244:
39:
323:
467:, yet note that 'cadastral surveying has been carried out within a tight framework of legislation'. With the view of assessing transaction costs, a European project: Modelling real property transactions (2001–2005) charted procedures for the transfer of ownership and other rights in land and buildings. Cadastral documentation is described, e.g. for Finland as follows '8. Surveyor draws up cadastral map and cadastral documents … 10. Surveyor sends cadastral documents to cadastral authority.' In Australia, similar activities are referred to as 'lodgement of plans of subdivision at land titles offices'
252:
650:
1399:
20:
501:
350:
140:
629:, each approximately one-mile square. Unlike in Europe, this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Properties are generally rectangular, boundary lines often run on cardinal bearings, and parcel dimensions are often in fractions or multiples of
422:
and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names,
317:
boundaries. It involves the physical delineation of property boundaries and determination of dimensions, areas and certain rights associated with properties. This is regardless of whether they are on land, water or defined by natural or artificial features. It is an important component of the legal
458:
The concept of cadastral documentation emerged late in the
English language, as the institution of cadastre developed outside English-speaking countries. In a Danish textbook, one out of fifteen chapters regards the form and content of documents concerning subdivision and other land matters. Early
699:
describes the location and spatial extent of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment". Marine cadastres apply the same governance principles to the water. They help further conservation and sustainability efforts. This is especially a concern in Europe's large aquatic
449:
Cadastral documentation comprises the documentary materials submitted to cadastre or land administration offices for renewal of cadastral recordings. Cadastral documentation is kept in paper and/or electronic form. Jurisdiction statutes and further provisions specify the content and form of the
219:
A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the
276:
had given to the soldiers of Legion II Gallica, but which for some years had been occupied by private individuals, ordered a survey map to be set up with a record on each 'century' of the annual rental". In this way
Vespasian was able to reimpose taxation formerly uncollected on these lands.
280:
With the fall of Rome, the use of cadastral maps effectively discontinued. Medieval practice used written descriptions of the extent of land rather than using more precise surveys. Only in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did the use of cadastral maps resume, beginning in the
122:(LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario.
289:
Europe, the need for cadastral maps reemerged as a tool to determine and express control of land as a means of production. This took place first privately in land disputes and later spread to governmental practice as a means of more precise tax assessment.
625:. Some much earlier surveys in Ohio created 25 square mile townships when the design of the system was being explored. Later, the design became square land areas of approximately 36 square miles (six miles by six miles). These townships are divided into
1153:
Vitikainen, A. (2007) Transaction costs concerning real property - The case of
Finland. Pp 101 - 118 in Zevenbergen, J., Frank, A., Stubkjær, E. (Eds) Real property transactions: procedures, transaction costs and models. Amsterdam, IOS Press. Page
267:
to recover state owned lands that had been appropriated by private individuals, and thereby recover income from such holdings. One such cadastre was done in AD 77 in
Campania, a surviving stone marker of the survey reads "The Emperor
454:
and legal advisors. The office concerned reviews the submitted information; if the documentation does not comply with stated provisions, the office may set a deadline for the applicant to submit complete documentation.
433:, argues that all maps, but particularly cadastral maps, are designed to make local situations legible to an outsider, and in doing so, enable states to collect data on their subjects. He sees the origins of this in
73:
In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. A
1089:
Shala, X., Meha, M. and Ahmedi, S. (2015) Case Study of the
Reforms on Laws for the Cadaster in the Republic of Kosovo. FIG Working Week 2015, Sofia, Bulgaria, 17-21 May 2015; retrieved 2016-08-04
1075:
861:
318:
creation of properties. A cadastral surveyor must apply both the spatial-measurement principles of general surveying and legal principles such as respect of neighboring titles.
243:
475:
Cadastre management has been used by the software industry since at least 2005. It mainly refers to the use of technology for management of cadastre and land information in
613:
is a similar cadastral survey conducted in
Western Canada, begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to
3323:
1547:
24:
1114:
Pedersen, V. E. (1951) Matrikelvæsen. København, Den kgl. Veterinær- og
Landbohøjskole (Cadastral Service. Copenhagen. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University)
3303:
811:
136:
By clearly assigning property rights and demarcating land, cadasters have been attributed with strengthening state fiscal capacity and economic growth.
1360:
575:
208:
of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as a title register.
1279:
247:
A cadastre text written in
Akkadian on a terracotta tablet; from the 18th century BC in Sippar, Iraq, and held by the Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
700:
market. In
Australia, they are used by many parties to plan around legal, technical, and institutional considerations. A related concept is that of
972:
FIG (1995) "The FIG Statement on the
Cadastre", FIG Policy Statement, The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), FIG PUBLICATION No 11, 1995,
1911:
1088:
1540:
1100:
Roşu D. C., Ciolac Valeria, Colţan O. N. (2016) Some aspects of cadastral documentation necessary registration agricultural land in land book
450:
documentation, as well as the person(s) authorized to prepare and sign the documentation, including concerned parties (owner, etc.), licensed
1961:
692:
3318:
95:
in the US), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early
1419:
1414:
1570:
2692:
1533:
82:
is defined as "a continuous area, or more appropriately volume, that is identified by a unique set of homogeneous property rights".
38:
1254:
Investigation of data models and related requirements affecting the implementation of a multipurpose cadastre system in Malaysia
2598:
838:
626:
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became more complex. Cadastral maps, he argues, are always a great simplification, but they in themselves help change reality.
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212:
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1436:
943:
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2744:
1343:
2630:
2578:
2487:
1128:
Land Information Management. - An introduction with special reference to cadastral problems in Third World countries,
892:
598:. Such surveys often require detailed investigation of the history of land use, legal accounts, and other documents.
548:
397:
1099:
530:
379:
2767:
2707:
2667:
2573:
2551:
2335:
1990:
1985:
1656:
1305:"Toward a 3D marine cadastre in support of good ocean governance: a review of the technical framework requirements"
732:
1381:
2832:
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1757:
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2076:
2007:
526:
375:
115:
3126:
2201:
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322:
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2751:
2563:
2101:
1978:
1817:
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717:
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567:
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29:
3359:
2802:
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1901:
602:
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3002:
2974:
2792:
2556:
2308:
1921:
1504:
591:
522:
371:
1525:
1366:
834:"Cadastral Template - Field Data C4" (lists nations), CadastralTemplate.org, January 2008, webpage:
3007:
2772:
2113:
1790:
511:
360:
119:
1182:
272:, in the eighth year of his tribunician power, so as to restore the state lands which the Emperor
2615:
2475:
2453:
2218:
1810:
1557:
1304:
1011:
515:
364:
238:
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ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements.
3054:
3131:
2967:
2962:
2492:
2330:
2230:
1966:
1886:
722:
661:
606:
86:
3227:
2463:
2147:
2131:
2091:
2081:
1916:
1780:
1762:
1608:
487:, rather than to general management issues of cadastral and other land information agencies.
484:
574:
proposed that a cadastre be implemented in light of his experiences as on secondment to the
3349:
3194:
2086:
1646:
618:
610:
1211:
16:
Comprehensive register of the real estate or real property's metes-and-bounds of a country
8:
3202:
3039:
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2096:
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327:
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2672:
2458:
2342:
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2108:
2041:
1933:
1891:
1731:
909:
614:
605:
is a cadastral survey of the United States originating in legislation from 1785, after
204:, the precise location, the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the
3076:
3064:
2712:
2702:
2325:
2303:
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1953:
1943:
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1785:
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460:
205:
130:
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835:
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2141:
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1896:
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1840:
1713:
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1623:
1442:
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1223:
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Seeing Like a State: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed
917:
880:
767:
634:
464:
251:
163:
63:
3308:
3293:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
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2500:
2403:
2347:
2284:
2255:
2240:
2020:
2015:
1973:
1938:
1738:
1703:
1678:
1520:
1508:
1168:
842:
622:
571:
234:
451:
108:
107:
established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the
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2408:
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2213:
2179:
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1997:
1948:
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1303:
Ng'ang'a, Sam; Sutherland, Michael; Cockburn, Sara; Nichols, Sue (2004-09-01).
745:
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951:
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of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans (
3338:
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1906:
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1513:
1410:
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929:
786:
587:
230:
100:
59:
1359:
Binns, Andrew; Rajabifard, Abbas; Collier, Phil A.; Williamson, Ian (2003).
999:
The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping
158:
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3209:
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1662:
1302:
1228:
977:
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777:
595:
314:
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201:
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and cadastre are both types of land recording and complement each other.
55:
3029:
1199:
Streamline Cadastral Data Management, Thomson Reuters, Aumentum Cadastre
1061:
649:
2729:
2268:
2123:
1822:
1382:
Report on the outcomes of the UNB-FIG Meeting on Marine Cadastre Issues
772:
282:
996:
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in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys.
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19:
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textbooks of international scope focused on recordings in terms of
273:
104:
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3138:
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1484:
1404:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3239:
3164:
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2837:
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2739:
2620:
1832:
1633:
1362:
Issues in Defining the Concept of a Marine Cadastre for Australia
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126:
96:
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3254:
3189:
3143:
3059:
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2914:
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2190:
1772:
910:"Cadasters and Economic Growth: A Long-Run Cross-Country Panel"
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419:
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that specialises in the establishment and re-establishment of
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3234:
3111:
3096:
3086:
3071:
3049:
3044:
2979:
2777:
2719:
2603:
1348:. 18th Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty 2017.
1183:"GIS for Cadastre Management, ESRI® GIS Technology in Europe"
1140:
188:
176:
144:
125:
The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and
1495:
950:. Dictionary.com and Oxford University Press. Archived from
859:
Basic Principles of the Main Cadastral Systems in the World,
680:
Extensions of the conventional cadastre concept include the
3091:
2357:
1695:
908:
D’Arcy, Michelle; Nistotskaya, Marina; Olsson, Ola (2024).
423:
selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps.
339:
91:
1501:
845:: also has term "cadastral survey" and other land records.
621:. These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into
2889:
1434:
438:
415:
114:
Cadastral survey information is often a base element in
907:
490:
66:
of a country. Often it is represented graphically in a
1487:, representing National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies
1257:(MSc(R) thesis). University of Glasgow. pp. 15–19
1076:"ČÚZK - Registration into the Cadastre of Real Estate"
1051:(Yale University Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-300-07815-2.
1491:
Permanent Committee on Cadastre in the European Union
1438:
Procedures and Standards for a Multipurpose Cadastre
1216:
International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences
1102:
Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology
2872:
1379:
1280:"Marine Cadastre: A support to the Blue Economy?"
3336:
1481:, linking to descriptions of national cadastres
1141:"COST G9: Modelling Real Property Transactions"
997:Roger J. P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent (1992).
263:Some of the earliest cadastres were ordered by
193:)—literally, "(organised) line by line".
874:
1541:
1287:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
853:
851:
1423:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1341:
1126:Dale. P. F. & McLaughlin, J. D. (1988)
196:A cadastre commonly includes details of the
3319:List of administrative divisions by country
684:, considering the vertical domain; and the
529:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
378:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
151:
1548:
1534:
848:
42:A modern cadastral map for Eastern England
1446:
1367:UNB-FIG Meeting on Marine Cadastre Issues
1227:
549:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:Learn how and when to remove this message
326:BLM cadastral survey marker from 1992 in
1586:
1409:
1345:Marine Cadastre in Europe: state of play
1309:Computers, Environment and Urban Systems
1122:
1120:
1062:"Slovak Geoportal, retrieved 2016-08-02"
1022:
830:
828:
321:
250:
242:
138:
37:
18:
2524:
1342:Balla, Evangelia; Wouters, Rik (2017).
1212:"Analysis of literature on 3D cadastre"
3337:
992:
990:
988:
875:Dale, Peter; McLaughlin, John (2000).
870:
868:
2871:
2523:
1585:
1568:
1529:
1298:
1296:
1273:
1271:
1209:
1117:
825:
213:International Federation of Surveyors
807:Land registry of Bertier de Sauvigny
644:
527:adding citations to reliable sources
494:
491:Cadastres in different jurisdictions
376:adding citations to reliable sources
343:
54:is a comprehensive recording of the
23:Cadastral map from 1827 in Austria (
1321:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2003.11.002
1277:
1250:
985:
865:
281:Netherlands. With the emergence of
13:
1435:National Research Council (1983).
1428:
1293:
1268:
1001:. The University of Chicago Press.
885:10.1093/oso/9780198233909.001.0001
239:Topographic mapping § History
14:
3371:
1569:
1472:
693:UN Economic Commission for Europe
561:
309:is the sub-field of cadastre and
147:, Tirol, Brixner Kreis Nr 1, 1858
2336:Organized incorporated territory
1441:. The National Academies Press.
1397:
733:Cadastral divisions of Australia
648:
581:
499:
444:
348:
299:This section is an excerpt from
255:Cadastre survey marker from the
3324:Slavic administrative divisions
1373:
1352:
1335:
1244:
1203:
1192:
1175:
1157:
1147:
1133:
1130:Oxford University Press (p. 28)
1108:
1093:
1082:
1068:
1054:
1041:
688:, considering non-parcel data.
594:(BLM) maintains records of all
85:Cadastral surveys document the
2873:Non-English terms or loanwords
2077:Direct-controlled municipality
1251:Sim, Ching Yen (31 Oct 2012).
1016:
1005:
966:
936:
901:
590:, cadastral survey within the
477:geographic information systems
116:Geographic Information Systems
1:
2202:Special administrative region
818:
751:Geographic information system
640:
470:
215:defines cadastre as follows:
2102:Mountain resort municipality
1979:Intermediate school district
1962:Educational service district
1818:Regional county municipality
914:Journal of Political Economy
704:spatial data infrastructures
481:spatial data infrastructures
181:), a list or register, from
7:
2433:Autonomous territorial unit
1380:Michael Sutherland (2003).
1210:Döner, Fatih (2021-07-01).
879:. Oxford University Press.
710:
10:
3376:
2314:National capital territory
2035:Indian reserve/reservation
1902:Indian government district
1556:Designations for types of
1479:Cadastral Template Project
944:"Lexico powered by Oxford"
609:of the United States. The
603:Public Lands Survey System
337:
298:
293:
235:Cartography § History
228:
224:
189:
177:
3304:Autonomous administration
3291:
3157:
2882:
2878:
2867:
2760:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2443:
2417:
2379:
2356:
2309:Federal capital territory
2294:
2254:
2189:
2157:
2122:
2057:
2034:
2006:
1922:Non-metropolitan district
1912:Local government district
1867:
1849:
1831:
1771:
1748:
1694:
1669:
1655:
1632:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1496:http://www.icisociety.ca/
1311:. Cadastral Systems III.
1165:"Australia - CSDILA icon"
607:international recognition
592:Bureau of Land Management
463:and technical aspects of
152:Etymology and definition
111:of most modern versions.
2114:Specialized municipality
1791:Consolidated city-county
1500:Surveyor General Branch
718:Assessor's parcel number
231:Surveying § History
166:through French from the
120:Land Information Systems
25:Franziszeischer Kataster
2476:Military exclusion zone
2454:Exclusive economic zone
2219:National capital region
1811:Non-metropolitan county
1558:administrative division
1502:http://sgb.nrcan.gc.ca/
1420:Encyclopædia Britannica
1023:Land.Vic (2020-12-18).
2493:Self-administered zone
2331:Incorporated territory
2198:Administrative region
1967:Local service district
1887:Congressional district
723:Boundary (real estate)
333:
330:
260:
248:
222:
148:
43:
35:
2464:Special economic zone
2148:Praetorian prefecture
2132:Autonomous prefecture
2092:Regional municipality
2082:District municipality
1917:Metropolitan district
1781:Administrative county
1763:Residential community
1609:Local government area
686:multipurpose cadastre
568:Colonel Robert Dawson
485:software architecture
325:
254:
246:
217:
142:
41:
22:
3055:Njësi administrative
2087:Neutral municipality
2026:Subdivision of India
1758:Autonomous community
1647:Metropolitan borough
1587:Common English terms
1229:10.26833/ijeg.703244
1012:Le_cadastre_d'Orange
954:on December 30, 2019
611:Dominion Land Survey
523:improve this section
372:improve this section
129:between landowners.
2698:Autonomous republic
2626:Enclave and exclave
2525:Other English terms
2321:Dependent territory
2167:Autonomous province
2097:Resort municipality
2072:County municipality
1859:Overseas department
1806:Metropolitan county
1619:Unincorporated area
1514:Cadastre in Romania
877:Land Administration
812:Napoleonic Cadastre
763:Land administration
728:Cadastral community
435:Early Modern Europe
431:Seeing Like a State
328:San Xavier, Arizona
307:Cadastral surveying
301:Cadastral surveying
3314:Electoral district
2631:Federal dependency
2459:Free economic zone
2343:Overseas territory
2226:Development region
2109:Rural municipality
2042:Indian reservation
1934:Municipal district
1892:Electoral district
1732:Free imperial city
1519:2017-08-13 at the
1507:2022-04-26 at the
1025:"Cadastral survey"
841:2012-07-30 at the
660:. You can help by
615:principal meridian
331:
261:
249:
149:
44:
36:
3360:Land registration
3332:
3331:
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2858:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2429:Territorial unit
2326:Federal territory
2304:Capital territory
2209:Autonomous region
2173:Overseas province
2067:City municipality
1958:Service district
1954:Sanitary district
1944:Regional district
1929:Military district
1786:Autonomous county
1719:Incorporated city
1458:978-0-309-03343-5
792:Recorder of deeds
691:According to the
678:
677:
635:Land descriptions
559:
558:
551:
461:land registration
408:
407:
400:
143:Cadastral map of
131:Land registration
3367:
2920:Regierungsbezirk
2880:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2483:Free speech zone
2389:Charter township
2142:Super-prefecture
1986:Special district
1897:Federal district
1877:Capital district
1841:Overseas country
1714:Independent city
1685:Imperial capital
1624:Unorganized area
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1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:. Archived from
1161:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
994:
983:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
940:
934:
933:
905:
899:
898:
872:
863:
855:
846:
832:
768:Land (economics)
742:(Ottoman Empire)
673:
670:
652:
645:
576:Tithe Commission
554:
547:
543:
540:
534:
503:
495:
465:cadastral survey
403:
396:
392:
389:
383:
352:
344:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
174:
80:cadastral parcel
64:metes-and-bounds
33:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3309:Census division
3279:
3153:
2874:
2847:
2798:Imperial Circle
2756:
2526:
2507:
2501:Free-trade zone
2439:
2413:
2404:Survey township
2375:
2352:
2348:Union territory
2290:
2285:Sovereign state
2250:
2241:Overseas region
2185:
2153:
2118:
2053:
2044:(United States)
2030:
2021:Police division
2016:Census division
2002:
1974:School district
1939:Police district
1863:
1845:
1827:
1767:
1744:
1739:Royal free city
1704:Autonomous city
1690:
1679:Federal capital
1665:
1651:
1628:
1588:
1573:
1560:
1554:
1521:Wayback Machine
1509:Wayback Machine
1485:EuroGeographics
1475:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1431:
1429:Further reading
1413:, ed. (1911). "
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1357:
1353:
1340:
1336:
1301:
1294:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1006:
995:
986:
971:
967:
957:
955:
942:
941:
937:
906:
902:
895:
873:
866:
856:
849:
843:Wayback Machine
833:
826:
821:
816:
713:
697:Marine Cadastre
674:
668:
665:
658:needs expansion
643:
584:
572:Royal Engineers
564:
555:
544:
538:
535:
520:
504:
493:
473:
447:
418:that shows the
404:
393:
387:
384:
369:
353:
342:
336:
320:
319:
304:
296:
259:mountains, 2018
241:
227:
154:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:Exclusion zone
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:Economic zone
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2409:Urban township
2406:
2401:
2399:Paper township
2396:
2394:Civil township
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:Capital region
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2180:Roman province
2176:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2048:Indian reserve
2045:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1998:Urban district
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1949:Rural district
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:County borough
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1473:External links
1471:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1448:10.17226/11803
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1411:Chisholm, Hugh
1391:
1390:
1372:
1351:
1334:
1315:(5): 443–470.
1292:
1278:Wouters, Rik.
1267:
1243:
1202:
1191:
1174:
1171:on 2016-08-27.
1156:
1146:
1132:
1116:
1107:
1104:20 (2) 231-233
1092:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1040:
1015:
1004:
984:
965:
935:
922:10.1086/730551
900:
893:
864:
847:
823:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
748:
746:Estate (house)
743:
735:
730:
725:
720:
714:
712:
709:
676:
675:
655:
653:
642:
639:
583:
580:
563:
562:United Kingdom
560:
557:
556:
507:
505:
498:
492:
489:
472:
469:
446:
443:
427:James C. Scott
406:
405:
356:
354:
347:
335:
332:
305:
297:
295:
292:
265:Roman Emperors
226:
223:
153:
150:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3372:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:Kommun/Kunta
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Roman diocese
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Neighbourhood
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2542:Alpine resort
2540:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2425:Regional unit
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Federal state
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Subprefecture
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Land district
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:City district
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:Imperial city
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:English terms
1567:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:public domain
1395:
1394:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1111:
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3175:Heerlijkheid
3015:Län (Sweden)
2683:Protectorate
2678:Principality
2599:Constituency
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2488:Neutral zone
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1604:Insular area
1462:. Retrieved
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782:registration
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521:Please help
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3210:Landskommun
3102:Savivaldybė
2968:Switzerland
2963:South Tyrol
2843:Viceroyalty
2636:Governorate
2594:Condominium
2497:Trade zone
2371:Market town
2366:Census town
2264:Proto-state
2236:Microregion
1801:County town
1796:County seat
1663:Half-canton
958:30 December
802:Web mapping
778:Land tenure
682:3D cadastre
669:August 2024
539:August 2024
388:August 2024
287:Renaissance
257:South Tyrol
190:κατὰ στίχον
172:katástikhon
76:land parcel
56:real estate
28: [
3339:Categories
3158:Historical
3122:Shahrestān
3065:Autonomous
2813:Presidency
2761:Historical
2730:Suzerainty
2713:Autonomous
2557:Autonomous
2279:Free state
2269:City-state
2231:Mesoregion
2124:Prefecture
1851:Department
1464:2022-01-15
1261:2024-08-30
1034:2022-04-29
819:References
773:Land grant
641:Extensions
471:Management
420:boundaries
338:See also:
283:capitalism
229:See also:
178:κατάστιχον
162:came into
109:forerunner
87:boundaries
3355:Geomatics
3345:Map types
3199:Landskap
3195:Län/Lääni
3149:Vingtaine
3117:Seniūnija
3107:Selsoviet
3082:Poblacion
3019:Landskap
2949:Gemeinde
2940:Freguesia
2895:Apskritis
2818:Residency
2783:Exarchate
2725:Sultanate
2616:Eldership
2547:Bailiwick
2296:Territory
2246:Subregion
1991:in the US
1823:Viscounty
1750:Community
1387:(Report).
1329:0198-9715
1238:2548-0960
930:0022-3808
797:Surveying
623:townships
619:baselines
566:In 1836,
510:does not
452:surveyors
359:does not
311:surveying
270:Vespasian
198:ownership
156:The word
118:(GIS) or
103:in 1086.
3300:See also
3035:Maakunta
3030:Località
2975:Gemeente
2935:Frazione
2905:Barangay
2735:Townland
2673:Precinct
2658:Muftiate
2609:District
2569:Cadastre
2381:Township
2159:Province
2050:(Canada)
2008:Division
1869:District
1517:Archived
1505:Archived
1415:Cadastre
1029:Land.Vic
978:38375638
839:Archived
757:Kadaster
711:See also
627:sections
439:taxation
437:, where
274:Augustus
159:cadastre
127:lawsuits
105:Napoleon
52:cadaster
48:cadastre
3295:italics
3255:Satrapy
3240:Pargana
3165:Commote
3023:Finland
3003:Finland
2995:Kampong
2985:Hromada
2958:Germany
2953:Austria
2925:Comarca
2883:Current
2838:Tithing
2808:Monthon
2793:Hundred
2740:Village
2693:Regency
2688:Quarter
2621:Emirate
2589:Commune
2579:Circuit
2535:Current
1833:Country
1671:Capital
1634:Borough
1408::
981:fig.net
702:marine
586:In the
570:of the
531:removed
516:sources
380:removed
365:sources
294:Surveys
225:History
164:English
99:is the
97:England
3270:Syssel
3260:Socken
3228:Greece
3203:Sweden
3190:Korale
3185:Köping
3180:Komunë
3144:Tehsil
3060:Oblast
3008:Sweden
2930:Comune
2915:Bezirk
2910:Bashki
2900:Bakhsh
2773:Barony
2768:Agency
2745:Summer
2708:Sector
2703:Riding
2668:Parish
2641:Hamlet
2584:Colony
2574:Circle
2552:Banner
2191:Region
1773:County
1657:Canton
1455:
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1327:
1236:
976:
948:Lexico
928:
891:
739:Defter
631:chains
237:, and
202:tenure
200:, the
3265:Subah
3250:Rreth
3245:Plasă
3235:Pagus
3223:Egypt
3219:Nome
3139:Sýsla
3132:China
3112:Sitio
3097:Raion
3087:Purok
3077:Ostān
3072:Okrug
3050:Mukim
3045:Muban
3040:Megye
2990:Județ
2980:Gmina
2833:Tenth
2803:March
2778:Burgh
2720:Shire
2651:Royal
2646:Manor
2604:Duchy
2564:Block
2256:State
1385:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
836:CT-C4
753:(GIS)
695:, a "
429:, in
414:is a
206:value
168:Greek
145:Bozen
92:plats
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3275:Zhou
3092:Qark
2828:Seat
2788:Hide
2752:Ward
2444:Zone
2418:Unit
2358:Town
1696:City
1597:Area
1453:ISBN
1325:ISSN
1234:ISSN
974:OCLC
960:2019
926:ISSN
889:ISBN
780:and
617:and
601:The
514:any
512:cite
483:and
363:any
361:cite
340:Plat
211:The
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3127:Sum
2890:Amt
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