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842:, where he became the minister for Iran. In consequence, he was, despite his links to the UK, temporarily declared an enemy alien by the British Government, and his UK oil assets sequestered, though returned with compensation at the end of the war. He left France in late 1942 for Lisbon and lived there until his death, in a suite at the luxurious Aviz Hotel, on 20 July 1955, aged 86.
569:(TPC)—a consortium of the largest European oil companies aimed at cooperatively procuring oil exploration and development rights in the Ottoman territory of Mesopotamia, while excluding other interests. The German interests would be limited to a 25% share, with a 35% share for the British, and the remaining for Gulbenkian to choose. So, he gave
547:. Still in his twenties, Gulbenkian moved to London in 1897 where he arranged deals in the oil business. He became a naturalised British citizen in 1902. In 1907, he helped arrange the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company with "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd. Gulbenkian emerged as a major shareholder of the newly formed company,
332:, was created in 1956 by his bequest and continues to promote arts, charity, education, and science throughout the world. It is now among the largest foundations in Europe. By the end of his life he had become one of the world's wealthiest people and his art acquisitions one of the greatest private collections.
313:", was a British-Armenian businessman and philanthropist. He played a major role in making the petroleum reserves of the Middle East available to Western development and is credited with being the first person to exploit Iraqi oil. Gulbenkian travelled extensively and lived in a number of cities including
625:
had actually given
Gulbenkian the entire Iraqi oil concession. Gulbenkian, however, saw advantage in divesting the vast majority of his concession so that corporations would be able to develop the whole. Gulbenkian grew wealthy on the remainder. He reputedly said, "Better a small piece of a big pie,
710:
Throughout his life, Gulbenkian donated large sums of money to churches, scholarships, schools, and hospitals. Many of his donations were to
Armenian foundations and establishments. He required that proceeds from his 5% share of profits from oil should go to Armenian families. He also demanded that
558:, Gulbenkian became a financial and economic adviser to the Turkish embassies in London and Paris, and later, chief financial adviser to the Turkish government. He was a member of a British technical team to Turkey and, later, a director of the
978:
At the time of his death, Gulbenkian's fortune was estimated at between US$ 280 million and US$ 840 million. Undisclosed sums were willed in trust to his descendants; the remainder of his fortune and art collection were willed to the
581:
to gain a share and replace
Calouste's share, but Gulbenkian worked closely with French concerns, arranged for the French to receive the German's share as part of the spoils of victory, and, in return, the French protected his interest.
528:. Gulbenkian's oil survey led Hagop Pasha to believe that vast oil deposits lay in Mesopotamia (modern Syria and Iraq), to acquire tracts of land for the Sultan's oil reserves, and to establish the Ottoman oil industry in Mesopotamia.
763:
was donated to the Surp Pırgiç foundation in 1954. The property was confiscated by the state in 1974, but returned to the foundation in 2011. He also helped establish a nurses' home at the hospital after selling his wife's jewellery.
609:. Heated and prolonged negotiations ensued regarding which companies could invest in the Turkish Petroleum Company. The TPC was granted exclusive oil exploration rights to Mesopotamia in 1925. The discovery of a large oil reserve at
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alone, Gulbenkian commissioned more than 140 works over nearly 30 years. The collection includes objects from antiquity to the 20th century. Some of the works in the collection were bought during the
524:
in 1887, he had
Calouste prepare an oil survey of Mesopotamia. To develop the oil survey, Calouste merely read travel books and interviewed railroad engineers that were surveying and building the
831:
and remarked in a letter to
Gulbenkian that Les Enclos was "the cornerstone of your work, because it is the most alive, the most intimate and sensitive, the best guarded secret for your dreams."
2500:
1002:, Lisbon attorney José de Azeredo Perdigão (1896–1993), and Gulbenkian's son-in-law, Kevork Loris Essayan (1897–1981). In Lisbon the foundation established its headquarters and the
737:. Gulbenkian wanted to provide "spiritual comfort" to the Armenian community and a place of gathering for "dispersed Armenians," according to a message written by Gulbenkian to the
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25% and kept 15% for himself as "the conceiver, the founder, and the artisan of the
Turkish Petroleum combine." A promise of these rights was made to the TPC, but the onset of
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617:", was signed which determined which oil companies could invest in TPC and reserved 5% of the shares for Gulbenkian. The name of the company was changed to the
473:
2653:
531:
By 1895, he started his oil operation business. He had to return to the
Ottoman Empire, but in 1896, Gulbenkian and his family fled the empire due to the
633:, Gulbenkian incorporated a Panamanian company to hold his assets in the oil industry. From this "Participations and Explorations Corporation" came the "
1210:
324:
Throughout his life, Gulbenkian was involved with many philanthropic activities including the establishment of schools, hospitals, and churches. The
653:
Gulbenkian amassed a huge fortune and an art collection which he kept in a private museum at his Paris house. An art expert said in a 1950 issue of
1908:
2673:
1211:"Calouste Gulbenkian Dies at 86. One of the Richest Men in the World. Oil Financier, Art Collector Lived in Obscurity, Drove in Rented Automobile"
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The foundation was to act for charitable, educational, artistic, and scientific purposes, and the named trustees were his long-time friend
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551:. His policy of retaining five per cent of the shares of the oil companies he developed earned him the nickname "Mr Five Per Cent".
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in Lisbon, Portugal. The museum was founded according to his will, to accommodate and display his collection, now belonging to the
598:
543:
oil magnate and philanthropist. Mantashev introduced
Gulbenkian to influential contacts in Cairo. These new acquaintances included
505:, a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine. The article described his travels to Baku and the state of the
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There are rooms and buildings at the
University of Oxford named after Gulbenkian, including the Gulbenkian Reading Room in
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oil importer and exporter already heavily involved in the oil industry. Sarkis was an owner of several oil fields in the
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Gulbenkian's family established close relations with the House of Osman. By 1860, his father Sarkis
Gulbenkian was an
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While Gulbenkian's art collection may be found in many museums across the world, most of his art is exhibited at the
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369:, the Turkish equivalent of the name, Gülbenk, was adopted. The family had established themselves in the town of
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702:. Of the roughly 6,000 items in the museum's collections, a selection of around 1000 is on permanent display.
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and a daughter Rita, who would become the wife of Iranian diplomat of Armenian descent Kevork Loris Essayan.
838:
as the economic adviser of the Persian legation in Paris, he followed the French government when it fled to
2166:
1136:
1043:
2409:"Calouste Gulbenkian, His Mīnāʾī Ware, and the Changing Islamic Art Market in the Early Twentieth Century"
2272:
For detailed background concerning Gulbenkian and the Red Line Agreement controlling Middle East Oil see
854:
738:
733:, central London, England, built in 1922–23 as a memorial to his parents, to the design of the architect
1616:
2522:
1070:
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28:
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5% of his workers in his oil production for the Iraq Petroleum Company should be of Armenian descent.
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was said to be crammed with art, a situation ameliorated in 1936 when he lent thirty paintings to the
1111:
1032:
1008:
695:
566:
444:). He received his early education at Aramyan-Uncuyan, a local Armenian school. He then attended the
1745:
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2297:
For general background concerning the development of the petroleum industry in the Middle East see
2167:"Philanthropy without borders: Calouste Gulbenkian's founding vision for the Gulbenkian Foundation"
1645:
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465:
134:
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that "Never in modern history has one man owned so much." His four-story, three-basement house on
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1055:'s old library and the Gulbenkian Lecture Theater in the St Cross Building on Manor Road.
8:
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1927:
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In 1929, he was the chief benefactor to the establishment of an extensive library at the
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provided the impetus to conclude negotiations and in July 1928 an agreement, called the "
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region in the 4th century AD. In the 11th century, the Rshtunis settled in Caesarea (now
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1065:
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2187:
2020:
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Throughout his lifetime, Gulbenkian managed to collect over 6,400 pieces of art. From
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752:. The library is called the Gulbenkian Library and contains more than 100,000 books.
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Osmanlı Coğrafyası'nda Petrol Mücadesi, Kalust S.Gülbenkyan ve Türk Petrol Şirketi
721:, Kensington, London, built by Gulbenkian and in the grounds of which he is buried
416:
in 1879, Sarkis acquired the lucrative collection of taxes for the Privy Purse of
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Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict
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2010:
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857:. In this same year his wife Nevarte died in Paris. They had two children, a son
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2105:
Banking on Baghdad Inside Iraq's 7,000-Year History of War, Profit, and Conflict
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interrupted their efforts. At first, the British Foreign Office supported the
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1950:
1816:
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Gulbenkian's home on 51 Avenue d'Iéna in Paris, where he kept most of his art
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492:
412:
Directorship, and, subsequently, Ministry of the Privy Treasury under Sultan
370:
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37:
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472:. He was a brilliant student and graduated in 1887 at the age of 18 with a
437:
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and lived in the region until the mid-1800s, when they ultimately moved to
70:
1728:"St. Sarkis | Armenian Community and Church Council of Great Britain"
823:. It was a place of repose for him. Nobel prize-winning writer and friend
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417:
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Gulbenkian in 1889 at the age of 20, newly graduated from King's College
1887:
1744:. Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (official website). Archived from
1393:
My B.B...: The Letters of Bernard Berenson and Kenneth Clark, 1925–1959
906: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
791:, which were newly founded settlements consisting of refugees from the
730:
453:
423:
675:
1909:"In Britain, a Partial List of Those Who Declined to Be Called 'Sir'"
1676:"Church of St Sarkis (Armenian Church), Iverna Gardens, W8 (1080556)"
816:
362:
350:
2216:
Martyred but not tamed the politics of resistance in the Middle East
2129:(Repr. ed.). Brentwood, Essex, England: Multi-Science Pub. Co.
1727:
881:
803:
593:
During the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire after the war, most of
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In 1912 Gulbenkian was the driving force behind the creation of the
2469:
Martin Essayan on his great-grandfather: Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian
1892:
1701:
1031:
on 17 March 1962 where it served until 1969. It was withdrawn from
441:
389:
374:
354:
329:
314:
2351:
The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made
436:
Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian was born on 23 March 1869 in Scutari (
358:
346:
2509:
La Transcaucasie et la péninsule d'Apchéron: souvenirs de voyage
2044:
Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan; List, Regina, eds. (2010).
1186:
1084:
La Transcaucasie et la péninsule d'Apchéron; souvenirs de voyage
489:
La Transcaucasie et la péninsule d'Apchéron; souvenirs de voyage
2064:
2008:
1846:
1834:
1822:
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1602:
1485:
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at the age of 15 to perfect his French at a high school there.
401:
377:(present day Istanbul). Their property in Talas was ultimately
318:
89:
1864:
476:
in engineering and applied sciences. A year later, he went to
839:
637:
Oil and Gas (Holdings) Corporation", now a subsidiary of the
622:
464:
Immediately afterwards his father sent him to be educated at
249:
1577:
In the Trenches: Adventures in Journalism and Public Affairs
1172:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006. p. 817.
535:
of Armenians. They ended up in Egypt, where Gulbenkian met
477:
400:'s oil company. Sarkis Gulbenkian also provided oil to the
393:
287:
284:
278:
275:
2474:
Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian – recollections of his grandson
509:. It was eventually published as a book in 1891 in Paris.
345:
Gulbenkian's family are believed to be descendants of the
263:
2480:
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, a foundation in the world
1888:"Queen's honours: People who have turned them down named"
1260:
1258:
589:
Gulbenkian's wedding to Nevarte Essayan in London in 1892
452:. These studies were cut short in 1884, when he moved to
260:
240:
2071:. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Archived from
2664:
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to the United Kingdom
2527:
2266:
Mr Five Per Cent: The Many Lives of Calouste Gulbenkian
1041:
wrote a short story about Gulbenkian in his 1971 book,
1473:
1449:
1255:
834:
By the onset of the Second World War, having acquired
2567:
1804:
1792:
1556:
771:(AGBU) from 1930 to 1932, resigning as a result of a
290:
281:
252:
237:
2370:
Azeredo Perdigão, José de, and Ana Lowndes Marques.
1852:
1648:. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (official website).
1371:
562:, which was established to support British designs.
272:
266:
255:
246:
2784:
Presidents of the Armenian General Benevolent Union
2774:
19th-century businesspeople from the Ottoman Empire
2331:
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power
2205:
Mr. Five Per Cent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian
1778:"Turkey returns Selamet Han to Armenian foundation"
1670:
1309:
991:, Armenia's mother church, when relations with the
849:, and therefore the possibility of being styled as
755:Among many of his significant donations was to the
269:
243:
2043:
1535:Mr. Five Percent: The Story of Calouste Gulbenkian
1192:
1046:or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody
987:), with US$ 400,000 to be reserved to restore the
484:and to further his knowledge of the oil industry.
381:and is currently owned by the Turkish Government.
2234:Tugendhat, Christopher; Hamilton, Adrian (1975).
2233:
2150:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1760:"The State and not the ECHR, Returns Selamet Han"
1491:
759:located in Istanbul. A large property called the
2625:
2493:Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian: The Man and His Work
2376:. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.
2087:
2068:Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian: The Man and His Work
1998:. Lifeboat Enthusiasts' Society. pp. 32–36.
1870:
1664:
1513:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 226–7.
2739:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
2452:In Memoriam Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian (Part 1)
1510:Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry
499:– Memoirs of a Journey") which appeared in the
440:), in the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (now
1983:. Lifeboat Enthusiasts' Society. pp. 6–9.
1359:. Vol. 29, no. 22. pp. 81–107.
815:In 1937, Gulbenkian purchased a property near
2553:
2512:by Calouste Gulbenkian (full view; in French)
1928:"The Armenian Church Under the Soviet Regime"
1981:The story of the Weston-super-Mare lifeboats
1702:Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (1993).
1502:
1500:
1086:, Éditeur: Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1891.
309:; 23 March 1869 – 20 July 1955), nicknamed "
2654:Armenian businesspeople in the oil industry
2047:International encyclopedia of civil society
1346:
1344:
668:, London and his Egyptian sculpture to the
487:Gulbenkian later wrote an article entitled
448:French school and continued his studies at
2560:
2546:
2025:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
36:
2393:
1706:(1993 ed.). Macmillan. p. 426.
1533:Norwich, J. J., & Henson, B. (1987).
1506:
1497:
1205:
1203:
1201:
966:Learn how and when to remove this message
2504:by the Gulbenkian Foundation (full view)
2496:by the Gulbenkian Foundation (full view)
2354:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
2334:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
2182:(195). Social Sciences Institute of the
2143:
2122:
2065:Armenian Communities Department (2010).
2009:Academia Portuguesa da História (1980).
1964:"Gulbenkian's Will Sets Up Foundation".
1957:
1479:
1455:
1350:
1264:
802:
713:
674:
599:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
584:
511:
422:
16:British-Armenian businessman (1869–1955)
2406:
2285:. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2004.
1389:
1321:
1117:Centro de Arte Moderna Gulbenkian (CAM)
798:
520:After Hagop Pasha's appointment as the
194: 1892; died 1952)
2789:St. Joseph High School Istanbul alumni
2626:
2198:
2164:
1993:
1978:
1925:
1810:
1798:
1562:
1396:. Yale University Press. p. 526.
1377:
1198:
845:In 1952 he refused being appointed as
2541:
2212:
2098:
2015:(in Portuguese). Lisbon. p. 373.
1906:
1858:
1614:
1608:
1574:
1351:Coughlan, Robert (27 November 1950).
1315:
871:
2769:People of the Iraq Petroleum Company
1847:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1835:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1823:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1659:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1603:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1468:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1444:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1429:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1417:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1304:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1289:Armenian Communities Department 2010
1277:Armenian Communities Department 2010
904:adding citations to reliable sources
875:
783:. He was also a major benefactor of
340:
2794:Survivors of the Hamidian massacres
2674:Associates of King's College London
2050:(1. ed.). New York: Springer.
1035:in 1991 and sold for preservation.
1021:Royal National Lifeboat Institution
69:, Ottoman Empire (present-day
13:
2734:Founders of the petroleum industry
2704:Businesspeople in the oil industry
2684:British people of Armenian descent
2366:For Gulbenkian as a collector see
2255:
2108:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
2088:Azeredo Perdigão, José de (1969).
1784:. 18 February 2011. Archived from
1681:National Heritage List for England
1077:
1029:Weston-super-Mare Lifeboat Station
811:, his garden retreat in Deauville.
750:Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem
689:Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings
626:than a big piece of a small one."
361:), taking the name Vart Badrik, a
14:
2810:
2669:Armenians from the Ottoman Empire
2569:Armenian General Benevolent Union
2528:Armenian General Benevolent Union
2440:
2094:. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
1012:) to display his art collection.
779:, an Armenian newspaper based in
769:Armenian General Benevolent Union
648:
629:In 1938, before the beginning of
545:Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer
2779:Armenian expatriates in Portugal
2744:Iraqi people of Armenian descent
2729:Fellows of King's College London
1907:Lyall, Sarah (26 January 2012).
1193:Anheier, Toepler & List 2010
1064:
880:
427:Calouste Gulbenkian at age three
328:, a private foundation based in
233:
218:
2724:Ethnic Armenian philanthropists
2644:Alumni of King's College London
2407:McClary, Richard Piran (2020).
2002:
1987:
1972:
1919:
1900:
1876:
1734:
1730:. Accc.org.uk. 11 January 1923.
1720:
1695:
1638:
1568:
1527:
1383:
1169:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
1144:, formerly the Gulbenkian Prize
891:needs additional citations for
705:
459:
365:title. With the arrival of the
191:
2719:Ethnic Armenian businesspeople
2709:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
2523:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
2373:Calouste Gulbenkian, Collector
2268:. London: Profile Books, 2019.
2091:Calouste Gulbenkian: Collector
1239:. 23 July 1958. Archived from
1223:
1160:
981:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
748:, the principal church of the
700:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
639:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
396:, and was a representative of
326:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
1:
2799:Armenian Apostolic Christians
1935:Religion, State & Society
1492:Tugendhat & Hamilton 1975
1390:Cumming, Robert, ed. (2015).
1148:
757:Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital
725:He established and built the
431:
353:noble family centred on the
2759:Businesspeople from Istanbul
2501:The Gulbenkians in Jerusalem
2394:Manoukian, Jennifer (2016).
2307:. New York: Pantheon, 1976.
2147:The Oxford dictionary of art
1153:
1137:Gulbenkian Science Institute
1044:Letters from 74 rue Taitbout
1015:Funding was provided for an
985:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
335:
7:
2387:
2213:Kumar, Ram Narayan (2012).
1883:official government records
1106:Re Gulbenkian's Settlements
1098:
1053:St Antony's College, Oxford
855:Order of the British Empire
739:Catholicos of All Armenians
522:Ottoman Minister of Finance
10:
2815:
2037:
1968:. 23 July 1955. p. 5.
1617:"Patrons who make history"
1112:Calouste Gulbenkian Museum
1004:Calouste Gulbenkian Museum
1000:Baron Radcliffe of Werneth
507:oil industry in the region
229:Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian
123:United Kingdom (from 1902)
105:St. Sarkis Armenian Church
52:Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian
2679:Art collectors from Paris
2575:
2425:10.1163/22118993-00371P13
2237:Oil: The Biggest Business
2165:Conlin, Jonathan (2010).
1058:
1033:New Quay Lifeboat Station
1009:Museu Calouste Gulbenkian
866:St Sarkis Armenian Church
864:His ashes were buried at
727:St Sarkis Armenian church
719:St Sarkis Armenian Church
696:Museu Calouste Gulbenkian
567:Turkish Petroleum Company
306:
217:
212:
201:
175:
163:Turkish Petroleum Company
156:
148:
140:
130:
111:
100:
78:
47:
35:
23:
1704:The London Encyclopaedia
1507:Vassiliou, M.S. (2009).
767:He was president of the
2714:Collectors of Asian art
2699:British philanthropists
2659:Armenian businesspeople
2608:Louise Manoogian Simone
2123:Campbell, C.J. (2005).
560:National Bank of Turkey
42:Gulbenkian in the 1890s
2694:British businesspeople
2689:British art collectors
2396:"GULBENKIAN, CALOUSTE"
2144:Chilvers, Ian (2005).
1926:Corley, Felix (1996).
812:
722:
680:
619:Iraq Petroleum Company
590:
517:
428:
167:Iraq Petroleum Company
2649:Armenian billionaires
2400:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2301:Blair, John Malcolm.
1994:Denton, Tony (2010).
1979:Morris, Jeff (2000).
1871:Azeredo Perdigão 1969
1579:. iUniverse. p.
1353:"Mystery Billionaire"
1122:Gulbenkian commission
1017:Oakley-class lifeboat
989:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
915:"Calouste Gulbenkian"
806:
717:
678:
607:under British mandate
588:
515:
502:Revue des deux Mondes
470:petroleum engineering
466:King's College London
426:
317:, London, Paris, and
135:King's College London
2749:Iraqi businesspeople
2476:(by Mikhael Essayan)
2184:University of Lisbon
1742:"Gulbenkian Library"
1575:Adams, John (2012).
1231:"Solid Gold Scrooge"
1132:Gulbenkian Orchestra
1023:. It was christened
900:improve this article
799:Later life and death
482:Russian oil industry
2764:People from Üsküdar
2598:Arshag Karagheusian
2588:Calouste Gulbenkian
2219:. New Delhi: SAGE.
1788:on 21 October 2013.
1766:. 17 February 2011.
1615:Yager, Jan (1998).
1069:Grand Cross of the
1027:by his daughter at
1025:Calouste Gulbenkian
836:diplomatic immunity
746:St. James Cathedral
556:countercoup of 1909
554:After the royalist
537:Alexander Mantashev
468:, where he studied
398:Alexander Mantashev
307:Գալուստ Կիւլպէնկեան
73:, Istanbul, Turkey)
25:Calouste Gulbenkian
2304:The Control of Oil
2264:Conlin, Jonathan.
1966:The New York Times
1913:The New York Times
1896:. 26 January 2012.
1243:on 5 December 2009
1216:The New York Times
1142:Museum of the Year
872:Legacy and fortune
829:Sage of Les Enclos
827:nicknamed him the
813:
723:
681:
615:Red Line Agreement
591:
533:Hamidian massacres
518:
497:Absheron Peninsula
474:first-class degree
446:Lycée Saint-Joseph
429:
144:Petroleum engineer
2621:
2620:
2517:Official websites
1624:Art Jewelry Forum
1543:978-0-7800-0755-0
1537:. : Home Vision.
1431:, pp. 23–24.
1073:(Portugal) – 1950
976:
975:
968:
950:
793:Armenian genocide
641:headquartered in
571:Royal Dutch Shell
549:Royal Dutch Shell
341:Family background
226:
225:
149:Years active
2806:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2436:
2403:
2346:Sampson, Anthony
2251:
2240:. Eyre Methuen.
2230:
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2171:
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2140:
2119:
2095:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2075:on 10 April 2016
2061:
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2024:
2016:
2006:
2000:
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1991:
1985:
1984:
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1970:
1969:
1961:
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1943:Keston Institute
1932:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1849:, pp. 42–3.
1844:
1838:
1837:, pp. 41–2.
1832:
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1808:
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1796:
1790:
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1750:
1749:
1748:on 25 July 2015.
1738:
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1672:Historic England
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1471:
1470:, pp. 24–5.
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1419:, pp. 20–1.
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847:Knight Commander
825:Saint-John Perse
666:National Gallery
311:Mr Five Per Cent
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2754:Museum founders
2624:
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2613:Berge Setrakian
2571:
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2533:Parc des Enclos
2443:
2413:Muqarnas Online
2390:
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2256:Further reading
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1219:. 21 July 1955.
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1127:Gulbenkian Park
1101:
1080:
1078:Published works
1071:Order of Christ
1061:
1039:William Saroyan
972:
961:
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597:came under the
526:Baghdad Railway
480:to examine the
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181:Nevarte Essayan
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131:Alma mater
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2441:External links
2439:
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2419:(1): 325–343.
2404:
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2326:Yergin, Daniel
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2322:. ORDAF. 2015.
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1885:. news story:
1875:
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819:and called it
807:Gulbenkian at
800:
797:
777:Soviet Armenia
773:smear campaign
707:
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670:British Museum
650:
649:Art collection
647:
539:, a prominent
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2318:Okumuş, Ali,
2317:
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1872:
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1494:, p. 63.
1493:
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1481:
1480:Campbell 2005
1476:
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1457:
1456:Campbell 2005
1452:
1446:, p. 24.
1445:
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1305:
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1290:
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1278:
1273:
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1265:Chilvers 2005
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889:This section
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410:Hagop Pasha's
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2593:Zareh Nubar
2208:. Rinehart.
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379:confiscated
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2628:Categories
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2260:Biography
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2136:0906522390
2126:Oil crisis
2115:047170895X
2079:27 October
1859:Kumar 2012
1687:27 October
1646:"Premises"
1630:26 January
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1179:1593394926
1149:References
926:newspapers
821:Les Enclos
809:Les Enclos
785:Nubarashen
731:Kensington
454:Marseilles
432:Early life
141:Occupation
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2021:cite book
1951:0963-7494
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1154:Citations
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817:Deauville
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363:Byzantine
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495:and the
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390:Caucasus
386:Armenian
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351:Armenian
347:Rshtunis
330:Portugal
315:Istanbul
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