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By the early 20th century, over-hunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. With improved game laws and habitat restoration and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most
608:
is usually located in an elevated area near water. The eggs are laid in a shallow depression, lined with plant materials and down. However, as the nests are made close-to, or directly on, the ground, the eggs (along with lone nesting females and newly-hatched goslings) are particularly vulnerable to
494:
In the wake of the discussion generated by the official standalone species designation, introduced by the AOU and BOU in 2004 and 2005, Harold C. Hanson published a paper in 2007 suggesting that Canada and cackling geese should be split into six species and 200 subspecies. The radical nature of this
523:
of cackling goose of varying sizes and plumage details. The female looks virtually identical but is slightly lighter and has a different voice. Some are hard to distinguish from the Canada goose, with which the cackling goose was long assumed to form one species, the cackling goose and the smaller
450:
The distinctions between the two geese have led to a great deal of confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old "lesser Canada geese" were believed to be a partly
663:). The calls overheard from large flocks of cackling geese, flying in their typical "V"-shaped formation, signal the transitions into spring and fall. In some areas, migration routes change due to shifts in available habitat, environment and food sources.
943:
856:
Review of Harold Hanson's "The White-Cheeked Geese: Branta
Canadensis, B. Maxima, B. ‘‘Lawrensis’’, B. Hutchinsii, B. Leucopareia, And B. Minima. Taxonomy, Ecophysiographic Relationships, Biogeography, And Evolutionary Considerations. Volume 1. Eastern
495:
proposal provoked surprise, with
Richard Banks of the AOU urging caution before any of Hanson's proposals be accepted. No further redesignation has been introduced by either of these Ornithologists' Unions.
747:. Though the taxonomic distinctness of the Komandorski and Kuril Islands populations, which used to winter in Japan, is controversial, it is without doubt that they disappeared around 1929.
644:
A pair may mate for life (up to around 20 years). Adult geese are often seen leading their goslings in a line with one parent at the front, and the other at the back of the "parade".
641:. Thus, as a result, both geese—especially the male—in a nesting pair become highly aggressive and defensive of the nesting site, even chasing people away who may happen to walk by.
212:
260:
714:
These birds feed mainly on plant material. When feeding in water, they submerge their heads and necks to reach aquatic plants, sometimes tipping forward like a
1463:
377:'s (AOU) Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split the two into two species, making cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name
1291:
706:
from Japan, where it previously had an established non breeding (winter) population. Birds have recently been reintroduced to both Japan and
Siberia.
1156:
1234:
1433:
718:. Flocks of these birds often feed on leftover cultivated grains in fields, especially during migration or in winter. They also eat some
831:
1392:
1120:
532:, at up to 3 kg (6.6 lb), grows to the same size as some Canada geese. The distinctness of the extinct population of the
1405:
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Canada goose subspecies being called the lesser Canada goose. The smallest 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) cackling geese (
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543:
is controversial. The barnacle goose differs in having a black breast and grey, rather than brownish, body plumage.
1458:
1325:
1239:
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The black head and neck with white "chinstrap" distinguish this goose from all other geese except the larger
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of their range, although some local populations may still be declining, especially of the subspecies
264:
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is one of the larger subspecies of cackling geese. In addition, it has been determined that the
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recoveries and documented sightings. The birds seen in Europe are of, at least, the subspecies
1200:
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174:
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The cackling goose was originally considered to be the same species or a subspecies of the
276:
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682:, and possibly others. Cackling geese are also found, naturally, as vagrants around the
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300:
74:
949:
1379:
1299:
1081:
909:
Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and
Cackling Goose Complex (
908:
835:
924:
Canada Geese in the
Mississippi Flyway: A Guide for Goose Hunters and Goose Watchers
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874:"Cackling Goose Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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613:. Depending on the region, potential threats may vary from free-ranging
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389:
30:
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471:, which today remain with the Canada goose proper. Actually however,
348:
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651:, with their overwintering range being most of the U.S. (locally in
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528:) are much smaller than any Canada goose, but the subspecies
483:) is a derivative of the cackling goose lineage, whereas the
332:
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between both animals. To the present species were assigned:
768:
605:
121:
922:
Moser, Timothy J., Craven, Scott R. and Miller, Brian K.
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626:
614:
777:
702:. Nevertheless, the IUCN considered the species to be
491:) is an insular representative of the Canada goose.
803:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22733619A139214707.en
354:, "burnt (black) goose", and the specific epithet
647:Like most geese, the cackling goose is naturally
1425:
827:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
674:of their own accord, as has been proven by
637:and other animals, such as some species of
1464:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
291:
53:
29:
801:
749:
571:
562:: 49.3–84.0 oz (1,400–2,380 g)
388:The AOU has divided the many associated
823:
1426:
335:found in North America and East Asia.
960:
959:
830:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
568:: 42.5–43.7 in (108–111 cm)
817:
1434:IUCN Red List least concern species
789:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
556:: 24.8–25.6 in (63–65 cm)
13:
894:
385:(BOU) followed suit in June 2005.
14:
1475:
937:
861:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
455:population, with the birds named
698:, and throughout the islands of
78:
931:Focus On: 'white-cheeked' geese
778:BirdLife International (2021).
609:predation by certain mammalian
866:
848:
670:, cackling geese have reached
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375:American Ornithologists' Union
338:
1:
761:
396:Richardson's cackling goose (
383:British Ornithologists' Union
358:commemorates English surgeon
952:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
946:at VIREO (Drexel University)
944:Cackling Goose photo gallery
309:Branta canadensis hutchinsii
7:
438:)—doubtfully distinct from
423:Taverner's cackling goose (
213:Richardson's cackling goose
10:
1480:
709:
588:This species is native to
511:) and the similarly sized
1354:
968:
824:Jobling, James A (2010).
796:: e.T22733619A139214707.
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306:
299:
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261:Taverner's cackling goose
204:
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75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
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23:
583:
519:). There are up to five
459:considered a mixture of
362:who was employed by the
38:Aleutian cackling goose
1459:Birds described in 1832
404:Aleutian cackling goose
373:, but in July 2004 the
347:is a Latinised form of
245:Aleutian cackling goose
1449:Native birds of Alaska
854:Banks, Richard (2007)
758:
657:West Coast of the U.S.
580:
1313:Paleobiology Database
878:www.allaboutbirds.org
753:
575:
432:Bering cackling goose
225:Bering cackling goose
604:habitats, where the
414:Small cackling goose
364:Hudson's Bay Company
277:Small cackling goose
684:Kamchatka Peninsula
231:, 1946) (disputed;
45:Conservation status
900:Stackhouse, Mark.
759:
688:Far Eastern Russia
581:
215:(Richardson, 1832)
166:B. hutchinsii
1421:
1420:
1344:Branta-hutchinsii
1300:Open Tree of Life
1000:Branta hutchinsii
970:Branta hutchinsii
962:Taxon identifiers
911:Branta canadensis
841:978-1-4081-2501-4
782:Branta hutchinsii
509:Branta canadensis
440:B. h. leucopareia
408:B. h. leucopareia
379:Branta hutchinsii
324:Branta hutchinsii
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530:B. h. hutchinsii
463:with subspecies
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489:B. sandvicensis
425:B. h. taverneri
360:Thomas Hutchins
343:The genus name
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256:B. h. taverneri
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24:Cackling goose
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16:Species of bird
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653:Western Canada
592:, breeding in
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541:B. h. asiatica
513:barnacle goose
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485:Hawaiian goose
477:barnacle goose
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881:. Retrieved
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755:B. h. minima
754:
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577:B. h. minima
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547:Measurements
546:
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526:B. h. minima
525:
517:B. leucopsis
516:
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505:Canada goose
502:
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481:B. leucopsis
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272:B. h. minima
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132:Anseriformes
18:
1248:Neotropical
1209:NatureServe
1144:iNaturalist
994:Wikispecies
809:11 November
745:leucopareia
728:crustaceans
534:Komandorski
499:Description
339:Systematics
200:Subspecies
1428:Categories
1371:Q109578018
1339:Xeno-canto
883:2020-09-25
762:References
704:extirpated
696:East China
680:hutchinsii
619:feral cats
611:carnivores
521:subspecies
390:subspecies
356:hutchinsii
192:Richardson
649:migratory
473:taverneri
457:taverneri
349:Old Norse
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
1365:Wikidata
1214:2.103510
1201:22733619
1162:11831705
1113:45510538
1048:22733619
1043:BirdLife
1032:BioLib:
979:Wikidata
724:molluscs
668:vagrants
615:domestic
566:Wingspan
469:parvipes
446:(c.1929)
352:Brandgás
301:Synonyms
265:Delacour
251:, 1836)
142:Anatidae
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
1398:2498217
1253:cacgoo1
1126:5232452
1100:cacgoo1
1074:cacgoo1
1020:Avibase
985:Q244189
834:, 196.
720:insects
710:Feeding
692:Siberia
676:ringing
631:coyotes
579:on eggs
444:extinct
329:species
327:) is a
283:, 1885)
281:Ridgway
267:, 1951)
233:extinct
229:Aldrich
194:, 1832)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
1439:Branta
1411:714073
1331:422569
1318:368427
1305:972531
1279:422569
1240:371860
1188:714068
1175:109129
1133:GNAB:
1035:452628
1013:cacgoo
913:&
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757:family
741:minima
734:Status
661:Mexico
655:, the
639:snakes
602:tundra
598:Alaska
560:Weight
554:Length
461:minima
453:hybrid
381:. The
345:Branta
249:Brandt
153:Branta
1444:Geese
1385:679X4
1326:WoRMS
1157:IRMNG
1149:59220
1095:eBird
1061:12260
857:Taxa"
700:Japan
627:foxes
625:, to
584:Range
333:goose
1406:ITIS
1393:GBIF
1287:ODNR
1274:OBIS
1235:NCBI
1196:IUCN
1183:ITIS
1121:GBIF
1087:N74B
1056:BOLD
836:ISBN
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743:and
726:and
635:rats
623:dogs
621:and
606:nest
596:and
536:and
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317:The
122:Aves
1380:CoL
1266:758
1222:NBN
1170:ISC
1108:EoL
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1009:ABA
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686:in
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