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developed a series of rituals, customs, traditions, languages, and religions based on their interaction with the
Caatinga's nature and other cultural heritages. However, the first contacts with colonizers in the 16th century decimated numerous indigenous nations and tribes through diseases, enslavement, and invasion of territories for cattle ranching, sugar mills, and new settlements. Many of the Northeastern indigenous peoples chose assimilation, abandoning their customs, language, and religion to survive European advances, so many Northeasterners are mixed descendants of indigenous peoples and Europeans.
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12,000 and 7,000 indigenous peoples, possibly of Macro-Jê origin. The Fulni-Ô people are known for being the only indigenous ethnic group in the
Northeast to have kept their ancestral language alive, as well as having saved unique cultural elements such as the Ouricuri Ritual; they are one of the least acculturated Northeastern peoples by European invaders. Other notable Caatinga peoples are the Kambiwás, Tremembés, Pitaguarys, Kariris, Kiriris, and Tabajaras.
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Several environmentalists, researchers, and indigenous leaders point out that the demarcation of indigenous lands is very beneficial for environmental preservation, as it causes a decrease in deforestation, preservation of primary and secondary forests, pollution control of watercourses, thus helping
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Currently, the
Caatinga still has indigenous peoples, the largest of which are the Potyguaras, of Tupi origin and also native to the Atlantic Forest, totaling more than 20,000 indigenous peoples. In the interior, the largest groups are the Xukurus and Pankarus, from the Pernambuco Caatinga, totaling
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The oldest human remains in the
Caatinga are found in the Serra da Capivara National Park, in Piauí, where artifacts, rock paintings, and a skull named "Zuzu" were discovered, dating back approximately 8,000 years. This fossil, under study, may be even older than the Luzia fossil, which is currently
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In the biome, two major indigenous groups inhabited: the Macro-Jê and the
Kariris, who have been in the Caatinga for at least two thousand years. After the 11th century, the Tupis group arrived in the region, coming from the southeast and through the Atlantic coast. Thus, these three major groups
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Caatinga harbors a unique biota, with thousands of endemic species. Caatinga contains over 1,000 vascular plant species in addition to 187 bees, 240 fish species, 167 reptiles and amphibians, 516 birds, and 148 mammal species, with endemism levels varying from 9 percent in birds to 57 percent in
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The drought usually ends in
December or January, when the rainy season starts. Immediately after the first rains, the grey, desert-like landscape starts to transform and becomes completely green within a few days. Small plants start growing in the now moist soil and trees grow back their leaves.
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Salcedo, I.H., Menezes, R.S.C. (2009): Agroecosystem functioning and management in semi-arid
Northeastern Brazil, in: Tiessen, H., Stewart, J.W.B. (eds.): Applying Ecological Knowledge to Landuse Decisions. Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research - IICA-IAI-Scope, Paris, pp.
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Economic developed has fragmented the native biome. Estimates on the amount of
Caatinga transformed affected by economic development range 25-50%, making Caatinga the most degraded ecosystem in Brazil, following the Atlantic Forest, which has lost over 80% of its original cover.
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Located between 3°S 45°W and 17°S 35°W, the
Caatinga experiences irregular winds from all directions. Rainfall is thus intermittent but intense, totalling 20–80 cm (7.9–31.5 in) on average. Although the climate is typically hot and semi-arid, the Caatinga includes
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Bonnatti, Vanessa; Luz
Paulino Simões, Zilá; Franco, Fernando Faria; Tiago, Mauricio (3 January 2014). "Evidence of at least two evolutionary lineages in Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) suggested by mtDNA variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings".
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to combat the increase in global temperature. Thus, demarcation, environmental and indigenous activism in the Caatinga is a glimmer of hope to recover the ecosystems, fauna, and flora of the Caatinga, one of the most devastated biomes in the country.
108:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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The local population lives in extreme poverty, and many rely on extraction of natural resources for a livelihood. There are few drinkable water sources, and harvesting is difficult because of the irregular rainfall.
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Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
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The Caatinga is poorly represented in the Brazilian Conservation Area network, with only 1% in Integral Protection Conservation Areas and 6% in Sustainable Use Conservation Areas. Protected areas include
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Cortopassi-Laurino, Marilda; Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera Lucia; Roubik, David Ward; Dollin, Anne; Heard, Tim; Aguilar, Ingrid; Venturieri, Giorgio C.; Eardley, Connal; Nogueira-Neto, Paulo (22 June 2006).
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farming are popular and very productive in the region. Overgrazing and timbering for fuelwood have decimated local vegetative populations; outside irrigated regions, the area has begun to
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Leal, Inara R.; Silva, José Maria Cardoso Da; Tabarelli, Marcelo; Lacher, Thomas E. (2005). "Changing the Course of Biodiversity Conservation in the Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil".
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or undergrowth, as plants try to conserve water. Roots protrude through the surface of the stony soil, to absorb water before it is evaporated. Leaves fall off the trees to reduce
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521:. It covers 912,529 km², nearly 10% of Brazil's territory. It is home to 26 million people and over 2000 species of plants, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals.
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Most authors divide the Caatinga into two different subtypes: dry ("sertão") and humid ("agreste"), but categorizations vary to as many as eight different vegetative regimes.
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Bewässerungslandwirtschaft als Strategie zur kleinbäuerlichen Existenzsicherung in Nordost-Brasilien? - Handlunsspielräume von Kleinbauern am Mittellauf des São Francisco
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The Caatinga does not correspond to a single type of vegetation, but rather a broad mosaic. Nonetheless, all vegetative structure is adapted to the xeric climate.
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Can Irrigation be a Strategy for Small Farmers' Economic Security in Northeast Brazil?: Economic milieu of small farmers in the central São Francisco valley
576:. Altogether, the Caatinga comprises 850,000 km², about 10% of the surface area of Brazil. By comparison, it is over nine times the surface area of
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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promises to turn the region into a breadbasket. The soil is very fertile, and existing irrigation infrastructure already supports the export of
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species dominate; non-succulents exhibit small, firm leaves and intense branching at the base, akin to shrubs. Palm stands usually contain
649:. With all the foliage and undergrowth dead during the drought periods and all the trees having no leaves the Caatinga has a yellow-grey,
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origin. Over 1000 years ago, native peoples may have unintentionally created the environment of the modern-day Caatinga through constant
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The Caatinga covers the interior portion of northeastern Brazil bordering the Atlantic seaboard (save for a fringe of
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Conversely, fossil evidence suggests that the Caatinga may historically have been part of a much larger dry belt.
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Rivers that are mostly dry during the past 6 or 7 months start to fill up and streams begin to flow again.
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are used as food directly, and other species are used for forage. Local palms produce commercial-grade
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is also a well-developed and traditional activity in the region. One of the most productive species,
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Santos, J.C.; Leal, I.R.; Almeida-Cortez, J.S.; Fernandes, G.W.; Tabarelli, M. (2011).
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Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes
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The Caatinga has enough endemic species to constitute a floristic province.
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da Silva., J. M. C.; Barbosa, L. C. F.; Leal, I. R.; Tabarelli, M. (2017).
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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1388:. Vol. 3: The Americas. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
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have suggested that large sections of the Caatinga region may be of
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and preventing major rainforests from growing within the region.
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Type of desert vegetation and an ecoregion in northeastern Brazil
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oils, which undergirds much of the economy of northeast Brazil.
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Common rock formations in the caatinga, during the rainy season.
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There is no evidence, however, that the bird formerly known as
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Approximate vegetation map of Brazil. The Caatinga is brown.
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appears to exhibit medicinal properties. The fruits of
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Native plants are used in local agriculture, much of it
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Indigenous Peoples and the Preservation of the Caatinga
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to this template: there are already 473 articles in the
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For the white sand ecosystems of the Amazon region, see
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a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
1534:"Global meliponiculture: challenges and opportunities"
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617:To the northwest, the Caatinga is bounded by the
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1715:Caatinga: Brazilian national heritage threatened
580:, whence came Brazil's early European settlers.
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1345:Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
1219:List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil
524:The Caatinga is the only exclusively Brazilian
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143:accompanying your translation by providing an
88:Click for important translation instructions.
75:expand this article with text translated from
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976:the oldest in the South American continent.
668:Brazilian soldiers training in the caatinga.
1491:. University of Alabama Press. p. 43.
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790:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
641:During the dry winter periods there is no
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1225:The five other major ecoregions of Brazil
1085:, thus not closely related to the family
810:Learn how and when to remove this message
594:several enclaves of humid tropical forest
314:730,850 km (282,180 sq mi)
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1347:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 May 2004
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472:. The name "Caatinga" comes from the
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1343:[Biome and Vegetation Map].
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465:characterized by this vegetation in
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1728:The Avifauna of northeastern Brazil
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1382:"Caatinga of North-Eastern Brazil"
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835:The Caatinga is home to nearly 50
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1053:Serra das Confusões National Park
680:Caatinga during the rainy season.
629:savannas; to the east, the humid
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1768:Natural regions of South America
1674:Historical biogeographic surveys
1428:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00703.x
1045:Chapada Diamantina National Park
879:Endemic mammal species include:
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1667:The War of the End of the World
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1341:"Mapa de Biomas e de Vegetação"
1049:Serra da Capivara National Park
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1682:Spix & Martius (1817-1820)
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1204:Caatinga moist-forest enclaves
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995:Possible anthropogenic origins
267:Caatinga moist-forest enclaves
205:Map of the Caatinga ecoregion.
153:You may also add the template
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1485:Balée, William (2013-08-20).
1458:Tropical Conservation Science
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907:Trinomys albispinus sertonius
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287:Northeastern Brazil restingas
1773:Biosphere reserves of Brazil
1748:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1089:) plantation in the caatinga
858:(Xiphocolaptes falcirostris)
839:species of birds, including
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494:= white). The Caatinga is a
234:deserts and xeric shrublands
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297:Pernambuco interior forests
125:will aid in categorization.
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1471:10.1177/194008291100400306
1386:Centres of Plant Diversity
1319:. Springer. pp. 3–19.
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1025:slash-and-burn agriculture
870:Sao Francisco black tyrant
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292:Pernambuco coastal forests
155:{{Translated|pt|Caatinga}}
100:Machine translation, like
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1580:10.1007/s00114-013-1123-5
950:Callicebus barbarabrownae
447:Portuguese pronunciation:
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942:Rhipidomys sp. n. ssp. 2
936:Rhipidomys sp. n. ssp. 1
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714:palms, but occasionally
631:Atlantic coastal forests
252:Atlantic Coast restingas
1081:as "palma", actually a
619:Maranhão Babaçu forests
282:Maranhão Babaçu forests
164:For more guidance, see
1758:Neotropical ecoregions
1726:Associação Mãe-da-lua
1700:. World Wildlife Fund.
1698:Terrestrial Ecoregions
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855:moustached woodcreeper
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828:Pseudoseisura cristata
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488:= forest, vegetation,
402:7.612796°S 39.433699°W
262:Bahia interior forests
1551:10.1051/apido:2006027
1187:à la Sahara and Sahel
1143:Irrigation along the
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1063:Economic exploitation
890:Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos
885:Caatinga vesper mouse
844:(Anodorhynchus leari)
831:, an endemic species.
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166:Knowledge:Translation
137:copyright attribution
1753:Ecoregions of Brazil
1664:Vargas Llosa, Mario
1416:Conservation Biology
1109:Pilocarpus jaborandi
958:Xeronycteris vieirai
851:(Cyanopsitta spixii)
784:improve this section
623:Atlantic dry forests
257:Atlantic dry forests
1568:Naturwissenschaften
1512:Untied, B. (2005).
1282:occurs in Caatinga.
1280:Caatinga woodpecker
1209:Northeastern Brazil
1145:São Francisco River
1027:, thereby stymying
902:Trinomys albispinus
747:Caatinga landscape.
550:Rio Grande do Norte
470:northeastern Brazil
459:tropical vegetation
451:[kaaˈtʃĩɡɐ]
424:Conservation status
398: /
372:Rio Grande do Norte
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1720:2010-10-25 at the
1137:Melipona subnitida
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1077:(locally known in
1009:historical ecology
1001:radiocarbon dating
971:Indigenous Peoples
930:Oxymycterus sp. n.
896:Trinomys yonenagae
874:Caatinga cacholote
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604:Chapada Diamantina
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145:interlanguage link
44:6.0000°S 40.0000°W
1763:Regions of Brazil
1380:Lleras, Eduardo.
918:Dasyprocta sp. n.
883:eleven rodents -
862:Caatinga parakeet
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119:main category
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79:in Portuguese
78:
73:You can help
69:
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1697:
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1644:. Retrieved
1639:
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1618:. Retrieved
1613:
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1574:(1): 17–24.
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1390:the original
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1349:. Retrieved
1344:
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1310:
1298:
1274:
1269:Now extinct.
1265:
1231:Amazon Basin
1178:cattle) and
1166:
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1038:Conservation
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848:Spix's macaw
843:
841:Lear's macaw
834:
826:
806:
797:
782:Please help
770:
739:
732:
724:
697:
688:
671:
640:
616:
590:
574:Minas Gerais
535:
523:
512:
508:rainy season
500:thorn forest
489:
483:
477:
442:
441:
418:Conservation
351:Minas Gerais
141:edit summary
132:
112:
84:(April 2014)
82:
74:
25:
1198:On Caatinga
1098:Agriculture
955:two bats -
405: /
381:Coordinates
222:Neotropical
47: /
1737:Categories
1694:"Caatinga"
1646:10 January
1620:10 January
1614:Milk Point
1538:Apidologie
1351:2019-02-22
1290:References
1176:Red Sindhi
1079:Portuguese
694:Vegetation
610:state, in
558:Pernambuco
428:Vulnerable
393:39°26′01″W
361:Pernambuco
35:40°00′00″W
1436:1523-1739
1184:desertify
1087:Arecaceae
1005:potsherds
999:Based on
771:does not
700:Succulent
532:Geography
479:ka'atinga
463:ecoregion
461:, and an
456:semi-arid
433:Protected
390:7°36′46″S
319:Countries
306:Geography
159:talk page
111:Consider
32:6°00′00″S
1743:Caatinga
1718:Archived
1596:18986069
1588:24384774
1317:Caatinga
1236:Pantanal
1193:See also
1011:such as
800:May 2016
708:carnaúba
690:fishes.
578:Portugal
467:interior
443:Caatinga
193:Caatinga
182:Caatinga
135:provide
1241:Cerrado
1163:Grazing
1153:papayas
1118:mangabá
1073:Opuntia
905:minor,
837:endemic
792:removed
777:sources
720:macaúba
685:Ecology
643:foliage
637:Climate
627:Cerrado
566:Sergipe
562:Alagoas
554:Paraíba
356:Paraíba
336:Alagoas
277:Cerrado
240:Borders
211:Ecology
157:to the
139:in the
81:.
1594:
1586:
1495:
1434:
1330:73–81.
1251:Pampas
1214:Sertão
1172:Guzerá
1168:Cattle
1157:melons
1149:grapes
1122:lauric
1083:cactus
1051:, and
939:, and
716:tucumã
712:babaçu
651:desert
612:Brazil
329:States
323:Brazil
1705:IBAMA
1592:S2CID
1516:[
1257:Notes
1126:oleic
752:Fauna
608:Bahia
570:Bahia
546:Ceará
542:Piauí
526:biome
504:Cacti
491:tinga
476:word
366:Piauí
346:Ceara
341:Bahia
229:Biome
217:Realm
102:DeepL
1648:2019
1622:2019
1584:PMID
1493:ISBN
1432:ISSN
1180:goat
1174:and
1155:and
1124:and
1116:and
1114:umbú
1015:and
961:and
872:and
775:any
773:cite
718:and
702:and
625:and
498:and
485:ka'a
474:Tupi
311:Area
246:List
133:must
131:You
95:View
1576:doi
1572:101
1546:doi
1466:doi
1424:doi
1075:spp
1003:of
786:by
710:or
606:in
104:or
1739::
1696:.
1638:.
1612:.
1590:.
1582:.
1570:.
1542:37
1540:.
1536:.
1460:.
1456:.
1444:^
1430:.
1420:19
1418:.
1398:^
1384:.
1360:^
1189:.
1151:,
1106:.
1055:.
1047:,
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927:,
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915:,
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876:.
868:,
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722:.
568:,
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510:.
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1598:.
1578::
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1548::
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1474:.
1468::
1462:4
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1426::
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1170:(
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807:(
802:)
798:(
794:.
780:.
445:(
368:,
168:.
161:.
23:.
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