(1): 126.
12100:2008-11-11
11834:: 457–94.
11572:(1): 1–2.
10537:2024-02-23
10247:(6): 675.
9811:: 691621.
8847:StatPearls
8399:2024-02-23
8375:2024-02-23
8013:2018-06-05
7301:Respir Res
7162:(1): 137.
7057:: 2583–9.
5576:: 653332.
4364:J Clin Med
4190:2024-08-12
3533:2024-02-23
3241:References
3069:Hyaluronan
3062:See also:
3023:salbutamol
2985:spirometer
2944:The terms
2757: ≤110
2674: 9–63
2650:bullectomy
2374:Erdosteine
2370:Mucolytics
2364:salmeterol
2319:Long-term
2256:Aclidinium
2248:tiotropium
2212:formoterol
2208:salmeterol
2196:salbutamol
2181:tiotropium
2002:Management
1911:See also:
1899:Prevention
1760:indicative
1605:Assessment
1565:Spirometry
1560:Spirometry
1554:Spirometry
1542:spirometer
1474:Micrograph
1436:eosinophil
1263:See also:
1196:as of 2016
1190:clean fuel
1188:Access to
1178:See also:
1139:water-pipe
1084:SARS-CoV-2
1072:macrophage
921:phenotypes
861:Definition
778:depression
738:chest pain
703:dust masks
685:pollutants
659:exhalation
617:A chronic
551:media help
441:spirometry
415:, such as
399:including
350:phenotypes
307:bronchitis
243:Medication
204:Prevention
166:Spirometry
112:depression
93:, chronic
14152:Influenza
14097:Malignant
13860:Parasitic
13809:Bacterial
13784:Pneumonia
13653:Silicosis
13648:Siderosis
13618:Baritosis
13452:Bronchial
13200:Hay fever
13169:Sinusitis
13062:eMedicine
13027:SNOMED CT
12359:16 August
11720:205967479
11422:221145423
10585:265751322
9379:: k4388.
9336:1469-493X
9222:: 53–64.
8698:CiteSeerX
7908:25 August
7839:13 August
7307:(1): 49.
7279:212416323
7137:254665705
7004:195844108
6539:: 16071.
6388:155103502
6282:"Tobacco"
6051:: 73–79.
6026:239523761
5959:: 81–89.
5907:: 11–17.
5676:: 301–2.
5530:149444134
5253:30 August
5074:Pulm Circ
4686:221097739
4662:: m3182.
4559:230608674
4457:20 August
4069:211476101
3868:1541-2555
3568:(1): 12.
3211:(RAO) or
3095:cryospray
3049:Economics
2973:emphysema
2946:emphysema
2917:The name
2660:Prognosis
2512:nebulizer
2510:or via a
2329:macrolide
2221:shakiness
2157:receptors
2145:as needed
2110:home care
2036:vitamin E
2032:vitamin C
1943:bupropion
1762:of COPD.
1671:criteria
1599:Screening
1532:Diagnosis
1478:emphysema
1456:proteases
1279:inorganic
1164:Pollution
1149:Marijuana
1116:proteases
1109:pregnancy
1016:wood dust
1000:particles
982:The only
867:emphysema
814:pneumonia
735:pleuritic
707:wildfires
342:emphysema
319:emphysema
313:) and/or
261:Frequency
223:Treatment
137:Long term
74:Specialty
14167:COVID-19
13960:BOOP-COP
13927:Broncho-
13870:Chemical
13658:Talcosis
13579:fibrosis
13432:Lower RT
13185:Rhinitis
13132:Upper RT
13070:emerg/99
13032:13645005
12793:17684336
12725:34865193
12675:33179051
12645:Adv Nutr
12626:21735417
12574:30907495
12533:30965011
12484:27644166
12433:4 August
12410:34250959
12339:30622803
12286:7 August
12259:Archived
12180:15849329
12052:18046898
11972:Archived
11968:24199255
11912:17431226
11860:22927753
11769:23245607
11712:23245608
11665:Archived
11663:. 2009.
11643:56486118
11635:30545511
11594:78181696
11586:27916315
11551:30210833
11500:33345947
11414:32800206
11376:73428098
11368:30744937
11311:23460865
11271:PLOS ONE
11238:25962322
11230:28567499
11187:18367496
11138:Archived
11128:Wise R.
11115:27569680
11058:23235577
11023:22419331
11014:11285303
10971:30738792
10930:26700633
10878:20420957
10843:36606682
10794:27272131
10742:27846347
10690:24823712
10681:10984247
10641:24353107
10577:38061380
10514:18838559
10443:27886372
10394:31544111
10342:31737323
10273:34199312
10197:31107966
10148:23352223
10107:30376188
10055:35183033
10047:22353707
10012:38054551
9972:29553157
9923:25178099
9914:11195634
9872:26831345
9837:34267661
9783:26604738
9732:28631387
9683:25234126
9631:24973904
9623:23566013
9580:23553509
9545:22764216
9504:26391969
9455:25046211
9403:30401700
9354:37276335
9345:10241721
9297:22972099
9248:23378756
9197:25575340
9145:45383688
9137:21740451
9096:22161409
9047:21276815
9007:1 August
8980:30521694
8931:26490945
8855:30085570
8828:32016309
8779:32638839
8730:22314182
8648:Archived
8626:22793945
8591:30371937
8539:30630893
8498:28777450
8449:27990628
8337:22878278
8244:Archived
8168:27545342
8093:23457163
7986:23741944
7883:22878278
7816:34322411
7757:Archived
7707:28898975
7666:22793942
7564:18830625
7556:21810710
7482:16996896
7447:20644418
7439:16565429
7377:15640341
7333:30832670
7271:32133884
7188:37221593
7179:10207810
7129:36521955
7083:33116475
6996:31285287
6944:31154041
6836:22761482
6787:22793939
6679:22793948
6629:16611654
6563:27763599
6514:27507173
6473:59233744
6465:30420278
6430:28483343
6380:31091965
6345:29520136
6260:28075609
6208:32800188
6075:31229291
6018:29941207
5983:31278041
5931:33080339
5879:29339516
5820:30111617
5754:31730394
5702:24741301
5651:34285903
5602:34026786
5522:31073084
5477:29062228
5423:34168440
5372:26398072
5337:31740261
5296:30810542
5167:34690257
5106:23662171
5052:30822464
5003:30704059
4977:(1): 6.
4933:28496314
4851:27522956
4815:33880018
4678:32784206
4637:33146552
4551:33455514
4510:32655557
4484:: 1205.
4396:34209651
4342:31673990
4279:28969859
4167:25530442
4118:27733281
4061:32092762
3981:27207325
3884:32732993
3876:18415812
3807:29849481
3673:33313212
3594:30989390
3491:27733282
3276:nice.org
3219:See also
3058:Research
3011:steroids
2615:collapse
2577:Surgical
2357:such as
2345:tinnitus
2275:Inhaled
2125:Morphine
2044:selenium
1960:checking
1919:policies
1676:Severity
1476:showing
1460:elastase
1316:genotype
1306:Genetics
1231:dry dung
1213:, is an
1076:COVID-19
984:genotype
914:Subtypes
847:COVID-19
830:cachexia
587:anorexia
574:wheezing
527:Wheezing
433:dry dung
413:genetics
391:include
387:. Other
359:) whose
255:steroids
218:measures
154:genetics
134:Duration
86:Symptoms
13479:chronic
13405:trachea
13281:pharynx
13161:sinuses
13067:med/373
13010:D029424
12883:28 June
12853:2646821
12716:8643383
12666:8166543
12617:8939044
12524:6680306
12475:6457738
12401:8280064
12330:6297441
12203:21 July
12043:2706597
11936:18 July
11903:1994221
11851:3422122
11807:18 July
11760:6350784
11671:Nov 11,
11542:6129816
11491:8129734
11302:3583861
11279:Bibcode
11210:Bibcode
11106:8487315
10921:4761829
10834:9817429
10785:8504989
10733:6464968
10434:6464154
10385:6745413
10333:6837976
10264:8232003
10220:20 July
10188:6527426
10098:6517028
9963:6494402
9828:8275837
9774:4655912
9723:6481854
9674:8922974
9588:3530290
9495:8749963
9446:8934583
9394:6218838
9288:4170910
9239:3558319
9188:6464646
9087:6494276
8971:6517098
8922:4164463
8860:27 July
8819:7042860
8770:7572288
8721:7172377
8582:6517133
8489:6483374
8440:6463844
8159:6400424
8117:15 July
8084:9487432
7807:8284240
7657:3998207
7511:29 June
7324:6399904
7074:7585810
6987:9488991
6935:7198872
6893:17 July
6827:3447047
6778:3399759
6554:5072387
6336:5834168
6292:12 July
6268:9360093
6199:7993923
6066:6592783
6045:Alcohol
5974:6613986
5953:Alcohol
5922:7568767
5901:Alcohol
5870:5798356
5847:Bibcode
5811:6124546
5745:7193187
5693:3970915
5642:8272407
5593:8131650
5468:5638577
5414:8216660
5248:7124561
5240:2680588
5158:8815646
5097:3641739
5043:7112632
4994:6468691
4924:5422329
4859:7181799
4806:8053481
4762:21 July
4736:21 July
4710:21 July
4628:7781116
4583:21 July
4501:7325903
4387:8268950
4333:6979461
4239:18 July
4158:4340604
4109:5388903
3798:5911336
3664:7723580
3620:30 June
3585:6465368
3482:5055577
3311:11 July
3075:in the
2892:History
2861:frailty
2854:dyspnea
2622:nitinol
2506:with a
2455:Tai chi
2265:placebo
2159:in the
1767:CT scan
1711:<30
1488:(right)
1486:alveoli
1381:alveoli
1367:Normal
1299:welding
1283:cadmium
1275:organic
1227:biomass
1120:elastin
1090:Smoking
1086:virus.
986:is the
875:alveoli
782:anxiety
724:Frailty
681:passive
461:inhaled
429:biomass
357:alveoli
336:, with
332:. COPD
315:alveoli
295:dyspnea
248:Inhaled
108:Anxiety
13848:Fungal
13502:Asthma
13315:larynx
13244:tonsil
13056:000091
12999:606963
12915:"COPD"
12909:Curlie
12851:
12816:7 July
12791:
12781:
12748:
12723:
12713:
12673:
12663:
12624:
12614:
12572:
12531:
12521:
12482:
12472:
12408:
12398:
12337:
12327:
12231:
12178:
12083:
12050:
12040:
11966:
11910:
11900:
11858:
11848:
11767:
11757:
11739:Lancet
11718:
11710:
11692:Lancet
11641:
11633:
11592:
11584:
11549:
11539:
11498:
11488:
11449:7 July
11420:
11412:
11374:
11366:
11309:
11299:
11236:
11228:
11185:
11113:
11103:
11056:
11021:
11011:
10969:
10928:
10918:
10876:
10841:
10831:
10792:
10782:
10740:
10730:
10688:
10678:
10639:
10583:
10575:
10512:
10492:Thorax
10466:
10441:
10431:
10392:
10382:
10340:
10330:
10291:nhs.uk
10271:
10261:
10195:
10185:
10146:
10105:
10095:
10053:
10045:
10010:
9970:
9960:
9921:
9911:
9870:
9835:
9825:
9781:
9771:
9730:
9720:
9681:
9671:
9629:
9621:
9586:
9578:
9543:
9523:Thorax
9502:
9492:
9453:
9443:
9401:
9391:
9352:
9342:
9334:
9295:
9285:
9246:
9236:
9195:
9185:
9143:
9135:
9094:
9084:
9045:
8978:
8968:
8929:
8919:
8853:
8826:
8816:
8777:
8767:
8728:
8718:
8700:
8690:Lancet
8654:16 May
8624:
8589:
8579:
8537:
8517:Thorax
8496:
8486:
8447:
8437:
8335:
8275:
8218:
8191:
8166:
8156:
8111:nhs.uk
8091:
8081:
8035:
7984:
7937:
7881:
7814:
7804:
7733:2 July
7705:
7664:
7654:
7590:
7562:
7554:
7480:
7445:
7437:
7400:
7375:
7331:
7321:
7277:
7269:
7186:
7176:
7135:
7127:
7081:
7071:
7025:
7002:
6994:
6984:
6942:
6932:
6866:
6834:
6824:
6785:
6775:
6731:
6702:
6677:
6627:
6561:
6551:
6512:
6471:
6463:
6428:
6386:
6378:
6343:
6333:
6266:
6258:
6206:
6196:
6155:
6128:
6101:
6073:
6063:
6024:
6016:
5981:
5971:
5929:
5919:
5877:
5867:
5818:
5808:
5796:(16).
5752:
5742:
5700:
5690:
5649:
5639:
5600:
5590:
5528:
5520:
5475:
5465:
5421:
5411:
5370:
5335:
5294:
5246:
5238:
5195:
5165:
5155:
5104:
5094:
5050:
5040:
5001:
4991:
4971:Toxics
4931:
4921:
4857:
4849:
4813:
4803:
4684:
4676:
4635:
4625:
4557:
4549:
4508:
4498:
4394:
4384:
4340:
4330:
4277:
4165:
4155:
4137:Lancet
4116:
4106:
4088:Lancet
4067:
4059:
3979:
3944:3 July
3882:
3874:
3866:
3805:
3795:
3671:
3661:
3592:
3582:
3489:
3479:
3461:Lancet
3350:1 July
3281:5 July
3213:heaves
3205:horses
3191:policy
3104:using
3087:A new
2900:, and
2827:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2524:levels
2508:spacer
2252:stroke
1877:asthma
1703:30–49
1695:50–79
1291:grains
1287:silica
1143:hookah
1024:Asthma
929:asthma
892:type B
888:type A
786:asthma
633:or to
611:sputum
607:phlegm
411:, and
405:grains
393:indoor
378:asthma
269:Deaths
178:Asthma
142:Causes
66:lobule
13983:Other
13932:Lobar
13883:Lipid
13804:Viral
13703:Other
13465:acute
13442:LRTIs
13367:(LPR)
13345:(LPR)
13323:Croup
13303:(LPR)
13137:URTIs
12877:(PDF)
12592:(PDF)
12262:(PDF)
12255:(PDF)
12116:Chest
12094:(PDF)
12073:(PDF)
11716:S2CID
11639:S2CID
11590:S2CID
11470:Chest
11418:S2CID
11372:S2CID
11344:(PDF)
11234:S2CID
10581:S2CID
10370:(3).
10051:S2CID
9627:S2CID
9584:S2CID
9141:S2CID
8897:(PDF)
7560:S2CID
7443:S2CID
7275:S2CID
7133:S2CID
7000:S2CID
6962:(PDF)
6914:Chest
6469:S2CID
6384:S2CID
6264:S2CID
6226:(PDF)
6022:S2CID
5526:S2CID
5508:(2).
5498:(PDF)
5244:S2CID
4855:S2CID
4831:Chest
4682:S2CID
4555:S2CID
4230:(PDF)
4065:S2CID
3880:S2CID
3825:(PDF)
3071:is a
2654:bulla
2233:FEV1%
1945:, or
1618:Grade
1416:mucus
1412:cilia
1377:mucus
1369:lungs
1295:flour
1271:dusts
1247:China
1243:India
1124:cilia
1053:FGF10
994:Cause
603:mucus
597:Cough
591:colds
419:. In
361:walls
330:mucus
326:cough
303:cough
95:cough
14162:SARS
13965:NSIP
13710:ARDS
13511:AERD
13486:COPD
13272:Neck
13177:nose
13152:Head
13021:2672
13005:MeSH
12994:OMIM
12971:9-CM
12885:2021
12849:PMID
12818:2021
12789:PMID
12779:ISBN
12746:ISBN
12721:PMID
12671:PMID
12622:PMID
12600:2012
12570:PMID
12529:PMID
12480:PMID
12458:2016
12435:2021
12406:PMID
12361:2021
12335:PMID
12288:2021
12229:ISBN
12205:2021
12176:PMID
12081:ISBN
12048:PMID
11964:PMID
11938:2021
11908:PMID
11856:PMID
11809:2021
11802:NICE
11765:PMID
11708:PMID
11673:2009
11631:PMID
11582:PMID
11547:PMID
11496:PMID
11451:2021
11410:PMID
11364:PMID
11307:PMID
11226:PMID
11183:PMID
11146:2016
11111:PMID
11054:PMID
11019:PMID
10967:PMID
10926:PMID
10874:PMID
10839:PMID
10817:2023
10790:PMID
10768:2016
10738:PMID
10716:2016
10686:PMID
10664:2014
10637:PMID
10610:2021
10573:PMID
10510:PMID
10464:ISBN
10439:PMID
10390:PMID
10338:PMID
10269:PMID
10222:2021
10215:NICE
10193:PMID
10144:PMID
10103:PMID
10081:2018
10043:PMID
10008:PMID
9992:2023
9968:PMID
9946:2018
9919:PMID
9868:PMID
9833:PMID
9779:PMID
9728:PMID
9706:2017
9679:PMID
9619:PMID
9576:PMID
9541:PMID
9500:PMID
9478:2015
9451:PMID
9429:2016
9399:PMID
9350:PMID
9332:ISSN
9320:2023
9293:PMID
9244:PMID
9193:PMID
9133:PMID
9092:PMID
9070:2011
9043:PMID
9009:2021
8976:PMID
8954:2018
8927:PMID
8905:2015
8862:2021
8851:PMID
8824:PMID
8798:JAMA
8775:PMID
8726:PMID
8656:2016
8622:PMID
8587:PMID
8565:2018
8535:PMID
8494:PMID
8472:2017
8445:PMID
8423:2016
8333:PMID
8273:ISBN
8252:2013
8216:ISBN
8189:ISBN
8164:PMID
8142:2019
8119:2021
8089:PMID
8033:ISBN
7982:PMID
7935:ISBN
7910:2014
7879:PMID
7841:2021
7812:PMID
7765:2013
7735:2021
7703:PMID
7662:PMID
7588:ISBN
7552:PMID
7513:2021
7478:PMID
7435:PMID
7398:ISBN
7373:PMID
7329:PMID
7267:PMID
7184:PMID
7125:PMID
7079:PMID
7023:ISBN
6992:PMID
6940:PMID
6895:2022
6864:ISBN
6832:PMID
6806:CMAJ
6783:PMID
6729:ISBN
6700:ISBN
6675:PMID
6625:PMID
6588:2020
6559:PMID
6510:PMID
6461:PMID
6426:PMID
6376:PMID
6341:PMID
6294:2021
6256:PMID
6204:PMID
6153:ISBN
6126:ISBN
6099:ISBN
6071:PMID
6014:PMID
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