214:
47:
399:(less than 22 kg/m) with at least three of the following features: decreased muscle strength, fatigue, anorexia, low fat-free mass index, or abnormal biochemistry (increased inflammatory markers, anemia, low serum albumin). In cancer patients, cachexia is diagnosed from unintended weight loss of more than 5%. For cancer patients with a body mass index of less than 20 kg/m, cachexia is diagnosed after the unintended weight loss of more than 2%. Additionally, it can be diagnosed through
627:. The prevalence of cachexia ranges from 15 to 60% among people with cancer, increasing to an estimated 80% in terminal cancer. This wide range is attributed to differences in cachexia definition, variability in cancer populations, and timing of diagnosis. Although the prevalence of cachexia among people with COPD or heart failure is lower (estimated 5% to 20%), the large number of people with these conditions dramatically increases the total cachexia burden.
597:(HMB) is a metabolite of leucine that acts as a signaling molecule to stimulate protein synthesis. Studies showed positive results for chronic pulmonary disease, hip fracture, and in AIDS-related and cancer-related cachexia. However, many of these clinical studies used HMB as a component of combination treatment with glutamine, arginine, leucine, higher dietary protein and/or vitamins, which limits the assessment of the efficacy of HMB alone.
434:
changes to categorize patients into non-cachexia, pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia. The
Cachexia SCOre (CASCO) is another validated score that includes evaluation of body weight loss and composition, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, immunosuppression, physical performance, anorexia, and quality of life.
615:
on the prevalence of cachexia is lacking due to changing diagnostic criteria and under-identification of people with the disorder. It is estimated that cachexia from any disease is estimated to affect more than 5 million people in the United States. The prevalence of cachexia is growing and estimated
458:
Identification, treatment, and research of cachexia have historically been limited by the lack of a widely accepted definition of cachexia. In 2011, an international consensus group adopted a definition of cachexia as "a multifactorial syndrome defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with
382:
have only recently been proposed despite the prevalence of cachexia and varying criteria; the primary features of cachexia include progressive depletion of muscle and fat mass, reduced food intake, abnormal metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat, reduced quality of life, and increased physical
189:
from these conditions can cause detrimental changes to metabolism and body composition. In contrast to weight loss from inadequate caloric intake, cachexia causes mostly muscle loss instead of fat loss. Diagnosis of cachexia can be difficult due to the lack of well-established diagnostic criteria.
433:
In the effort to better classify cachexia severity, several scoring systems have been proposed including the
Cachexia Staging Score (CSS) and Cachexia Score (CASCO). The CSS takes into account weight loss, subjective reporting of muscle function, performance status, appetite loss, and laboratory
562:
The increased metabolic rate and appetite suppression common in cachexia can compound muscle loss. Studies using a calorie-dense protein supplementation have suggested at least weight stabilization can be achieved, although improvements in lean body mass have not been observed in these studies.
499:
Therapy that includes regular physical exercise can be recommended for the treatment of cachexia due to the positive effects of exercise on skeletal muscle but current evidence remains uncertain as to its effectiveness, acceptability and safety for cancer patients. Individuals with cachexia
390:
and involuntary weight loss of more than 10%. Using weight alone is limited by the presence of edema, tumor mass and the high prevalence of obesity in the general population. Weight-based criteria do not take into account changes in body composition, especially loss of lean body mass.
229:. About 50% of all cancer patients develop cachexia. Those with upper gastrointestinal and pancreatic cancers have the highest frequency of developing a cachexic symptom. Prevalence of cachexia rises in more advanced stages and is estimated to affect 80% of terminal cancer patients.
736:
has been allowed for the treatment of cachexia in some US states, such as
Missouri, Illinois, Maryland, Delaware, Nevada, Michigan, Washington, Oregon, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Vermont, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Maine, and New York Hawaii and Connecticut.
342:
Although many different tissues and cell types may be responsible for the increase in circulating cytokines, evidence indicates tumors themselves are an important source of factors that may promote cachexia in cancer. Tumor-derived molecules such as lipid mobilizing factor,
654:
was the first to use the phrase "cancerous cachexia", doing so in 1858. He applied the phrase to the chronic wasting associated with malignancy. It was not until 2011 that the term "cancer-associated cachexia" was given a formal definition, with a publication by
486:
The management of cachexia depends on the underlying cause, the general prognosis, and the needs of the person affected. The most effective approach to cachexia is treating the underlying disease process. An example is the reduction in cachexia from AIDS by
394:
In the attempt to include a broader evaluation of the burden of cachexia, diagnostic criteria using assessments of laboratory metrics and symptoms in addition to weight have been proposed. The criteria included weight loss of at least 5% in 12 months or low
659:. Fearon defined it as "a multifactorial syndrome characterized by ongoing loss of skeletal muscle (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment".
745:
Despite the extensive investigation into single therapeutic targets for cachexia, the most effective treatments use multi-targeted therapies. In Europe, a combination of non-drug approaches including physical training, nutritional counseling, and
437:
Evaluation of changes in body composition is limited by the difficulty in measuring muscle mass and health in a non-invasive and cost-effective way. Imaging with quantification of muscle mass has been investigated including
2025:
Barrett ML, Bailey MK, Owens PL. Non-maternal and Non-neonatal
Inpatient Stays in the United States Involving Malnutrition, 2016. ONLINE. August 30, 2018. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available:
1761:
May PE, Barber A, D'Olimpio JT, Hourihane A, Abumrad NN (April 2002). "Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine".
750:
intervention are used in belief this approach may be more effective than monotherapy. Administration of anti-inflammatory drugs showed efficacy and safety in the treatment of people with advanced cancer cachexia.
2371:
2356:
351:
may induce protein degradation and contribute to cachexia. Uncontrolled inflammation in cachexia can lead to an elevated resting metabolic rate, further increasing the demands for protein and energy sources.
491:. However this is often not possible or may be inadequate to reverse the cachexia syndrome in other diseases. Approaches to mitigate muscle loss include exercise, nutritional therapies, and medications.
634:
in the United States suggest that cachexia accounted for 177,640 hospital stays in 2016. Cachexia is considered the immediate cause of death of many people with cancer, estimated between 22 and 40%.
500:
generally report low levels of physical activity and few engage in an exercise routine, owing to low motivation to exercise and a belief that exercising may worsen their symptoms or cause harm.
1390:
3160:
190:
Cachexia can improve with treatment of the underlying illness but other treatment approaches have limited benefit. Cachexia is associated with increased mortality and poor quality of life.
1490:
616:
at 1% of the population. The prevalence is lower in Asia but due to the larger population, represents a similar burden. Cachexia is also a significant problem in South
America and Africa.
474:. Weight loss from inadequate caloric intake generally causes fat loss before muscle loss, whereas cachexia causes predominantly muscle wasting. Cachexia is also distinct from
2049:"Serum IL10 and circulating CD4(+) CD25(high) regulatory T cell numbers as predictors of clinical outcome and survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma"
1355:
Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. (May 2011). "Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus".
508:
Appetite stimulant medications are used to treat cachexia to increase food intake, but are not effective in stopping muscle wasting and may have detrimental side effects.
2273:
1797:
571:
Administration of exogenous amino acids have been investigated to serve as a protein-sparing metabolic fuel by providing substrates for both muscle metabolism and
331:. NF-ÎșB is a known regulator of the genes that encode cytokines and cytokine receptors. The increased production of cytokines induces proteolysis and breakdown of
2910:
2302:
Yavuzsen T, Davis MP, Walsh D, LeGrand S, Lagman R (November 2005). "Systematic review of the treatment of cancer-associated anorexia and weight loss".
303:
The exact mechanism in which these diseases cause cachexia is poorly understood, and likely is multifactorial with multiple disease pathways involved.
2030:
1397:
667:
Several medications are under investigation or have been previously trialed for use in cachexia but are currently not in widespread clinical use:
2471:
2256:
554:
may be useful, a
Cochrane review found no evidence to make an informed decision about the use of this drug in cancer patients with cachexia.
1024:
Kumar NB, Kazi A, Smith T, Crocker T, Yu D, Reich RR, Reddy K, Hastings S, Exterman M, Balducci L, Dalton K, Bepler G (December 2010).
791:
546:
may be beneficial in cachexia but their use is recommended for a maximum of two weeks since a longer duration of treatment increases
19:"Wasting syndrome" redirects here. For the process by which a debilitating disease causes muscle and fat tissue to "waste" away, see
2136:"A systematic review on the role of fish oil for the treatment of cachexia in advanced cancer: an EPCRC cachexia guidelines project"
2903:
426:(IL-6, IL-1b, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-8, interferon-g) are sometimes measured but correlate poorly with outcomes. There are no
2281:
1647:
717:
620:
240:
174:
1610:
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Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, et al. (December 2008). "Cachexia: a new definition".
812:
694:
488:
72:
1491:"Patients with established cancer cachexia lack the motivation and self-efficacy to undertake regular structured exercise"
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or without loss of fat mass) that can be partially but not entirely reversed by conventional nutritional support."
443:
439:
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2546:
2488:
594:
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1874:"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation and skeletal muscle in healthy and muscle-wasting conditions"
1923:"Creatine modulates cellular energy metabolism and protects against cancer cachexia-associated muscle wasting"
2099:
Argilés JM, Busquets S, López-Soriano FJ (September 2011). "Anti-inflammatory therapies in cancer cachexia".
2027:
1823:
1182:
Peterson SJ, Mozer M (February 2017). "Differentiating
Sarcopenia and Cachexia Among Patients With Cancer".
422:. However, laboratory metrics and cut-off values are not standardized across different diagnostic criteria.
2551:
587:
has been used as a component of oral supplementation to reverse cachexia in people with advanced cancer or
320:
2821:
539:
344:
319:. TNF has been shown to have a direct catabolic effect on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue through the
162:
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603:
has been shown some promise as a nutritional supplement to treat cachexia, by reducing muscle wasting.
447:
2253:
1611:"New European Guidelines: Clinical Practice Guidelines on Cancer Cachexia in Advanced Cancer Patients"
247:
are other conditions that often cause cachexia. Cachexia can also be the result of advanced stages of
2960:
631:
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Cachexia contributes to significant loss of function and healthcare utilization. Estimates using the
471:
2236:
1552:
Gagnon B, Bruera E (May 1998). "A review of the drug treatment of cachexia associated with cancer".
1026:"Cancer cachexia: traditional therapies and novel molecular mechanism-based approaches to treatment"
879:
Ebner N, Springer J, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lainscak M, Doehner W, Anker SD, von
Haehling S (July 2013).
335:
proteins. Systemic inflammation also causes reduced protein synthesis through inhibition of the Akt/
2844:
2386:
232:
928:"Celiac disease: from oral tolerance to intestinal inflammation, autoimmunity and lymphomagenesis"
221:
Cachexia can be caused by diverse medical conditions, but is most often associated with end-stage
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may have potential in inhibiting overexpression of protein breakdown pathways. The amino acid
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Historically, body weight changes were used as the primary metrics of cachexia, including low
3050:
2794:
2727:
2595:
1440:
Grande AJ, Silva V, Sawaris Neto L, Teixeira
Basmage JP, Peccin MS, Maddocks M (March 2021).
1422:
688:
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network, leading to decreased energy intake despite the high metabolic demand for nutrients.
308:
304:
186:
1340:
1323:
1080:"Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism via Interorgan Crosstalk: Roles in Health and Disease"
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The most frequent causes of cachexia in the United States by population prevalence are: 1)
423:
288:
256:
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There is also evidence of alteration in feeding control loops in cachexia. High levels of
8:
3150:
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2811:
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780:
509:
1489:
Wasley D, Gale N, Roberts S, Backx K, Nelson A, van
Deursen R, Byrne A (February 2018).
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Ries A, Trottenberg P, Elsner F, Stiel S, Haugen D, Kaasa S, Radbruch L (June 2012).
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2008:
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Argilés JM, Campos N, Lopez-Pedrosa JM, Rueda R, Rodriguez-Mañas L (September 2016).
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525:
276:
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68:
59:
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1824:"Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention"
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2274:"Medical Marijuana Registry Program | Eligible Debilitating Medical Conditions"
1939:
1289:
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722:
656:
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360:
292:
194:
157:) is a complex syndrome associated with an underlying illness, causing ongoing
2204:
1994:
1979:"Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers"
1842:
1663:
Reid J, Mills M, Cantwell M, Cardwell CR, Murray LJ, Donnelly M (April 2012).
1041:
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2977:
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463:
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Laboratory markers are used in evaluation of people with cachexia, including
316:
170:
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are also commonly used in cancer cachexia if nausea is a prominent symptom.
3035:
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2012:
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1714:"Effect of branched-chain amino acids on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia"
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364:
332:
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2028:
https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/HCUPMalnutritionHospReport_083018.pdf
1573:
1324:"Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Systemic Consequence of Cancer Progression"
881:"Mechanism and novel therapeutic approaches to wasting in chronic disease"
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2237:"Program Information and News - New York State Medical Marijuana Program"
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Alhamarneh O, Agada F, Madden L, Stafford N, Greenman J (March 2011).
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328:
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1613:. European Palliative Care Research Collaborative. Archived from
926:
Meresse B, Ripoche J, Heyman M, Cerf-Bensussan N (January 2009).
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Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Nakamura N, Inui A (May 2013).
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775:
580:
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222:
166:
363:, which is the most potent feeding-stimulatory peptide in the
217:
Processes and mechanisms related to cancer-associated cachexia
2950:
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Symptoms and signs: Endocrinology, nutrition, and metabolism
2186:
2098:
478:, or age-related muscle loss, although they often co-exist.
3022:
1921:
Lulu W, Ranran W, Kai L, Xiaolu J, Li L (7 December 2022).
1391:"Care Management Guidelines Fatigue, Anorexia and Cachexia"
462:
Cachexia differs from weight loss due to malnutrition from
336:
311:(TNF) (which is also nicknamed 'cachexin' or 'cachectin'),
236:
182:
149:
146:
137:
128:
2254:
Rules Governing the Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program
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2301:
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Fearon KC, Moses AG (September 2002). "Cancer cachexia".
430:
to identify people with cancer who may develop cachexia.
378:
Diagnostic guidelines and criteria to differentiate from
359:, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, block the release of
1642:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 673â.
165:. A range of diseases can cause cachexia, most commonly
1275:
1821:
1488:
1822:
Brioche T, Pagano AF, Py G, Chopard A (August 2016).
1121:
1084:
Journal of the American Medical Directors Association
1023:
714:
Anabolic catabolic transforming agents such as MT-102
642:
The word "cachexia" is derived from the Greek words "
143:
140:
134:
125:
2338:
327:
leading to upregulation of the transcription factor
16:
Syndrome causing muscle loss not entirely reversible
1920:
131:
1711:
1635:
1122:Martignoni ME, Kunze P, Friess H (November 2003).
980:"Cachexia: pathophysiology and clinical relevance"
977:
813:"Cachexia | Definition of Cachexia by Lexico"
2189:"Cancer cachexia--pathophysiology and management"
1976:
623:(COPD), 2) heart failure, 3) cancer cachexia, 4)
3142:
1712:Eley HL, Russell ST, Tisdale MJ (October 2007).
2182:
2180:
1321:
978:Morley JE, Thomas DR, Wilson MM (April 2006).
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1629:
1605:
1603:
1601:
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1597:
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1593:
1591:
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1551:
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1433:
1322:Biswas, Anup K.; Acharyya, Swarnali (2020).
874:
872:
870:
868:
550:. Whilst preliminary studies have suggested
2177:
1977:von Haehling S, Anker SD (September 2010).
1669:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1446:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
836:
323:. This mechanism involves the formation of
2911:
2897:
2472:
2458:
2094:
2092:
1983:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
1878:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
1665:"Thalidomide for managing cancer cachexia"
1588:
984:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
792:Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
84:sudden weight loss, altered eating signals
45:
2212:
2127:
2064:
2002:
1948:
1938:
1897:
1737:
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1545:
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1339:
1317:
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1139:
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943:
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2263:- 10-144 CMR Chapter 122 - Section 3.1.3
1442:"Exercise for cancer cachexia in adults"
1234:"Measuring cachexia-diagnostic criteria"
307:appear to play a central role including
212:
2089:
1871:
1639:Cachexia and Wasting: A Modern Approach
1341:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033642
1019:
1017:
1015:
650:" (condition). English ophthalmologist
54:Patient with cancer-associated cachexia
3143:
1542:
1312:
718:Selective androgen receptor modulators
2892:
2453:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1790:
1636:Giovanni Mantovani (6 October 2007).
1271:
1269:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1030:Current Treatment Options in Oncology
740:
695:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
621:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
241:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
175:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1117:
1115:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1012:
973:
971:
832:
830:
489:highly active antiretroviral therapy
295:as well as other systemic diseases.
73:Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1754:
1231:
839:International Journal of Cardiology
161:that is not entirely reversed with
13:
1965:
1865:
1266:
1218:
817:Lexico Dictionaries | English
14:
3172:
2334:
1166:
1112:
1066:
968:
827:
575:. The branched-chain amino acids
349:mitochondrial uncoupling proteins
2479:
2101:European Journal of Pharmacology
1566:10.2165/00003495-199855050-00005
444:dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
440:bioelectrical impedance analysis
121:
2295:
2266:
2247:
2229:
2040:
2019:
1914:
1815:
1705:
1656:
1415:
1348:
1328:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
897:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.014
606:
1681:10.1002/14651858.cd008664.pub2
1458:10.1002/14651858.CD010804.pub3
1184:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
919:
805:
566:
503:
110:1.5 to 2 million people a year
1:
1831:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
1776:10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00823-1
1369:10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70218-7
1238:Annals of Palliative Medicine
851:10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00235-8
798:
453:
2304:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2113:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.007
557:
540:Anabolic-androgenic steroids
481:
373:
321:ubiquitin proteasome pathway
298:
7:
2547:WernickeâKorsakoff syndrome
2193:Journal of Gastroenterology
1764:American Journal of Surgery
1097:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.019
754:
662:
494:
345:proteolysis-inducing factor
163:nutritional supplementation
10:
3177:
1940:10.3389/fphar.2022.1086662
1290:10.1016/j.clnu.2008.06.013
637:
595:ÎČ-hydroxy ÎČ-methylbutyrate
448:magnetic resonance imaging
18:
3103:
3059:
3020:
2991:
2939:
2930:
2855:
2820:
2718:
2649:
2552:Wernicke's encephalopathy
2526:
2517:
2487:
2423:
2342:
2205:10.1007/s00535-013-0787-0
1995:10.1007/s13539-010-0002-6
1927:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1872:HoleÄek M (August 2017).
1843:10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006
1042:10.1007/s11864-010-0127-z
632:National Inpatient Sample
472:major depressive disorder
450:but are not widely used.
208:
106:
98:
88:
78:
58:
53:
44:
36:
31:
2316:10.1200/JCO.2005.01.8010
2155:10.1177/0269216311418709
1196:10.1177/0884533616680354
233:Congestive heart failure
171:congestive heart failure
3156:Rehabilitation medicine
1718:The Biochemical Journal
1423:"AIDS Wasting Syndrome"
1251:10.21037/apm.2018.08.07
652:John Zachariah Laurence
528:. Anti-emetics such as
442:, computed tomography,
325:reactive oxygen species
273:multiple system atrophy
1232:Dev R (January 2019).
1141:10.1186/1476-4598-2-36
625:chronic kidney disease
305:Inflammatory cytokines
245:chronic kidney disease
218:
179:chronic kidney disease
2728:Electrolyte imbalance
2596:Pyridoxine deficiency
2570:Riboflavin deficiency
997:10.1093/ajcn/83.4.735
689:eicosapentaenoic acid
470:, or anorexia due to
424:Acute phase reactants
309:tumor necrosis factor
216:
187:Systemic inflammation
2922:that are general or
2706:Vitamin K deficiency
2700:Vitamin E deficiency
2677:Vitamin D deficiency
2658:Vitamin A deficiency
2557:Korsakoff's syndrome
823:on November 8, 2019.
676:Cytokine antagonists
613:epidemiological data
289:rheumatoid arthritis
257:motor neuron disease
2143:Palliative Medicine
1357:The Lancet Oncology
781:Progressive disease
685:Omega-3 fatty acids
510:Appetite stimulants
261:Parkinson's disease
2920:Signs and symptoms
2720:Mineral deficiency
2519:Vitamin deficiency
2424:External resources
2259:2014-11-12 at the
2107:(Suppl 1): S81â6.
2033:2021-11-27 at the
1890:10.1002/jcsm.12208
1730:10.1042/BJ20070651
1278:Clinical Nutrition
945:10.1038/mi.2008.75
932:Mucosal Immunology
786:Refeeding syndrome
741:Multimodal therapy
416:C-reactive protein
253:multiple sclerosis
219:
3138:
3137:
3130:Flu-like symptoms
3016:
3015:
2956:of unknown origin
2886:
2885:
2835:Failure to thrive
2830:Delayed milestone
2714:
2713:
2692:Harrison's groove
2622:Folate deficiency
2609:Biotin deficiency
2447:
2446:
2278:health.hawaii.gov
2241:www.health.ny.gov
2066:10.1002/hed.21464
1649:978-88-470-0552-5
1124:"Cancer cachexia"
748:psychotherapeutic
734:Medical marijuana
728:Hydrazine sulfate
526:megestrol acetate
277:mercury poisoning
193:The term is from
114:
113:
69:Internal Medicine
26:Medical condition
3168:
2996:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2524:
2523:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2280:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1586:
1585:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1510:10.1002/pon.4512
1495:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1396:. Archived from
1395:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1179:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1128:Molecular Cancer
1119:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1021:
1010:
1009:
999:
975:
966:
965:
947:
923:
917:
916:
876:
863:
862:
834:
825:
824:
819:. Archived from
809:
709:ghrelin receptor
468:anorexia nervosa
313:interferon gamma
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
49:
40:Wasting syndrome
29:
28:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3099:
3055:
3012:
2992:
2987:
2940:
2926:
2917:
2887:
2882:
2851:
2816:
2710:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2618:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2538:
2513:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2419:
2418:
2351:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2310:(33): 8500â11.
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2261:Wayback Machine
2252:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2185:
2178:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2097:
2090:
2053:Head & Neck
2045:
2041:
2035:Wayback Machine
2024:
2020:
1975:
1966:
1919:
1915:
1870:
1866:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1759:
1755:
1710:
1706:
1675:(4): CD008664.
1661:
1657:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1608:
1589:
1550:
1543:
1498:Psycho-Oncology
1493:
1487:
1483:
1452:(3): CD010804.
1438:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1353:
1349:
1320:
1313:
1274:
1267:
1230:
1219:
1180:
1167:
1120:
1113:
1076:
1067:
1036:(3â4): 107â17.
1022:
1013:
976:
969:
924:
920:
877:
866:
835:
828:
811:
810:
806:
801:
757:
743:
665:
640:
609:
573:gluconeogenesis
569:
560:
533:
514:glucocorticoids
506:
497:
484:
456:
405:skeletal muscle
397:body mass index
388:body mass index
376:
301:
285:trypanosomiasis
281:Crohn's disease
249:cystic fibrosis
227:cancer cachexia
211:
201:'bad' and áŒÎŸÎčÏ
124:
120:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2924:constitutional
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2805:Keshan disease
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:Protein-energy
2485:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2394:
2383:
2368:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:Classification
2336:
2335:External links
2333:
2330:
2329:
2294:
2265:
2246:
2228:
2176:
2149:(4): 294â304.
2126:
2088:
2039:
2018:
1964:
1913:
1884:(4): 529â541.
1864:
1814:
1789:
1753:
1704:
1655:
1648:
1628:
1587:
1541:
1504:(2): 458â464.
1481:
1432:
1414:
1382:
1347:
1311:
1265:
1217:
1165:
1111:
1065:
1011:
967:
918:
891:(3): 199â206.
864:
826:
803:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Muscle atrophy
763:
756:
753:
742:
739:
731:
730:
725:
723:Cyproheptadine
720:
715:
712:
702:
697:
692:
682:
677:
674:
664:
661:
657:Kenneth Fearon
639:
636:
608:
605:
568:
565:
559:
556:
531:
505:
502:
496:
493:
483:
480:
455:
452:
414:, prealbumin,
375:
372:
361:neuropeptide Y
300:
297:
293:celiac disease
210:
207:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:Miscellaneous
3102:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Hyperhidrosis
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:postoperative
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:Short stature
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:Bitot's spots
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2284:on 2016-05-22
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:(5): 574â94.
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2059:(3): 415â23.
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(1): 113â20.
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1617:on 2 May 2014
1616:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:(5): 675â88.
1559:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1403:on 2014-05-14
1399:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:(5): 489â95.
1362:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1090:(9): 789â96.
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
990:(4): 735â43.
989:
985:
981:
974:
972:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
873:
871:
869:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
822:
818:
814:
808:
804:
794:
793:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
752:
749:
738:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
713:
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
660:
658:
653:
649:
646:" (bad) and "
645:
635:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
614:
604:
602:
598:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
564:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
501:
492:
490:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:malabsorption
460:
451:
449:
445:
441:
435:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
403:, or loss of
402:
398:
392:
389:
384:
381:
371:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:interleukin 6
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
215:
206:
205:'condition'.
204:
200:
196:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
118:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
22:
3110:
3036:Chronic pain
2993:
2983:Night sweats
2973:Hyperthermia
2961:drug-induced
2941:
2872:
2687:Osteomalacia
2491:malnutrition
2481:Malnutrition
2431:
2407:
2396:
2385:
2370:
2355:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2277:
2268:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2196:
2192:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2104:
2100:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2021:
1986:
1982:
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680:Cannabinoids
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2868:Weight loss
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1798:"Glutamine"
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2398:DiseasesDB
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454:Definition
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420:hemoglobin
401:sarcopenia
380:sarcopenia
368:orexigenic
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