1785:
1197:≤ 0.8. Temperatures between 100 and 150 °C (212–302 °F) are required to drive off the water within its structure. The details of the temperature and time depend on ambient humidity. Temperatures as high as 170 °C (338 °F) are used in industrial calcination, but at these temperatures γ-anhydrite begins to form. The heat energy delivered to the gypsum at this time (the heat of hydration) tends to go into driving off water (as water vapor) rather than increasing the temperature of the mineral, which rises slowly until the water is gone, then increases more rapidly. The equation for the partial dehydration is:
418:
235:
36:
735:
1001:
27:
921:
1462:
1292:. In contrast to most minerals, which when rehydrated simply form liquid or semi-liquid pastes, or remain powdery, calcined gypsum has an unusual property: when mixed with water at normal (ambient) temperatures, it quickly reverts chemically to the preferred dihydrate form, while physically "setting" to form a rigid and relatively strong gypsum crystal lattice:
740:
1452:
Calcium sulfate has a long history of use in dentistry. It has been used in bone regeneration as a graft material and graft binder (or extender) and as a barrier in guided bone tissue regeneration. It is a biocompatible material and is completely resorbed following implantation. It does not evoke a
738:
2311:
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. DEPARTMENT OF SUPPLY AND SHIPPING. BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS. REPORT NO.1949/44 (Geol. Ser. No. 27) by E.K. Sturmfels THE PRODUCTION OF SULPHURIC ACID AND PORTLAND CEMENT FROM CALCIUM SULPHATE AND ALUMINIUM
1363:), sticks (for blackboard chalk), and molds (to immobilize broken bones, or for metal casting). Mixed with polymers, it has been used as a bone repair cement. Small amounts of calcined gypsum are added to earth to create strong structures directly from
1401:
The variable composition of the hemihydrate and γ-anhydrite, and their easy inter-conversion, is due to their nearly identical crystal structures containing "channels" that can accommodate variable amounts of water, or other small molecules such as
1268:, conferring fire resistance to residential and other structures. In a fire, the structure behind a sheet of drywall will remain relatively cool as water is lost from the gypsum, thus preventing (or substantially retarding) damage to the
1371:(which loses its strength when wet). The conditions of dehydration can be changed to adjust the porosity of the hemihydrate, resulting in the so-called α- and β-hemihydrates (which are more or less chemically identical).
1796:
and their solubility increases with temperature.The retrograde solubility of calcium sulfate is also responsible for its precipitation in the hottest zone of heating systems and for its contribution to the formation of
1429:, it is permitted in cheese and related cheese products; cereal flours; bakery products; frozen desserts; artificial sweeteners for jelly & preserves; condiment vegetables; and condiment tomatoes and some candies.
1745:
These precipitation processes tend to concentrate radioactive elements in the calcium sulfate product. This issue is particular with the phosphate by-product, since phosphate ores naturally contain
739:
4358:
4045:
4014:
6232:
4034:
5431:
5227:
4954:
741:
5222:
4741:
4709:
4654:
4281:
4269:
5541:
4919:
4579:
6216:
5986:
4907:
4895:
4826:
4693:
4670:
4427:
4247:
4061:
1792:
The solubility of calcium sulfate decreases as temperature increases. This behaviour ("retrograde solubility") is uncommon: dissolution of most of the salts is
6082:
6070:
4857:
4789:
4757:
4725:
4478:
4342:
1776:
deposits in industrial heat exchangers, because its solubility decreases with increasing temperature (see the specific section on the retrograde solubility).
5970:
5055:
4935:
4842:
4773:
4335:
4308:
3869:
3846:
1991:
785:
5200:
4323:
4301:
5245:
4381:
5479:
4450:
934:
5897:
4147:
5266:
2391:
763:
1635:. These may be extracted by open-cast quarrying or by deep mining. World production of natural gypsum is around 127 million tonnes per annum.
1769:
or the separation of uranium can be mandated by environmental legislation and its sale is used to recover part of the cost of the process.
467:
2453:
1390:= 0 to 0.05) is produced. γ-Anhydrite reacts slowly with water to return to the dihydrate state, a property exploited in some commercial
1284:
at high temperatures) and consequent structural collapse. But at higher temperatures, calcium sulfate will release oxygen and act as an
5013:
1004:
Structure of the hemihydrate of calcium sulfate reveals a dense network of Ca-O-S bonds. Color code: red (O), green (Ca), orange (S).
124:
2162:
2405:
1650:
and other processes (e.g. cement manufacture) are scrubbed to reduce their sulfur dioxide content, by injecting finely ground
1965:
690:
929:
1008:
The compound exists in three levels of hydration corresponding to different crystallographic structures and to minerals:
2129:
3325:
2264:
2352:
2116:
1441:
988:. It has many uses in industry. All forms are white solids that are poorly soluble in water. Calcium sulfate causes
432:
1398:
is formed. Natural anhydrite does not react with water, even over geological timescales, unless very finely ground.
2406:"Brazil plans uranium-phosphate extraction plant in Santa Quitéria : Uranium & Fuel - World Nuclear News"
941:
35:
2446:
749:
6290:
5006:
2004:
Franz
Wirsching "Calcium Sulfate" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
2322:
3903:
1161:
and hardens as crystalline calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is also convenient that calcium sulfate is poorly
359:
230:
172:
6295:
396:
1704:, calcium phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid and calcium sulfate precipitates. The product, called
1359:
and is responsible for the ease with which gypsum can be cast into various shapes including sheets (for
6270:
2439:
809:
796:
608:
1895:
1638:
In addition to natural sources, calcium sulfate is produced as a by-product in a number of processes:
4999:
4622:
3957:
3091:
1765:. Extraction of uranium from phosphorus ores can be economical on its own depending on prices on the
1647:
242:
1784:
6034:
4228:
3526:
1875:
1643:
413:
6285:
5872:
5423:
5254:
3557:
3303:
1289:
1028:
629:
6166:
6153:
6098:
4805:
4638:
3318:
3229:
2723:
1269:
666:
572:
2234:
1394:. On heating above 250 °C, the completely anhydrous form called β-anhydrite or "natural"
6148:
6114:
5808:
5717:
5614:
5581:
5557:
5529:
5384:
5362:
5339:
5210:
5178:
4089:
4002:
3808:
3792:
3762:
3673:
3621:
3542:
2913:
2780:
2764:
2718:
2310:
1469:
When sold at the anhydrous state as a desiccant with a color-indicating agent under the name
1374:
On heating to 180 °C (356 °F), the nearly water-free form, called γ-anhydrite (CaSO
2344:
2288:
1444:
knows it as a firming agent, a flour treatment agent, a sequestrant, and a leavening agent.
5709:
5693:
5589:
5569:
5501:
5452:
5439:
5354:
5278:
5146:
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4686:
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4073:
3785:
3755:
3277:
2952:
2925:
2872:
2740:
2500:
2030:
1910:
1741:
Calcium sulfate can also be recovered and re-used from scrap drywall at construction sites.
384:
376:
368:
192:
100:
92:
84:
8:
6280:
6187:
6002:
5729:
5673:
5517:
5509:
5474:
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5444:
5370:
5318:
5305:
5291:
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4408:
4124:
3713:
3193:
3128:
2860:
2756:
2572:
2520:
2421:
1843:
1474:
1453:
significant host response and creates a calcium-rich milieu in the area of implantation.
840:
74:
2034:
1914:
417:
234:
152:
144:
6241:
5950:
5653:
5484:
5398:
5240:
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4610:
4397:
4108:
3885:
3862:
3839:
3245:
3108:
3031:
2877:
1943:
D.R. Linde (ed.) "CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics", 83rd Edition, CRC Press, 2002
1926:
1870:
1798:
1165:
in water and does not readily dissolve in contact with water after its solidification.
1153:. These applications exploit the fact that calcium sulfate which has been powdered and
1083:
989:
6275:
6062:
6010:
5905:
5737:
5701:
5685:
5492:
5469:
5349:
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2706:
2622:
2601:
2462:
2373:
2348:
2246:
2238:
2199:
2112:
1961:
1930:
1806:
1788:
Temperature dependence of the solubility of calcium sulfate (3 phases) in pure water.
1731:
1712:
1685:
1158:
1134:. Specific hemihydrates are sometimes distinguished: α-hemihydrate and β-hemihydrate.
887:
864:
860:
834:
647:
2056:
Cole, W.F.; Lancucki, C.J. (1974). "A refinement of the crystal structure of gypsum
5800:
5792:
5665:
5415:
5410:
5296:
5158:
5022:
4443:
4374:
4159:
3964:
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3549:
3492:
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3051:
2972:
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2885:
2801:
2796:
2646:
2593:
2508:
2492:
2484:
2340:
2299:
2230:
2189:
2087:
2038:
2005:
1918:
1716:
1513:
1506:
1178:
1173:
With judicious heating, gypsum converts to the partially dehydrated mineral called
1131:
981:
899:
883:
560:
490:
52:
2021:
Morikawa, H.; Minato, I.; Tomita, T.; Iwai, S. (1975). "Anhydrite: A refinement".
329:
6143:
6054:
5958:
5816:
5784:
5776:
5344:
5313:
5195:
5190:
5103:
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4140:
4116:
3986:
3919:
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3747:
3684:
3662:
3479:
3390:
3067:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2836:
2828:
2694:
2682:
2662:
2614:
2609:
2540:
2532:
2476:
1697:
1689:
1285:
276:
2392:"Uranium from Phosphates | Phosphorite Uranium - World Nuclear Association"
1860:
6046:
6022:
5930:
5832:
5768:
5375:
5205:
5136:
4883:
4508:
4236:
4204:
4178:
4097:
3579:
3437:
2897:
2560:
2552:
1814:
1766:
1498:
912:
868:
2426:
2091:
2042:
1987:
1922:
6264:
5844:
5124:
3448:
3414:
3365:
2674:
2588:
2242:
2203:
2137:
2009:
1865:
1750:
1705:
1502:
1486:
549:
268:
223:
2218:
5232:
3911:
2250:
1762:
1727:
1415:
653:
1473:, it appears blue (anhydrous) or pink (hydrated) due to impregnation with
762:
6135:
3430:
1793:
1261:
1154:
775:
748:
212:
2194:
2177:
1810:
1754:
1364:
1356:
1273:
1162:
755:
594:
505:
243:
183:
2377:
2369:
2178:"Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulphate on Bone Development"
6203:
5760:
5393:
5035:
1837:
1832:
1651:
1632:
1628:
1395:
1391:
1174:
1127:
1024:
977:
973:
969:
877:
2431:
1489:
were produced from anhydrous calcium sulfate. Upon being mixed with
1144:
911:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
6174:
4991:
1758:
1470:
1433:
1403:
1149:
The main use of calcium sulfate is to produce plaster of Paris and
995:
721:
598:
303:
296:
260:
203:
56:
3333:
2176:
Titus, Harry W.; McNally, Edmund; Hilberg, Frank C. (1933-01-01).
1985:
123:
5922:
5889:
5091:
5030:
3649:
3335:
1773:
1746:
1701:
1360:
1265:
965:
756:
537:
315:
1708:
is often contaminated with impurities making its use uneconomic.
5645:
5283:
1855:
1802:
1735:
1624:
1510:
1150:
1079:
985:
903:
163:
60:
2217:
Thomas, Mark V.; Puleo, David A.; Al-Sabbagh, Mohanad (2005).
26:
5856:
5755:
2335:
Speight, James G. (2000). "Fuels, Synthetic, Gaseous Fuels".
1849:
1719:
is treated with sulfuric acid, precipitating calcium sulfate.
1490:
1368:
1281:
340:
135:
113:
1623:
The main sources of calcium sulfate are naturally occurring
1264:
property of this reaction is relevant to the performance of
401:
1723:
1494:
1461:
1419:
1277:
822:
527:
287:
1820:
degasses from hot water or can escape out of the system.
1426:
1027:): anhydrous state. The structure is related to that of
854:
2367:
2020:
1545:
Some component reactions pertaining to calcium sulfate:
1000:
554:
1,460 °C (2,660 °F; 1,730 K) (anhydrous)
1168:
2216:
1992:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
441:
InChI=1S/Ca.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
261:
451:
InChI=1/Ca.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
2175:
2368:Wang, R. D.; Field, L. A.; Gillet d'Auriac, F. S.
2163:"Compound Summary for CID 24497 - Calcium Sulfate"
1955:
2293:
960:) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO
6262:
2223:Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants
1893:
1692:, which oxidizes on storage to calcium sulfate.
996:Hydration states and crystallographic structures
328:
2337:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1497:, and roasted at 1400°C, the sulfate liberates
737:
99:
91:
83:
1772:Calcium sulfate is also a common component of
984:, and another occurs naturally as the mineral
5007:
3319:
2447:
2136:. Sanlinx Inc. 31 August 2015. Archived from
1631:, which occur at many locations worldwide as
2055:
1618:
980:. One particular hydrate is better known as
1480:
1477:, which functions as a moisture indicator.
1414:The calcium sulfate hydrates are used as a
5014:
5000:
3326:
3312:
2454:
2440:
2370:"Recovery of uranium from phosphate rocks"
1485:Up to the 1970s, commercial quantities of
416:
233:
191:
2235:10.1615/jlongtermeffmedimplants.v15.i6.30
2193:
1960:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A21.
1894:Lebedev, A. L.; Kosorukov, V. L. (2017).
383:
375:
367:
1986:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1783:
1460:
999:
2422:International Chemical Safety Card 1215
2345:10.1002/0471238961.0701190519160509.a01
2334:
1998:
1734:to co-precipitate heavy metals such as
816:TWA 10 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp)
803:TWA 15 mg/m (total) TWA 5 mg/m (resp)
566:0.26 g/100ml at 25 °C (dihydrate)
514:172.172 g/mol (dihydrate)
412:
211:
6263:
3379:
2427:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
1981:
1979:
1977:
224:
4995:
4568:
3307:
2461:
2435:
2265:"Biphasic Calcium Sulfate - Overview"
2157:
2155:
444:Key: OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
171:
151:
143:
5021:
1951:
1949:
1896:"Gypsum Solubility in Water at 25°C"
1684:Related sulfur-trapping methods use
1181:. This material has the formula CaSO
2103:
2101:
1974:
1169:Hydration and dehydration reactions
454:Key: OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-NUQVWONBAU
318:
302:
295:
13:
2152:
1054:is tetrahedral, O is 3-coordinate.
733:
16:Laboratory and industrial chemical
14:
6307:
2415:
1946:
2098:
2080:Acta Crystallographica Section B
2023:Acta Crystallographica Section B
1805:along with the precipitation of
1409:
919:
34:
25:
2398:
2384:
2361:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2282:
2257:
2210:
2169:
1280:members or loss of strength of
915:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2122:
2049:
2014:
1937:
1887:
1130:): hemihydrate, also known as
1:
1881:
1779:
1505:. The reaction also produces
790:(US health exposure limits):
603:slightly soluble (dihydrate)
1688:and some produces an impure
1456:
1447:
1157:forms a moldable paste upon
7:
2219:"Calcium sulfate: a review"
1956:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
1829:Calcium sulfate (data page)
1823:
1288:. This property is used in
512:145.15 g/mol (hemihydrate)
351:(dihydrate): MG2360000
10:
6312:
4570:
1958:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
1903:Geochemistry International
1648:fossil-fuel power stations
1142:
586:4.93 × 10 molL (anhydrous)
6165:
6134:
5921:
5888:
5753:
5643:
5029:
3381:
3357:
3334:Compounds containing the
2984:
2945:
2821:
2655:
2581:
2469:
2092:10.1107/S0567740874004055
2043:10.1107/S0567740875007145
1923:10.1134/S0016702917010062
1619:Production and occurrence
909:
846:
784:
715:
659:
640:
483:
463:
428:
269:(acidity regulators, ...)
67:
47:
42:
33:
24:
2010:10.1002/14356007.a04_555
1876:Flue-gas desulfurization
1644:flue-gas desulfurization
1481:Sulfuric acid production
510:136.14 g/mol (anhydrous)
2470:Hydrogen & halogens
2289:Whitehaven Cement Plant
1343:O → CaSO
1138:
1029:zirconium orthosilicate
976:form), it is used as a
630:Magnetic susceptibility
2130:"About tofu coagulant"
1789:
1466:
1465:The desiccant Drierite
1209:O → CaSO
1005:
744:
544:2.32 g/cm (dihydrate)
542:2.96 g/cm (anhydrous)
6291:Pyrotechnic colorants
2107:Taylor H.F.W. (1990)
1787:
1711:In the production of
1696:In the production of
1646:, exhaust gases from
1464:
1003:
743:
588:3.14 × 10 (dihydrate)
2134:www.soymilkmaker.com
1813:also decreases when
1590:+ CaS → 4 CaO + 4 SO
1501:gas, a precursor to
1418:in products such as
1367:, an alternative to
726:(fire diamond)
374:(hemihydrate):
90:(hemihydrate):
2035:1975AcCrB..31.2164M
1915:2017GeocI..55..205L
1852:(calcium carbonate)
1844:Bathybius haeckelii
1722:In the refining of
1475:cobalt(II) chloride
1432:It is known in the
968:. In the form of γ-
561:Solubility in water
21:
6296:E-number additives
2269:Augma Biomaterials
2195:10.3382/ps.0120005
2111:. Academic Press,
1871:Selenite (mineral)
1790:
1554:+ 2 C → CaS + 2 CO
1467:
1145:Gypsum § Uses
1084:selenite (mineral)
1006:
990:permanent hardness
942:Infobox references
847:Related compounds
825:(Immediate danger)
745:
684:107 J·mol·K
573:Solubility product
382:(dihydrate):
327:(dihydrate):
150:(dihydrate):
98:(dihydrate):
19:
6271:Calcium compounds
6258:
6257:
6167:Organic compounds
6130:
6129:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4982:
3301:
3300:
2822:Group 13 & 14
2463:Calcium compounds
2300:Anhydrite Process
1967:978-0-618-94690-7
1807:calcium carbonate
1730:are treated with
1713:hydrogen fluoride
1355:This reaction is
1193:O), where 0.5 ≤
1042:is 8-coordinate,
950:Chemical compound
948:
947:
895:Related compounds
888:Magnesium sulfate
865:Strontium sulfate
861:Magnesium sulfate
835:Safety data sheet
648:Crystal structure
621:10.4 (anhydrous)
397:CompTox Dashboard
125:Interactive image
6303:
5886:
5885:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5599:
5598:
5023:Sulfur compounds
5016:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4992:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3540:
3523:
3506:
3470:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3428:
3410:
3400:
3375:
3361:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3305:
3304:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2140:on 14 March 2015
2126:
2120:
2109:Cement Chemistry
2105:
2096:
2095:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1983:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1900:
1891:
1717:calcium fluoride
1680:
1614:
1594:
1582:
1558:
1541:
1507:calcium silicate
1338:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1179:plaster of Paris
1132:plaster of Paris
1125:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1098:
1097:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1020:
982:plaster of Paris
958:calcium sulphate
932:
926:
923:
922:
900:Plaster of Paris
884:Calcium chloride
765:
758:
751:
736:
707:
680:
660:Thermochemistry
636:-49.7·10 cm/mol
623:7.3 (dihydrate)
491:Chemical formula
421:
420:
405:
403:
387:
379:
371:
332:
320:
306:
299:
277:Gmelin Reference
263:
245:
237:
226:
215:
195:
175:
155:
147:
127:
103:
95:
87:
53:Plaster of Paris
38:
29:
22:
20:Calcium sulfate
18:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6236:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6182:
6178:
6161:
6157:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6042:
6038:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5901:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5657:
5639:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5496:
5488:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5406:
5402:
5388:
5379:
5366:
5358:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5309:
5300:
5287:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5249:
5236:
5218:
5214:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5116:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5071:
5063:
5059:
5051:
5047:
5034:
5025:
5020:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4850:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4512:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4240:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3332:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2605:
2597:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2465:
2460:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2215:
2211:
2182:Poultry Science
2174:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2106:
2099:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2019:
2015:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1826:
1818:
1782:
1726:, solutions of
1698:phosphoric acid
1690:calcium sulfite
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1483:
1459:
1450:
1440:, and the UN's
1412:
1385:
1377:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1286:oxidizing agent
1255:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1171:
1147:
1141:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
998:
963:
954:Calcium sulfate
951:
944:
939:
938:
937: ?)
928:
924:
920:
916:
902:
896:
886:
880:
867:
863:
857:
826:
813:
800:
770:
769:
768:
767:
760:
753:
746:
742:
734:
708:
705:
699:
695:
692:
691:Std enthalpy of
681:
678:
671:
668:
650:
633:
622:
617:
589:
587:
583:
581:
563:
543:
513:
511:
499:
493:
479:
476:
471:
470:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
445:
442:
436:
435:
424:
406:
399:
390:
354:
335:
321:
309:
279:
255:
218:
198:
178:
158:
130:
117:
106:
77:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:Sulfate of lime
17:
12:
11:
5:
6309:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6286:Food additives
6283:
6278:
6273:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5648:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5595:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
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3600:
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3406:
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3396:
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3323:
3316:
3308:
3299:
3298:
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3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
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3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
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3199:
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3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
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3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
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2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
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2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
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2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
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2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
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2680:
2676:
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2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
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2649:
2644:
2640:
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2628:
2624:
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2607:
2603:
2599:
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2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
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2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2416:External links
2414:
2412:
2411:
2397:
2383:
2360:
2353:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2292:
2281:
2256:
2229:(6): 599–607.
2209:
2168:
2151:
2121:
2119:, pp. 186-187.
2097:
2071:
2062:
2048:
2013:
1997:
1973:
1966:
1945:
1936:
1909:(2): 171–177.
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Gypsum plaster
1858:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1781:
1778:
1767:uranium market
1751:decay products
1743:
1742:
1739:
1720:
1709:
1702:phosphate rock
1682:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1499:sulfur dioxide
1482:
1479:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1411:
1408:
1383:
1375:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1317:
1297:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1230:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1167:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1119:
1094:
1087:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1037:
1017:
997:
994:
961:
949:
946:
945:
940:
918:
917:
913:standard state
910:
907:
906:
897:
894:
891:
890:
881:
875:
872:
871:
869:Barium sulfate
858:
852:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
831:
830:
827:
821:
818:
817:
814:
808:
805:
804:
801:
795:
792:
791:
782:
781:
780:Non-flammable
778:
772:
771:
761:
754:
747:
732:
731:
730:
729:
727:
718:
717:
713:
712:
709:
703:
697:
689:
686:
685:
682:
676:
665:
662:
661:
657:
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646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:
628:
625:
624:
619:
615:
605:
604:
601:
591:
590:
584:
579:
571:
568:
567:
564:
559:
556:
555:
552:
546:
545:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
516:
515:
508:
502:
501:
497:
494:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
478:
477:
474:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
458:
457:
453:
450:
449:
447:
443:
440:
439:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
423:
422:
409:
407:
395:
392:
391:
389:
388:
380:
372:
364:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
349:
345:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
324:
322:
314:
311:
310:
308:
307:
300:
292:
290:
284:
283:
280:
275:
272:
271:
265:
257:
256:
254:
253:
249:
247:
239:
238:
228:
220:
219:
217:
216:
208:
206:
200:
199:
197:
196:
188:
186:
180:
179:
177:
176:
168:
166:
160:
159:
157:
156:
148:
140:
138:
132:
131:
129:
128:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
105:
104:
96:
88:
80:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
49:
45:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6308:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6251:
6240:
6238:
6231:
6229:
6215:
6213:
6202:
6200:
6186:
6184:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6123:
6113:
6111:
6097:
6095:
6081:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6009:
6007:
6001:
5999:
5985:
5983:
5969:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5855:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5652:
5651:
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5642:
5636:
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5468:
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5463:
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5438:
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5430:
5428:
5422:
5420:
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5412:
5409:
5407:
5397:
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5383:
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5369:
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5317:
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5280:
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5224:
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5078:
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5066:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4934:
4932:
4918:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4881:
4870:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4804:
4802:
4788:
4786:
4772:
4770:
4756:
4754:
4740:
4738:
4724:
4722:
4708:
4706:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4667:
4653:
4651:
4637:
4635:
4621:
4619:
4608:
4594:
4592:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
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4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
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4507:
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4415:
4413:
4406:
4396:
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4379:
4373:
4371:
4357:
4355:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4321:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4202:
4191:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4158:
4156:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4106:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3901:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3619:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3588:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3539:
3522:
3505:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3458:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3412:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3294:
3276:
3274:
3260:
3258:
3244:
3242:
3228:
3226:
3212:
3210:
3192:
3190:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3145:
3127:
3125:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3088:
3066:
3064:
3050:
3048:
3030:
3028:
3014:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2779:
2777:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2354:9780471484943
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2117:0-12-683900-X
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Phosphogypsum
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:hydrated lime
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:phosphogypsum
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1596:
1584:
1566:+ CaS + 2 SiO
1560:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1529:+ C → 2 CaSiO
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:sulfuric acid
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:sulfuric acid
1478:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1410:Food industry
1407:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:aluminothermy
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1088:
1086:): dihydrate.
1085:
1081:
1056:
1030:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
959:
955:
943:
936:
931:
914:
908:
905:
901:
898:
893:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
874:
873:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
851:
850:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
815:
812:(Recommended)
811:
807:
806:
802:
799:(Permissible)
798:
794:
793:
789:
788:
783:
779:
777:
774:
773:
766:
759:
752:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
714:
711:-1433 kJ/mol
710:
702:
694:
688:
687:
683:
675:
670:
664:
663:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
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585:
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574:
570:
569:
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562:
558:
557:
553:
551:
550:Melting point
548:
547:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
518:
517:
509:
507:
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427:
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414:DTXSID9029699
411:
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236:
232:
229:
227:
225:ECHA InfoCard
222:
221:
214:
210:
209:
207:
205:
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
187:
185:
182:
181:
174:
173:ChEMBL2106140
170:
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154:
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133:
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58:
54:
46:
41:
37:
32:
28:
23:
6136:Thiocyanates
5942:
3721:
2946:Trans metals
2638:
2400:
2386:
2363:
2336:
2330:
2325:, USGS, 2008
2318:
2306:
2295:
2284:
2273:. Retrieved
2271:. 2020-03-25
2268:
2259:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2142:. Retrieved
2138:the original
2133:
2124:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2051:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2000:
1957:
1939:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1842:
1791:
1771:
1763:polonium-210
1744:
1728:zinc sulfate
1683:
1637:
1622:
1544:
1516:production.
1484:
1468:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1259:
1194:
1186:
1172:
1148:
1007:
964:and related
957:
953:
952:
786:
722:
700:
673:
654:orthorhombic
612:
576:
522:white solid
341:RTECS number
68:Identifiers
48:Other names
2029:(8): 2164.
1794:endothermic
1262:endothermic
776:Flash point
519:Appearance
484:Properties
231:100.029.000
153:CHEBI:32583
145:CHEBI:31346
6281:Desiccants
6265:Categories
5761:oxyhalides
5036:disulfides
2656:Pnictogens
2582:Chalcogens
2275:2020-07-16
2188:(1): 5–8.
2165:. PubChem.
2144:10 January
2086:(4): 921.
1882:References
1811:solubility
1780:Solubility
1755:radium-226
1633:evaporites
1606:+ CaO → Ca
1509:, used in
1436:series as
1392:desiccants
1365:cast earth
1357:exothermic
1274:combustion
1143:See also:
1031:(zircon):
992:in water.
878:desiccants
641:Structure
595:Solubility
506:Molar mass
475:.S()(=O)=O
385:4846Q921YM
377:3RW091J48V
369:E934B3V59H
184:ChemSpider
112:3D model (
101:10101-41-4
93:10034-76-1
75:CAS Number
2312:SILICATES
2243:1050-6934
2204:0032-5791
1931:132916752
1838:Anhydrite
1833:Alabaster
1652:limestone
1629:anhydrite
1457:Desiccant
1448:Dentistry
1416:coagulant
1396:anhydrite
1272:(through
1175:bassanite
1159:hydration
1128:bassanite
1025:anhydrite
978:desiccant
974:anhydrous
970:anhydrite
841:ICSC 1589
693:formation
667:Std molar
532:odorless
348:WS6920000
252:231-900-3
244:EC Number
85:7778-18-9
6276:Sulfates
5923:Sulfates
5890:Sulfites
5031:Sulfides
2985:Organics
2251:16393128
1994:(NIOSH).
1824:See also
1759:lead-210
1753:such as
1749:and its
1672:→ CaSO
1664:+ 0.5 O
1471:Drierite
1434:E number
1425:For the
1404:methanol
1386:O where
1322:1
1235:1
1155:calcined
966:hydrates
876:Related
723:NFPA 704
716:Hazards
632:(χ)
599:glycerol
262:E number
204:DrugBank
57:Drierite
6154:Co(SCN)
6035:NaAl(SO
5754:Sulfur
5646:halides
5644:Sulfur
4571:
3338:group (
3336:sulfate
2501:Ca(ClO)
2378:6654998
2031:Bibcode
1988:"#0095"
1911:Bibcode
1803:boilers
1774:fouling
1747:uranium
1668:+ CaCO
1525:+ 2 SiO
1514:clinker
1361:drywall
1337:
1314:
1302:
1270:framing
1266:drywall
1250:
1227:
1215:
1163:soluble
1113:
1101:
935:what is
933: (
855:cations
669:entropy
609:Acidity
538:Density
500:
316:PubChem
213:DB15533
6023:KAl(SO
5756:oxides
4035:MoO(SO
3510:[N
3445:esters
3004:Ca(HCO
2953:Ca(MnO
2861:Ca(HCO
2837:Ca(CN)
2602:Ca(OH)
2541:Ca(BrO
2521:Ca(ClO
2509:Ca(ClO
2376:
2351:
2323:Gypsum
2249:
2241:
2202:
2115:
1964:
1929:
1856:Gypsum
1809:whose
1736:barium
1625:gypsum
1586:3 CaSO
1578:+ 4 SO
1570:→ 2 Ca
1562:3 CaSO
1533:+ 2 SO
1521:2 CaSO
1511:cement
1151:stucco
1080:gypsum
986:gypsum
930:verify
927:
904:Gypsum
853:Other
837:(SDS)
468:SMILES
304:D09201
297:C13194
164:ChEMBL
61:Gypsum
43:Names
6115:Zr(SO
6071:Ti(SO
5233:CuFeS
4908:Pu(SO
4896:Np(SO
4843:Th(SO
4611:Ce(SO
4486:Po(SO
4451:Pb(SO
4324:Os(SO
4270:WO(SO
4229:CsHSO
4148:Sn(SO
4062:Ru(SO
4003:Zr(SO
3958:RbHSO
3748:TiOSO
3630:(OAc)
3591:NaHSO
3543:NOHSO
3016:Ca(CH
2973:CaTiO
2965:CaCrO
2757:CaHPO
2695:Ca(NO
2683:Ca(NO
2561:Ca(IO
1927:S2CID
1899:(PDF)
1850:Chalk
1799:scale
1700:from
1676:+ CO
1491:shale
1369:adobe
1347:· 2 H
1282:steel
1205:· 2 H
972:(the
829:N.D.
787:NIOSH
433:InChI
330:24928
282:7487
267:E516
193:22905
136:ChEBI
114:JSmol
6233:CHCl
6149:KSCN
6144:HSCN
6063:SrSO
6055:SnSO
6047:RaSO
6003:HgSO
5951:CuSO
5943:CaSO
5898:CdSO
5793:SOCl
5785:SOBr
5759:and
5424:PSCl
5371:NaHS
5228:CSTe
5223:CSSe
5033:and
4873:U(SO
4687:EuSO
4509:RaSO
4479:PoSO
4444:PbSO
4409:HgSO
4375:AuSO
4336:IrSO
4302:OsSO
4237:BaSO
4194:(IO)
4141:SnSO
4117:CdSO
4109:AgSO
4090:PdSO
3977:SrSO
3942:+SeO
3912:ZnSO
3886:CuSO
3863:NiSO
3840:CoSO
3817:FeSO
3809:MnSO
3786:CrSO
3778:VOSO
3722:CaSO
3714:KHSO
3674:(HSO
3599:MgSO
3518:]HSO
3462:(RO)
3449:ROSO
3405:BeSO
3129:Ca(C
3109:Ca(C
3032:Ca(C
2914:CaAl
2878:CaSi
2873:CaSi
2853:CaCO
2845:CaCN
2806:(AsO
2797:CaAs
2765:Ca(H
2647:CaSe
2639:CaSO
2615:CaSO
2573:CaCl
2533:CaBr
2493:CaCl
2374:OSTI
2349:ISBN
2247:PMID
2239:ISSN
2200:ISSN
2146:2008
2113:ISBN
2058:CaSO
1962:ISBN
1761:and
1724:zinc
1686:lime
1627:and
1610:OSiO
1550:CaSO
1537:+ CO
1495:marl
1438:E516
1420:tofu
1320:O +
1296:CaSO
1278:wood
1260:The
1233:O +
1201:CaSO
1139:Uses
1090:CaSO
1082:and
1058:CaSO
1013:CaSO
956:(or
823:IDLH
528:Odor
496:CaSO
360:UNII
288:KEGG
6103:(SO
6087:(SO
5991:(SO
5975:(SO
5809:SOF
5801:SOF
5694:SCl
5686:SCl
5666:SBr
5582:ZrS
5485:SeS
5475:TlS
5470:SrS
5465:SiS
5445:ReS
5440:PtS
5432:PSI
5416:PbS
5411:PbS
5394:NiS
5363:MoS
5355:MoS
5350:MgS
5345:LiS
5340:LaS
5314:HgS
5306:HfS
5292:GaS
5284:FeS
5279:EuS
5241:CuS
5206:CoS
5201:CeS
5196:CdS
5191:CaS
5142:BeS
5137:BaS
4979:No
4976:Md
4973:Fm
4970:Es
4959:(SO
4951:Bk
4940:(SO
4924:(SO
4862:(SO
4854:Pa
4831:(SO
4823:**
4810:(SO
4794:(SO
4778:(SO
4762:(SO
4746:(SO
4730:(SO
4714:(SO
4698:(SO
4675:(SO
4659:(SO
4643:(SO
4627:(SO
4600:(SO
4584:(SO
4564:Og
4561:Ts
4558:Lv
4555:Mc
4552:Fl
4549:Nh
4546:Cn
4543:Rg
4540:Ds
4537:Mt
4534:Hs
4531:Bh
4528:Sg
4525:Db
4522:Rf
4519:Lr
4516:**
4505:Fr
4500:Rn
4497:At
4467:(SO
4432:(SO
4386:(SO
4363:(SO
4347:(SO
4313:(SO
4290:(SO
4266:Ta
4263:Hf
4252:(SO
4212:Xe
4205:+IO
4183:(SO
4175:Te
4164:(SO
4129:(SO
4078:(SO
4058:Tc
4050:(SO
4046:MoO
4023:(SO
3991:(SO
3952:Kr
3949:Br
3938:As
3935:Ge
3924:(SO
3874:(SO
3851:(SO
3828:(SO
3797:(SO
3767:(SO
3756:VSO
3736:(SO
3697:Ar
3693:+Cl
3685:+SO
3667:HSO
3663:HSO
3641:+PO
3637:Si
3611:(SO
3574:Ne
3562:OSO
3550:+NO
3531:OH)
3527:(NH
3493:(NH
3473:+CO
3438:+BO
3431:-BO
3384:He
3290:CaO
3270:CaO
3254:CaO
3238:CaO
3222:CaO
3202:CaN
3170:CaC
3157:CaN
3100:CaO
3052:CaC
2992:CaC
2902:(BO
2890:SiO
2829:CaC
2745:(PO
2728:(PO
2719:CaP
2675:CaN
2623:CaH
2610:CaS
2594:CaO
2589:CaO
2553:CaI
2485:CaF
2477:CaH
2341:doi
2231:doi
2190:doi
2088:doi
2078:".
2067:·2H
2039:doi
2006:doi
1919:doi
1801:in
1642:In
1602:SiO
1574:SiO
1493:or
1442:FAO
1427:FDA
1276:of
1177:or
1067:·2H
810:REL
797:PEL
704:298
677:298
597:in
402:EPA
319:CID
6267::
6250:SN
6223:66
6219:32
6099:Yb
6083:Tm
6015:SO
5987:Eu
5971:Er
5963:SO
5959:Cs
5935:SO
5931:Ag
5910:SO
5877:SO
5849:SO
5837:SO
5777:SO
5769:SO
5730:SF
5724:10
5710:SF
5702:SF
5678:Cl
5658:Br
5616:Gd
5591:La
5558:Sm
5542:Sb
5530:Sb
5518:Sb
5510:WS
5502:WS
5480:VS
5453:Re
5389:HS
5385:NH
5376:Na
5319:In
5267:Er
5255:Dy
5211:Cr
5159:CS
5147:Bi
5113:Au
5104:Au
5092:As
5080:As
5068:As
5056:As
5044:Al
4955:Cf
4936:Cm
4920:Am
4888:SO
4884:UO
4827:Ac
4806:Yb
4790:Tm
4774:Er
4758:Ho
4742:Dy
4726:Tb
4710:Gd
4694:Eu
4671:Sm
4655:Pm
4639:Nd
4623:Pr
4596:Ce
4580:La
4576:*
4463:Bi
4428:Tl
4421:SO
4417:Tl
4402:SO
4398:Hg
4382:Au
4359:Pt
4343:Ir
4309:Os
4282:Re
4248:Lu
4244:*
4222:SO
4218:Cs
4198:SO
4160:Sb
4125:In
4102:SO
4098:Ag
4074:Rh
4015:Nb
3969:SO
3965:Rb
3920:Ga
3904:SO
3897:SO
3893:Cu
3870:Ni
3847:Co
3824:Fe
3793:Cr
3732:Sc
3707:SO
3653:2−
3650:SO
3626:SO
3622:Al
3607:Al
3584:SO
3580:Na
3570:+F
3535:SO
3501:SO
3480:+C
3466:SO
3395:SO
3391:Li
3370:SO
3344:2−
3341:SO
3292:24
3284:40
3280:24
3268:70
3264:36
3256:19
3252:32
3248:18
3240:16
3236:26
3232:14
3224:14
3220:22
3216:12
3200:16
3196:10
3186:PO
3176:12
3172:10
3155:11
3151:10
3121:S)
3072:(C
3068:Ca
3020:CO
2930:Al
2926:Ca
2898:Ca
2886:Ca
2802:Ca
2781:Ca
2769:PO
2741:Ca
2724:Ca
2707:Ca
2663:Ca
2372:.
2347:.
2339:.
2267:.
2245:.
2237:.
2227:15
2225:.
2221:.
2198:.
2186:12
2184:.
2180:.
2154:^
2132:.
2100:^
2084:30
2082:.
2037:.
2027:31
2025:.
1990:.
1976:^
1948:^
1925:.
1917:.
1907:55
1905:.
1901:.
1815:CO
1757:,
1715:,
1660:SO
1598:Ca
1422:.
1406:.
1300:·
1256:O↑
1213:·
1185:·(
1044:SO
1033:Ca
696:(Δ
618:)
611:(p
582:)
580:sp
6248:3
6246:H
6244:2
6242:C
6237:S
6235:3
6227:2
6225:S
6221:H
6217:C
6212:S
6210:4
6208:H
6206:4
6204:C
6198:3
6196:S
6194:6
6192:H
6190:2
6188:C
6183:S
6181:4
6179:H
6177:2
6175:C
6156:2
6121:2
6119:)
6117:4
6109:3
6107:)
6105:4
6101:2
6093:3
6091:)
6089:4
6085:2
6077:2
6075:)
6073:4
6065:4
6057:4
6049:4
6041:2
6039:)
6037:4
6029:2
6027:)
6025:4
6017:4
6013:2
6011:K
6005:4
5997:3
5995:)
5993:4
5989:2
5981:3
5979:)
5977:4
5973:2
5965:4
5961:2
5953:4
5945:4
5937:4
5933:2
5912:3
5908:2
5906:K
5900:3
5879:5
5875:2
5873:H
5867:7
5865:O
5863:2
5861:S
5859:2
5857:H
5851:4
5847:2
5845:H
5839:3
5835:2
5833:H
5827:6
5825:O
5823:3
5821:S
5819:2
5817:H
5811:4
5803:2
5795:2
5787:2
5779:3
5771:2
5744:2
5742:I
5740:2
5738:S
5732:6
5722:F
5720:2
5718:S
5712:4
5704:2
5696:4
5688:2
5680:2
5676:2
5674:S
5668:2
5660:2
5656:2
5654:S
5634:S
5630:2
5625:O
5621:2
5609:S
5605:2
5600:O
5596:2
5584:2
5576:3
5574:S
5572:2
5570:Y
5564:3
5562:S
5560:2
5552:3
5550:O
5548:3
5546:S
5544:4
5536:5
5534:S
5532:2
5524:3
5522:S
5520:2
5512:3
5504:2
5497:U
5495:2
5493:S
5487:2
5459:7
5457:S
5455:2
5447:2
5434:3
5426:3
5418:2
5405:x
5403:S
5401:4
5399:P
5387:4
5380:S
5378:2
5365:3
5357:2
5335:S
5333:2
5331:K
5325:3
5323:S
5321:2
5308:2
5301:S
5299:2
5297:H
5286:2
5273:3
5271:S
5269:2
5261:3
5259:S
5257:2
5250:S
5248:2
5246:D
5235:2
5217:3
5215:S
5213:2
5185:6
5183:S
5181:6
5179:C
5173:2
5171:S
5169:3
5167:C
5161:2
5153:3
5151:S
5149:2
5131:3
5129:S
5127:2
5125:B
5119:3
5117:S
5115:2
5108:S
5106:2
5098:4
5096:S
5094:4
5086:5
5084:S
5082:2
5074:3
5072:S
5070:2
5062:2
5060:S
5058:2
5050:3
5048:S
5046:2
5015:e
5008:t
5001:v
4965:3
4963:)
4961:4
4957:2
4946:3
4944:)
4942:4
4938:2
4930:3
4928:)
4926:4
4922:2
4914:2
4912:)
4910:4
4902:2
4900:)
4898:4
4890:4
4886:2
4879:2
4877:)
4875:4
4868:3
4866:)
4864:4
4860:2
4858:U
4849:2
4847:)
4845:4
4837:3
4835:)
4833:4
4829:2
4816:3
4814:)
4812:4
4808:2
4800:3
4798:)
4796:4
4792:2
4784:3
4782:)
4780:4
4776:2
4768:3
4766:)
4764:4
4760:2
4752:3
4750:)
4748:4
4744:2
4736:3
4734:)
4732:4
4728:2
4720:3
4718:)
4716:4
4712:2
4704:3
4702:)
4700:4
4696:2
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