1294:
985:
1069:
1285:, Cambyses decreased the immense income that the Egyptian temples received from the Egyptian pharaohs. Only the three main temples were given permission to maintain all their entitlements. In response to this action, Egyptian priests who had lost their entitlements circulated spurious stories about Cambyses. The issue with the temples dated back to the earlier pharaohs, who had also tried to reduce the economic power of the temples. This issue would continue until the demise of ancient Egypt. Like Cyrus in Babylon, Cambyses allowed the Egyptian nobility to maintain their jurisdictions.
1206:
8785:
82:
917:
6279:
538:
480:
1449:
stabbed himself in the thigh while working with a piece of wood, and died eleven days later from the wound. Herodotus' story is that while
Cambyses was mounting his horse, the tip of his scabbard broke, and his sword pierced his thigh. Some modern historians suspect that Cambyses was assassinated, either by Darius as the first step to usurping the empire for himself, or by supporters of Bardiya.
291:
1117:, where the Persians emerged victorious. According to one author, Cambyses was able to defeat the Egyptians by putting cats, sheep, dogs and other animals that the Egyptians considered sacred in the front lines. This led the Egyptians to cease using their war engines for fear of killing an animal and angering the gods. The forces of Cambyses then laid siege to
963:. Cyrus' younger son, Bardiya, was given his own realm in Central Asia, which was exempted from paying tribute. Cambyses reportedly took part in the expedition against the Massagetae, but, due to his being the heir to the throne, he was sent back to Persia, before Cyrus fell to the Massagetae. Cambyses had his father's body carried to
1038:, posed a considerable threat to the Achaemenids, launching several raids that jeopardised Achaemenid authority. However, Polycrates eventually forsook his Egyptian allies, and reached out to Cambyses, whose plans he was well acquainted with. His sudden change of alliances was undoubtedly due to his uneasy position, with the
1374:" by the Persians due to his being "half-mad, cruel, and insolent". However, this would seem to be part of later Persian and Egyptian propaganda critical of Cambyses. Indeed, due to Cambyses' willingness to consolidate authority to himself, the Persian tribal nobility were increasingly antagonistic towards him.
1267:
6, third month of the season Shemou, day 10 (?), under the
Majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt endowed with eternal life, the god was brought in his which is the place which his Majesty had made for him, all in the embalming hall It was done according to everything his Majesty had said
1192:
However, according to Briant, "the deliberate bias against
Cambyses raises doubts about the accuracy of Herodotus's version." Herodotus' statement is contradicted by other sources that do not suggest a catastrophe for his forces, even though the obstacles of the campaign possibly compelled Cambyses
1280:
This thus debunks
Cambyses' supposed killing of the Apis, and according to Briant, proves that Herodotus documented bogus reports. Rather, Cambyses took part in the preservation and burial ceremony of an Apis. Other similar sources also make mention of Cambyses' careful treatment towards Egyptian
1184:
ended catastrophically. He states that the reason behind this defeat was the "madness" of
Cambyses, who "at once began his march against Ethiopia, without any orders for the provision of supplies, and without for a moment considering the fact that he was to take his men to the ends of the earth".
1276:(Cambyses], the king of Upper and Lower Egypt made as his monument to his father Apis-Osiris a large sarcophagus of granite, dedicated by the king , endowed with all life, with all perpetuity and prosperity (?), with all health, with all joy, appearing eternally as king of Upper and Lower Egypt.
1448:
According to Darius, who was
Cambyses' lance-bearer at the time, Bardiya decided that he could not succeed as King of Kings and died by his own hand in 522 BC. Herodotus and Ctesias ascribe his death to an accident. Ctesias writes that Cambyses, despondent from the loss of family members,
1405:
The accusations against
Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of
1011:, "this must not be seen as a more or less irrational and uncontrollable desire to take over the entire inhabited world". On the contrary, Cambyses' action had already been planned by his father, who wanted to unify Babylonia with the lands of the Trans-Euphrates (an area that stretched from
1084:
had succeeded him, thus weakening Egypt's position. In the meantime, Cambyses had made substantial preparations for his army. He had essentially laid the foundations for the
Persian navy, which was crucial to his ambitions to conquer Egypt. The navy was created using men and equipment from
1101:
and the
Egyptian frontier. This treaty granted Cambyses sufficient water for his forces to reach the Nile. This also paved the way for Cambyses to extend his authority over the unsubdued lands between Egypt and Persia, including Gaza, a prominent commercial region, which equalled that of
1342:. Likewise, the imperial treasurer in Babylon, Mithradata, was also from a Persian family. Indeed, the senior officials and officers accompanying Cambyses in Egypt were composed solely of Persians. The most notable of these Persians were relatives of the king, such as his cousin
1121:, where Psamtik III and his men had fortified themselves. Despite the considerable resistance by the pharaoh's forces, Cambyses captured Memphis and established a Persian-Egyptian garrison there. The length of the siege is not specified by the 5th-century BC Greek historian
1386:. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside the royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts. According to Herodotus, Cambyses supposedly married two of his sisters,
1229:," used by the previous Egyptian pharaohs. Cambyses used propaganda to show his Egyptian conquest as a legitimate unification with the native Egyptians, and that he was himself of Egyptian descent, claiming to be the son of Princess Nitetis, a daughter of the pharaoh
1244:
According to ancient historians, Cambyses' rule of Egypt was marked by brutality, looting temples, ridiculing the local gods, and defilement of the royal tombs. Historians such as
Herodotus put an emphasis on Cambyses' supposed killing of the Egyptian
996:
Cambyses' accession to the Achaemenid throne was relatively smooth. Ruling over a vast but young empire, Cambyses preserved his authority over the subjugated lands, but also expanded his dominion over Egypt, the last prominent power in the
1309:
Although a tax system existed during the reigns of Cyrus and Cambyses, it was not a systematic one, and thus the subjects of the king were either obligated to give gifts, or pay taxes. As was the case during his father's reign, Cambyses'
958:
According to Babylonian records, both Cambyses and Cyrus carried the title of "King of Babylon, King of the Lands" in 538/7 BC, which indicates that Cyrus had appointed him as co-ruler some years before his campaign against the
951:. His governorship, however, lasted only nine months; Cyrus dismissed him from the post in December 538 BC for unknown reasons. After his dismissal, Cambyses continued to mostly reside in the Babylonian cities of Babylon and
1165:, but it was ultimately called off due to his Phoenician subjects' reluctance to make war against their own people. In the south, Cambyses, followed the same policy of the last pharaohs to keep the
1157:, willingly acknowledged the authority of Cambyses, and as proof of their submission, sent offerings to Cambyses. As a demonstration of his generosity, Cambyses had Amasis II's Greek widow,
1418:
In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia. Before he left the country, he made Egypt into a satrapy under the governorship of the Persian
1566:
935:, whilst the central and southern part continued to be directly supervised by Cyrus and his bureaucrats. Before his appointment, Cambyses had taken part in a ritual at the regular
1042:
raising a force against him, and the rising hostility of some of the Samian aristocrats, who preferred partnership with Egypt. Another former ally of Amasis II, the
8817:
1252:. However, no looting of temples has been reported by contemporary Egyptian sources. In addition, Cambyses is said to have ordered the burial of an Apis in a
2344:
8832:
1346:, who occupied high offices under Cyrus and Cambyses, and serving as a spear-bearer under the latter. Darius' father, Hystaspes, served as the governor of
6042:
1574:
1460:, sacrifices were offered in his name. At the time of Cambyses' death, the Achaemenid Empire was stronger than ever, reaching from Cyrenaica to the
1217:
In accordance with the traditional Egyptian royal custom, Cambyses took the titles of "king of Upper and Lower Egypt" and "descendant of (the gods)
2092:
1354:, or at least held a prominent role there. Important offices centred around the king was also occupied by the Persians, as in the case of
6128:
1050:, had also joined Cambyses after escaping assassins sent by the pharaoh. Cambyses, before starting his expedition into Egypt, had seized
310:
8422:
7184:
6057:
6052:
2337:
8837:
6465:
1382:
In Achaemenid Persia, marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as
391:
349:
8827:
6032:
6027:
397:
263:
513:
507:
457:
376:
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339:
6037:
510:
504:
501:
404:
402:
373:
370:
268:
266:
6017:
2221:
740:
in 525 BC. After having established himself in Egypt, he expanded the empire's holdings in Africa, including the conquest of
515:
460:
400:
394:
364:
344:
234:
17:
1425:
However Cambyses died shortly after under disputed circumstances. By most accounts, while Cambyses was on his way through
1019:
rivers, and therefore necessitated conflict with Egypt, which had previously and more recently shown interest in the area.
346:
341:
194:
6047:
6022:
2330:
2065:
1129:. Cambyses now adopted the aspirations of the last pharaohs in seeking to control the neighbouring lands towards the west (
711:, where he met his end. Cambyses thus became the sole ruler of the vast Achaemenid Empire, facing no reported opposition.
6012:
3792:
3580:
6001:
4762:
4478:
3346:
2606:
2580:
2153:
2054:
1457:
1063:
2193:
2174:
1193:
to withdraw. Archaeological proof indicates that the Achaemenids made use of the stronghold of Dorginarti (south of
703:, before being appointed by his father as co-ruler in 530 BC. His father then set off on an expedition against the
8822:
6333:
6067:
1437:. Cambyses died three weeks later (in July) at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of
1410:, have been confirmed as false, which means that the report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable.
6121:
5254:
2312:
1126:
421:
185:
8443:
7177:
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4887:
1293:
8842:
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5187:
5054:
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4777:
2895:
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6670:
5172:
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1390:
and Roxane. This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married
8847:
7926:
7152:
7037:
6722:
6562:
5533:
4642:
4554:
4039:
3816:
3807:
1161:, returned to Cyrene. Cambyses originally intended to make an expedition against the Phoenician state of
1158:
1114:
759:. Cambyses died three weeks later at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of
737:
7994:
6492:
6114:
5362:
4695:
4432:
4259:
4191:
2773:
2086:
1113:
In 525 BC, Cambyses finally invaded Egypt. In the spring of that year, the Persian and Egyptian forces
1086:
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8524:
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3728:
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3361:
1068:
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under his father from April to December 538 BC. Afterwards, he resided in the Babylonian cities of
445:
8759:
8668:
8415:
8348:
7819:
7208:
6440:
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5568:
5483:
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3777:
3639:
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3365:
3165:
2981:
2279:
1047:
1015:
to Egypt). This would eventually require conquering the lands situated between the Euphrates and
54:
8034:
8812:
8696:
8571:
8436:
8429:
8401:
7773:
7732:
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7111:
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6527:
6420:
6147:
6072:
6062:
5610:
5589:
5508:
4422:
4282:
3892:
3526:
3486:
3280:
3222:
3106:
2910:
2573:
2367:
927:
In April 538 BC, Cambyses was appointed by his father as the governor of the northern part of
744:. In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia.
8654:
8609:
8545:
8408:
8341:
8078:
7980:
7975:
7956:
7355:
7272:
6691:
6392:
6082:
5558:
5523:
5503:
5493:
5455:
4055:
3959:
3313:
2044:
1186:
893:
2104:
8857:
8807:
8485:
7844:
7824:
7768:
7672:
7625:
6998:
6730:
6660:
6469:
6077:
5583:
5538:
4911:
4539:
4474:
4327:
4322:
4029:
4024:
3877:
3303:
3091:
2970:
1154:
787:
649:
1205:
8:
8597:
8450:
8334:
7943:
7908:
7849:
7682:
7590:
6920:
6567:
6238:
5573:
5548:
5513:
5450:
4825:
4800:
4004:
3999:
3423:
2854:
2203:
2100:
1541:
816:
1256:. The successor of the Apis died in 518 BC, four years after Cambyses had already died.
8394:
8375:
8310:
8205:
8176:
7796:
7778:
7702:
7630:
7605:
7580:
6868:
6532:
5863:
5850:
5427:
4437:
4009:
3984:
3051:
2826:
2254:
2227:
2130:
1298:
598:
7814:
8852:
8471:
8457:
8382:
8217:
8161:
8106:
7894:
7879:
7834:
7750:
7712:
7697:
7610:
7600:
7545:
7535:
6388:
6348:
6159:
6138:
5918:
5897:
5791:
5758:
5470:
4805:
4427:
4307:
3929:
3857:
3515:
3318:
3308:
3240:
2566:
2418:
2357:
2217:
2213:
2189:
2170:
2149:
2050:
1586:
1578:
1282:
1241:
as part of a religious ritual, during which he made sacrifices to the Egyptian gods.
989:
905:
824:
670:
104:
69:
2166:
King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)
1802:
Forster, E. S. (1941). Dogs in Ancient Warfare. Greece & Rome, 10(30), 114–117.
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4152:
4048:
3989:
3413:
3393:
2487:
2306:
1487:
1343:
1162:
804:
768:
152:
64:
6106:
2163:
Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2017). "The Achaemenid Empire". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
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7095:
6864:
6450:
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6258:
6203:
5869:
5839:
5798:
5734:
5478:
5408:
5278:
4617:
4272:
3994:
3388:
3026:
2994:
2833:
2527:
2467:
2272:
2207:
2164:
2143:
1516:
1166:
885:
846:
812:
674:
608:
144:
122:
59:
3575:
2071:
1565:
Posener, Georges (1936). Bibliothèque de l'Université Bordeaux Montaigne (ed.).
1110:. The region served as the headquarters for the Persian expedition into Egypt.
8325:
8275:
8121:
8001:
7859:
7620:
7595:
7570:
7507:
7499:
7479:
6930:
6833:
6779:
6435:
6253:
5965:
5763:
5724:
5442:
5398:
5267:
4351:
4277:
4107:
3979:
3939:
3687:
3539:
3504:
3494:
3428:
3383:
3265:
3260:
2840:
2819:
2785:
2522:
2375:
2353:
1426:
1118:
748:
635:
2322:
691:
Before his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern
81:
8801:
8268:
8229:
8063:
7950:
7745:
7740:
7466:
7414:
7404:
7368:
7101:
7022:
6985:
6825:
6802:
6745:
6487:
6425:
6373:
5644:
5543:
5375:
5345:
5021:
4876:
4733:
4602:
4442:
4417:
4367:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3954:
3761:
3692:
3682:
3544:
3298:
3046:
2989:
2942:
2779:
2738:
2517:
2040:
1582:
1150:
1130:
1012:
1008:
968:
719:
666:
628:
100:
44:
8752:
8738:
8616:
8240:
8234:
8101:
8042:
8026:
7874:
7806:
7760:
7717:
7565:
7555:
7494:
7484:
7376:
7345:
7315:
7081:
6838:
6820:
6787:
6701:
6547:
6445:
6378:
6353:
6343:
6228:
5729:
5563:
5553:
5528:
5380:
5330:
5289:
5015:
4927:
4815:
4728:
4708:
4627:
4592:
4587:
4473:
4412:
4122:
3944:
3934:
3897:
3852:
3766:
3756:
3746:
3662:
3378:
3255:
3064:
3005:
2865:
2812:
2717:
2497:
1590:
1469:
1402:
names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she is not referred to as his sister.
1249:
1210:
901:
715:
708:
474:
222:
8745:
8682:
8640:
8564:
8552:
8531:
8116:
8111:
8012:
7969:
7585:
7560:
7540:
7512:
7474:
7363:
7340:
7335:
7325:
6915:
6848:
6711:
6552:
6542:
6358:
6328:
5833:
5778:
5629:
5578:
5498:
5370:
5244:
5202:
5113:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4948:
4932:
4905:
4870:
4860:
4795:
4748:
4738:
4723:
4713:
4660:
4622:
4597:
4577:
4567:
4333:
4317:
4292:
4287:
4087:
4014:
3924:
3907:
3862:
3837:
3771:
3751:
3736:
3718:
3448:
3443:
3250:
3077:
3057:
2871:
2805:
2796:
2680:
2299:
1538:
1253:
1246:
1234:
1170:
1081:
1073:
1005:
803:) is disputed in scholarship; according to some scholars, the name is of
726:
170:
2231:
979:
8703:
8689:
8675:
8647:
8585:
8295:
8019:
7884:
7530:
7300:
6891:
6886:
6807:
6797:
6764:
6681:
6665:
6628:
6503:
6415:
6400:
6338:
6263:
6198:
6175:
6168:
5950:
5904:
5857:
5812:
5784:
5605:
5488:
5413:
5340:
5229:
5044:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4954:
4942:
4922:
4895:
4865:
4845:
4790:
4743:
4718:
4650:
4612:
4582:
4572:
4312:
4112:
4102:
3872:
3867:
3832:
3741:
3713:
3534:
3438:
3433:
3418:
3403:
3211:
3205:
3119:
2847:
2665:
2602:
2532:
2462:
2439:
2432:
1461:
1323:
1177:
1098:
1090:
1031:
1016:
964:
960:
873:
857:
704:
685:
618:
49:
880:
from 600 to 559 BC. The family was descended from a line of rulers of
778:), who went on to increase the power of the Achaemenids even further.
8661:
8633:
8464:
8288:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8126:
8049:
7962:
7409:
7391:
7386:
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7295:
7071:
7057:
7053:
7027:
7003:
6881:
6876:
6812:
6769:
6706:
6623:
6537:
6517:
6512:
6410:
6405:
6363:
6243:
6233:
5890:
5805:
5768:
5694:
5688:
5615:
5595:
5312:
5294:
5239:
5219:
5082:
4917:
4900:
4850:
4703:
4670:
4665:
4607:
4406:
4227:
4180:
4132:
4092:
4069:
3842:
3708:
3677:
3331:
3245:
3071:
2952:
2689:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2393:
1803:
1481:
1465:
1430:
1407:
1395:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1134:
1122:
1027:
998:
928:
865:
752:
741:
692:
576:
91:
916:
8717:
8223:
8211:
7986:
7522:
7433:
7419:
7381:
7310:
7162:
7121:
7075:
6993:
6969:
6910:
6686:
6589:
6557:
6522:
6482:
6368:
6308:
6223:
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5911:
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5819:
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5745:
5739:
5704:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5284:
5224:
5067:
5039:
4632:
4562:
4374:
4360:
4340:
4302:
4214:
4159:
4117:
3949:
3919:
3882:
3827:
3672:
3549:
3454:
3398:
3293:
3200:
3194:
3183:
3149:
3033:
3019:
3012:
2999:
2963:
2703:
2492:
2408:
2403:
1524:
1434:
1419:
1359:
1351:
1315:
1181:
881:
808:
763:. He died childless, and was thus succeeded by his younger brother
756:
6278:
8199:
7489:
7456:
7135:
7131:
7125:
7105:
7091:
7061:
7032:
7014:
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6940:
6935:
6759:
6696:
6675:
6615:
6605:
6594:
6477:
6455:
6318:
6313:
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6213:
6193:
6188:
6182:
5937:
5876:
5719:
5403:
5214:
5208:
5196:
5077:
5072:
5009:
4988:
4833:
4785:
4685:
4675:
4400:
4297:
4267:
4249:
4238:
4221:
4173:
4166:
4097:
4019:
3667:
3475:
3461:
3373:
3324:
3230:
3173:
3124:
2957:
2947:
2927:
2860:
2710:
2589:
2482:
2477:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2388:
2289:
1512:
1442:
1399:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1260:
1176:
According to Herodotus, Cambyses' campaigns against Ammon in the
1054:
from Amasis II, which was reportedly a heavy blow to the latter.
1039:
1023:
944:
940:
932:
921:
861:
831:
764:
723:
696:
593:
180:
132:
87:
8148:
2601:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1314:
were all of Persian stock: Gubaru in Babylonia-Trans-Euphrates:
755:), he received a wound to the thigh, which was soon affected by
7461:
7305:
7115:
6974:
6843:
6792:
6610:
6268:
5844:
5714:
5351:
5234:
4839:
4810:
4680:
4655:
4447:
4381:
4207:
4200:
4127:
4082:
4076:
3902:
3822:
3408:
3235:
3188:
3142:
3114:
3040:
2918:
2877:
2759:
2724:
2696:
2551:
indicate kings not directly attested and so possibly legendary.
2537:
2398:
1659:
1657:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1535:
1508:
1453:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1311:
1302:
1230:
1226:
1103:
1051:
1002:
952:
948:
936:
877:
869:
819:. The name of Cambyses is known in other languages as: Elamite
700:
2005:
1441:. He died childless, and was succeeded by his younger brother
8538:
7065:
6902:
6647:
6578:
5930:
5709:
5699:
5677:
5335:
4244:
4232:
4145:
4062:
3913:
3847:
3509:
3178:
3136:
3130:
2922:
2881:
2752:
2745:
2731:
1993:
1879:
1862:
1520:
1238:
1222:
1194:
1138:
1107:
1094:
1093:. During his march to Egypt, Cambyses made a treaty with the
1043:
1035:
897:
889:
872:
and Roxanne. Cambyses' paternal grandfather was his namesake
1654:
1597:
1237:, Cambyses had himself crowned in the temple of the goddess
7085:
5682:
5672:
5062:
4937:
4138:
3468:
3288:
3270:
3155:
2937:
2932:
2766:
2558:
1438:
1072:
Imaginary 19th-century illustration of Cambyses II meeting
760:
572:
485:
247:
1362:, who was the royal judge but later executed by Cambyses.
767:, who ruled for a short period before being overthrown by
714:
His relatively brief reign was marked by his conquests in
7147:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
3887:
2169:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236.
2064:
Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia".
1933:
1057:
798:
722:, which he conquered after his victory over the Egyptian
660:
5108:
2046:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2212:. Blackwell History of the Ancient World. Hoboken, NJ:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1923:
1921:
1896:
1894:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1719:
1433:), he received a wound to the thigh, which soon became
1218:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1906:
1736:
1734:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1358:, who served as the "message-bearer" of Cambyses, and
1981:
980:
Preparations against Egypt and the conquest of Cyprus
2017:
1964:
1918:
1891:
1841:
1820:
1773:
1746:
1669:
888:, expanded their reach over Persis, subjugating the
673:
from 530 to 522 BC. He was the son and successor of
6136:
1945:
1731:
1698:
1681:
1370:According to Herodotus, Cambyses was labelled a "
27:Ruler of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC
8799:
1281:culture and religion. According to the Egyptian
939:on 27 March 538 BC, where he received the royal
2352:
2162:
2141:
2011:
1885:
1873:
2202:
1999:
8818:6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
7178:
6122:
2574:
2338:
2183:
8150:Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)
2184:Schwab, Andreas; Schütze, Alexander (2023).
2145:A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
1169:in check, and had a garrison established at
8833:Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt
1456:in southeastern Persis. As reported in the
1080:By 526 BC, Amasis II had died, and his son
1030:, who had been ruling since 570. His ally,
7185:
7171:
6129:
6115:
2581:
2567:
2345:
2331:
2186:Herodotean soundings: the Cambyses "logos"
2128:
2115:
2099:
2091:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1912:
1663:
1648:
329:The offspring of Ra, lord of the Two Lands
80:
2142:Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021).
1575:Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
1197:) during the time they controlled Egypt.
1127:all of Egypt was under Persian suzerainty
1097:, who controlled the desert area between
5991:
1567:"La première domination perse en Égypte"
1292:
1204:
1067:
983:
971:that had been prepared for him earlier.
915:
807:origin, whilst others associate it with
2135:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7
2122:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 7
2063:
1958:
1564:
1413:
1272:A legend on the sarcophagus also says:
860:. Cambyses had a younger brother named
786:The origins of the name of "Cambyses" (
244:
14:
8800:
7231:
5138:
4503:
3605:
2631:
2039:
2023:
1987:
1975:
1939:
1927:
1900:
1856:
1835:
1814:
1790:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1725:
1713:
1692:
1675:
1558:
1263:of the Apis buried in 524 BC, states:
1058:Conquest of Egypt and its surroundings
8147:
7166:
6110:
5990:
5107:
4472:
3574:
2600:
2562:
2326:
2240:The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories
1406:"crimes", such as the killing of the
974:
7192:
5643:
1544:, this statement is not trustworthy.
1200:
1149:The Libyans, and soon the Greeks of
1144:
967:in Persis, where he was buried in a
213:The one who has united the Two Lands
2188:. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto.
884:tribes, who starting with Cyrus in
24:
8514:
7447:
6277:
2209:A History of the Ancient Near East
1804:http://www.jstor.org/stable/641375
1458:Persepolis Administrative Archives
1064:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
25:
8869:
8175:
7922:
1288:
8784:
8783:
8092:
2129:Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1990).
2116:Dandamayev, Muhammad A. (1993).
1515:, the mother of Cambyses II was
947:, a temple dedicated to the god
536:
478:
289:
8838:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
2118:"Cyrus iii. Cyrus II The Great"
1796:
1529:
851:
845:Cambyses was the eldest son of
773:
731:
679:
8828:Kings of the Achaemenid Empire
2070:. London et al. Archived from
1501:
1365:
586:
13:
1:
5601:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1551:
1534:). However, according to the
1305:, possibly under Cambyses II.
911:
840:
682: 550 – 530 BC
428:
317:
201:
86:Cambyses (left, kneeling) as
2588:
1507:According to 5th-century BC
1377:
799:
781:
661:
7:
5534:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2493:Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I)
2488:Darius the Great (Darius I)
2012:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
1475:
815:who inhabited northwestern
10:
8874:
6275:
4433:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
3817:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
3581:Second Intermediate Period
2468:Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II)
2067:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol
2033:
1398:, whilst his contemporary
1061:
864:, and three sisters named
791:
653:
527:
493:
488:
449:
331:
311:Prenomen (Praenomen)
280:
255:
250:
226:
8781:
8499:
8365:
8356:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
8324:
8309:
8160:
8156:
8143:
8077:
7907:
7805:
7787:
7759:
7731:
7663:
7648:
7432:
7354:
7286:
7271:
7222:
7218:
7198:
7145:
7046:
7012:
6983:
6949:
6900:
6863:
6798:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
6778:
6744:
6720:
6642:
6576:
6501:
6464:
6387:
6288:
6155:
6145:
6095:
5997:
5986:
5884:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
5628:
5574:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
5469:
5441:
5426:
5389:
5361:
5321:
5303:
5253:
5186:
5171:
5129:
5125:
5103:
5053:
5030:
4963:
4886:
4824:
4776:
4761:
4694:
4641:
4553:
4538:
4494:
4490:
4479:Third Intermediate Period
4468:
4391:
4350:
4258:
4190:
4038:
3806:
3791:
3727:
3701:
3653:
3638:
3596:
3592:
3570:
3525:
3485:
3360:
3345:
3279:
3221:
3164:
3105:
3090:
2980:
2909:
2894:
2795:
2679:
2664:
2622:
2618:
2607:First Intermediate Period
2596:
2546:
2417:
2374:
2365:
2304:
2296:
2286:
2277:
2269:
2248:
2148:. John Wiley & Sons.
1519:, a daughter of the last
1125:. Regardless, by summer,
920:Overview of the ruins of
624:
614:
604:
592:
582:
566:
562:
492:
427:
420:
316:
309:
254:
200:
193:
176:
166:
158:
151:
138:
128:
118:
110:
99:
79:
39:
32:
7650:Middle Babylonian period
7204:List of kings of Babylon
5596:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3853:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
2611: (<3150–2040 BC)
1494:
904:, thus establishing the
8823:6th-century BC pharaohs
7820:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
5569:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
5484:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3778:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2280:King of Kings of Persia
2101:Dandamayev, Muhammad A.
1452:Cambyses was buried in
1048:Phanes of Halicarnassus
8437:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
8430:Seleucus IV Philopator
8402:Seleucus II Callinicus
7774:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
6736:Alexander I of Macedon
6282:
5611:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
5590:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5584:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
5539:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
5509:Arsinoe III Philopator
4423:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3893:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3833:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
3424:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1532: 585–550 BC
1306:
1278:
1270:
1214:
1077:
993:
924:
854: 550–530 BC
776: 522–486 BC
734: 526–525 BC
162:525 – July 522 BC
114:530 – July 522 BC
8546:Antiochus VII Sidetes
8409:Seleucus III Ceraunus
8342:Philip III Arrhidaeus
8079:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7981:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7976:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
7957:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7273:Old Babylonian Empire
6393:Hellespontine Phrygia
6281:
6264:Darius III Codomannus
5559:Ptolemy X Alexander I
5524:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5504:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5499:Berenice II Euergetes
5494:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5456:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3965:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3960:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
3314:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2533:Darius III Codomannus
2242:. Anchor Books, 2009.
2238:Strassler, Robert B.
2109:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2105:"Achaemenid taxation"
1571:Bibliothèque d'Études
1296:
1274:
1265:
1208:
1187:Lost Army of Cambyses
1071:
987:
931:, including its city
919:
894:Neo-Babylonian Empire
684:) and his mother was
90:while worshipping an
18:Cambyses II of Persia
8843:Deaths from gangrene
8486:Demetrius II Nicator
7845:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
7825:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
7769:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
7673:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
7626:Marduk-apla-iddina I
6999:Hydarnes the Younger
6731:Amyntas I of Macedon
6254:Artaxerxes III Ochus
6249:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
6150:- Achaemenid Kingdom
5992:Dynastic genealogies
5616:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4912:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4826:High Priests of Amun
4328:Merankhre Mentuhotep
4030:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
4025:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3878:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
3585: (2040–1550 BC)
3304:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
2523:Artaxerxes III Ochus
2518:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
2204:Van De Mieroop, Marc
1886:Llewellyn-Jones 2017
1874:Llewellyn-Jones 2017
1414:Death and succession
8451:Antiochus V Eupator
8416:Antiochus III Megas
7944:Tiglath-Pileser III
7909:Neo-Assyrian period
7850:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
7683:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
7591:Shagarakti-Shuriash
7149:Hellenistic satraps
7047:Other known satraps
6502:Greek Governors of
6269:Artaxerxes V Bessus
6259:Artaxerxes IV Arses
5514:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5451:Alexander the Great
4483: (1550–664 BC)
4005:Mershepsesre Ini II
4000:Merkawre Sobekhotep
3394:Neferkare IV Khendu
2538:Artaxerxes V Bessus
2528:Artaxerxes IV Arses
2137:. pp. 726–729.
2124:. pp. 516–521.
2000:Van De Mieroop 2003
1942:, pp. 82, 771.
1666:, pp. 516–521.
1651:, pp. 726–729.
1542:Muhammad Dandamayev
1185:This is called the
1115:clashed at Pelusium
1034:, a Greek ruler of
1001:. According to the
8848:Kings of the Lands
8395:Antiochus II Theos
8376:Seleucus I Nicator
8311:Hellenistic period
8206:Nebuchadnezzar III
7797:Mar-biti-apla-usur
7779:Shirikti-shuqamuna
7703:Marduk-shapik-zeri
7678:Itti-Marduk-balatu
7631:Zababa-shuma-iddin
7606:Kadashman-Harbe II
7581:Kadashman-Enlil II
7155:from around 330 BC
7153:Hellenistic rulers
6283:
5851:Trebonianus Gallus
4438:Senakhtenre Ahmose
4056:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
4010:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3985:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
3414:Neferkare V Tereru
3384:Neferkare III Neby
3052:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
2255:Achaemenid dynasty
1728:, pp. 49, 51.
1307:
1215:
1078:
994:
975:Military campaigns
925:
747:While en route in
738:battle of Pelusium
8795:
8794:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8506:(141 BC – AD 224)
8495:
8494:
8472:Demetrius I Soter
8458:Demetrius I Soter
8383:Antiochus I Soter
8305:
8304:
8218:Nebuchadnezzar IV
8151:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8107:Nebuchadnezzar II
8073:
8072:
7903:
7902:
7895:Nabu-suma-ukin II
7880:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
7835:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
7751:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
7713:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
7698:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
7644:
7643:
7611:Adad-shuma-iddina
7601:Enlil-nadin-shumi
7546:Kadashman-Enlil I
7536:Kadashman-Harbe I
7428:
7427:
7267:
7266:
7160:
7159:
6349:Cyrus the Younger
6160:Achaemenid Empire
6139:Achaemenid Empire
6104:
6103:
6091:
6090:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5898:Claudius Gothicus
5792:Severus Alexander
5759:Septimius Severus
5624:
5623:
5422:
5421:
5167:
5166:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
4806:Osorkon the Elder
4757:
4756:
4534:
4533:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4428:Nubkheperre Intef
4308:Sekhemre Shedwast
3930:Sehetepkare Intef
3858:Semenkare Nebnuni
3787:
3786:
3634:
3633:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3341:
3340:
3319:Netjerkare Siptah
3241:Neferirkare Kakai
3086:
3085:
2890:
2889:
2660:
2659:
2556:
2555:
2321:
2320:
2287:Succeeded by
2223:978-0-631-22552-2
2087:cite encyclopedia
1817:, pp. 54–55.
1770:, pp. 53–54.
1283:Demotic Chronicle
1201:Policies in Egypt
1145:Further conquests
990:Achaemenid Empire
988:Evolution of the
937:New Year festival
906:Achaemenid Empire
797:
671:Achaemenid Empire
665:) was the second
659:
643:
642:
556:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
531:
530:
523:
522:
519:
518:
469:
468:
465:
464:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
388:
387:
380:
379:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
284:
283:
276:
275:
272:
271:
242:
241:
238:
237:
105:Achaemenid Empire
70:King of Countries
16:(Redirected from
8865:
8787:
8786:
8512:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8173:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8158:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8085:
7995:Aššur-nādin-šumi
7920:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7870:Marduk-apla-usur
7840:Nabu-apla-iddina
7830:Shamash-mudammiq
7708:Adad-apla-iddina
7693:Enlil-nadin-apli
7688:Nebuchadnezzar I
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7551:Burna-Buriash II
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7373:Unknown king (?)
7284:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7259:
7254:
7247:
7229:
7228:
7220:
7219:
7193:Kings of Babylon
7187:
7180:
7173:
7164:
7163:
6219:Darius the Great
6131:
6124:
6117:
6108:
6107:
6098:List of pharaohs
5988:
5987:
5753:Pescennius Niger
5641:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5549:Ptolemy IX Soter
5519:Cleopatra I Syra
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5136:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5105:
5104:
4856:Djedkhonsuefankh
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4521:
4516:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4470:
4469:
4063:Qareh Khawoserre
4049:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3990:Mersekhemre Ined
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2513:Darius II Nothus
2425:
2424:
2382:
2381:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2307:Pharaoh of Egypt
2297:Preceded by
2270:Preceded by
2265:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2199:
2180:
2159:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2060:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1595:
1594:
1562:
1545:
1533:
1531:
1505:
1488:Cambyses Romance
1338:, and Vivana in
1046:military leader
855:
853:
802:
796:romanized:
795:
793:
777:
775:
769:Darius the Great
735:
733:
683:
681:
664:
658:romanized:
657:
655:
639:
540:
539:
498:
497:
494:
486:
482:
481:
475:
454:
453:
450:
446:
429:
361:
360:
353:
352:
336:
335:
332:
318:
293:
292:
260:
259:
256:
248:
231:
230:
227:
223:
219:
218:
202:
191:
190:
153:Pharaoh of Egypt
141:
84:
65:Pharaoh of Egypt
30:
29:
21:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8798:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8765:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8501:Parthian period
8491:
8479:Alexander Balas
8361:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8301:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8152:
8131:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8069:
8035:Šamaš-šuma-ukin
8007:Mushezib-Marduk
7938:Nabu-mukin-zeri
7931:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7899:
7890:Nabu-nadin-zeri
7865:Marduk-bel-zeri
7855:Baba-aha-iddina
7815:Nabû-mukin-apli
7801:
7783:
7755:
7727:
7723:Nabu-shum-libur
7654:
7653:
7652:
7640:
7636:Enlil-nadin-ahi
7616:Adad-shuma-usur
7576:Kadashman-Turgu
7518:Kashtiliash III
7438:
7437:
7436:
7424:
7400:Peshgaldaramesh
7350:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7242:
7234:
7225:
7214:
7213:
7194:
7191:
7161:
7156:
7141:
7096:Greater Phrygia
7042:
7008:
6979:
6945:
6896:
6859:
6774:
6740:
6716:
6638:
6572:
6497:
6460:
6451:Pharnabazus III
6383:
6284:
6273:
6204:Cyrus the Great
6157:
6151:
6141:
6135:
6105:
6100:
6087:
5993:
5970:
5870:Macrianus Minor
5799:Maximinus Thrax
5735:Marcus Aurelius
5634:
5633:
5632:
5620:
5479:Ptolemy I Soter
5465:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5418:
5385:
5357:
5317:
5299:
5279:Psammetichus IV
5249:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5141:
5132:
5121:
5118:(664 BC–313 AD)
5117:
5116:
5087:
5049:
5026:
5022:Menkheperre Ini
4959:
4882:
4820:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4690:
4637:
4618:Neferneferuaten
4544:
4543:
4542:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4514:
4513:Pharaohs
4506:
4497:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4452:
4387:
4346:
4273:Sobekhotep VIII
4254:
4186:
4034:
3995:Sewadjkare Hori
3797:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3723:
3697:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3608:
3599:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3554:
3521:
3481:
3389:Djedkare Shemai
3351:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3275:
3217:
3160:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3082:
2976:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2791:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2634:
2625:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2592:
2587:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2292:
2283:
2275:
2273:Cyrus the Great
2259:
2258:
2251:
2224:
2196:
2177:
2156:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2057:
2049:. Eisenbrauns.
2036:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1913:Dandamayev 2000
1911:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1855:
1842:
1834:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1699:
1691:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1664:Dandamayev 1993
1662:
1655:
1649:Dandamayev 1990
1647:
1598:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1528:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1478:
1464:, and from the
1416:
1380:
1368:
1291:
1203:
1167:Kingdom of Kush
1147:
1066:
1060:
982:
977:
914:
850:
847:Cyrus the Great
843:
784:
772:
730:
678:
675:Cyrus the Great
633:
632:
609:Cyrus the Great
571:
558:
557:
537:
514:
479:
461:
439:
435:
403:
401:
345:
340:
330:
328:
324:
290:
267:
212:
208:
188:
145:Cyrus the Great
139:
123:Cyrus the Great
95:
74:
60:King of Babylon
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8871:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8793:
8792:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8732:Parthamaspates
8728:
8721:
8714:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8594:
8589:
8582:
8579:Mithridates II
8575:
8568:
8561:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8520:
8518:
8509:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8398:
8391:
8386:
8379:
8371:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8352:
8345:
8338:
8330:
8328:
8319:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8286:
8279:
8276:Artaxerxes III
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8181:
8179:
8170:
8162:Persian period
8154:
8153:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8122:Labashi-Marduk
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8098:
8096:
8087:
8075:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8060:
8057:Sîn-šumu-līšir
8053:
8046:
8039:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8004:
8002:Nergal-ushezib
7999:
7990:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7934:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7860:Ninurta-apla-X
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7669:
7667:
7658:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7596:Kashtiliash IV
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7571:Nazi-Maruttash
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7508:Burnaburiash I
7505:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7480:Kashtiliash II
7477:
7472:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7442:
7439:(1729–1157 BC)
7434:Kassite period
7430:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7371:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7281:
7278:(1894–1595 BC)
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7248:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7216:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7189:
7182:
7175:
7167:
7158:
7157:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7129:
7119:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7050:
7048:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7019:
7017:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6956:
6954:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6931:Pherendates II
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6873:
6871:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6856:Abdashtart III
6854:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6834:Baalshillem II
6831:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6784:
6782:
6780:Kings of Sidon
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6472:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6436:Pharnabazus II
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6334:Artaphernes II
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6295:
6293:
6286:
6285:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6164:
6162:
6156:Kings of Kings
6153:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6137:Rulers in the
6134:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6007:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5966:Maximinus Daza
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5725:Antoninus Pius
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5638:
5635:(30 BC–313 AD)
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5436:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5399:Artaxerxes III
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5268:Petubastis III
5265:
5259:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5192:
5190:
5181:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5059:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4771:
4763:3 Intermediate
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4548:
4545:(1550–1070 BC)
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Neferhotep III
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Sewadjkare III
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4077:Maaibre Sheshi
4073:
4070:'Ammu Ahotepre
4066:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3980:Merhotepre Ini
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Sobekhotep III
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3798:(1802–1550 BC)
3793:2 Intermediate
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3688:Mentuhotep III
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3645:(2040–1802 BC)
3640:Middle Kingdom
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3577:Middle Kingdom
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Neferkare VIII
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3505:Nebkaure Khety
3502:
3497:
3495:Meryibre Khety
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Neferkamin Anu
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3355:
3352:(2181–2040 BC)
3347:1 Intermediate
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:Djedkare Isesi
3263:
3261:Menkauhor Kaiu
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3097:(2686–2181 BC)
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2901:(3150–2686 BC)
2896:Early Dynastic
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2175:
2160:
2155:978-1119174288
2154:
2139:
2126:
2113:
2097:
2061:
2056:978-1575060316
2055:
2041:Briant, Pierre
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2014:, p. 490.
2004:
2002:, p. 336.
1992:
1990:, p. 102.
1980:
1963:
1944:
1932:
1917:
1905:
1890:
1878:
1861:
1840:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1718:
1697:
1680:
1678:, p. 519.
1668:
1653:
1596:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1415:
1412:
1379:
1376:
1367:
1364:
1290:
1289:Administration
1287:
1202:
1199:
1146:
1143:
1062:Main article:
1059:
1056:
1022:The incumbent
981:
978:
976:
973:
913:
910:
876:, the king of
842:
839:
813:Iranian people
783:
780:
641:
640:
636:Zoroastrianism
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
611:
606:
602:
601:
596:
590:
589:
584:
580:
579:
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
516:
511:
508:
505:
502:
490:
489:
483:
472:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
442:
441:
425:
424:
418:
417:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
357:
356:
350:
347:
342:
314:
313:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
252:
251:
245:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
215:
214:
198:
197:
189:
186:Royal titulary
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
149:
148:
142:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
97:
96:
85:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
62:
57:
55:King of Persia
52:
47:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8870:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8813:522 BC deaths
8811:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8803:
8790:
8780:
8762:
8761:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8736:
8734:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8726:
8725:Vologases III
8722:
8720:
8719:
8715:
8713:
8712:
8711:Artabanus III
8708:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8699:
8698:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8638:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8614:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8587:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8550:
8548:
8547:
8543:
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8525:Mithridates I
8522:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8510:
8502:
8498:
8488:
8487:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8413:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8399:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8335:Alexander III
8332:
8331:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8298:
8297:
8293:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8283:Artaxerxes IV
8280:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8269:Artaxerxes II
8266:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8230:Shamash-eriba
8228:
8226:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8197:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8146:
8142:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8065:
8064:Sinsharishkun
8061:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7951:Shalmaneser V
7948:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7746:Ea-mukin-zeri
7744:
7742:
7741:Simbar-shipak
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7659:
7655:(1157–732 BC)
7651:
7647:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:Kadashman-Sah
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:Kashtiliash I
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7435:
7431:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7415:Melamkurkurra
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7405:Ayadaragalama
7403:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:Itti-ili-nibi
7367:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7274:
7270:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7245:foreign ruler
7240:
7239:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7221:
7217:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7174:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7154:
7150:
7144:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7102:Phrataphernes
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7045:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7023:Syennesis III
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6853:Abdashtart II
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6826:Baalshillem I
6824:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6803:Eshmunazar II
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6746:Kings of Tyre
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6575:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6488:Mithrobuzanes
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Pharnabazus I
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6374:Autophradates
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Artaphernes I
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5989:
5985:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Cleopatra III
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5347:
5346:Nepherites II
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4877:Psusennes III
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4768:(1069–664 BC)
4764:
4760:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4734:Ramesses VIII
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Amenhotep III
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Seqenenre Tao
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Sobekemsaf II
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:Wepwawetemsaf
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Merneferre Ay
3973:
3971:
3970:Wahibre Ibiau
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Sobekhotep IV
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Amenemhat III
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:Mentuhotep IV
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Mentuhotep II
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Wahkare Khety
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Neferkare VII
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Seth-Peribsen
3045:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Hotepsekhemwy
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2780:Double Falcon
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:(pre-3150 BC)
2667:
2666:Protodynastic
2663:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2604:
2603:Protodynastic
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2315:
2314:
2313:XXVII Dynasty
2309:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2195:9783823383291
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2176:9780692864401
2172:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:"Cambyses II"
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2074:on 2020-03-13
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2026:, p. 62.
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1978:, p. 61.
1977:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1930:, p. 82.
1929:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1903:, p. 60.
1902:
1897:
1895:
1888:, p. 68.
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 69.
1875:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1859:, p. 57.
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1838:, p. 55.
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:, p. 54.
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1758:, p. 53.
1757:
1752:
1750:
1743:, p. 52.
1742:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1716:, p. 51.
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1695:, p. 50.
1694:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
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1629:
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1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
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1601:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1397:
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1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
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1333:
1329:
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1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1269:
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1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1209:Statue of an
1207:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1137:) and south (
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:of Egypt was
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Pierre Briant
1007:
1004:
1000:
991:
986:
972:
970:
966:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
918:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Median Empire
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
848:
838:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
789:
779:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
728:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
676:
672:
668:
667:King of Kings
663:
651:
647:
637:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
535:
533:
526:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
487:
484:
477:
476:
473:
471:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
419:
399:
396:
393:
390:
384:
383:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
308:
288:
286:
279:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
249:
246:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
192:
187:
182:
179:
175:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
143:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
101:King of Kings
98:
93:
89:
83:
78:
75:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:King of Kings
43:
42:
38:
31:
19:
8760:Artabanus IV
8758:
8753:Vologases VI
8751:
8744:
8739:Vologases IV
8737:
8730:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8669:Artabanus II
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:Phraates III
8615:
8608:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8570:
8563:
8558:
8551:
8544:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8388:
8381:
8374:
8354:
8349:Alexander IV
8347:
8340:
8333:
8316:(331–141 BC)
8294:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8241:Artaxerxes I
8239:
8235:Bel-shimanni
8222:
8210:
8198:
8192:
8191:
8184:
8167:(539–331 BC)
8102:Nabopolassar
8084:(626–539 BC)
8062:
8055:
8048:
8043:Ashurbanipal
8041:
8033:
8032:
8027:Ashurbanipal
8025:
8018:
8011:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7968:
7961:
7949:
7942:
7914:(732–626 BC)
7875:Eriba-Marduk
7718:Marduk-zer-X
7566:Kurigalzu II
7556:Kara-hardash
7504:Unknown king
7495:Harba-Shipak
7485:Urzigurumash
7471:Unknown king
7377:Damqi-ilishu
7346:Samsu-Ditana
7316:Sin-Muballit
7251:
7244:
7241:Kings
7209:Royal titles
7112:Ariobarzanes
7082:Satibarzanes
6839:Abdashtart I
6821:Tetramnestos
6788:Eshmunazar I
6692:Artemisia II
6602:Teththiweibi
6548:Themistocles
6493:Ariarathes I
6446:Artabazus II
6441:Ariobarzanes
6431:Pharnaces II
6379:Spithridates
6354:Tissaphernes
6344:Tissaphernes
6229:Artaxerxes I
6208:
6181:
6174:
6167:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5856:
5849:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5751:
5744:
5730:Lucius Verus
5687:
5588:
5564:Berenice III
5554:Cleopatra IV
5529:Cleopatra II
5461:Alexander IV
5381:Nectanebo II
5350:
5331:Nepherites I
5290:Artaxerxes I
5277:
5262:
5207:
5195:
5178:(664–332 BC)
5158:
5114:Roman Period
5016:Shoshenq VII
5014:
4987:
4947:
4928:Shoshenq III
4910:
4875:
4838:
4816:Psusennes II
4729:Ramesses VII
4709:Ramesses III
4593:Amenhotep II
4588:Thutmose III
4524:
4413:Sobekemsaf I
4405:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4339:
4332:
4237:
4220:
4215:'Aper-'Anati
4213:
4206:
4199:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4123:Sekheperenre
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
3945:Neferhotep I
3935:Seth Meribre
3912:
3898:Djedkheperew
3815:
3776:
3767:Amenemhat IV
3757:Senusret III
3747:Amenemhat II
3663:Mentuhotep I
3625:
3514:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3379:Neferkare II
3330:
3323:
3256:Nyuserre Ini
3210:
3193:
3148:
3141:
3129:
3070:
3065:Neferkasokar
3063:
3056:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2969:
2962:
2870:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2813:Finger Snail
2811:
2804:
2784:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2651:
2548:
2498:Artaxerxes I
2472:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2423:(550–330 BC)
2380:(728–550 BC)
2311:
2305:
2278:
2261:
2253:
2250:Cambyses II
2239:
2208:
2185:
2165:
2144:
2134:
2121:
2108:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:the original
2066:
2045:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1959:Brosius 2000
1935:
1908:
1881:
1810:
1798:
1763:
1721:
1671:
1570:
1560:
1503:
1486:
1470:Persian Gulf
1451:
1447:
1424:
1417:
1404:
1381:
1369:
1308:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1243:
1216:
1191:
1175:
1148:
1112:
1079:
1021:
995:
957:
926:
902:Central Asia
844:
834:
827:
820:
792:𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹
785:
746:
716:North Africa
713:
709:Central Asia
690:
654:𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹
645:
644:
629:Indo-Iranian
436:
432:
325:
321:
209:
205:
40:
35:𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹
8858:Fratricides
8808:Cambyses II
8746:Vologases V
8697:Vologases I
8683:Gotarzes II
8641:Phraates IV
8572:Artabanus I
8565:Hyspaosines
8553:Phraates II
8532:Phraates II
8193:Cambyses II
8117:Neriglissar
8112:Amel-Marduk
8013:Sennacherib
7970:Sennacherib
7621:Meli-Shipak
7586:Kudur-Enlil
7561:Nazi-Bugash
7541:Kurigalzu I
7513:Ulamburiash
7500:Shipta'ulzi
7475:Abi-Rattash
7364:Ilum-ma-ili
7341:Ammi-Saduqa
7336:Ammi-Ditana
7326:Samsu-iluna
7252:vassal king
7013:Satraps of
6984:Satraps of
6950:Satraps of
6916:Pherendates
6901:Satraps of
6849:Evagoras II
6712:Orontobates
6671:Lygdamis II
6577:Dynasts of
6553:Archeptolis
6543:Aristagoras
6528:Eurysthenes
6421:Artabazus I
6359:Tithraustes
6289:Satraps of
6209:Cambyses II
6148:Family tree
5834:Gordian III
5779:Diadumenian
5579:Cleopatra V
5433:(332–30 BC)
5428:Hellenistic
5371:Nectanebo I
5263:Cambyses II
5245:Psamtik III
5203:Tefnakht II
5005:Takelot III
5000:Osorkon III
4995:Shoshenq VI
4949:Pedubast II
4933:Shoshenq IV
4906:Shoshenq II
4871:Pinedjem II
4861:Menkheperre
4796:Psusennes I
4749:Ramesses XI
4739:Ramesses IX
4724:Ramesses VI
4714:Ramesses IV
4661:Ramesses II
4623:Tutankhamun
4598:Thutmose IV
4578:Thutmose II
4568:Amenhotep I
4540:New Kingdom
4475:New Kingdom
4334:Senusret IV
4318:Dedumose II
4293:Nebiriau II
4288:Nebiryraw I
4283:Mentuhotepi
4088:Khakherewre
4015:Merkheperre
3925:Imyremeshaw
3908:Sedjefakare
3863:Sehetepibre
3838:Ameny Qemau
3772:Sobekneferu
3752:Senusret II
3737:Amenemhat I
3719:Iyibkhentre
3449:Neferirkare
3444:Neferkauhor
3251:Shepseskare
3092:Old Kingdom
3078:Khasekhemwy
3058:Neferkara I
3027:Weneg-Nebty
2872:Scorpion II
2473:Cambyses II
2368:Family tree
2317:525–522 BC
2300:Psamtik III
2284:530–522 BC
2024:Briant 2002
1988:Briant 2002
1976:Briant 2002
1940:Briant 2002
1928:Briant 2002
1901:Briant 2002
1857:Briant 2002
1836:Briant 2002
1815:Briant 2002
1791:Briant 2002
1768:Briant 2002
1756:Briant 2002
1741:Briant 2002
1726:Briant 2002
1714:Briant 2002
1693:Briant 2002
1676:Briant 2002
1539:Iranologist
1394:' daughter
1366:Personality
1322:in Sardis,
1297:Achaemenid
1254:sarcophagus
1247:sacred bull
1171:Elephantine
1082:Psamtik III
1074:Psamtik III
1006:Iranologist
788:Old Persian
727:Psamtik III
650:Old Persian
646:Cambyses II
570:July 522 BC
171:Psamtik III
167:Predecessor
119:Predecessor
33:Cambyses II
8802:Categories
8704:Pacorus II
8690:Vonones II
8676:Vardanes I
8655:Orodes III
8648:Phraates V
8623:Piriustana
8610:Sinatruces
8592:Asi'abatar
8586:Gotarzes I
8296:Darius III
8020:Esarhaddon
7885:Nabonassar
7531:Karaindash
7301:Sumu-la-El
6921:Achaemenes
6892:Orontes II
6887:Darius III
6808:Bodashtart
6756:Boulomenus
6682:Hecatomnus
6666:Pisindelis
6656:Lygdamis I
6629:Mithrapata
6620:Artembares
6563:Amyntas II
6504:Asia Minor
6483:Ariamnes I
6470:Cappadocia
6416:Oebares II
6401:Mitrobates
6339:Pissuthnes
6199:Cambyses I
6176:Ariaramnes
6169:Achaemenes
5951:Diocletian
5905:Quintillus
5858:Aemilianus
5813:Gordian II
5785:Elagabalus
5606:Arsinoe IV
5489:Arsinoe II
5414:Darius III
5341:Psammuthes
5230:Psamtik II
5045:Bakenranef
4983:Pedubast I
4978:Takelot II
4973:Harsiese A
4955:Osorkon IV
4943:Shoshenq V
4923:Osorkon II
4896:Shoshenq I
4866:Smendes II
4846:Pinedjem I
4791:Amenemnisu
4744:Ramesses X
4719:Ramesses V
4671:Amenmesses
4651:Ramesses I
4613:Smenkhkare
4583:Hatshepsut
4573:Thutmose I
4323:Montuemsaf
4313:Dedumose I
4113:Nebdjefare
4103:Merdjefare
3873:Nedjemibre
3868:Sewadjkare
3742:Senusret I
3714:Qakare Ini
3535:Meryhathor
3439:Neferkaure
3434:Qakare Iby
3419:Neferkahor
3404:Neferkamin
3212:Thamphthis
3206:Shepseskaf
3120:Sekhemkhet
2971:Horus Bird
2848:Scorpion I
2463:Cambyses I
2440:Ariaramnes
2433:Achaemenes
2419:Achaemenid
2358:Achaemenid
2078:2019-09-21
1552:References
1511:historian
1462:Hindu Kush
1435:gangrenous
1384:incestuous
1324:Mitrobates
1318:in Egypt:
1301:minted at
1178:Siwa Oasis
1091:Asia Minor
1032:Polycrates
965:Pasargadae
961:Massagetae
912:Early life
874:Cambyses I
858:Cassandane
841:Background
718:, notably
705:Massagetae
686:Cassandane
634:(possibly
619:Cassandane
599:Achaemenid
195:Horus name
50:Great King
8662:Vonones I
8634:Orodes II
8628:Teleuniqe
8604:Ispubarza
8465:Timarchus
8444:Antiochus
8423:Antiochus
8289:Nidin-Bel
8262:Darius II
8255:Sogdianus
8248:Xerxes II
8127:Nabonidus
8050:Kandalanu
7963:Sargon II
7410:Akurduana
7392:Gulkishar
7387:Shushushi
7331:Abi-Eshuh
7321:Hammurabi
7296:Sumu-abum
7058:Abrocomas
7054:Megabyzus
7028:Camisares
7004:Atropates
6960:Hystaspes
6882:Orontes I
6877:Artasyrus
6813:Yatonmilk
6770:Azemilcus
6753:Mattan IV
6723:Macedonia
6721:Kings of
6707:Pixodarus
6661:Artemisia
6624:Artumpara
6568:Philiscus
6538:Histiaeus
6518:Demaratus
6513:Miltiades
6411:Megabates
6406:Megabazus
6364:Tiribazus
6244:Darius II
6239:Sogdianus
6234:Xerxes II
6083:Ptolemaic
5891:Gallienus
5806:Gordian I
5769:Caracalla
5695:Vespasian
5689:Vitellius
5471:Ptolemaic
5313:Amyrtaeus
5295:Darius II
5240:Ahmose II
5220:Psamtik I
5159:uncertain
5147:Pharaohs
5083:Tanutamun
4918:Takelot I
4901:Osorkon I
4851:Masaharta
4801:Amenemope
4704:Setnakhte
4666:Merneptah
4608:Akhenaten
4525:uncertain
4407:Nebmaatre
4228:Sakir-Har
4181:Yaqub-Har
4093:Nebefawre
3843:Hotepibre
3709:Segerseni
3678:Intef III
3626:uncertain
3614:Pharaohs
3246:Neferefre
3072:Hudjefa I
2953:Semerkhet
2690:Hedju Hor
2652:uncertain
2640:Pharaohs
2508:Sogdianus
2503:Xerxes II
2394:Phraortes
1583:0259-3823
1577:: 30–36.
1573:. Cairo:
1482:Cambysene
1466:Syr Darya
1431:Eber-Nari
1408:Apis bull
1378:Marriages
1356:Prexaspes
1340:Arachosia
1328:Dascylium
1135:Cyrenaica
1123:Herodotus
1087:Phoenicia
1028:Amasis II
1013:Posideium
999:Near East
929:Babylonia
866:Artystone
828:Kambuziya
821:Kanbuziya
800:Kaᵐbūjiya
782:Etymology
753:Eber-Nari
742:Cyrenaica
736:) at the
693:Babylonia
662:Kaᵐbūjiya
631:religion
587:See below
577:Eber-Nari
437:Kembychet
177:Successor
129:Successor
92:Apis bull
8853:Teispids
8789:Category
8718:Osroes I
8598:Orodes I
8389:Seleucus
8224:Xerxes I
8212:Darius I
8186:Cyrus II
7987:Bel-ibni
7523:Agum III
7420:Ea-gamil
7396:DIŠ+U-EN
7382:Ishkibal
7311:Apil-Sin
7122:Abulites
7076:Hyrcania
6994:Hydarnes
6970:Masistes
6911:Aryandes
6765:Evagoras
6687:Mausolus
6678:(satrap)
6599:Harpagus
6590:Kybernis
6558:Aridolis
6523:Gongylos
6369:Struthas
6309:Harpagus
6224:Xerxes I
6043:21 to 23
5961:Galerius
5956:Maximian
5945:Numerian
5912:Aurelian
5864:Valerian
5827:Balbinus
5820:Pupienus
5774:Macrinus
5746:Pertinax
5740:Commodus
5705:Domitian
5668:Claudius
5663:Caligula
5658:Tiberius
5653:Augustus
5273:Darius I
5225:Necho II
5068:Shebitku
5040:Tefnakht
4633:Horemheb
4563:Ahmose I
4375:Pantjeny
4361:Senebkay
4341:Pepi III
4303:Bebiankh
4160:Shenshek
4118:Nebsenre
3950:Sihathor
3920:Khendjer
3883:Renseneb
3828:Nerikare
3673:Intef II
3550:Merykare
3455:Wadjkare
3399:Merenhor
3294:Userkare
3201:Menkaure
3195:Bikheris
3184:Djedefre
3150:Qahedjet
3034:Wadjenes
3020:Horus Sa
3013:Nubnefer
3000:Nynetjer
2964:Sneferka
2704:Ni-Neith
2590:Pharaohs
2409:Astyages
2404:Cyaxares
2232:25608373
2206:(2003).
2103:(2000).
2043:(2002).
1525:Astyages
1476:See also
1420:Aryandes
1396:Phaidyme
1360:Sisamnes
1352:Hyrcania
1316:Aryandes
1182:Ethiopia
1163:Carthage
1040:Spartans
825:Akkadian
809:Kambojas
757:gangrene
625:Religion
573:Agbatana
440:Cambyses
326:Mesutre…
322:mswt-rꜤ…
210:Sematawy
206:smꜢ-tꜢwj
147:(530 BC)
140:Co-ruler
94:(524 BC)
8200:Bardiya
7490:Agum II
7457:Gandash
7258:female)
7233:Dynasty
7136:Babylon
7132:Mazaeus
7126:Susiana
7106:Parthia
7092:Atizyes
7062:Belesys
7038:Arsames
7033:Mazaeus
7015:Cilicia
6965:Dadarsi
6952:Bactria
6941:Mazaces
6936:Sabaces
6926:Arsames
6869:Armenia
6865:Satraps
6760:Abdemon
6697:Idrieus
6676:Adusius
6644:Dynasts
6634:Perikle
6616:Arbinas
6606:Kheriga
6595:Kuprlli
6586:Kheziga
6533:Prokles
6478:Datames
6466:Satraps
6456:Arsites
6389:Satraps
6319:Bagaeus
6314:Oroetus
6304:Mazares
6299:Tabalus
6214:Bardiya
6194:Cyrus I
6189:Teispes
6183:Arsames
6158:of the
5938:Carinus
5919:Tacitus
5877:Quietus
5720:Hadrian
5404:Khabash
5235:Wahibre
5215:Necho I
5209:Nekauba
5197:Ammeris
5140:Dynasty
5078:Taharqa
5073:Shabaka
5010:Rudamun
4989:Iuput I
4834:Herihor
4786:Smendes
4686:Twosret
4676:Seti II
4520:female)
4505:Dynasty
4401:Rahotep
4298:Semenre
4268:Djehuti
4250:Khamudi
4239:Yanassi
4222:Salitis
4174:Yakareb
4167:Khamure
4098:Sehebre
4020:Merkare
3668:Intef I
3607:Dynasty
3516:Imhotep
3476:Iytjenu
3462:Khuiqer
3374:Menkare
3325:Neferka
3309:Pepi II
3231:Userkaf
3125:Sanakht
2948:Anedjib
2928:Hor-Aha
2861:Iry-Hor
2855:Shendjw
2827:Pen-Abu
2711:Hat-Hor
2633:Dynasty
2549:Italics
2483:Gaumata
2478:Smerdis
2458:Cyrus I
2453:Teispes
2447:Arsames
2389:Deioces
2290:Bardiya
2034:Sources
1591:5042163
1536:Russian
1513:Ctesias
1468:to the
1443:Bardiya
1400:Ctesias
1348:Parthia
1336:Bactria
1332:Dadarsi
1320:Oroetes
1312:satraps
1261:epitaph
1119:Memphis
1024:pharaoh
945:Esagila
941:sceptre
933:Babylon
922:Babylon
882:Persian
862:Bardiya
835:Kanbūzī
832:Aramaic
805:Elamite
765:Bardiya
724:pharaoh
697:Babylon
669:of the
594:Dynasty
583:Consort
181:Bardiya
133:Bardiya
103:of the
88:pharaoh
8559:Ubulna
7462:Agum I
7306:Sabium
7224:Period
7116:Persis
6975:Bessus
6844:Tennes
6817:Anysos
6793:Tabnit
6611:Kherei
6506:cities
6324:Otanes
6078:Argead
5925:Probus
5845:Decius
5840:Philip
5715:Trajan
5443:Argead
5352:Muthis
5305:XXVIII
5285:Xerxes
5153:female
5131:Period
4840:Piankh
4811:Siamun
4681:Siptah
4656:Seti I
4496:Period
4448:Kamose
4382:Snaaib
4352:Abydos
4208:Semqen
4201:Sharek
4153:Sheneh
4133:'Apepi
4128:Bebnum
4083:Nehesy
3903:Sebkay
3823:Sonbef
3620:female
3598:Period
3409:Nikare
3299:Pepi I
3236:Sahure
3189:Khafre
3174:Snefru
3143:Sedjes
3115:Djoser
3041:Senedj
2919:Narmer
2878:Narmer
2760:Wazner
2725:Hsekiu
2697:Ny-Hor
2646:female
2624:Period
2399:Madyes
2376:Median
2354:Median
2264:522 BC
2260:
2230:
2220:
2192:
2173:
2152:
2053:
1589:
1581:
1521:Median
1517:Amytis
1454:Neyriz
1392:Otanes
1388:Atossa
1372:despot
1344:Darius
1303:Sardis
1231:Apries
1227:Osiris
1159:Ladice
1151:Cyrene
1104:Sardis
1052:Cyprus
1044:Carian
1003:French
953:Sippar
949:Marduk
892:, the
886:Anshan
878:Persis
870:Atossa
856:) and
701:Sippar
615:Mother
605:Father
433:kmbyṯt
8539:Rinnu
7072:Ochus
7066:Syria
6986:Media
6903:Egypt
6830:Baana
6648:Caria
6579:Lycia
6291:Lydia
5931:Carus
5710:Nerva
5700:Titus
5678:Galba
5645:XXXIV
5630:Roman
5409:Arses
5336:Hakor
5255:XXVII
4965:XXIII
4555:XVIII
4515:(male
4245:Apepi
4233:Khyan
4146:Wazad
3914:Wegaf
3848:Iufni
3702:Nubia
3510:Setut
3332:Nefer
3179:Khufu
3137:Khaba
3131:Nebka
2995:Nebra
2923:Menes
2882:Menes
2834:Stork
2797:Upper
2753:Neheb
2746:Thesh
2732:Khayu
2681:Lower
2360:kings
2262:Died:
2228:JSTOR
2214:Wiley
1523:king
1509:Greek
1495:Notes
1427:Syria
1239:Neith
1233:. At
1223:Horus
1195:Buhen
1155:Barca
1139:Nubia
1131:Libya
1108:Lydia
1095:Arabs
1036:Samos
898:Lydia
817:India
811:, an
749:Syria
720:Egypt
422:Nomen
159:Reign
111:Reign
8367:XIII
7807:VIII
7151:and
7086:Aria
5764:Geta
5683:Otho
5673:Nero
5391:XXXI
5376:Teos
5323:XXIX
5188:XXVI
5173:Late
5150:male
5110:Late
5063:Piye
5032:XXIV
4938:Pami
4888:XXII
4477:and
4393:XVII
4139:Nuya
3808:XIII
3617:male
3579:and
3469:Khui
3366:VIII
3289:Teti
3271:Unas
3156:Huni
2958:Qa'a
2938:Djet
2933:Djer
2841:Bull
2820:Fish
2786:Wash
2767:Mekh
2643:male
2356:and
2218:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2093:link
2051:ISBN
1587:OCLC
1579:ISSN
1445:.
1439:Hama
1350:and
1299:coin
1259:The
1250:Apis
1235:Sais
1211:Apis
1180:and
1153:and
1133:and
1099:Gaza
1089:and
1017:Nile
969:tomb
900:and
761:Hama
699:and
567:Died
8516:XIV
8326:XII
8291:(?)
7789:VII
7449:III
6867:of
6702:Ada
6646:of
6468:of
6391:of
5363:XXX
5112:to
5055:XXV
4778:XXI
4643:XIX
4260:XVI
4040:XIV
3888:Hor
3729:XII
3362:VII
3107:III
2943:Den
2739:Tiu
2605:to
1334:in
1326:in
1141:).
1106:in
955:.
943:in
707:of
8804::
8177:XI
7927:IX
7761:VI
7665:IV
7356:II
7060:,
7056:,
6073:31
6068:30
6063:27
6058:26
6053:25
6048:24
6038:20
6033:19
6028:18
6023:12
6018:11
4696:XX
4628:Ay
4192:XV
3655:XI
3487:IX
3281:VI
3166:IV
3006:Ba
2982:II
2921:/
2880:/
2866:Ka
2718:Pu
2226:.
2216:.
2133:.
2120:.
2107:.
2089:}}
2085:{{
1966:^
1947:^
1920:^
1893:^
1864:^
1843:^
1822:^
1775:^
1748:^
1733:^
1700:^
1683:^
1656:^
1599:^
1585:.
1569:.
1530:r.
1472:.
1422:.
1330:,
1225:,
1221:,
1219:Ra
1189:.
1173:.
908:.
896:,
868:,
852:r.
837:.
830:;
823:;
794:,
790::
774:r.
732:r.
688:.
680:r.
656:,
652::
575:,
8094:X
7733:V
7288:I
7243:(
7186:e
7179:t
7172:v
7138:)
7134:(
7128:)
7124:(
7118:)
7114:(
7108:)
7104:(
7098:)
7094:(
7088:)
7084:(
7078:)
7074:(
7068:)
7064:(
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6116:v
6013:4
6009:3
6006:2
6002:1
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3364:/
3223:V
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2806:A
2774:A
2582:e
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2568:v
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2234:.
2198:.
2179:.
2158:.
2111:.
2095:)
2081:.
2059:.
1961:.
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1593:.
1527:(
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1076:.
992:.
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