615:
513:
892:
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633:
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880:
427:
42:
719:
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attackers wore Action Française armbands and insignia", and Blum's hat was found in the premises of the royalist movement Three Action Française suspects were arrested thanks to an amateur film seized by the police on which the insignia on the jackets can be seen, but not formally the one striking Léon Blum. On 24 April 1936, Louis-Gaston
Courtois, former warrant officer, 38-year-old employee in an insurance company and Camelot du Roi, was sentenced to 3 months in prison and LĂ©on Andurand was sentenced to 15 days by the
484:, MĂ©ric, Merle (du Merle blanc), Delannoy, designer of the Men of the day, and about thirty trade unionists, strong and hard that Georges tried to convince. One day, a mad fight! I arrive just in time to see Bernanos taken by the throat by a giant who, his fist raised, was about to crush his face. I jumped up, grabbed a chair, and, my strength increased tenfold by rage, broke it on the beefy man's head, who collapsed. General fight. The guards run up with their revolvers. Everyone is put in a cell.
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Public
Instruction. In November 1908, the Council of Professors of the Faculty of Letters, chaired by Dean Alfred Croiset, authorized Thalamas, who did not have the title of Doctor of Letters, to provide a free course once a week throughout the winter on history pedagogy. This course was divided into twelve small courses. Trained by Maxime Real del Sarte, the Camelots du Roi decide to interrupt the lesson given by the professor every Wednesday, even if it meant resorting to violence.
933:. When it was created, the Faisceau stole 1800 adherents from the Action française between December 1925 and April 1926 in Paris alone. As a repeat offence, the Camelots du Roi sabotaged a meeting of the University Beam at the Salle d'Horticulture in Paris on 15 December 1925 by routing Georges Valois. Consequently, René Bardy, a former communist, was instructed by Georges Valois "to set up a security service capable of facing both Maurras's troops and those of the Communist Party".
532:, the Camelots du Roi helped the victims in various ways: soup kitchens, distribution of coal and clothing, ferries to cross or bring the victims to safety, collection of donations. The Camelots du Roi imagine themselves "in the most working-class neighborhoods, in the reddest suburbs of the outskirts with a certain guts, sometimes expelled by a stubborn police commissioner, as in Javel, or by a mayor like in Issy-les-Moulineaux ». In the suburbs of
33:
1124:, suspected of sympathy with the right-wing leagues. On 6 February 1934, Ădouard Daladier presented the new government to the National Assembly. At the same time, a large demonstration was organized in Paris, Place de la Concorde, at the call of several right-wing leagues including the Camelots du Roi on the theme: "Down with thieves!"
1634:
on the bulk of the royalist troops". Lucien Lacour's slap in the face of
Aristide Briand at the end of 1910 also accentuated the tensions between Action Française and the Duke of Orléans. Eventually, the Duc d'Orléans' political office came under the control of Action Française, and remained in its hands for a quarter of a century.
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be "integral" insofar as it intended to respond to all the problems of French nationalists. For this, the
Camelots du Roi gave themselves the right to use "violence in the service of reason" in accordance with the formula of Lucien Lacour Indeed, the Camelots du Roi are part of a strategy of conquest of power developed by
771:
rhythm and ensure meetings, such as in
Bordeaux, Toulouse, Marseille, Nogent le Perreux, Rouen, Angers, Montpellier, Chambéry, Nantes, Riom and Saint Germain en Laye. The sections of Vannes, Nßmes, Lorient, Laval, Saint Denis, Nancy, Saint Nazaire, Tours manage to bring together members and activists from time to time.
1191:
attendance at the annual
Parisian banquet of the medical profession. From January to March 1935, the Camelots du Roi took an active part in the strike movement to protest against the âinvasion of the medical professionâ by foreign immigrants. These demonstrations are best known for the remarkable participation of
747:
improving relations with the German Empire and to the military training of reservists. The
Camelots du Roi and the leaguers take part in numerous contradictory conferences as well as demonstrations in several cities: Bordeaux, Nice, Toul, Epinal, Toulouse, Limoges, Dijon, Orléans, Lille, Lyon, Rennes.
1565:
In 1912, Marius
Plateau created the commissioners of Action française in charge of policing meetings. This organization, directly affiliated with the Camelots du Roi groups, made it possible to form "combat groups" of 16 to 20 people. These marshals had to have two types of canes: an ordinary one and
1495:
In 1912, the
Camelots du Roi were subjected to a discipline "more severe than the simple leaguers of AF". Activists are forced to sell the newspaper at least twice a month, the absence of response to two summons is worth exclusion and political meetings are held weekly. Activists were responsible for
309:
The
Camelots were the instrument of a policy of tumult on the part of Action Française. They were much more an armed force than a force of political proposal. The idea was to stir up trouble to remind public opinion of the royalist cause and thus bring in new recruits. The members of Les Camelots had
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published an interview with the Duke of Orléans, who denounced the violence of the King's Camelots, and who brandished the threat of a formal disavowal if their militants "continued not to distinguish between friends and enemies, and if a persistent error of maneuver pushed them to direct their fire
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The Camelots du Roi also lend a hand to other organizations. On Easter Sunday 1925, they ensured the order of a Catholic meeting; in March 1926, they defended a meeting of the Catholic Federation in Marseille; provide security for René Benjamin, attacked during his conferences by teachers' unions he
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developed by Charles Maurras at the beginning of the 20th century. This anti-republican and anti-democratic nationalism defended the establishment of a monarchy summed up in the "Maurrassian quadrilateral" as decentralized, hereditary, traditional and antiparliamentary. This nationalism was said to
358:
undertook to devote a free course to her in the middle of the Sorbonne, in the Guizot amphitheater. He traced in front of his listeners a historical picture, comparing the state of France in the XVth century with that of his time. He was wrapping up when a peace officer, followed by a Captain of the
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The Action française and the Camelots du Roi then seized on the affair, denouncing âthe Bayonne scandalâ. From a banal scam, the "Stavisky affair" became a politico-financial scandal that affected all circles of the established republic, in particular the radical party. Popular indignation leads to
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The Camelots du Roi also used stratagems. It happened that during a parade the Camelots at the head of the procession would go back to the tail of the procession to parade a second time, which they did, for example, on 28 November 1926, during the pilgrimage celebrating the dead of Action French in
746:
In 1913, faced with the threat of an armed conflict with the German Empire, Action Française decided to support the extension of the duration of military service under the Three Year Law. The Camelots du Roi clashed with left-wing activists who were unfavorable to this measure and more inclined to
362:
The first trial against a Camelot du Roi took place on 24 December: Serge Real del Sarte, a student at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, was accused of "violence against an agent". The same day, a group of 500 demonstrators, led by his brother Maxime and the Camelots, headed for the Senate and invaded the
339:
In 1904, the history professor Amédée Thalamas enjoyed a small reputation for having relativized the political role of Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War and questioned her virtue as well as the supernatural character of the virgin of Orleans. He had received a reprimand from the Minister of
1605:
Every day we saw the streets, the courtrooms invaded by gangs eager for violence and disorder; one saw statues of honest republicans worthy of veneration, stained, insulted; one felt that the electoral battle was going to take place in this atmosphere of hostility; the workers moved away from the
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Acting as both the Action Française security service, shock troops and activists of the movement, they fairly quickly caught the concerned attention of those in power, and above all of Aristide Briand who saw in them and in their violence poses serious dangers to the order and maintenance of the
1447:
The Camelots du Roi come "on the one hand from the fairly discreet "volunteer sellers" of Action Française, which has become a daily newspaper, and on the other from the Students of AF". The movement brought together very different individuals: students from the upper classes (the three Real del
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of 1933 inflamed the debate by restricting the practice of medicine to French citizens without excluding naturalized people. In 1935, tensions were exacerbated and amplified by the propaganda of the Camelots du Roi. That year, Action française had at least 1,500 doctors in its ranks according to
1438:
The Camelots are divided into local sections comprising approximately 40 men. At the end of 1909, there were 65 throughout France. In 1911, the Action française claimed 95 sections and 65 subsections, then 200 sections a year later. In 1931, the National Federation of Camelots du Roi claimed 50
1165:
In the early 1930s, French doctors attributed their difficulties to a supposedly excessive number of doctors, that "would exceed the solvent demand for care". Action française, which exertex a great attraction in the medical community thanks to the rallying of eminent members of the profession,
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In 1914, the Camelots du Roi sought to maintain their meetings although attendance was down due to the war and the call-up of many militants. In September 1915, the Action française decided to suspend the activity of the Camelots du Roi. In 1916, some sections nevertheless managed to maintain a
696:
and several Camelots du Roi were arrested while heckling the play. Each performance gives rise to demonstrations of Action Française. On 3 March, the play is deprogrammed. On 4 March, Maurice Pujo was sentenced to one month in prison and a 25 franc penalty, César Berthollet to eight days and 16
1339:
Left-wing forces retaliated by organizing a large anti-fascist demonstration. On 15 February 1936, the Socialists ransacked the office of the French Action section of the 14th arrondissement and injured a leaguer in the eye.The investigation into the attack on LĂ©on Blum shows that "most of the
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sums up the spirit of the Camelots du Roi: "A cane in your hand and a book in your pocket". Mostly students, the King's Camelots show a pronounced taste for provocative farce, royalist folklore (they include the repertoire of Chouan songs) and confrontations with left-wing students and their
1169:
Foreigners, especially Jews, could study medicine in France thanks to the law of 30 November 1892 which opened up the practice of medicine to any holder of a French doctorate, regardless of nationality. This displeased some medical students and doctors who referred to them as "wogs".
1486:
In the 1920s, the success of royalism among students was such that the term "Camelot" came to designate any active member. The active members of the Camelots generally remained so for the time of their studies, and a certain number of them then entered the ranks of Action française.
1562:
political opponents. Capable of mobilizing quickly and massively, Camelots often appear to outnumber them. Although their brutality earns them criticism, it inspires respect in their opponents. Their determination and taste for action give their action a revolutionary character.
614:
567:
On the night of November 19 to 20, 1910, Camelots plastered the walls of Brest with a poster entitled Les Gloires de la RĂ©publique, which depicted a fat Jewish woman â wearing a Phrygian cap and Masonic garb, and attacked with virulence the Chairman of the Board
314:
as a writer and as a politician. He was their indisputable master, even if some gradually marginalized their position within Action Française, without however questioning their affiliation with this movement. The first president of the King's Camelots was named
1496:
monitoring the actions of the Camelots du Roi as a kind of internal police and for reporting to the steering committee the threats against certain militants. Their obligations are heavy: they must be ready for all parades or demonstrations, and of course sell
1331:
decreed in the hours following the dissolution "of the de facto associations and groups, hereinafter referred to as: the French Action League, the National Federation Camelots du Roi and the National Federation of French Action Students" on the basis of the
1383:, former Camelots du Roi, some of whom had already broken with Action Française before the war. Individual choices were also made in relation to Charles Maurras, some distanced themselves from him, others broke with him and others maintained their loyalty.
1620:, the Camelots du Roi embarrassed the right side almost as well. Their audacity, the violence of their polemics and their taste for street battles scandalized the royalists who had remained faithful to the conservative and legalistic spirit of Orleanism.
347:
grabbed Thalamas and slapped him. He fled. The young people left the room, spread out on the boulevard Saint-Michel, broke through the police roadblocks, crossed the Seine, and arrived at the statue of Joan of Arc, where they laid a wreath of flowers.
632:
1038:
thanks to a hoax telephone call to the Director of the prison. For this plan, Charlotte Montard delegates to a dozen Camelots du Roi, including AndrĂ© Real del Sarte and Pierre LecĆur, the responsibility of saturating the prison telephone lines.
1056:
and Paul GuĂ©rin. Pierre LecĆur managed to baffle his detractors, who resigned. Several other resignations followed in Paris and in the provinces, and settling of accounts with âcane strokes on the premises of the newspaperâ were reported by
891:
1333:
867:
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recalls that "the press campaigns carried out by groups of moderate republicans, the creation a little later of the Federation of the Lefts on the eve of the legislative elections of 1914 had, without a doubt, a greater repercussion".
845:
spoke at a meeting in the hall of learned societies against "French fascism". However, the Camelots du Roi attacked the three men by beating them and coating them with tar and printing ink. The victims narrowly escaped treatment with
1213:
372:
The campaign against Thalamas lasted three months, with numerous arrests for insults and violence against agents: in addition to those of Maurice Pujo and Maxime Real del Sarte, his brother Yves, Henry des Lyons, Marius Plateau,
281:. They were recruited on the one hand from the royalist group of the XVIIe district of Paris organized by Henry des Lyons to sell newspapers at church doors, and on the other hand from among the royalist workers and employees of
1142:, of the Jewish faith, whom the Camelots du Roi succeeded in putting into early retirement; or the intervention of Maurice Pujo bursting into a university classroom and dismissing the lecturer to give a lesson on French Action.
1425:, the anti-Semitic and anti-republican vision of the Camelots was at its peak and their actions reached a new level of violence. They led violent campaigns with renewed ardor, denouncing a republic led by "the jew LĂ©on Blum".
457:
was arrested on 14 January, 8 February and 10 March 1909. During his last arrest, he was sentenced to 10 days in prison and a 25-franc fine. He recounted his incarceration and his fraternization with revolutionary militants:
1176:, the student propaganda organ of Action Française, published a whole series of articles hostile to foreign students starting in 1925 and reported "xenophobic incidents reported in the faculties or services of hospitals".
1080:
Gustave Tissier was arrested for fraud and putting into circulation false bearer bonds for an amount of 25 million francs. It was quickly discovered that Tissier ws only the executor of the founder of the Communal Credit,
1533:, who describes the 24 May gathering of young people who were members of the Camelots du Roi and the Action française like a "spectacle so rare in our Parisian streets, this virile elegance, this beauty, this nobilityâŠ".
327:, Armand du Tertre, Lucien Martin, Léon Géraud, Jean Dorange were appointed delegates. The man who decided the relationship of the Camelots with the central organization of Action Française, as well as discipline, was
1471:
This kept away those who were tempted to register with us in the sole hope of obtaining material relief the lazy, the voluntary unemployed where the police so easily recruit their informants did not last long with
1047:
In 1930, the Camelots du Roi and the Ligue d'Action française waged a fratricidal war within the Action Française. Pierre LecĆur, secretary general of the Camelots du Roi, was accused of being a police informant by
1482:
In the Seine department in 1912, out of 776 Camelots du Roi there were 253 employees, 173 students, 75 shopkeepers, 64 workers, 40 unemployed, 10 professors, 9 publicists, 3 pensioners, 3 engineers, 1 lawyer.
692:. As soon as the first performance was announced, the Camelots du Roi put up posters reproducing a letter in which Henry Bernstein boasted of having deserted During the second performance on 21 February 1911,
363:
courtyard of the palace to cries of "Down with the republic!" to make themselves known. The Camelots du Roi did not hesitate to be voluntarily arrested in order to appear in a public trial and to get press.
381:
718:
730:
596:
On 6 December 1910, Lucien Lacour was sentenced to three years in prison. He was finally released on 16 January 1912 after 422 days in prison. On 23 April 1912, the Camelots of King Henri Bourgoin and
879:
936:
In April 1926, the Faisceau beat the Action française in the Paris region with 15 127 members against 13,500. The Camelots du Roi acted as agents provocateurs to sabotage the rise of the Faisceau.
971:
The year 1931 marked a new impetus in the activity of the Camelots du Roi. On November 27, 1931, the Camelots disturbed the International Disarmament Congress, organized by the School of Peace of
556:
1180:
388:, tried to obstruct the Camelots du Roi. This episode is part of a period of "mythification" of Joan of Arc in French nationalist circles; it was one of the first feats of the Camelots du roi.
1086:
472:
There were all the same some hitches between the Camelots du Roi and anarchists, as illustrated by the testimony of the Camelot du Roi Georges Moyrizot, which nuances this prison friendship:
246:
700:
On 22 June 1911, Henry Bernstein feeling offended by an article by LĂ©on Daudet, the two men faced off in a duel. On 26 July 1911, a second duel pitted Maurice Pujo against Henry Bernstein.
3138:
Goyard, Claude (1979). "Un aspect de la police politique sous la TroisiĂšme RĂ©publique : l'enquĂȘte et le rĂŽle de la SĂ»retĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rale dans l'affaire Stavisky". In Jacques Aubert (ed.).
407:, Théodore de Fallois, Armand du Tertre, Marius Plateau, Henri des Lyons and Jean de Barrau, member of the directing committee of the National Federation, and particular secretary of the
1327:
injured him. Despite the brutality of the attack, the doctors at the HĂŽtel-Dieu noted "a damaged ear and a ruptured arteriole". The President of the Council and Minister of the Interior
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1406:
1497:
928:
850:. The next day, the Communists, the Socialists, and, for the first time, the Radicals, who also expressed their deep dissatisfaction. The Radicals, through the voice of their leader
706:
512:
1201:
1149:
speaks of a "vaillant troop but lamentable leadership". The action plans are lost a few days before the demonstrations and the event finds very little support in the provinces.
1096:, head of the financial section of the Paris prosecutor's office, uncovers the many relationships maintained by the scammer in the police, press and justice circles: the deputy
956:. On 30 May 1927, during the Joan of Arc Parade, the Camelots disrupted rival Catholic groups by transmitting counter-orders through clandestine hookups to the telephone line.
1018:. From June 9, 1927, Léon Daudet took refuge in the premises of Action française, rue de Rome, to evade justice. The Camelots du Roi and the leaguers barricaded the place like
5271:
604:, another imprisoned activist. They phone the director of the Central House of Clairvaux pretending to be the President of the Council. The stratagem will inspire telephonist
4852:
3526:
1225:
3751:
1582:
1571:
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a second weighted one or a truncheon. Sometimes, political meetings give rise to real melee between Camelots du Roi and political adversaries. On 11 April 1934, a communist
1172:
858:
1467:, Maurice Pujo authorized membership of the King's Camelots only from the age of 18 in 1909 and demanded an investigation into the profession and the resources rookies.
854:, asked the government to reaffirm its republican character. Because of this aggression, the Camelots du Roi were nicknamed the "Apaches du Roy" in several press titles
3163:
812:
462:
At La Santé, where we stayed, we fraternally shared our provisions with the navvies, we sang together, everything to everything: Long live Henry IV or L'Internationale.
1422:
306:
During the winter of 1908 to 1909, the Camelots du Roi damaged or even destroyed statues erected in Paris or in the provinces representing Dreyfusards or Republicans.
234:
640:
536:, the Action Française soup kitchen provided a thousand meals a day and the Camelots du Roi provided regular assistance to 172 families for a total of 882 people.
2269:
1449:
927:. This short-lived group intentionally overshadowed Action Française. Indeed, when he left Maurras, Georges Valois allegedly took with him the subscriber list of
3267:
1900:
1410:. From their creation, the Camelots du Roi engaged in virulent nationalist and anti-republican campaigns, with the avowed intention of bringing down the regime.
1360:
774:
At the end of the First World War, 10 of the 12 secretaries general and assistants of the Action française students between 1909 and 1914 were killed in action.
1731:
1567:
1401:
902:
4731:
1502:
every Sunday. Sales of the newspaper often give rise to brawls with right-wing and left-wing opponents, the outcome of which can sometimes be tragic, such as
1452:, Xavier d'Ercevillen, Guy de Bouteiller, Roger de Vasselot, Jean d'Orléans, Jean de Trincaud La Tour), but also recruits from a more humble position such as
1625:
1418:
1414:
1139:
953:
601:
259:
3501:
1464:
1031:
605:
477:
286:
1347:
Despite the official dissolution, the Camelots du Roi, somewhat disorganized by the turn of events, did not disappear and maintained their activities.
758:
597:
529:
1503:
1097:
292:
Few in number at the start, the first police reports mention about fifty members in January 1909. At the end of 1909, the police counted around 400.
96:
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430:
403:, president of the National Federation of the Camelots du Roy. This royalist youth organization included popular figures such as Catholic writer
324:
222:
68:
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drove through the procession, boulevard Saint-Germain, in Paris. Recognizing the socialist deputy, a group of Camelots du Roi led by the hooded
3252:
1019:
385:
380:
The Thalamas affair aroused passionate reactions; the thalamist and anti-thalamist camps confronted each other again during the year 1909. The
2589:
2525:
1273:, Jean Bouvyer, Michel Bernollin and Paul Bassompierre. On January 11, 1936, EugĂšne Deloncle and seven other people were officially excluded.
975:, at the Trocadéro in Paris and brought together several thousand people from around forty different countries. The Camelots, allied with the
41:
5428:
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3648:
3615:
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241:"Unworthy magistrates and forgers, it will not be said that a Frenchman will not spit in your face your forfeiture and your infamy !"
3217:
2987:
Callu, AgnĂšs; Gillet, Patricia (16 October 2020). "Les hommes de terrain : Lucien Lacour, Marius Plateau et Maxime RĂ©al Del Sarte".
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stormed the tribune and expelled the personalities who occupied it. They had to evacuate the room to successfully get the Camelots out.
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2894:. LâAction française. Culture, sociĂ©tĂ©, politique (in French). Vol. III. Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 267â280.
590:
Down with the Republic! Long live the king ! Down with Briand, supporter of Lafferre, the fichards and Israel against our country!
5433:
4390:
3518:
810:. Beheaded, the Camelots du Roi unleashed their fury by ransacking the offices and printing presses of three left-wing newspapers:
369:
On 16 February 1909, the professor was spanked in the middle of class, which became a "true feat of arms for the Camelots du Roi".
3742:
2888:
Balace, Francis (2019). "Les Camelots du Roi. Une jeunesse contestataire et dérangeante dans le roman français : 1908-1914".
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During the first lesson, on 2 December 1908, students and Camelots invaded the Michelet amphitheater and caused a hellish uproar.
4912:
3843:
5423:
754:
had complimented Action française: "It would not have been possible without the Camelots du Roi". A probably apocryphal quote.
453:. Activists from both sides sympathized in prison and discovered a common enemy: the Republic. For example, the Camelot du Roi
200:
active from 1908 to 1936. It is best known for taking part in many right-wing demonstrations in France in the 1920s and 1930s.
939:
On 14 November 1926, the situation degenerated once again. Le Faisceau organized a punitive expedition to the premises of the
4741:
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4085:
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3914:
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3698:
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3495:
3449:
3416:
3333:
3148:
3116:
3083:
3050:
3004:
2998:
2965:
2932:
2905:
2899:
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989:
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3704:
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sections, including 22 in the Bouches-du-RhĂŽne. In 1934, the group declared 75 sections, including 32 for Bouches-du-RhĂŽne.
1417:
and the rhetoric of Charles Maurras' "four Confederate States". This position provoked many fights between militants of the
1629:, whose director, Arthur Meyer was close to the duke. This traditional royalism seemed to have won when, on 20 March 1910,
1592:, in response to one of his articles in a Rouen republican newspaper : "It's not your idea that I despise, it's you".
1623:
This tendency was massively represented in the political office of Duke Philippe d'Orléans, and was found in the pages of
408:
213:
4937:
4736:
4483:
4021:
3389:
2263:
233:, the young Real del Sarte decided to attack the judges by interrupting a hearing interrupted by the public prosecutor
4801:
3261:
1894:
5413:
4114:
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3364:
3312:
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1725:
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824:. Following the attacks, the public opinion was not in favor of the violence and destruction caused by the Camelots.
277:, newsagents. The name of the group means "street-hawkers of the king" and does not refer to the legendary locale of
4539:
4170:
4806:
3839:
La ligue d'action française : mode d'organisation et pratiques culturelles, sociales et politiques (1905-1936)
269:. Their name originated from their first vocation, that of ensuring propaganda by selling mainly the issues of the
873:
Caricature relating to the attack on Marc Sangnier, Maurice Violette and Marius Moutet in L'Ćuvre of June 3, 1923.
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when they were ordered to serve a prison sentence following the complaint of the taxi driver Bajot quoted in the
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However, the merit of the promulgation of this law does not belong solely to the Camelots du Roi. The historian
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782:
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D'une guerre l'autre. L'Action française et les Juifs, de l'Union sacrée à la Révolution nationale (1914-1944)
1145:
In 1934 they participated in the troubles like the other extreme right leagues, but they lacked organization.
1127:
The demonstration degenerated into violence. The police opened fire and killed 17 people. Three days later, a
964:
In November 1930, the Camelots du Roi and Action Française students prevented the holding of a meeting of the
4533:
4145:
300:
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4907:
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4452:
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Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France : le faisceau de Georges Valois".
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and dozens of anonymous Camelots du Roi were arrested, then released after spending a fortnight in prison.
217:
Arrest of a Camelot du Roi on the feast day of Joan of Arc on the fore-court of Notre-Dame. Postcard, 1909.
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Some prominent figures report extremely virulent remarks such as those of Bernanos who wrote to Professor
5408:
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Valois, Georges (2020). "Chapitre IV. Une annĂ©e de fascisme pendant la grande crise de l'Ătat français".
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declares "French youth loves greatness". Some intellectuals emphasize this aspect, such as the historian
1183:
increased the number of naturalizations, which was denounced by medical unions and the Action française.
4998:
1076:
On December 25, 1933, on the orders of the sub-prefect Antelme, the director of the Municipal Credit of
750:
The law was finally adopted on 7 August 1913. Charles Maurras boasted that the President of the Council
4726:
1069:
In 1933, the economic crisis of America affected France and was accompanied by a political crisis, the
2290:
1521:
constantly refer to the vigor, beauty and purity of youth, essential to the monarchist struggle. Thus
1241:
On December 9, 1935, 97 Camelots du Roi from the 17th team of the 16th arrondissement of Paris sent a
366:
On 31 December, Maxime Real del Sarte was sentenced to fifteen days in prison for "insulting agents".
4887:
4867:
4761:
4546:
4429:
4367:
4343:
697:
franc, while the other Camelots du Roi received suspended prison sentences and a few francs penalty.
4573:
3295:
3245:
672:
245:
Created on 16 November 1908, the formula "Camelots du Roi" was used for the first time in the daily
4638:
4409:
2517:
1289:
415:
229:, a student at the Beaux-Arts, after the coup "by the Court of Cassation". In the aftermath of the
221:
In 1908, the Action française sought to equip itself with a youth militant organization. Commander
4109:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 257â266.
4074:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 113â119.
4039:. Histoire et civilisations (in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 205â215.
265:
5118:
576:
nicknamed "Reinach Boule-de-Juif" (stings about his overweight, in reference to a short story by
5251:
4751:
3771:
3073:
1355:
The Camelots du Roi followed different individual trajectories. Some engaged in resistance like
5376:
5362:
4927:
4528:
4348:
3970:
3632:
3599:
3578:
La « premiÚre victime du fascisme » : retour sur l'assassinat de Joseph Fontaine
3323:
1015:
807:
689:
548:, the Camelots du Roi build and furnish twenty-five barracks for workers, with the help of the
359:
Guard and a line of soldiers, asked him to come out. The listeners dispersed without incident.
5083:
4766:
4338:
3211:
1192:
4947:
4776:
4457:
3937:
2856:
1648:
1344:
of Paris. The third individual named Ădouard Aragon, a 50-year-old architect, was acquitted.
1258:
1128:
400:
344:
316:
226:
57:
4791:
1027:
47:
Camelots du Roi in front of the headquarters of Action Française, rue de Rome, 11 June 1927.
5183:
4716:
4488:
4314:
1653:
1392:
1085:, who organized this fraud under the complicit supervision of the Deputy Mayor of Bayonne,
830:
wrote: "someone (Germaine Berton) dared to turn the methods of the Camelots against them".
549:
144:
5023:
3213:
Les débuts de l'Action française (1899-1914) ou l'élaboration d'un nationalisme antisémite
1058:
8:
5352:
5188:
5168:
5093:
4897:
4786:
4771:
4663:
4623:
4522:
4508:
4494:
1589:
1138:
Other incidents occurred at the Sorbonne, such as the campaign against the law professor
1061:. This crisis weakened Action française not only in terms of staff but also financially.
1022:. After three days of siege which gave rise to major fights with the police, the prefect
980:
533:
450:
253:
4978:
4832:
4446:
4186:
3744:
Manipulating History : The Camelots du Roi's campaign to quash Dreyfusard monuments
1643:
1113:
940:
923:, a former member of Action Française, founded the first French fascist party, baptized
197:
160:
5325:
5285:
4862:
4414:
3322:
Levy, Richard S.; Bell, Dean Phillip; Donahue, William Collins; Madigan, Kevin (2005).
3283:
3233:
1581:
Their violence against their opponents is also verbal through their songs, notably the
1575:
1341:
1082:
185:
5158:
5123:
5058:
4857:
4673:
4618:
4424:
1262:
1026:
obtained the surrender of the two main madmen, who were immediately imprisoned in the
851:
438:
225:
prospected in the ranks of the army in search of a leader of men. In the end he chose
5297:
5163:
5143:
5098:
5008:
4583:
4568:
4419:
4207:
4110:
4075:
4040:
4017:
3976:
3943:
3910:
3909:. Documents et tĂ©moignages. Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 221â280.
3837:
3810:
3777:
3729:
3694:
3638:
3605:
3549:
3491:
3445:
3412:
3370:
3360:
3329:
3308:
3187:
3112:
3079:
3046:
3025:
2994:
2961:
2928:
2895:
2862:
1658:
1376:
1368:
1316:
1117:
1049:
838:
657:
622:
577:
545:
517:
399:
organizations or competing far-right organizations. They were originally directed by
5306:
5053:
4816:
4811:
4628:
4563:
1261:, accusing them of letting the movement collapse. The memorandum's signers included
897:
Caricature of Action française on its use of castor oil in L'Ćuvre of June 17, 1923.
786:
Saccages de lâĂre nouvelle et de lâĆuvre par les Camelots du Roi le 23 janvier 1923.
5319:
5198:
5048:
5043:
4872:
4653:
4643:
4150:
3891:
2990:
Lettres à Charles Maurras : Amitiés politiques, lettres autographes, 1898-1952
2518:"Les immigrĂ©s, Ă©ternels indĂ©sirables - Histoire analysĂ©e en images et Ćuvres d'art"
1522:
1457:
1132:
803:
481:
454:
404:
374:
5133:
2137:
2103:
2036:
2017:
1874:
1530:
1526:
1219:
GrÚve des étudiants dans le quartier latin dans L'Ami du Peuple du 3 février 1935.
434:
295:
On 21 November 1908, the Camelots du Roi disrupted a reading-tribute dedicated to
5239:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5013:
5003:
4983:
4942:
4922:
4882:
4796:
4658:
4404:
4325:
4298:
4222:
4102:
4067:
4032:
3904:
3860:
3804:
3688:
3665:
3543:
3439:
3406:
3106:
3040:
2988:
2955:
2922:
2889:
2709:
2207:
1705:
1397:
1277:
1246:
1105:
1070:
795:
681:
569:
555:
Previously, Action française had financed barracks to rehouse the victims of the
497:
311:
177:
5208:
5128:
3634:
La Cagoule: Histoire d'une société secrÚte du Front populaire à la Ve République
1166:
interfered in this debate by placing the blame on foreign doctors and students.
1101:
395:
their fief. The Camelots were involved in many brawls and street-fights against
5347:
5153:
5063:
4993:
4968:
4892:
4698:
4688:
4678:
4633:
4603:
4359:
4268:
4247:
4242:
4232:
1453:
1380:
1356:
1328:
920:
791:
573:
320:
230:
87:
5331:
4613:
4608:
4212:
3382:
Maitron, Jean; Davranche, Guillaume; Steiner, Anne (2020). "Berton Germaine".
1131:
in turn degenerated and killed four people. Ădouard Daladier must give way to
1007:
799:
5392:
5278:
5103:
5028:
4721:
4693:
4588:
4227:
3895:
3690:
Les Camelots du roi au secours des sinistrés des inondations de Paris en 1910
3374:
1093:
1035:
842:
834:
751:
582:
392:
4932:
3383:
296:
5372:
5367:
5245:
5232:
5173:
5138:
5108:
5038:
5033:
4847:
4756:
4683:
4648:
4598:
4578:
4470:
4332:
4237:
4217:
3487:
1302:
Excerpts from film footage depicting the attack on LĂ©on Blum, published in
1254:
1121:
1023:
976:
972:
826:
736:
Duel between Maurice Pujo and Henry Bernstein in Excelsior on July 27, 1911
693:
537:
446:
355:
351:
On 9 December, the royalists demonstrated more vigorously at the Sorbonne.
328:
1320:
1292:
986:
Between 1932 and 1933, pacifists and royalists clashed on many occasions.
724:
Duel between LĂ©on Daudet and Henry Bernstein in Excelsior on June 22, 1911
5225:
5203:
5178:
5148:
5113:
4988:
4973:
4963:
4668:
4273:
1324:
1266:
1146:
1120:
as Chairman of the Board. He immediately dismisses the prefect of police
924:
193:
1574:
was killed by the Camelots du Roi during a private meeting organized in
1006:
In 1927, the Camelots du Roi actively participated in the protection of
5356:
4501:
1285:
1161:
Demonstration of Parisian students in front of the Faculty of Medicine.
847:
586:). The next day, Lucien Lacour managed to slap Briand twice, shouting:
504:, but the urgency of the war quickly put an end to this rapprochement.
274:
5313:
2993:(in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. pp. 179â227.
2407:
2405:
5088:
5018:
412:
396:
3576:
3325:
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
2732:
1506:, killed on 3 February 1935 during a confrontation with communists.
4477:
4155:
2402:
2220:
1617:
1315:
On February 13, 1936, during the funeral of the royalist historian
790:
On January 22, 1923, the Secretary General of the Camelots du Roi,
476:
During the day we were in the political regime, with the people of
189:
149:
2545:
2543:
1846:
1844:
418:(1838â1894) and hence the Orleanist heir to the throne of France.
32:
3604:. Presses universitaires de France (réédition numérique FeniXX).
3022:
Camelots du roi : les troupes de choc royalistes (1908-1936)
2214:
2144:
2110:
2043:
2024:
1881:
1712:
1578:. The Camelots du Roi are recognized in a state of self-defense.
1448:
Sarte brothers, Henry des Lyons, Armand du Tertre, de Lauriston,
1077:
861:
was created in homage to the exemplary legacy of Marius Plateau.
712:
Maurice Pujo is taken to the polisce station on February 20, 1911
278:
3203:
Cette vilaine affaire Stavisky, Histoire d'un scandale politique
3184:à l'école de l'Action française, un siÚcle de vie intellectuelle
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
4515:
2831:
2819:
2627:
2540:
2429:
2390:
2339:
2189:
2177:
2150:
2073:
1958:
1914:
1841:
1421:
and militants of Action Française during the 1930s. During the
1108:, the editors of newspapers Albert Dubarry and Camille Aymard.
1104:, the Minister for the Colonies and former Minister of Justice
133:
2783:
2771:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2244:
1367:
while others preferred to take the path of collaboration like
1276:
These activists then formed the National Revolutionary Party (
1207:
Manifestations des étudiants dans Excelsior du 3 février 1935.
906:
Attack on the premises of Action Française by the Faisceau in
4902:
4842:
4837:
3906:
L'homme contre l'argent : Souvenirs de dix ans 1918-1928
3519:"La haine et la ferveur. Léon Blum agressé - 13 février 1936"
1745:
1676:
4853:
Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal PĂ©tain
2663:
2477:
4016:(in French). Presses universitaires du Septentrion. 2019.
2639:
1999:
1595:
638:
Caricature by Lucien Lacour correcting Aristide Briand in
4033:"Les jeunesses d'Action française avant la Grande Guerre"
1231:
La grÚve des étudiants dans Paris-Soir du 3 février 1935.
516:
The Camelots du Roi rebuild the houses of the flooded at
445:
In the 1910s, the Camelots du Roi briefly befriended the
2368:
2366:
2329:
2327:
2325:
1773:
1771:
946:
3381:
2759:
2680:
2678:
2226:
1948:
1946:
273:
newspaper in the streets of Paris, hence their name of
3411:(in French). Nouvelles Ăditions Latines. p. 489.
3321:
2738:
2019:
Almanach de l'Action française de 1913, p. 59-76
1819:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1073:, with the rise of anti-parliamentarianism in France.
777:
676:
The Camelots du Roi at the courthouse on 4 March 1911.
391:
Recruited among the student population, they made the
4107:
L'Action française : culture, société, politique
4072:
L'Action française : culture, société, politique
4037:
L'Action française : culture, société, politique
4014:
L'Action française : culture, société, politique
3357:
l'Action française : culture, société, politique
2749:
2747:
2465:
2363:
2322:
2232:
2167:
2165:
2085:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1768:
1419:
International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism
1034:
escaped LĂ©on Daudet, Joseph Delest and the communist
885:
Appearance of three Camelots du Roi on June 27, 1923.
354:
On 23 December, wanting to rehabilitate Joan of Arc,
2675:
2555:
2378:
2121:
2119:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1829:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1463:
After the incarceration of the 15-year-old militant
1152:
319:, while Henry des Lyons was the national secretary.
4151:
Lyrics of the Chanson des Camelots du roi 1908-1910
3108:
Mitterrand, entre Cagoule et Francisque (1935-1945)
3042:
Le rendez-vous manqué des relÚves des années trente
2690:
2617:
2615:
2567:
2441:
2310:
2139:
Almanach de l'Action française de 1912, p. 102
2105:
Almanach de l'Action française de 1912, p. 101
2054:
2052:
1876:
Almanach de l'Action française de 1910, p. 54
1812:
1550:Aggression of anarchists by the Camelots du Roi in
1460:, Lucien Lacour, carpenter, Louis Fageau, butcher.
3720:Rasmussen, Anne (May 1997). "L'affaire Thalamas".
2920:
2807:
2795:
2744:
2651:
2498:
2453:
2417:
2351:
2250:
2162:
1982:
557:earthquake of June 11, 1909 in the South of France
3865:. Presses Universitaires de France. p. 161.
2116:
2070:Letter from Lucien Lacour dated 21 November 1910.
1926:
1783:
5390:
4389:
3835:
3354:
2837:
2825:
2789:
2777:
2612:
2590:"L'attaque de LĂ©on Blum par les Camelots du roi"
2549:
2435:
2411:
2396:
2345:
2195:
2183:
2156:
2079:
2049:
1970:
1964:
1920:
1856:
1850:
1762:
667:
4065:
3939:L'antifascisme en France: De Mussolini Ă Le Pen
3441:Maurras et notre temps: Entretiens et souvenirs
2492:
1042:
3842:(Thesis) (in French). Université de Lorraine.
3769:
3516:
2645:
2005:
1112:the fall of the radical socialist government.
4375:
4171:
914:
552:and the Association of Young Royalist Girls.
4068:"Les milieux médicaux et l'Action française"
3972:Histoire du Front populaire: L'échapée belle
3486:. Nouvelles biographies historiques. Paris:
3479:
3355:Leymarie, Michel; Prévotat, Jacques (2008).
3186:(in French). Paris: JC LattĂšs. p. 637.
2669:
2633:
2038:Almanac of French Action of 1910, p. 71
1541:
1391:The doctrine of the Camelots du Roi was the
1089:, who was sentenced to two years in prison.
959:
833:On the evening of 31 May 1923, the Catholic
562:
421:
4732:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
3773:The New Nationalism and the First World War
3740:
2986:
1806:
1693:
1001:
382:Republican Federation of Students of France
4382:
4368:
4178:
4164:
1529:, despite being a Dreyfusard and close to
1413:The Camelots du Roi are also sensitive to
251:to designate the newspaper sellers of the
188:youth organization of the French militant
174:National Federation of the King's Camelots
4006:(in French). Paris: Hachette littérature.
3881:
3836:Schmidt-Trimborn, Anne-Catherine (2017).
3719:
3597:
3545:42, rue de la santé: Une prison politique
3541:
3408:L'Action française racontĂ©e par elle-mĂȘme
3359:. Presses universitaires du Septentrion.
3200:
3024:(in French). Boulogne Billancourt: DĂ©fi.
3019:
2957:L'affaire Salengro: quand la colomnie tue
2471:
2372:
2333:
2091:
1835:
1433:
1288:, which carried out the attack on future
544:of 1911. From February 17 to April 20 in
4146:Audio of the Chanson des Camelots du roi
3728:
3630:
3181:
3078:. (Seghers) réédition numérique FeniXX.
2854:
2684:
2561:
1952:
1823:
1777:
1545:
1536:
1513:The organization strongly values youth.
1297:
1156:
1092:The investigation, led in particular by
988:
901:
781:
671:
540:gives an account of these events in the
511:
425:
212:
182:Fédération nationale des Camelots du Roi
5419:Youth organizations established in 1908
4913:National Council of European Resistance
3968:
3935:
3670:(in French). Paris: Ernest Flammarion.
3470:
3444:. (Perrin) réédition numérique FeniXX.
3251:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3216:(in French). London. pp. 695â718.
2953:
2858:Georges Bernanos, la colĂšre et la grĂące
2696:
2594:RetroNews - Le site de presse de la BnF
2573:
2316:
2238:
1596:A threat to order and to the right side
765:
620:Lucien Lacour slaps Aristide Briand in
5391:
4100:
4030:
3902:
3802:
3542:Montagnon, Pierre (15 December 2012).
3504:from the original on 28 September 2021
3475:. Paris: Nouvelle librairie nationale.
3437:
3146:
3137:
3104:
3071:
2927:. Seuil (réédition numérique FeniXX).
2921:Barthélemy-Madaule, Madeleine (1973).
2887:
2813:
2753:
2657:
2504:
2459:
2423:
2357:
2171:
1993:
1794:
4742:French and European Nationalist Party
4363:
4159:
4001:
3858:
3707:from the original on 10 November 2023
3674:from the original on 10 November 2023
3517:Monier, Frédéric (11 February 2016).
3425:from the original on 10 November 2023
3404:
2875:from the original on 10 November 2023
2584:
2582:
2384:
2227:Maitron, Davranche & Steiner 2020
2125:
1937:
1181:Law of August 10, 1927 on nationality
947:During the condemnation of the papacy
741:
79:Alain de la RochefordiĂšre (1933-1936)
5429:Organizations disestablished in 1936
5404:Traditionalist Catholicism in France
4185:
3942:. Presses universitaires de Rennes.
3923:from the original on 18 October 2022
3884:Revue française de science politique
3757:from the original on 16 October 2022
3734:Le Royalisme, histoire et actualités
3686:
3663:
3574:
3392:from the original on 16 October 2022
3302:
3259:
3209:
3045:. Presses universitaires de France.
3038:
2908:from the original on 20 October 2022
2801:
2765:
2621:
2447:
2058:
1976:
1862:
1030:. On June 25, 1927, the telephonist
4066:Vergez-Chaignon, Bénédicte (2019).
3989:from the original on 4 October 2023
3823:from the original on 4 October 2023
3790:from the original on 4 October 2023
3741:Ronsenblatt, Brooke Stacey (2005).
3651:from the original on 4 October 2023
3618:from the original on 4 October 2023
3585:from the original on 4 October 2023
3562:from the original on 4 October 2023
3483:LĂ©on Blum - la morale et le pouvoir
3458:from the original on 4 October 2023
3169:from the original on 6 October 2022
3125:from the original on 4 October 2023
3092:from the original on 4 October 2023
2941:from the original on 4 October 2023
1734:from the original on 4 October 2023
798:, an anarchist militant, to avenge
778:The assassination of Marius Plateau
16:French far-right youth organization
13:
4938:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms
4737:Federation of Nationalist Students
4484:French National-Collectivist Party
4123:from the original on 26 April 2022
4088:from the original on 26 April 2022
4053:from the original on 26 April 2022
3806:Les grandes catastrophes en France
3598:Petitfils, Jean-Christian (1987).
3529:from the original on 15 April 2021
3007:from the original on 26 April 2022
2579:
1519:Critical review of ideas and books
1064:
806:, and also to protest against the
496:This relationship deepened in the
334:
14:
5445:
4139:
3770:Rosenthal, L.; Rodic, V. (2014).
3523:Notes de la Fondation Jean-JaurĂšs
3388:. Maitron/Ăditions de l'Atelier.
3142:. GenĂšve: Droz. pp. 177â206.
1153:Xenophobic demonstrations of 1935
5434:1936 disestablishments in France
4807:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups
4103:"L'Action française en Provence"
3956:from the original on 23 May 2022
3869:from the original on 23 May 2022
3846:from the original on 31 May 2022
3693:(in French). Ăditions de Flore.
3342:from the original on 23 May 2022
3270:from the original on 7 June 2022
3220:from the original on 31 May 2022
3059:from the original on 23 May 2022
2974:from the original on 23 May 2022
2720:from the original on 3 June 2022
2600:from the original on 31 May 2022
2528:from the original on 7 June 2022
1707:L'Action française du 16/11/1908
1407:Si le coup de force est possible
1224:
1212:
1200:
890:
878:
866:
729:
717:
705:
649:
631:
613:
40:
31:
4802:Rassemblement National Français
3156:Histoire des sciences médicales
2847:
2702:
2510:
2299:from the original on 8 May 2023
2283:
2272:from the original on 8 May 2023
2256:
2209:L'Action française du 14/7/1919
2201:
2131:
2097:
2064:
2030:
2011:
1903:from the original on 8 May 2023
1899:(in French), 25 December 1908,
1887:
1868:
1135:at the head of the government.
437:and syndicalists fraternize in
3862:Le Fascisme Français 1924-1933
3750:(MA). University of Maryland.
3266:(in French). pp. 97â124.
1718:
1699:
1442:
1428:
1350:
1310:
1282:Parti national révolutionnaire
542:Almanach de l'Action française
522:Almanach de l'Action française
507:
1:
5424:1908 establishments in France
5264:Active publications and media
4534:Revolutionary Social Movement
3140:L'Ătat et sa police en France
2891:Le maurrassisme et la culture
2855:Angelier, Françomois (2021).
1664:
1490:
968:devoted to "Germany and us".
668:Protests at Comédie-Française
94:Philippe Roulland (1930-1932)
4918:National Republican Movement
4453:Antisemitic League of France
4391:Far-right politics in France
3385:Dictionnaire des anarchistes
3210:Joly, Laurent (March 2006).
3149:"La loi du 30 novembre 1892"
2080:Leymarie & Prévotat 2008
1921:Leymarie & Prévotat 2008
1669:
1616:But if they antagonized the
1043:The great dissidence of 1930
993:Surrender of LĂ©on Daudet in
411:(1869â1926), the son of the
7:
4878:Equality and Reconciliation
4540:Service d'ordre légionnaire
4253:George de Villebois-Mareuil
3631:Bourdrel, Philippe (2017).
3182:Huguenin, François (1998).
2596:(in French). 10 July 2018.
2268:(in French), 28 June 1923,
1637:
1583:hymn of the Camelots du Roi
1456:, stock market errand boy,
1386:
10:
5450:
4782:Organisation Armée SecrÚte
4727:European Rally for Liberty
4031:Sanson, Rosemonde (2019).
3601:L'ExtrĂȘme-droite en France
3581:(MA). Université de Caen.
3020:Cheneseau, Xavier (1997).
2716:(in French). 5 June 1936.
2295:(in French), 5 June 1923,
2006:Rosenthal & Rodic 2014
1236:
1195:under xenophobic banners.
915:The dissidence of Faisceau
859:Association Marius Plateau
208:
203:
5340:
5263:
5217:
4956:
4825:
4707:
4556:
4438:
4397:
4344:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
4307:
4286:
4261:
4200:
4193:
3480:Monier, Frédéric (2016).
3471:Maurras, Charles (1935).
3105:Gerber, François (2016).
1542:Violence and provocations
1251:MĂ©moire sur l'immobilisme
995:Le Petit Journal illustré
960:Against interwar pacifism
908:Le Petit Journal illustré
563:The coup of Lucien Lacour
422:Exchanges with anarchists
156:
139:
129:
121:
113:
103:
92:Pierre LecĆur (1923-1930)
83:
75:
64:
53:
39:
30:
23:
5414:French far right leagues
5218:Ideologies and movements
3936:Vergnon, Gilles (2019).
3896:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652
3473:EnquĂȘte sur la monarchie
3303:Levy, Richard S (2005).
3201:Jankowski, Paul (2000).
3147:Hoerni, Bernard (1998).
3072:Franju, Jacques (1963).
2954:Bermond, Daniel (2011).
2924:Marc Sangnier, 1873-1950
1243:Memorandum on immobility
1083:Serge Alexandre Stavisky
1002:The siege of Rome street
857:On 22 January 1930, the
109:Jules Keller (1932-1936)
4747:Front Algérie Française
4101:Gaudin, GĂ©rard (2019).
3307:(in French). ABC-CLIO.
2251:Barthélemy-Madaule 1973
1694:Callu & Gillet 2020
5377:Algiers putsch of 1961
5363:6 February 1934 crisis
4928:Rassemblement National
4868:Carrefour de l'Horloge
4529:National Popular Rally
4349:Philippe Daudet affair
3969:Vigreux, Jean (2016).
3859:Soucy, Robert (1989).
3687:Pujo, Maurice (2021).
3664:Pujo, Maurice (1933).
3438:Massis, Henri (1961).
3405:Marty, Albert (1968).
3260:Joly, Laurent (2012).
3039:Dard, Olivier (2002).
1727:Le Courrier de Tlemcen
1614:
1555:
1480:
1434:Organization structure
1334:law of 10 January 1936
1307:
1295:on February 13, 1936.
1281:
1257:, Georges Calzant and
1250:
1162:
1016:Philippe Daudet Affair
998:
943:, in the rue de Rome.
911:
808:occupation of the Ruhr
794:, was assassinated by
787:
677:
592:
525:
492:
470:
442:
243:
218:
181:
107:André Guignard (-1932)
4458:Breton National Party
4002:Weber, Eugen (1997).
3803:Rouzet, Jean (2009).
2838:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2826:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2790:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2778:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2550:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2436:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2412:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2397:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2346:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2196:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2184:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
2157:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
1965:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
1851:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
1763:Schmidt-Trimborn 2017
1649:6 February 1934 riots
1603:
1549:
1537:The methods of action
1469:
1361:Jean Ebstein-Langevin
1301:
1259:Maxime Real del Sarte
1160:
1129:counter-demonstration
992:
919:On 11 November 1925,
905:
785:
675:
588:
550:Marquise de Mac Mahon
515:
474:
460:
429:
401:Maxime Real del Sarte
345:Maxime Real del Sarte
317:Maxime Real del Sarte
310:great admiration for
239:
235:Alexis Ballot-Beaupré
227:Maxime Real del Sarte
216:
58:Maxime Real del Sarte
5252:RĂ©volution nationale
4752:Groupe Union DĂ©fense
4717:Charles Martel Group
4547:Solidarité Française
4489:French Popular Party
3809:. Ixelles Ăditions.
3575:Noël, David (2016).
2861:(in French). Seuil.
2710:"L'Action française"
2493:Vergez-Chaignon 2019
1654:Bloody Sunday (1926)
1568:counter-demonstrator
1554:of 12 February 1932.
1402:Henri Dutrait-Crozon
1393:integral nationalism
1306:of February 16, 1936
841:, and the socialist
766:During the Great War
641:L'Assiette au beurre
451:anarcho-syndicalists
449:, in particular the
145:Integral nationalism
5353:Franco-Prussian War
5099:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
4908:League of the South
4898:Generation Identity
4787:Party of New Forces
4767:Nouvelle RĂ©sistance
4523:Mouvement Franciste
4509:Ligue des Patriotes
4495:Jeunesses Patriotes
4339:La Nation française
3736:. Paris: Economica.
3667:Les Camelots du roi
2646:Monier@JJaurĂšs 2016
1606:Republican Party...
1450:Théodore de Fallois
1415:State anti-Semitism
1193:François Mitterrand
1173:L'Ătudiant français
981:Jeunesses patriotes
966:Human Rights League
910:of 28 November 1926
684:presented his play
662:of December 7, 1910
626:, December 4, 1910.
534:Issy-les-Moulineaux
5409:French Integralism
5272:Boulevard Voltaire
4792:Phalange Française
4004:L'Action française
3730:Renouvin, Bertrand
2768:, p. 156-157.
2636:, p. 118-121.
2522:histoire-image.org
2414:, p. 661-663.
1696:, p. 179-227.
1556:
1515:L'Action française
1499:L'Action française
1342:correctional court
1308:
1163:
1028:prison de la Santé
999:
954:Vaugirard cemetery
930:L'Action française
912:
788:
742:The Three Year Law
680:In February 1911,
678:
608:a few years later.
602:Gabriel de Baleine
526:
489:Georges Moyrizot,
467:Georges Bernanos,
443:
266:L'Action française
248:L'Action française
219:
148: •
143: •
5386:
5385:
5194:Tixier-Vignancour
4762:L'Ćuvre Française
4639:Drieu La Rochelle
4357:
4356:
4282:
4281:
4208:Jacques Bainville
3982:979-10-210-1357-5
3949:978-2-7535-6699-6
3916:978-2-7574-2740-8
3783:978-1-137-46278-7
3700:978-2-900689-19-6
3644:978-2-226-37760-9
3611:978-2-13-067881-6
3555:978-2-7564-0940-5
3497:978-2-200-35589-0
3451:978-2-262-09288-7
3418:978-2-7233-0325-5
3335:978-1-85109-439-4
3292:|periodical=
3242:|periodical=
3118:978-2-8098-2043-0
3085:978-2-232-14446-2
3052:978-2-13-051544-9
3000:978-2-7574-2124-6
2967:978-2-03-584841-3
2934:979-10-369-0448-6
2901:978-2-7574-2145-1
2868:978-2-02-137028-7
2670:Monier@Colin 2016
2634:Monier@Colin 2016
1659:Absolute monarchy
1611:Aristide Briand,
1465:Roger de Vasselot
1377:Robert Brasillach
1369:Jacques de Mahieu
1317:Jacques Bainville
1118:Camille Chautemps
1059:Jean de FabrĂšgues
1050:Bernard de Vesins
1032:Charlotte Montard
997:of June 26, 1927.
690:Comédie-Française
656:Lucien Lacour in
623:Le Petit Parisien
606:Charlotte Montard
478:La Guerre sociale
287:Firmin Bacconnier
254:Gazette de France
172:, officially the
166:
165:
84:Secretary General
48:
5441:
5399:Action Française
5320:Radio Courtoisie
5301:
4957:Post-1945 people
4888:The Nationalists
4873:Debout la France
4833:Action Française
4710:post-1945 groups
4447:Action Française
4384:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4198:
4197:
4187:Action Française
4180:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4027:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3899:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3637:. Albin Michel.
3627:
3625:
3623:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3378:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3318:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3206:
3205:. Paris: Fayard.
3197:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3153:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3075:Le grand canular
3068:
3066:
3064:
3035:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2739:Levy et al. 2005
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2114:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1891:
1885:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1810:
1807:Ronsenblatt 2005
1804:
1798:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1760:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1644:Action Française
1612:
1523:Georges Bernanos
1478:
1458:Georges Bernanos
1228:
1216:
1204:
1140:GĂ©rard Lyon-Caen
1133:Gaston Doumergue
1114:Ădouard Daladier
941:Action française
894:
882:
870:
839:Maurice Violette
804:Miguel Almereyda
759:Rosemonde Sanson
733:
721:
709:
653:
644:, March 25, 1911
635:
617:
598:Norbert Pinochet
530:1910 Seine flood
490:
468:
455:Georges Bernanos
405:Georges Bernanos
375:Georges Bernanos
198:Action Française
161:Action Française
125:13 February 1936
117:16 November 1908
46:
44:
35:
26:
21:
20:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5336:
5295:
5259:
5240:Nouvelle Droite
5213:
5104:Le Pen (Marine)
4952:
4943:Terre et Peuple
4923:Party of France
4883:Europe-Jeunesse
4858:Cité catholique
4821:
4797:Radical Network
4709:
4703:
4557:Pre-1945 people
4552:
4464:Camelots du Roi
4439:Pre-1945 groups
4434:
4393:
4388:
4358:
4353:
4326:Je suis partout
4315:Acción Española
4303:
4299:Cercle Proudhon
4294:Camelots du Roi
4278:
4257:
4223:Charles Maurras
4189:
4184:
4142:
4137:
4126:
4124:
4117:
4091:
4089:
4082:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4024:
4012:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3872:
3870:
3849:
3847:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3710:
3708:
3701:
3677:
3675:
3654:
3652:
3645:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3588:
3586:
3565:
3563:
3556:
3532:
3530:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3461:
3459:
3452:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3395:
3393:
3367:
3345:
3343:
3336:
3315:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3194:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3151:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3032:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2977:
2975:
2968:
2944:
2942:
2935:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1640:
1613:
1610:
1598:
1572:Joseph Fontaine
1544:
1539:
1510:had ridiculed.
1504:Marcel Langlois
1493:
1479:
1476:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1423:Front populaire
1398:Charles Maurras
1389:
1353:
1313:
1263:EugĂšne Deloncle
1239:
1232:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1155:
1106:Albert Dalimier
1098:Gaston Bonnaure
1071:Stavisky affair
1067:
1065:Stavisky affair
1045:
1004:
962:
949:
917:
898:
895:
886:
883:
874:
871:
852:Ădouard Herriot
818:L'Ăre Nouvelle
796:Germaine Berton
780:
768:
744:
737:
734:
725:
722:
713:
710:
682:Henry Bernstein
670:
663:
654:
645:
636:
627:
618:
570:Aristide Briand
565:
510:
498:Cercle Proudhon
491:
488:
469:
466:
439:La Santé Prison
424:
409:duke of Orléans
337:
335:Thalamas affair
312:Charles Maurras
283:L'Accord social
260:L'Accord social
211:
206:
170:King's Camelots
152:
147:
108:
97:Georges Calzant
95:
93:
91:
49:
25:Camelots du Roi
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5447:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5348:Dreyfus affair
5344:
5342:
5341:Notable events
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5307:Nouvelle Ăcole
5303:
5293:National-Hebdo
5289:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
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4269:Pierre Boutang
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4248:Henri Vaugeois
4245:
4243:Georges Valois
4240:
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4233:Marius Plateau
4230:
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4140:External links
4138:
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2440:
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2428:
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2389:
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2377:
2373:Petitfils 1987
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2338:
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2265:L'Ăre nouvelle
2255:
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2084:
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2010:
1998:
1981:
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1967:, p. 172.
1957:
1942:
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1913:
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1840:
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1454:Marius Plateau
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1381:Joseph Darnand
1357:Daniel Cordier
1352:
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3548:. Pygmalion.
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2822:
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2810:
2804:, p. 62.
2803:
2798:
2792:, p. 83.
2791:
2786:
2780:, p. 91.
2779:
2774:
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2762:
2755:
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2748:
2741:, p. 93.
2740:
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2719:
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2693:
2686:
2685:Renouvin 1997
2681:
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2562:Bourdrel 2017
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2334:Sternhell1976
2330:
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2298:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2271:
2267:
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2241:, p. 38.
2240:
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2212:available at
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2022:available at
2021:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1953:Angelier 2021
1949:
1947:
1939:
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1932:
1930:
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1917:
1902:
1898:
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1879:available at
1878:
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1852:
1847:
1845:
1837:
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1825:
1824:Huguenin 1998
1820:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1780:, p. 43.
1779:
1778:Angelier 2021
1774:
1772:
1765:, p. 64.
1764:
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1730:(in French),
1729:
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1576:Hénin-Liétard
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1552:Le Libertaire
1548:
1534:
1532:
1531:Charles PĂ©guy
1528:
1527:Daniel Halévy
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:Paul Collette
1362:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:
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1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1179:In 1927, the
1177:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Albert Prince
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1036:Pierre Semard
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:Joseph Delest
1009:
996:
991:
987:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
957:
955:
944:
942:
937:
934:
932:
931:
926:
922:
909:
904:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
863:
862:
860:
855:
853:
849:
844:
843:Marius Moutet
840:
836:
835:Marc Sangnier
831:
829:
828:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
784:
775:
772:
763:
760:
755:
753:
752:Louis Barthou
748:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
702:
701:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
674:
661:
660:
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647:
643:
642:
634:
629:
625:
624:
616:
611:
610:
609:
607:
603:
599:
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591:
587:
585:
584:
583:Boule de Suif
579:
575:
571:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
519:
514:
505:
503:
500:supported by
499:
494:
485:
483:
479:
473:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
440:
436:
435:Gustave Hervé
432:
431:Lucien Lacour
428:
419:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Latin Quarter
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
370:
367:
364:
360:
357:
352:
349:
346:
341:
332:
330:
326:
325:Lucien Lacour
322:
318:
313:
307:
304:
302:
298:
293:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:French Action
268:
267:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Louis Cuignet
215:
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191:
187:
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128:
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106:
102:
98:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Lucien Lacour
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
43:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5373:Algerian War
5368:Vichy France
5324:
5312:
5305:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5250:
5238:
5233:Maurrassisme
5231:
5224:
4948:The Patriots
4848:Alsace First
4757:Jeune Nation
4545:
4538:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4476:
4471:Croix-de-Feu
4469:
4463:
4462:
4445:
4333:Maurrassisme
4331:
4324:
4293:
4238:Maurice Pujo
4218:Louis Dimier
4125:. Retrieved
4106:
4090:. Retrieved
4071:
4055:. Retrieved
4036:
4013:
4003:
3991:. Retrieved
3971:
3958:. Retrieved
3938:
3925:. Retrieved
3905:
3887:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3861:
3848:. Retrieved
3838:
3825:. Retrieved
3805:
3792:. Retrieved
3776:. Springer.
3772:
3759:. Retrieved
3743:
3733:
3721:
3709:. Retrieved
3689:
3676:. Retrieved
3666:
3653:. Retrieved
3633:
3620:. Retrieved
3600:
3587:. Retrieved
3577:
3564:. Retrieved
3544:
3531:. Retrieved
3522:
3506:. Retrieved
3488:Armand Colin
3482:
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3440:
3427:. Retrieved
3407:
3394:. Retrieved
3384:
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3328:. ABC-CLIO.
3324:
3305:Antisemitism
3304:
3272:. Retrieved
3262:
3222:. Retrieved
3212:
3202:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3159:
3155:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3107:
3094:. Retrieved
3074:
3061:. Retrieved
3041:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
2989:
2976:. Retrieved
2960:. Larousse.
2956:
2943:. Retrieved
2923:
2910:. Retrieved
2890:
2877:. Retrieved
2857:
2848:Bibliography
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2713:
2704:
2697:Maurras 1935
2692:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2602:. Retrieved
2593:
2574:Vigreux 2016
2569:
2557:
2530:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2500:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2392:
2380:
2353:
2341:
2317:Bermond 2011
2312:
2301:, retrieved
2291:
2285:
2274:, retrieved
2264:
2258:
2246:
2239:Vergnon 2019
2234:
2222:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2152:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2066:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2001:
1972:
1960:
1916:
1905:, retrieved
1895:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1858:
1831:
1802:
1736:, retrieved
1726:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1615:
1604:
1599:
1587:
1580:
1564:
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1508:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1462:
1446:
1437:
1412:
1405:
1390:
1373:Henri Martin
1354:
1346:
1338:
1314:
1303:
1275:
1255:Maurice Pujo
1242:
1240:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1144:
1137:
1126:
1122:Jean Chiappe
1110:
1102:René Renoult
1091:
1087:Joseph Garat
1075:
1068:
1054:Henri Martin
1046:
1024:Jean Chiappe
1020:Fort Chabrol
1005:
994:
985:
977:Croix-de-Feu
973:Louise Weiss
970:
963:
950:
938:
935:
929:
918:
907:
856:
832:
827:Le Populaire
825:
821:
817:
811:
789:
773:
769:
756:
749:
745:
699:
694:Maurice Pujo
685:
679:
658:
639:
621:
595:
593:
589:
581:
566:
554:
541:
538:Maurice Pujo
527:
521:
495:
493:
475:
471:
461:
447:extreme left
444:
390:
386:Edmond Bloch
379:
371:
368:
365:
361:
356:Maurice Pujo
353:
350:
342:
338:
329:Maurice Pujo
308:
305:
294:
291:
282:
270:
264:
258:
252:
247:
244:
240:
220:
173:
169:
167:
157:Mother party
130:Headquarters
18:
5332:TV-Libertés
5296: [
5226:Boulangisme
5119:Malliarakis
4415:de Gobineau
4274:Pierre Pujo
4213:LĂ©on Daudet
4201:Before 1945
3890:(1): 5â40.
2814:Massis 1961
2754:Gaudin 2019
2658:Gerber 2016
2505:Hoerni 1998
2460:Goyard 1979
2424:Franju 1963
2358:Valois 2020
2172:Sanson 2019
1994:Rouzet 2009
1795:Balace 2019
1618:republicans
1443:Recruitment
1429:Functioning
1351:During WWII
1325:Jean Filiol
1311:Dissolution
1286:the Cagoule
1267:Jean Filiol
1147:Eugen Weber
1008:LĂ©on Daudet
800:Jean JaurĂšs
528:During the
508:1910 floods
194:integralist
99:(1932-1936)
90:(1908-1923)
71:(1908-1936)
60:(1908-1936)
5393:Categories
5357:Revanchism
5169:Saint-Loup
5069:Fredriksen
5049:de Lesquen
5044:de Benoist
4933:ReconquĂȘte
4584:Brasillach
4502:La Cagoule
4430:de Lapouge
4420:de Maistre
4398:Precursors
4262:After 1945
4194:Key people
3993:19 October
3960:19 October
3927:17 October
3873:19 October
3827:19 October
3794:19 October
3761:16 October
3722:L'Histoire
3655:19 October
3622:19 October
3589:17 October
3566:19 October
3533:17 October
3508:17 October
3462:19 October
3396:16 October
3346:19 October
3173:17 October
3129:19 October
3096:19 October
3063:19 October
3031:2912104114
2978:19 October
2945:19 October
2912:16 October
2385:Soucy 1989
2126:Marty 1968
1938:Weber 1997
1665:References
1631:Le Gaulois
1601:Republic.
1491:Activities
1304:Paris-Soir
848:castor oil
578:Maupassant
297:Ămile Zola
5246:PĂ©tainism
5164:Reynouard
5144:Philippot
5094:Le Gallou
5079:Holeindre
5074:Gollnisch
4994:Benedetti
4624:DĂ©roulĂšde
4569:Bainville
4410:Boulanger
3375:920179224
3294:ignored (
3284:cite book
3244:ignored (
3234:cite book
2802:Noël 2016
2766:Pujo 1933
2622:Joly 2012
2448:Dard 2002
2059:Joly 2006
1977:Pujo 2021
1896:Le Soleil
1863:Pujo 1933
1670:Footnotes
1321:LĂ©on Blum
1293:LĂ©on Blum
1116:replaces
686:AprĂšs moi
482:Almereyda
413:Orleanist
397:left-wing
384:, led by
196:movement
186:far-right
122:Dissolved
104:Treasurer
76:Secretary
54:President
5279:ĂlĂ©ments
5184:Stirbois
5154:Rachline
5124:Maréchal
5024:Brigneau
5014:Bousquet
4984:Bardella
4979:BardĂšche
4772:Occident
4699:Vaugeois
4654:Maulnier
4629:DorgĂšres
4619:Deloncle
4594:Clémenti
4478:Faisceau
4320:Hussards
4121:Archived
4086:Archived
4051:Archived
3987:Archived
3954:Archived
3921:Archived
3867:Archived
3844:Archived
3821:Archived
3788:Archived
3752:Archived
3732:(1997).
3705:Archived
3672:Archived
3649:Archived
3616:Archived
3583:Archived
3560:Archived
3527:Archived
3502:Archived
3456:Archived
3423:Archived
3390:Archived
3340:Archived
3268:Archived
3218:Archived
3164:Archived
3123:Archived
3090:Archived
3057:Archived
3005:Archived
2972:Archived
2939:Archived
2906:Archived
2873:Archived
2718:Archived
2598:Archived
2526:Archived
2297:archived
2270:archived
1901:archived
1732:archived
1638:See also
1609:â
1517:and the
1475:â
1387:Ideology
979:and the
925:Faisceau
659:Le Matin
524:of 1911.
487:â
465:â
275:Camelots
190:royalist
184:) was a
150:Royalism
140:Ideology
5326:Rivarol
5314:Présent
5209:Zemmour
5139:Messiha
5009:Bouchet
5004:Bompard
4863:Civitas
4708:Defunct
4689:Rebatet
4679:Plateau
4664:Maxence
4659:Maurras
4604:Darnard
4579:Bonnard
4425:Drumont
4308:Related
3711:21 June
3678:21 June
3525:(294).
3429:21 June
2879:21 June
2714:Gallica
2292:L'Ćuvre
2215:Gallica
2145:Gallica
2111:Gallica
2044:Gallica
2025:Gallica
1882:Gallica
1713:Gallica
1626:Gaulois
1237:Cagoule
1078:Bayonne
822:Bonsoir
813:L'Ćuvre
688:at the
580:titled
546:Vigneux
520:in the
518:Vigneux
299:at the
279:Camelot
209:Genesis
204:History
114:Founded
5286:Minute
5199:Venner
5189:Susini
5159:Ravier
5134:MĂ©nard
5129:MĂ©gret
5114:Maribe
5059:Duprat
5039:Coston
5029:Briois
4969:Antony
4694:Vallat
4674:PĂ©tain
4669:Ousset
4644:Guénon
4634:Doriot
4609:Daudet
4599:Coston
4589:Bucard
4564:BarrĂšs
4516:Milice
4405:Bonald
4127:5 June
4113:
4092:5 June
4078:
4057:5 June
4043:
4020:
3979:
3946:
3913:
3850:5 June
3813:
3780:
3724:(210).
3697:
3641:
3608:
3552:
3494:
3448:
3415:
3373:
3363:
3332:
3311:
3274:5 June
3224:5 June
3190:
3115:
3082:
3049:
3028:
3011:2 June
2997:
2964:
2931:
2898:
2865:
2724:7 June
2604:7 June
2532:7 June
2303:5 June
2276:5 June
1907:5 June
1738:2 June
1570:named
1284:) and
1278:French
1247:French
600:freed
178:French
134:France
5300:]
5179:Soral
5174:Sidos
5084:Jalkh
5034:Camus
4999:Binet
4974:Ayoub
4964:Aliot
4903:GRECE
4843:AGRIF
4838:Adsav
4649:Laval
3755:(PDF)
3748:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
1590:Alain
1253:) to
301:Odéon
5204:Vial
5149:Pujo
5109:Luce
5089:Lang
5064:Faye
5054:Dior
5019:Blot
4684:Pujo
4614:DĂ©at
4129:2022
4111:ISBN
4094:2022
4076:ISBN
4059:2022
4041:ISBN
4018:ISBN
3995:2022
3977:ISBN
3962:2022
3944:ISBN
3929:2022
3911:ISBN
3875:2022
3852:2022
3829:2022
3811:ISBN
3796:2022
3778:ISBN
3763:2022
3713:2022
3695:ISBN
3680:2022
3657:2022
3639:ISBN
3624:2022
3606:ISBN
3591:2022
3568:2022
3550:ISBN
3535:2022
3510:2022
3492:ISBN
3464:2022
3446:ISBN
3431:2022
3413:ISBN
3398:2022
3371:OCLC
3361:ISBN
3348:2022
3330:ISBN
3309:ISBN
3296:help
3276:2022
3253:link
3246:help
3226:2022
3188:ISBN
3175:2022
3131:2022
3113:ISBN
3098:2022
3080:ISBN
3065:2022
3047:ISBN
3026:ISBN
3013:2022
2995:ISBN
2980:2022
2962:ISBN
2947:2022
2929:ISBN
2914:2022
2896:ISBN
2881:2022
2863:ISBN
2726:2022
2606:2022
2534:2022
2305:2022
2278:2022
1909:2022
1740:2022
1400:and
1186:The
1010:and
952:the
820:and
802:and
572:and
263:and
192:and
168:The
4989:Bay
3892:doi
1472:us.
1404:in
1379:or
1363:or
285:of
5395::
5298:fr
4119:.
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4084:.
4070:.
4049:.
4035:.
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3919:.
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2520:.
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2118:^
2051:^
1984:^
1945:^
1928:^
1843:^
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1678:^
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1371:,
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2008:.
1996:.
1979:.
1955:.
1940:.
1865:.
1838:.
1826:.
1809:.
1797:.
1245:(
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176:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.