1419:
1463:
1351:
768:
1369:
1333:
1381:
1315:
53:
1589:
843:
40:
1804:
820:
water buttercup, soldier's buttons, meadow cowslip, water cowslip, publican's cloak, crowfoot, water dragon, drunkards, water goggles, meadow gowan, water gowan, yellow gowan, goldes, golds, goldings, gools, cow lily, marybuds, and publicans-and-sinners. The common name "marigold" refers to its use in medieval churches at Easter as a tribute to the Virgin Mary, as in "Mary gold". In North
America
1777:
are edible when cooked (but are poisonous when raw). Young leaves or buds should be submerged a few times in fresh boiling water until barely tender, cut into bite-sized pieces, lightly salted, and served with melted butter and vinegar. Very young flowerbuds have been prepared like capers and used as
1718:
up to two hundred seeds may be produced by each flower. When the follicles open, they form a "splash cup". When a raindrop hits one at the right angle, the walls are shaped such that the seeds are expelled. The seeds also have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a
819:
is known by a variety of vernacular names, varying by geographical region. These include in addition to the most common two, marsh marigold and kingcup, also brave bassinets, crazy Beth, horse blob, Molly-blob, May blob, mare blob, boots, water boots, meadow-bright, bullflower, meadow buttercup,
1900:
They both halted on the green brow of the Common: they looked down on the deep valley robed in May raiment; on varied meads, some pearled with daisies, and some golden with king-cups: to-day all this young verdure smiled clear in sunlight; transparent emerald and amber gleams played over it
461: in) wide, with a heart-shaped foot, a blunt tip, and a scalloped to toothed, sometime almost entire margin particularly towards the tip. In their youth the leaves are protected by a membranous sheath, that may be up to 3 cm (
1560:, which is black with four orange stripes and around ½ cm and eats the sepals. Its larvae inhabit the hollow stems of members of the parsley family. In the USA (Illinois) two species of leaf beetle can be found on Caltha:
1781:
The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens. The double-flowered cultivar 'Flore Pleno' has won the
1699:
is infertile when self-pollinated. Rather high fertility in crosses between sibling plants suggest that this phenomenon is genetically regulated by several genes. This regulation mechanism also occurs in
1758:
with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested. Younger parts seem to contain less toxics and heating breaks these substances down. Small amounts of
1493:, and is also shy of brackish water. It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants. The resulting
1166:, smaller plants, with few-flowered decumbent stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Grows at the northern edges of the distribution area of the species and on erosion prone banks.
1245:
White sepals, pollen pantoporate or sometimes tricolpate. Between 2200 and 3500 m along rivulets in
Afghanistan, Pakistan and the western Himalayas from Kashmir to northern India.
1605:
The flowers produce both nectar and copious amounts of pollen which attract many insect visitors. They may be most commonly pollinated by hoverflies (Syrphidae). In Canada, beetles (
1284:
Magenta sepals, pollen tricolpate. Between 4000 and 5000 m in alpine meadows and mossy slopes between shrubs and tall herbs in the eastern
Himalayas of Assam and southern Tibet.
709:
861:
occur in almost any combination, this provides little basis for subdivisions. The following varieties are nevertheless widely recognised. They are listed with their respective
495:, although lower ones may be on a short petiole; and between four and six (but occasionally as few as one or as many as 25) flowers. The flowers are approximately 4 cm (
1516:
and other regularly flooded and always moist forests. When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom. It also used to be common on wet
663: in) wide, that opens with one suture at the side of the axis and contains 7–20 ovoid, brown to black seeds of about 2.5 mm × 1.5 mm (
1754:. Larger quantities of the plant may cause convulsions, burning of the throat, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness and fainting. Contact of the skin or
1418:
2855:
1462:
533: in) in diameter. There are four to nine (mostly five) petal-like, brightly colored (yolk yellow, white or magenta), inverted egg-shaped
2943:
1224:, larger plants, with many-flowered erect stems rooting at the nodes after flowering. Occurs in the Netherlands in a fresh water tidal zone (
1481:
The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil. It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of
242:
1552:
that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too. Another visitor of
3194:
3051:
2077:
1915:
Closed were the kingcups; and the mead/Dripped in monotonous green,/Though the day's morning sheen/Had shown it golden and honeybee'd
2803:
2411:
Supplement und Wirt-Parasit-Verzeichnis zur 2. Auflage des
Catalogus Florae Austriae, III. Teil, Heft 1, Uredinales.
1954:
256:
2868:
2816:
1350:
2966:
2992:
2909:
2473:
2164:
3030:
337:. It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.
3204:
3179:
2873:
2152:
3189:
2434:
1524:
2621:
3169:
2764:
2258:
3199:
2578:
2557:
1945:
1843:
1821:
363:
1332:
3136:
2948:
2842:
2299:
Judd, W.W. (1964). "Insects
Associated with Flowering Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris L., at London, Ontario".
1368:
2971:
1825:
386: in) thick strongly branching roots. Its flowering stems are hollow, erect or more or less decumbent. The
20:
2497:
3069:
2930:
2438:
2275:
2795:
2782:
1765:
Additionally, plants that live in raw water may carry toxic organisms which can be neutralized by cooking.
1531:
habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.
2704:
1314:
3077:
2694:
2689:
2225:
1783:
1392:
705:
3064:
2670:
2188:
776:
3141:
2821:
1406:: Single flowered: "Marilyn", "Trotter's form", "Yellow Giant". Double flowered: "Flore Pleno" (RHS's
2958:
2904:
2408:
1750:
contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is
215:
3174:
2334:
1762:
in hay do not cause problems when fed to husbandry, but larger quantities lead to gastric illness.
1528:
52:
2922:
2383:
3056:
2790:
2730:
1814:
3115:
3184:
2860:
2777:
2632:
2606:
736:
2060:
207:
2426:
1787:
1536:
1407:
830:, the original plant to go by that name. Both are herbaceous plants with yellow flowers, but
756:
156:
3010:
2886:
1380:
767:
2738:
362: in) high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant that dies down in autumn and
211:
2081:
700:
that is generally acknowledged in the botanical literature dates from 1700 under the name
8:
2465:
2156:
2100:
1451:
697:
334:
3043:
1886:
3123:
2600:
2368:
2351:
2316:
2182:
1685:) have been observed to visit the leaves or flowers, many of which were found carrying
1298:
1259:
1180:
911:
862:
728:, without mentioning any previous author. As a plant name published before 1 May 1753,
488:
266:
47:
3005:
2712:
2590:
2574:
2553:
2479:
2469:
2254:
2170:
2160:
2035:
1988:
1398:, a British publication which lists over 70,000 plants available in nurseries in the
752:
484:
2320:
2125:
3128:
2363:
2308:
1993:
1597:
1423:
961:
858:
748:
620:
391:
310:
2717:
805:), meaning "goblet", and is said to refer to the shape of the flower. The species
3164:
2979:
2896:
2524:
1891:
1755:
1689:
pollen. In addition to other forms of pollination, this plant is adapted to rain-
1467:
612:
306:
90:
3105:
3082:
2935:
3038:
1638:
1399:
874:
387:
77:
3020:
3158:
2881:
2769:
2655:
2483:
2174:
1751:
1728:
1618:
1614:
1588:
1502:
919:
870:
826:
791:
744:
172:
123:
399:
3095:
2065:
1907:
1674:
1622:
1501:
on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants. Around the
1431:
1225:
314:
277:
113:
2984:
2461:
Edible Wild Plants: A North
American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
2459:
2146:
842:
2917:
2829:
2681:
2664:
2584:
2573:(edition revised and expanded by Clare O'Reilly) London: Frederick Warne
2312:
1925:
1860:
1690:
1662:
1610:
1606:
1573:
1549:
1510:
1470:
39:
1520:, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.
2808:
1828: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1702:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1506:
1482:
1221:
1163:
1031:
950:
894:
600:
402:
303:
751:
of 1737. But
Linnaeus re-describes the species under the same name in
619:. This later develops into a seated, funnel-shaped fruit (a so-called
2834:
2751:
2352:"The self-incompatibility system in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae)"
2208:
1877:
1670:
1626:
1494:
1486:
1447:
854:
824:
is sometimes known as cowslip. However, cowslip more often refers to
800:
395:
330:
300:
2626:
1803:
3090:
2649:
2599:
2078:"MOLLY-BLOB | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com"
1682:
1658:
1634:
1490:
1443:
1403:
780:
326:
103:
2756:
1958:
2997:
2847:
2725:
1630:
1513:
866:
806:
492:
2061:
A Gardener's
Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins
2743:
1642:
1545:
1541:
1517:
608:
604:
596:
592:
587: in) wide; they have a blunt or sometimes acute tip. Real
487:
of up to 80 cm (31 in) long, carrying mostly several
133:
837:
812:
is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.
607:
encircle 5–25 free, flattened, linear-oblong, yellow to green
1498:
1474:
1454:. It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.
1435:
794:
616:
588:
534:
318:
64:
1439:
873:
is used at different levels, only the use at the highest
364:
overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil
322:
2541:
Clapham, A. R., Tutin, T. G., and
Warburg, E. F., 1962,
1719:
location that may be suitable for this species to grow.
1859:
is a plant commonly mentioned in literature, including
2337:
I kommission hos E. Munksgaard. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
2253:. Vol. 5. Brill Archives. pp. 494, 500–501.
1402:, lists in addition to these varieties the following
2251:
Keys to The
Insects of The European Part of The USSR
2209:
E.J. Weeda; R. Westra; C. Westra; T. Westra (1985).
2248:
1544:of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the
846:White form seen in the Himalayas in Kashmir, India
724:, and already says all of these are synonymous to
16:Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family
3156:
2141:
2139:
2023:. Vol. III. CUP Archive. pp. 104–105.
1928:is a children's book which features the plant.
1706:and as far as known only in these two genera.
1242:(only generally recognised in the Netherlands)
19:"Kingcup" redirects here. For other uses, see
2591:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
2458:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
1986:
483:The common marsh-marigold mostly has several
2457:
2345:
2343:
2136:
1534:In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth
1413:
838:Subdivision, synonymy and culture varieties
599:with flattened yellow filaments and yellow
567: in), ranging from 0.75–1.75 cm (
509: in) but range between 2–5.5 cm (
557:–1 in) long, and about 1.33 cm (
547: in) but ranging from 1–2.5 cm (
38:
2367:
2349:
2340:
2033:
1844:Learn how and when to remove this message
710:part 1 of his Institutiones rei herbariae
611:, with a two-lobed, obliquely positioned
366:. The plants have many, 2–3 millimetres (
2582:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2148:The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants
1955:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1587:
1461:
1417:
841:
766:
398:that is about four times as long as the
2421:
2419:
1910:'s poem 'Overlooking the River Stour':
3157:
2522:
2400:
2327:
2040:New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
1989:"A Revision of Caltha (Ranunculaceae)"
1982:
1980:
1978:
1727:The marsh-marigold is affected by the
1410:), "Multiplex", "Plena", "Semiplena".
475: in) long in fully grown plants.
2631:
2630:
2597:
2273:
2223:
2213:. Vol. 1. IVN. pp. 226–229.
2195:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1938:
1556:in western Europe is the leaf beetle
1505:of lakes and rivers it grows between
739:. And so is the first description as
643: in) long and 0.25–0.5 cm (
2959:4f1e7251-55ec-4703-bf01-d80e32f8f47e
2416:
2298:
2153:United States Department of the Army
2018:
1944:
1826:adding citations to reliable sources
1797:
1422:Closeup view of Caltha palustris in
691:
2435:Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
2226:"Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris)"
1975:
1525:purple moor grass and rush pastures
13:
2369:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00168.x
2088:
1485:and avoids high concentrations of
755:of 1 May 1753, thus providing the
14:
3216:
3195:Medicinal plants of North America
2615:
2598:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
2523:Brontë, Charlotte (8 July 2018).
2130:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
1709:
433: in) long and 3–20 cm (
1802:
1773:Early spring greens and buds of
1379:
1367:
1349:
1331:
1313:
595:are lacking. Between 50 and 120
478:
51:
3070:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:42867-2
2552:London: RHS/Dorling Kindersley
2535:
2516:
2490:
2451:
2376:
2292:
2267:
2242:
2217:
1813:needs additional citations for
405:, itself between 3–25 cm (
2211:Nederlandse Oecologische Flora
2118:
2070:
2052:
2027:
2012:
1595:pollination by a syrphid fly (
1583:
340:
1:
2439:University of Texas at Austin
1931:
1391:The 2006–2007 edition of the
394:, each of which consist of a
299:, is a small to medium sized
762:
7:
3205:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3180:Flora of the United Kingdom
2249:George C. Steyskal (1989).
2021:The Cambridge British Flora
1784:Royal Horticultural Society
1742:
1722:
1497:mineral appears as "rusty"
1393:Royal Horticultural Society
897:, not rooting at the nodes.
712:. He distinguished between
706:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
686:
537:, each about 1.75 cm (
10:
3221:
3190:Medicinal plants of Europe
2550:RHS Plant Finder 2006–2007
2545:Cambridge University Press
2543:Flora of the British Isles
2409:Die Rostpilze Österreichs.
1793:
1457:
795:
777:Ljubljana Botanical Garden
348:is a 10–80 centimetres (4–
18:
3170:Flora of Northern America
2639:
2586:Gardening for the Million
2566:London: Chatto and Windus
2527:– via Google Books.
2525:"Shirley, by Currer Bell"
2301:The Canadian Entomologist
1873:To open their golden eyes
1509:, and it can be found in
603:or sometimes pantoporate
272:
265:
184:
179:
162:
155:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
30:
3200:Plants described in 1753
2350:Lundqvist, Arne (1992).
2280:USDA – Plant of the week
2058:Archibald William Smith
2036:"Caltha novae-zelandiae"
1529:Biodiversity Action Plan
1414:Distribution and habitat
2548:Lord, Tony (ed), 2006,
2276:"Yellow Marsh Marigold"
1768:
2607:Encyclopedia Americana
2562:Mabey, Richard, 1997,
2187:: CS1 maint: others (
2101:"RHS Plant Selector –
1987:Petra G. Smit (1973).
1868:Winking Marybuds begin
1602:
1568:. The maggots of some
1558:Prasocuris phellandrii
1478:
1466:The marsh-marigold on
1427:
1220:Yellow sepals, pollen
1162:Yellow sepals, pollen
893:Yellow sepals, pollen
847:
783:
775:flower and bud at the
2622:Flora of Pennsylvania
2569:Rose, Francis, 2006,
2431:Native Plant Database
1788:Award of Garden Merit
1591:
1537:Micropterix calthella
1523:It is a component of
1465:
1421:
1408:Award of Garden Merit
845:
770:
623:) of 0.75–2 cm (
615:, and each with many
390:true leaves are in a
2313:10.4039/Ent961472-11
2230:Illinois Wildflowers
2224:Hilty, John (2020).
2159:. 2009. p. 68.
1822:improve this article
857:species. Since most
790:is derived from the
229:Spare & Fischer
2571:The Wild Flower Key
2413:(PDF; 1,8 MB).
2157:Skyhorse Publishing
2019:Moss, C.E. (1920).
1885:It also appears in
1566:Hydrothassa vittata
1452:Northern Hemisphere
881:is already listed,
335:Northern Hemisphere
2427:"Caltha palustris"
2333:Hagerup, O. 1950.
2084:on April 17, 2019.
1603:
1562:Plateumaris nitida
1479:
1442:, ditches and wet
1428:
869:based on the same
848:
784:
325:, ditches and wet
3152:
3151:
3006:Open Tree of Life
2633:Taxon identifiers
2583:Pink, A. (2004).
2475:978-1-4027-6715-9
2335:Rain-pollination.
2307:(11): 1472–1476.
2166:978-1-60239-692-0
1854:
1853:
1846:
1198:
1197:(Tolmachev, 1955)
1076:C. grosse-serrata
1017:
877:is listed, so as
834:is much smaller.
786:The generic name
753:Species Plantarum
734:
692:Taxonomic history
284:
283:
275:Trollius paluster
259:
245:
230:
218:
195:
148:C. palustris
3212:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:Caltha_palustris
3014:
3013:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2936:NBNSYS0000002691
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:Caltha palustris
2660:
2659:
2658:
2641:Caltha palustris
2628:
2627:
2611:
2603:
2594:
2564:Flora Britannica
2529:
2528:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2500:Caltha palustris
2494:
2488:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2423:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2384:"Marsh Marigold"
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2103:Caltha palustris
2097:
2086:
2085:
2080:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1984:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1957:. Archived from
1952:
1942:
1887:Charlotte Brontë
1857:Caltha palustris
1849:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1806:
1798:
1775:Caltha palustris
1756:mucous membranes
1733:Puccinia calthea
1716:Caltha palustris
1697:Caltha palustris
1633:), butterflies (
1598:Sphegina montana
1593:Caltha palustris
1576:) are miners in
1554:Caltha palustris
1424:Himachal Pradesh
1383:
1374:opened follicles
1371:
1353:
1335:
1317:
1210:C. flabellifolia
1196:
1144:C. ranunculoides
1124:C. parnassifolia
1015:
859:character states
851:Caltha palustris
822:Caltha palustris
817:Caltha palustris
804:
798:
797:
773:Caltha palustris
749:Genera Plantarum
741:Caltha palustris
732:
726:Caltha palustris
682:
681:
677:
673: in ×
672:
671:
667:
662:
661:
657:
652:
651:
647:
642:
641:
637:
632:
631:
627:
586:
585:
581:
576:
575:
571:
566:
565:
561:
556:
555:
551:
546:
545:
541:
532:
531:
527:
524:
518:
517:
513:
508:
507:
503:
500:
474:
473:
469:
466:
460:
459:
455:
452:
446:
445:
441:
438:
432:
431:
427:
424:
418:
417:
413:
410:
385:
384:
380:
375:
374:
370:
361:
360:
356:
353:
346:Caltha palustris
311:buttercup family
288:Caltha palustris
255:
252:
240:
237:
228:
225:
205:
202:
194:
191:
168:
166:Caltha palustris
56:
55:
42:
32:Caltha palustris
28:
27:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3175:Flora of Europe
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2996:
2991:
2983:
2980:Observation.org
2978:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2894:MichiganFlora:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2635:
2618:
2601:"Cowslip"
2538:
2533:
2532:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2476:
2468:. p. 100.
2456:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2328:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2167:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2042:
2034:P.J. de Lange.
2032:
2028:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1922:Kingcup Cottage
1850:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1819:
1807:
1796:
1771:
1745:
1725:
1712:
1586:
1540:bites open the
1460:
1450:regions of the
1430:The species is
1416:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1285:
1246:
1229:
1167:
1120:C. pallidiflora
1116:C. orthorhyncha
1104:C. longirostris
1080:C. guerrangerii
898:
840:
765:
694:
689:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
538:
529:
525:
522:
520:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
498:
496:
485:flowering stems
481:
471:
467:
464:
462:
457:
453:
450:
448:
443:
439:
436:
434:
429:
425:
422:
420:
415:
411:
408:
406:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
358:
354:
351:
349:
343:
333:regions of the
250:
235:
223:
200:
189:
175:
170:
164:
151:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3133:
3129:wfo-0000581660
3120:
3110:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2699:
2686:
2676:
2661:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2616:External links
2614:
2613:
2612:
2595:
2567:
2560:
2546:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2515:
2502:'Flore Pleno'"
2489:
2474:
2450:
2415:
2406:Peter Zwetko:
2399:
2375:
2362:(2): 145–151.
2339:
2326:
2291:
2266:
2260:978-9004090262
2259:
2241:
2216:
2194:
2165:
2135:
2117:
2087:
2069:
2051:
2026:
2011:
1974:
1947:BSBI List 2007
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1919:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1852:
1851:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1770:
1767:
1744:
1741:
1724:
1721:
1711:
1710:Seed dispersal
1708:
1639:Tenthredinidae
1585:
1582:
1459:
1456:
1415:
1412:
1400:United Kingdom
1389:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1243:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1199:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1088:C. integerrima
1068:C. ficarioides
1037:
1026:
1009:recurvirostris
1005:ranunculiflora
985:ficariaeformis
956:
945:
875:taxonomic rank
839:
836:
764:
761:
722:P. flore plena
718:P. flore minor
714:P. flore major
693:
690:
688:
685:
480:
477:
342:
339:
293:marsh-marigold
282:
281:
270:
269:
263:
262:
261:
260:
246:
231:
219:
196:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
160:
159:
153:
152:
145:
143:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Flora of Asia
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2579:0-7232-5175-4
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:1-4053-1455-9
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2519:
2503:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2064:, p. 258, at
2063:
2062:
2055:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:on 2015-06-26
1960:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1811:This section
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:protoanemonin
1749:
1740:
1738:
1737:P. calthicola
1734:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:) and flies (
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:), sawflies (
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Chrysomelidae
1616:
1615:Coccinellidae
1612:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:C. rubriflora
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:C. zetlandica
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:C. silvestris
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:C. procumbens
1129:
1128:C. polypetala
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:C. intermedia
1089:
1085:
1084:C. himalensis
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:C. asarifolia
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1016:(Regel, 1861)
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
909:
904:
903:
896:
892:
891:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:C. himalensis
876:
872:
871:type specimen
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
835:
833:
832:Primula veris
829:
828:
827:Primula veris
823:
818:
813:
811:
808:
803:
793:
792:Ancient Greek
789:
782:
778:
774:
769:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Carl Linnaeus
742:
738:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
684:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
536:
494:
490:
486:
479:Inflorescence
476:
404:
401:
400:kidney-shaped
397:
393:
389:
365:
347:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:
280:
279:
276:
271:
268:
264:
258:
254:
247:
244:
239:
232:
227:
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
197:
193:
186:
185:
183:
178:
174:
169:
167:
161:
158:
157:Binomial name
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:Ranunculaceae
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2640:
2605:
2585:
2570:
2563:
2549:
2542:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2499:
2492:
2464:. New York:
2460:
2453:
2442:. Retrieved
2430:
2407:
2402:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2378:
2359:
2355:
2329:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2250:
2244:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2219:
2210:
2155:. New York:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2102:
2082:the original
2072:
2066:Google Books
2059:
2054:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1998:
1992:
1966:. Retrieved
1959:the original
1946:
1940:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1908:Thomas Hardy
1905:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1840:
1831:
1820:Please help
1815:verification
1812:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1675:Anthomyiidae
1623:Cerambycidae
1604:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:caterpillars
1535:
1533:
1527:– a type of
1522:
1480:
1471:flood plains
1429:
1396:Plant Finder
1395:
1390:
1360:
1357:C. palustris
1356:
1342:
1339:C. palustris
1338:
1324:
1321:C. palustris
1320:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:C. palustris
1288:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1265:C. palustris
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:C. palustris
1249:
1248:
1238:
1237:
1233:C. palustris
1232:
1231:
1226:De Biesbosch
1213:
1209:
1206:C. cespitosa
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1186:C. palustris
1185:
1176:
1175:
1171:C. palustris
1170:
1169:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:C. latifolia
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:C. fistulosa
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:C. alpestris
1039:
1034:
1029:C. palustris
1028:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
965:acuteserrata
964:
959:C. palustris
958:
953:
948:C. palustris
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:C. palustris
916:
907:
906:
902:C. palustris
901:
900:
886:
883:C. palustris
882:
878:
850:
849:
831:
825:
821:
816:
814:
809:
801:
787:
785:
772:
757:correct name
740:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
701:
695:
482:
345:
344:
296:
292:
287:
286:
285:
278:E.H.L.Krause
274:
273:
248:
233:
221:
198:
187:
165:
163:
147:
146:
134:
114:Ranunculales
97:
84:
71:
31:
25:
3044:kew-2693856
2918:NatureServe
2830:iNaturalist
2665:Wikispecies
2274:Sue Trull.
1926:Racey Helps
1861:Shakespeare
1691:pollination
1663:Sciomyzidae
1625:), thrips (
1611:Nitidulidae
1607:Cantharidae
1584:Pollination
1574:Agromyzidae
1511:black alder
1156:C. vulgaris
1056:C. confinis
1001:orbicularis
939:plurisepala
815:In the UK,
698:description
696:The oldest
683: in).
341:Description
291:, known as
91:Angiosperms
3159:Categories
3113:WisFlora:
3039:Plant List
2702:Calflora:
2536:References
2444:2016-01-17
2393:2016-02-14
2388:NatureGate
2285:2016-02-13
2235:2016-01-29
2045:2016-01-11
2005:2016-01-05
1968:2014-10-17
1932:References
1703:Ranunculus
1679:Tachinidae
1667:Ephydridae
1655:Formicidae
1651:Andrenidae
1647:Halictidae
1483:fertilizer
1222:tricolpate
1202:C. arctica
1190:aleutensis
1164:tricolpate
1148:C. riparia
1060:C. cornuta
1052:C. barthei
895:tricolpate
887:himalensis
853:is a very
601:tricolpate
403:leaf blade
304:herbaceous
180:Varieties
21:King's Cup
2796:200007551
2783:200007551
2484:244766414
2356:Hereditas
2183:cite book
2175:277203364
2126:"cowslip"
2001:: 119–150
1881:, ii. 3).
1878:Cymbeline
1778:a spice.
1671:Syrphidae
1653:), ants (
1641:), bees (
1629:), bugs (
1627:Thripidae
1572:species (
1570:Phytomyza
1495:insoluble
1487:phosphate
1448:temperate
1404:cultivars
1361:palustris
1273:sylvatica
1140:C. pygmea
1136:C. pumila
1044:C. alpina
1020:stagnalis
997:nipponica
943:pratensis
923:decumbens
908:palustris
810:palustris
763:Etymology
593:nectaries
491:leaflike
396:leaf stem
388:alternate
331:temperate
301:perennial
241:(Forst.)
192:palustris
142:Species:
61:Kingdom:
3103:VASCAN:
3096:27100074
3091:Tropicos
3018:PalDat:
2923:2.144969
2861:10584589
2679:BioLib:
2650:Wikidata
2508:12 April
2466:Sterling
2321:83650928
1834:May 2021
1743:Toxicity
1731:species
1723:Diseases
1683:Muscidae
1659:Sepsidae
1635:Pieridae
1580:leaves.
1514:coppices
1491:ammonium
1444:woodland
1426:, India.
1343:purpurea
1295:purpurea
1239:araneosa
1194:siberica
1177:radicans
1112:C. minor
1108:C. major
1096:C. laeta
1064:C. elata
1035:thracica
1013:siberica
889:is not.
865:. If an
863:synonyms
855:variable
802:kálathos
781:Slovenia
730:Populago
702:Populago
687:Taxonomy
621:follicle
617:seedbuds
493:stipules
327:woodland
267:Synonyms
253:araneosa
238:radicans
226:purpurea
208:Cambess.
120:Family:
104:Eudicots
3142:1326669
2998:1326669
2905:MoBotPF
2848:42867-2
2809:5371685
2726:Ecocrop
2656:Q147192
2110:20 June
1906:and in
1892:Shirley
1794:Culture
1631:Miridae
1542:anthers
1518:meadows
1473:of the
1458:Ecology
1436:marshes
1278:C. alba
1192:, var.
1024:umbrosa
1022:, var.
1018:, var.
1011:, var.
1007:, var.
1003:, var.
999:, var.
995:, var.
991:, var.
989:holubyi
987:, var.
983:, var.
981:dentata
979:, var.
977:cuneata
975:, var.
973:crenata
971:, var.
969:bosnica
967:, var.
954:palmata
951:subvar.
867:epithet
807:epithet
796:κάλαθος
747:in his
737:invalid
678:⁄
668:⁄
658:⁄
648:⁄
638:⁄
628:⁄
609:carpels
597:stamens
582:⁄
572:⁄
562:⁄
552:⁄
542:⁄
528:⁄
514:⁄
504:⁄
470:⁄
456:⁄
442:⁄
428:⁄
414:⁄
392:rosette
381:⁄
371:⁄
357:⁄
319:marshes
309:of the
297:kingcup
257:Steenis
216:Thomson
212:Hook.f.
130:Genus:
110:Order:
65:Plantae
3165:Caltha
3052:PLANTS
3011:387810
2985:137349
2956:NZOR:
2910:286073
2887:167915
2770:177293
2744:596646
2695:121193
2577:
2556:
2482:
2472:
2319:
2257:
2173:
2163:
1994:Blumea
1760:Caltha
1748:Caltha
1687:Caltha
1643:Apidae
1578:Caltha
1548:. The
1546:pollen
1477:river.
1468:spring
1432:native
1269:alpina
1267:forma
993:minima
927:erecta
788:Caltha
733:Tourn.
613:stigma
605:pollen
589:petals
535:sepals
489:seated
315:native
249:C. p.
234:C. p.
222:C. p.
214:&
199:C. p.
188:C. p.
135:Caltha
3137:WoRMS
3057:CAPA5
3028:PFI:
2967:NZPCN
2874:18454
2856:IRMNG
2835:56224
2765:EUNIS
2757:CTAPA
2682:38290
2504:. RHS
2317:S2CID
1962:(xls)
1951:(xls)
1507:reeds
1499:flocs
1475:Narew
1386:seeds
1359:var.
1341:var.
1323:var.
1292:var.
1271:, f.
1253:var.
1236:var.
1188:var.
1174:var.
941:, f.
937:, f.
935:plena
933:, f.
931:gigas
929:, f.
925:, f.
920:forma
905:var.
885:var.
307:plant
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
3116:2843
3106:8452
3083:2803
3065:POWO
3031:1011
2993:OBIS
2972:4505
2949:3449
2944:NCBI
2897:2365
2882:IUCN
2869:ITIS
2843:IPNI
2822:8657
2817:GRIN
2804:GBIF
2752:EPPO
2731:4081
2718:Q4PM
2705:8708
2690:BOLD
2575:ISBN
2554:ISBN
2510:2020
2480:OCLC
2470:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2189:link
2171:OCLC
2161:ISBN
2112:2013
1769:Uses
1735:and
1729:rust
1681:and
1564:and
1503:edge
1489:and
1440:fens
1325:alba
1256:alba
1032:ssp.
962:var.
720:and
591:and
323:fens
295:and
251:var.
243:Beck
236:var.
224:var.
203:alba
201:var.
190:var.
3124:WFO
3078:RHS
2931:NBN
2791:FoC
2778:FNA
2739:EoL
2713:CoL
2364:doi
2360:117
2309:doi
1924:by
1889:'s
1824:by
1786:'s
1714:In
1446:in
1434:to
779:in
743:by
735:is
708:in
704:by
329:in
317:to
3161::
3139::
3126::
3093::
3080::
3067::
3054::
3041::
3008::
2995::
2982::
2969::
2946::
2933::
2920::
2907::
2884::
2871::
2858::
2845::
2832::
2819::
2806::
2793::
2780::
2767::
2754::
2741::
2728::
2715::
2692::
2667::
2652::
2604:.
2589:.
2581:*
2478:.
2437:,
2433:.
2429:.
2418:^
2386:.
2358:.
2354:.
2342:^
2315:.
2305:96
2303:.
2278:.
2228:.
2197:^
2185:}}
2181:{{
2169:.
2151:.
2138:^
2128:.
2090:^
2038:.
1999:21
1997:.
1991:.
1977:^
1953:.
1895::
1863::
1790:.
1739:.
1693:.
1677:,
1673:,
1669:,
1665:,
1661:,
1649:,
1645:,
1621:,
1617:,
1613:,
1609:,
1438:,
1286:→
1247:→
1230:→
1228:).
1212:,
1208:,
1204:,
1168:→
1154:,
1150:,
1146:,
1142:,
1138:,
1134:,
1130:,
1126:,
1122:,
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1094:,
1090:,
1086:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
1042:,
899:→
771:A
759:.
716:,
680:16
670:32
373:32
350:31
321:,
313:,
210:)
173:L.
100::
87::
74::
2610:.
2593:.
2512:.
2498:"
2486:.
2447:.
2396:.
2372:.
2366::
2323:.
2311::
2288:.
2263:.
2238:.
2191:)
2177:.
2132:.
2114:.
2105:"
2048:.
2008:.
1971:.
1917:.
1875:(
1847:)
1841:(
1836:)
1832:(
1818:.
1601:)
1299:=
1260:=
1181:=
912:=
799:(
676:1
666:3
660:4
656:1
653:–
650:8
646:1
640:4
636:3
633:–
630:4
626:1
584:4
580:3
577:–
574:4
570:1
564:2
560:1
554:2
550:1
544:4
540:3
530:4
526:1
523:+
521:2
519:–
516:4
512:3
506:2
502:1
499:+
497:1
472:4
468:1
465:+
463:1
458:4
454:3
451:+
449:7
447:–
444:4
440:1
437:+
435:1
430:4
426:3
423:+
421:9
419:–
416:4
412:1
409:+
407:1
383:8
379:1
376:–
369:3
359:2
355:1
352:+
206:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
