Camouflage - Knowledge

3515: 959: 3044: 1570: 2859: 3094: 2448: 1212: 1863: 1043: 3190: 2927:, the commander of the Soviet 1st Tank Army, remarked that the enemy "did not suspect that our well-camouflaged tanks were waiting for him. As we later learned from prisoners, we had managed to move our tanks forward unnoticed". The tanks were concealed in previously prepared defensive emplacements, with only their turrets above ground level. In the air, Second World War fighters were often painted in ground colours above and sky colours below, attempting two different camouflage schemes for observers above and below. Bombers and night fighters were often black, while maritime reconnaissance planes were usually white, to avoid appearing as dark shapes against the sky. For ships, dazzle camouflage was mainly replaced with plain grey in the Second World War, though experimentation with colour schemes continued. 1885: 1071: 2340: 1901: 1087: 3078: 618:

patterns that specifically involve visible symmetry (such as in some butterflies) reduce survivability and increase predation. Some researchers argue that because wing-shape and color pattern are genetically linked, it is genetically costly to develop asymmetric wing colorations that would enhance the efficacy of disruptive cryptic patterning. Symmetry does not carry a high survival cost for butterflies and moths that their predators views from above on a homogeneous background, such as the bark of a tree. On the other hand, natural selection drives species with variable backgrounds and habitats to move symmetrical patterns away from the centre of the wing and body, disrupting their predators' symmetry recognition.

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about to gain the best view of an approaching predator, relying on their size and ability to defend themselves, even from lions, rather than on camouflage. A different explanation is implied by young giraffes being far more vulnerable to predation than adults. More than half of all giraffe calves die within a year, and giraffe mothers hide their newly born calves, which spend much of the time lying down in cover while their mothers are away feeding. The mothers return once a day to feed their calves with milk. Since the presence of a mother nearby does not affect survival, it is argued that these juvenile giraffes must be very well camouflaged; this is supported by coat markings being strongly

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estimate the prey's speed and direction accurately, giving the prey an improved chance of escape. Motion dazzle distorts speed perception and is most effective at high speeds; stripes can also distort perception of size (and so, perceived range to the target). As of 2011, motion dazzle had been proposed for military vehicles, but never applied. Since motion dazzle patterns would make animals more difficult to locate accurately when moving, but easier to see when stationary, there would be an evolutionary trade-off between motion dazzle and crypsis.

944: 1325: 3023: 1055: 3374: 638: 29: 1976: 754: 2356: 3276: 1291: 13130: 3212: 3232: 3251: 1180: 1794: 2304: 2735: 1558: 3566: 1722: 1703: 987: 1027: 166: 1741: 41: 2179: 1002:. Their bodies are flattened, with the sides thinning to an edge; the animals habitually press their bodies to the ground; and their sides are fringed with white scales which effectively hide and disrupt any remaining areas of shadow there may be under the edge of the body. The theory that the body shape of the horned lizards which live in open desert is adapted to minimise shadow is supported by the one species which lacks fringe scales, the 1261:, moving with extreme stealth, both slowly and quietly, watching its prey for any sign they are aware of its presence. As an example of the combination of behaviours and other methods of crypsis involved, young giraffes seek cover, lie down, and keep still, often for hours until their mothers return; their skin pattern blends with the pattern of the vegetation, while the chosen cover and lying position together hide the animals' shadows. The 361: 2110: 2096: 3361:, towers carrying cell telephone antennae are sometimes camouflaged as tall trees with plastic branches, in response to "resistance from the community". Since this method is costly (a figure of three times the normal cost is mentioned), alternative forms of camouflage can include using neutral colours or familiar shapes such as cylinders and flagpoles. Conspicuousness can also be reduced by siting masts near, or on, other structures. 1633: 8934: 2475: 3315: 270:; and hawks are guided by eyesight to their prey, so much so, that on parts of the Continent persons are warned not to keep white pigeons, as being the most liable to destruction. Hence I can see no reason to doubt that natural selection might be most effective in giving the proper colour to each kind of grouse, and in keeping that colour, when once acquired, true and constant. 1696:

surfaces, each with the simple function of providing concealment against a specific background, such as a bright water surface or the sky. The body of a shark or the fuselage of an aircraft is not gradated from light to dark to appear flat when seen from the side. The camouflage methods used are the matching of background colour and pattern, and disruption of outlines.

2203:. These particles both absorb most of the light, and are sized and shaped so as to scatter rather than reflect most of the rest. Modelling suggests that this camouflage should reduce the distance at which such a fish can be seen by a factor of 6 compared to a fish with a nominal 2% reflectance. Species with this adaptation are widely dispersed in various orders of the 822: 1359: 603:, utilizes specific cryptic patterning in reef ecosystems. The nudibranch syphons pigments from the consumed coral into the epidermis, adopting the same shade as the consumed coral. This allows the nudibranch to change colour (mostly between black and orange) depending on the coral system that it inhabits. However, 71:'s wings. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a conspicuous pattern, making the object visible but momentarily harder to locate, as well as making general aiming easier. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast 3514: 3170:

of 2004 attempted to suit all environments, but was withdrawn after a few years of service. Terrain-specific patterns have sometimes been developed but are ineffective in other terrains. The problem of making a pattern that works at different ranges has been solved with multiscale designs, often with

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During the late 19th century camouflage was applied to British coastal fortifications. The fortifications around Plymouth, England were painted in the late 1880s in "irregular patches of red, brown, yellow and green." From 1891 onwards British coastal artillery was permitted to be painted in suitable

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are less likely to be detected when in that microhabitat, but must spend energy to reach, and sometimes to remain in, such areas. Outside the microhabitat, the organism has a higher chance of detection. Generalized camouflage allows species to avoid predation over a wide range of habitat backgrounds,

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More recently, fashion designers have often used camouflage fabric for its striking designs, its "patterned disorder" and its symbolism. Camouflage clothing can be worn largely for its symbolic significance rather than for fashion, as when, during the late 1960s and early 1970s in the United States,

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The skins of cephalopods such as the octopus contain complex units, each consisting of a chromatophore with surrounding muscle and nerve cells. The cephalopod chromatophore has all its pigment grains in a small elastic sac, which can be stretched or allowed to relax under the control of the brain to

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Automotive manufacturers often use patterns to disguise upcoming products. This camouflage is designed to obfuscate the vehicle's visual lines, and is used along with padding, covers, and decals. The patterns' purpose is to prevent visual observation (and to a lesser degree photography), that would

882:. Another possibility is that some plants have leaves differently coloured on upper and lower surfaces or on parts such as veins and stalks to make green-camouflaged insects conspicuous, and thus benefit the plants by favouring the removal of herbivores by carnivores. These hypotheses are testable. 849:

use disruptive camouflage to help them approach prey, while potential prey use it to avoid detection by predators. Disruptive patterning is common in military usage, both for uniforms and for military vehicles. Disruptive patterning, however, does not always achieve crypsis on its own, as an animal

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Camouflage can be achieved by different methods, described below. Most of the methods help to hide against a background; but mimesis and motion dazzle protect without hiding. Methods may be applied on their own or in combination. Many mechanisms are visual, but some research has explored the use of

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had dark backs and light bellies. There is fossil evidence of camouflaged insects going back over 100 million years, for example lacewings larvae that stick debris all over their bodies much as their modern descendants do, hiding them from their prey. Dinosaurs appear to have been camouflaged,

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worked, using streaks of boldly contrasting colour, paradoxically making objects less visible by breaking up their outlines. While Cott was more systematic and balanced in his view than Thayer, and did include some experimental evidence on the effectiveness of camouflage, his 500-page textbook was,

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corrected Thayer's errors, sometimes sharply: "Thus we find Thayer straining the theory to a fantastic extreme in an endeavour to make it cover almost every type of coloration in the animal kingdom." Cott built on Thayer's discoveries, developing a comprehensive view of camouflage based on "maximum

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began to create dummy air fields to draw the attention of enemy planes to empty land. They created decoy homes and lined fake runways with flares, which were meant to help protect real towns from night raids. This strategy was not common practice and did not succeed at first, but in 1918 it caught

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encouraged the use of methods including countershading, but despite his authority on the subject, failed to persuade the British authorities. Soldiers often wrongly viewed camouflage netting as a kind of invisibility cloak, and they had to be taught to look at camouflage practically, from an enemy

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have a high contrast pattern that could be disruptive coloration, the adults are very conspicuous when in the open. Some authors have argued that adult giraffes are cryptic, since when standing among trees and bushes they are hard to see at even a few metres' distance. However, adult giraffes move

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and buildings as well as individual soldiers and their positions. Vehicle camouflage methods begin with paint, which offers at best only limited effectiveness. Other methods for stationary land vehicles include covering with improvised materials such as blankets and vegetation, and erecting nets,

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designed to be further camouflaged by decoration with materials such as tufts of grass from the sniper's immediate environment. Such suits were used as early as 1916, the British army having adopted "coats of motley hue and stripes of paint" for snipers. Cott takes the example of the larva of the

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have deletions of the agouti gene that prevent its expression, meaning no yellow or red color is produced. The evolution, history and widespread scope of the agouti gene shows that different organisms often rely on orthologous or even identical genes to develop a variety of camouflage strategies.

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less obtrusive and helping hunters to approach wary game animals. Patterns derived from military camouflage are frequently used in fashion clothing, exploiting their strong designs and sometimes their symbolism. Camouflage themes recur in modern art, and both figuratively and literally in science

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In fish such as the herring which live in shallower water, the mirrors must reflect a mixture of wavelengths, and the fish accordingly has crystal stacks with a range of different spacings. A further complication for fish with bodies that are rounded in cross-section is that the mirrors would be

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Where transparency cannot be achieved, it can be imitated effectively by silvering to make an animal's body highly reflective. At medium depths at sea, light comes from above, so a mirror oriented vertically makes animals such as fish invisible from the side. Most fish in the upper ocean such as

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The term countershading has a second meaning unrelated to "Thayer's Law". It is that the upper and undersides of animals such as sharks, and of some military aircraft, are different colours to match the different backgrounds when seen from above or from below. Here the camouflage consists of two

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of a wavelength apart to interfere constructively and achieve nearly 100 per cent reflection. In the deep waters that the hatchetfish lives in, only blue light with a wavelength of 500 nanometres percolates down and needs to be reflected, so mirrors 125 nanometres apart provide good camouflage.

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Most forms of camouflage are made ineffective by movement: a deer or grasshopper may be highly cryptic when motionless, but instantly seen when it moves. But one method, motion dazzle, requires rapidly moving bold patterns of contrasting stripes. Motion dazzle may degrade predators' ability to

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which can be dispersed throughout the cell, or aggregated near its centre. When the pigmented organelles are dispersed, the cell makes a patch of the animal's skin appear dark; when they are aggregated, most of the cell, and the animal's skin, appears light. In frogs, the change is controlled

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The costs associated with distractive or disruptive crypsis are more complex than the costs associated with background matching. Disruptive patterns distort the body outline, making it harder to precisely identify and locate. However, disruptive patterns result in higher predation. Disruptive

3341:(also called blinds or shooting butts). Modern hunting clothing makes use of fabrics that provide a disruptive camouflage pattern; for example, in 1986 the hunter Bill Jordan created cryptic clothing for hunters, printed with images of specific kinds of vegetation such as grass and branches. 1971:

at a depth of 650 metres (2,130 ft); better transparency is required for invisibility in shallower water, where the light is brighter and predators can see better. For example, a cod can see prey that are 98 percent transparent in optimal lighting in shallow water. Therefore, sufficient

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Movement catches the eye of prey animals on the lookout for predators, and of predators hunting for prey. Most methods of crypsis therefore also require suitable cryptic behaviour, such as lying down and keeping still to avoid being detected, or in the case of stalking predators such as the

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moth, which fixes a screen of fragments of leaves to its specially hooked bristles, to argue that military camouflage uses the same method, pointing out that the "device is ... essentially the same as one widely practised during the Great War for the concealment, not of caterpillars, but of

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As there is a lack of evidence for camouflage in the fossil record, studying the evolution of camouflage strategies is very difficult. Furthermore, camouflage traits must be both adaptable (provide a fitness gain in a given environment) and heritable (in other words, the trait must undergo

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Countershading uses graded colour to counteract the effect of self-shadowing, creating an illusion of flatness. Self-shadowing makes an animal appear darker below than on top, grading from light to dark; countershading 'paints in' tones which are darkest on top, lightest below, making the

1310:: the hoverflies to approach possible mates, and the dragonflies to approach rivals when defending territories. Motion camouflage is achieved by moving so as to stay on a straight line between the target and a fixed point in the landscape; the pursuer thus appears not to move, but only to 3405:

I very well remember at the beginning of the war being with Picasso on the boulevard Raspail when the first camouflaged truck passed. It was at night, we had heard of camouflage but we had not seen it and Picasso amazed looked at it and then cried out, yes it is we who made it, that is

2297:. The resemblance is sufficient to make small birds take action to avoid the apparent predator. The female cuckoo then has time to lay her egg in their nest without being seen to do so. The cuckoo's egg itself mimics the eggs of the host species, reducing its chance of being rejected. 1012:, minimise their shadows when perched by closing the wings over their backs, aligning their bodies with the sun, and tilting to one side towards the sun, so that the shadow becomes a thin inconspicuous line rather than a broad patch. Similarly, some ground-nesting birds, including the 2597:(reconnaissance boats) to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain; the ships were painted entirely in bluish-green wax, with sails, ropes and crew the same colour. There is little evidence of military use of camouflage on land before 1800, but two unusual ceramics show men in 3431:

The scheme of decoration for the great fancy dress ball given by the Chelsea Arts Club at the Albert Hall, the other day, was based on the principles of "Dazzle", the method of "camouflage" used during the war in the painting of ships ... The total effect was brilliant and

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introduced a "drab" uniform in 1848. Hodson wrote that it would be more appropriate for the hot climate, and help make his troops "invisible in a land of dust". Later they improvised by dyeing cloth locally. Other regiments in India soon adopted the khaki uniform, and by 1896

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of Kerr, worked to persuade the British army to use more effective camouflage methods, including countershading, but, like Kerr and Thayer in the First World War, with limited success. For example, he painted two rail-mounted coastal guns, one in conventional style, one

1852:. The planes were fitted with forward-pointing lamps automatically adjusted to match the brightness of the night sky. This enabled them to approach much closer to a target – within 3,000 yards (2,700 m) – before being seen. Counterillumination was made obsolete by 4342:

Werneck, Jane Margaret Costa de Frontin; Torres, Lucas; Provance, David Willian; Brugnera, Ricardo; Grazia, Jocelia (3 December 2021). "First Report of Predation by a Stink Bug on a Walking-Stick Insect with Reflections on Evolutionary Mechanisms for Camouflage".

2821:, which paradoxically made ships more visible but harder to target. In Wilkinson's own words, dazzle was designed "not for low visibility, but in such a way as to break up her form and thus confuse a submarine officer as to the course on which she was heading". 310:, he classified different types such as "special protective resemblance" (where an animal looks like another object), or "general aggressive resemblance" (where a predator blends in with the background, enabling it to approach prey). His experiments showed that 1365: 1364: 1362: 1361: 349:. He wrote that "the scattered green spots upon the under surface of the wings might have been intended for a rough sketch of the small flowerets of the plant , so close is their mutual resemblance." He also explained the coloration of sea fish such as the 1131:

Some animals actively seek to hide by decorating themselves with materials such as twigs, sand, or pieces of shell from their environment, to break up their outlines, to conceal the features of their bodies, and to match their backgrounds. For example, a

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earth, we must believe that these tints are of service to these birds and insects in preserving them from danger. Grouse, if not destroyed at some period of their lives, would increase in countless numbers; they are known to suffer largely from

571:, over a period of about 8000 years the single agouti gene developed 9 mutations that each made expression of yellow fur stronger under natural selection, and largely eliminated melanin-coding black fur coloration. On the other hand, all black 1317:

The same method can be used for military purposes, for example by missiles to minimise their risk of detection by an enemy. However, missile engineers, and animals such as bats, use the method mainly for its efficiency rather than camouflage.

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ineffective if laid flat on the skin, as they would fail to reflect horizontally. The overall mirror effect is achieved with many small reflectors, all oriented vertically. Silvering is found in other marine animals as well as fish. The

614:, which limits the geographical range and efficacy in nudibranch nutritional crypsis. Furthermore, the nudibranch colour change is not immediate, and switching between coral hosts when in search for new food or shelter can be costly. 1839:

during the Second World War. It involved projecting light on to the sides of ships to match the faint glow of the night sky, requiring awkward external platforms to support the lamps. The Canadian concept was refined in the American

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to Darwin of 8 March 1868 mentioned such colour change: "Would you like to see the specimens of pupæ of butterflies whose colours have changed in accordance with the colour of the surrounding objects? They are very curious, and Mr.

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can be made transparent, provided either they are very thin or organised as regular layers or fibrils that are small compared to the wavelength of visible light. A familiar example is the transparency of the lens of the vertebrate

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and jellyfish obey the rule, often being mainly transparent. Cott suggests this follows the more general rule that animals resemble their background: in a transparent medium like seawater, that means being transparent. The small

2087:, are so transparent as to be "almost invisible"; further, these species appear to select whether to be transparent or more conventionally mottled (disruptively patterned) according to the local background in the environment. 13324: 2798:, artist Solomon J. Solomon and the American artist Abbott Thayer led attempts to introduce scientific principles of countershading and disruptive patterning into military camouflage, with limited success. In early 1916 the 2605:

culture from before 500 AD, hunting birds with blowpipes which are fitted with a kind of shield near the mouth, perhaps to conceal the hunters' hands and faces. Another early source is a 15th-century French manuscript,

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similarly relies on a combination of methods: it is adapted to lie flat in the open desert, relying on stillness, its cryptic coloration, and concealment of its shadow to avoid being noticed by predators. In the ocean, the

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colours "to harmonise with the surroundings" and by 1904 it was standard practice that artillery and mountings should be painted with "large irregular patches of different colours selected to suit local conditions."

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plants, where there is a dappled background; leaf mottling is correlated with closed habitats. Disruptive camouflage would have a clear evolutionary advantage in plants: they would tend to escape from being eaten by

2494:. The bold stripes of the zebra have been claimed to be disruptive camouflage, background-blending and countershading. After many years in which the purpose of the coloration was disputed, an experimental study by 1884: 1756: 1900: 1112:

may serve as camouflage by distracting the predator's attention from recognising the prey as a whole, for example by keeping the predator from identifying the prey's outline. Experimentally, search times for

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Countershading acts as a form of camouflage by 'painting out' the self-shadowing of the body or object. The result is a 'flat' appearance, instead of the 'solid' appearance of the body before countershading.

1211: 2339: 1824:) scattered all over its underside; these create a sparkling glow that prevents the animal from appearing as a dark shape when seen from below. Counterillumination camouflage is the likely function of the 5176: 3189: 393:, arguing that "All patterns and colors whatsoever of all animals that ever preyed or are preyed on are under certain normal circumstances obliterative" (that is, cryptic camouflage), and that "Not one ' 3420:

In 1919, the attendants of a "dazzle ball", hosted by the Chelsea Arts Club, wore dazzle-patterned black and white clothing. The ball influenced fashion and art via postcards and magazine articles. The

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could in theory make use of both dynamic colour change and counterillumination. Simple methods such as changing uniforms and repainting vehicles for winter have been in use since World War II. In 2011,

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is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the

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countershaded animal nearly invisible against a suitable background. Thayer observed that "Animals are painted by Nature, darkest on those parts which tend to be most lighted by the sky's light, and

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The belly of the zebra is white, and the dark stripes narrow towards the belly, so the animal is certainly countershaded, but this does not prove that the main function of the stripes is camouflage.

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Counter-illumination means producing light to match a background that is brighter than an animal's body or military vehicle; it is a form of active camouflage. It is notably used by some species of

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Disruptive patterns use strongly contrasting, non-repeating markings such as spots or stripes to break up the outlines of an animal or military vehicle, or to conceal telltale features, especially

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Camouflage does not have a single genetic origin. However, studying the genetic components of camouflage in specific organisms illuminates the various ways that crypsis can evolve among lineages.

6834: 1541: 2506:. However, a simulation study by Martin How and Johannes Zanker in 2014 suggests that when moving, the stripes may confuse observers, such as mammalian predators and biting insects, by two 990:

Camouflaged animals and vehicles are readily given away by their shapes and shadows. A flange helps to hide the shadow and a pale fringe breaks up and averages out any shadow that remains.

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Moskát, C; Honza, M. (2002). "European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism and host's rejection behaviour in a heavily parasitized Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus population".

3175:-like range of patch sizes so they appear disruptively coloured both at close range and at a distance. The first genuinely digital camouflage pattern was the Canadian Disruptive Pattern ( 1588: 1298:

Most forms of camouflage are ineffective when the camouflaged animal or object moves, because the motion is easily seen by the observing predator, prey or enemy. However, insects such as

6782:"Long-wave sensitivity in deep-sea stomiid dragonfish with far-red bioluminescence: evidence for a dietary origin of the chlorophyll-derived retinal photosensitizer of Malacosteus niger" 3275: 8438: 3329:

Hunters of game have long made use of camouflage in the form of materials such as animal skins, mud, foliage, and green or brown clothing to enable them to approach wary game animals.

2447: 1156:) over the body. On these, the nymph spreads an inner layer of fine particles and an outer layer of coarser particles. The camouflage may conceal the bug from both predators and prey. 584:

While camouflage can increase an organism's fitness, it has genetic and energetic costs. There is a trade-off between detectability and mobility. Species camouflaged to fit a specific

8857: 2901:. In aerial photographs, the countershaded gun was essentially invisible. The power of aerial observation and attack led every warring nation to camouflage targets of all types. The 3291: 589:

but is less effective. The development of generalized or specialized camouflage strategies is highly dependent on the biotic and abiotic composition of the surrounding environment.

405:' color, exists anywhere in the world where there is not every reason to believe it the very best conceivable device for the concealment of its wearer", and using paintings such as 2189:

Some deep sea fishes have very black skin, reflecting under 0.5% of ambient light. This can prevent detection by predators or prey fish which use bioluminescence for illumination.

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The development of military camouflage was driven by the increasing range and accuracy of infantry firearms in the 19th century. In particular the replacement of the inaccurate

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sways mimetically, like the seaweeds amongst which it rests, as if rippled by wind or water currents. Swaying is seen also in some insects, like Macleay's spectre stick insect,

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had a particularly black skin which reflected only 0.044% of 480 nm wavelength light. The ultra-blackness is achieved with a thin but continuous layer of particles in the

1607: 1493:, changing their coat colour (by moulting and growing new fur or feathers) from brown or grey in the summer to white in the winter; the Arctic fox is the only species in the 4277:

van't Hof, Arjen E.; Campagne, Pascal; Rigden, Daniel J.; Yung, Carl J.; Lingley, Jessica; Quail, Michael A.; Hall, Neil; Darby, Alistair C.; Saccheri, Ilik J. (June 2016).

1342: 1360: 1276:. The behaviour may be motion crypsis, preventing detection, or motion masquerade, promoting misclassification (as something other than prey), or a combination of the two. 518:

have the ability to actively camouflage themselves, controlling crypsis through neural activity. For example, the genome of the common cuttlefish includes 16 copies of the

8285:, pp. 200, 258. Volume 6 of Science in World War II; Office of Scientific Research and Development. Editors: Chauncey Guy Suits and George Russell Harrison. Little, Brown. 5795: 2843: 2413: 3061: 1086: 522:

gene, which grants the organism remarkable control over coloration and iridescence. The reflectin gene is thought to have originated through transposition from symbiotic

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and for ground vehicles in different theatres of war. The use of radar since the mid-20th century has largely made camouflage for fixed-wing military aircraft obsolete.

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Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Carney, Ryan M.; et al. (February 2014). "Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles".

2293:, provides examples of mimesis both in the adult and in the egg. The female lays her eggs in nests of other, smaller species of bird, one per nest. The female mimics a 687:

Some animals' colours and patterns match a particular natural background. This is an important component of camouflage in all environments. For instance, tree-dwelling

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Roosevelt attacks Thayer on page 191, arguing that neither zebra nor giraffe are "'adequately obliterated' by countershading or coloration pattern or anything else."

3250: 3211: 1054: 2432: 2318: 2371: 1228: 900: 464:). Thus, studying the evolution of camouflage strategies requires an understanding of the genetic components and various ecological pressures that drive crypsis. 357:

fish it is common to find the upper surface dark-coloured and the lower surface white, so that the animal is inconspicuous when seen either from above or below."

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began a series of monumental camouflage paintings, which helped to transform camouflage into a popular print pattern. A year later, in 1987, New York designer

4143: 2021:-type eye of vertebrates and cephalopods must be completely opaque. Finally, some structures are visible for a reason, such as to lure prey. For example, the 4218:

Guan, Zhe; Cai, Tiantian; Liu, Zhongmin; Dou, Yunfeng; Hu, Xuesong; Zhang, Peng; Sun, Xin; Li, Hongwei; Kuang, Yao; Zhai, Qiran; Ruan, Hao (September 2017).

4936:) going undetected by several scent-orientated predator and prey species led us to investigate chemical crypsis in this ambushing species. We trained dogs ( 1963:, but it also makes them large for their muscle mass, so they cannot swim fast, making this form of camouflage a costly trade-off with mobility. Gelatinous 743:

to match the changing colour of the tree trunks on which they rest, from pale and mottled to almost black in polluted areas. This is taken by zoologists as

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The presence of bold skin markings does not in itself prove that an animal relies on camouflage, as that depends on its behaviour. For example, although

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to different kinds of terrain (such as woodland, snow, and desert). The design of a pattern effective in all terrains has proved elusive. The American

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devices. After the Second World War, radar made camouflage generally less effective, though coastal boats are sometimes painted like land vehicles.

943: 10225: 540:) or gene loss (as with cephalopods with no active camouflage capabilities). This is unique as an instance of camouflage arising as an instance of 8510: 1523:

panels are heated and cooled to match either the vehicle's surroundings (crypsis), or an object such as a car (mimesis), when viewed in infrared.

79:. In the open ocean, where there is no background, the principal methods of camouflage are transparency, silvering, and countershading, while the 8064:

For Solomon, see BBC Radio 4 programme "Warpaint: the story of camouflage" by Patrick Wright, August 2002 (repeated Radio 4 Extra, 17 June 2014).

6935:"The almost invisible league: crypsis and association between minute fishes and shrimps as a possible defence against visually hunting predators" 3022: 2030: 1740: 235:

by providing individual animals with a reproductive advantage, enabling them to leave more offspring, on average, than other members of the same

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patterns that were highly visible, but designed to confuse enemy submarines as to the target's speed, range, and heading. During and after the

10084: 8681: 8427: 2536: 888: 7491:"Polarotactic tabanids find striped patterns with brightness and/or polarization modulation least attractive: an advantage of zebra stripes" 6339: 3231: 2809:

was introduced in the early 20th century as the range of naval guns increased, with ships painted grey all over. In April 1917, when German

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animals are between 50 and 90 percent transparent. A transparency of 50 percent is enough to make an animal invisible to a predator such as

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Jett, Stephen C. (March 1991). "Further Information on the Geography of the Blowgun and Its Implications for Early Transoceanic Contacts".

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Each chromatophore contains pigment of only one colour. In fish and frogs, colour change is mediated by a type of chromatophore known as

389: 125:

made personal concealment in battle a survival skill. In the 20th century, military camouflage developed rapidly, especially during the

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as drawing "an ironic parallel between this idea of a natural paradise and the camouflage patterns on a tank". The title refers to the

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Countershading is less often used for military camouflage, despite Second World War experiments that showed its effectiveness. English

1195: 9096: 8326: 3702: 3633:

These distraction markings are sometimes called dazzle markings, but have nothing to do with motion dazzle or wartime dazzle painting.

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vary its opacity. By controlling chromatophores of different colours, cephalopods can rapidly change their skin patterns and colours.

12884: 9814: 8940: 3893:"Cubist Slugs. Review of DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material; An Encyclopedia of Camouflage: Nature – Military – Culture by Roy Behrens" 1466:. In fish, the change is controlled by the brain, which sends signals directly to the chromatophores, as well as producing hormones. 744: 11830: 8611: 12894: 11795: 8954: 2827: 2672:

jacket, while the Line regiments continued to wear scarlet tunics. A contemporary study in 1800 by the English artist and soldier

1179: 548:. However, other methods of horizontal gene transfer are common in the evolution of camouflage strategies in other lineages. 117:

was spurred by the increasing range and accuracy of firearms in the 19th century. In particular the replacement of the inaccurate

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caterpillar mimics a twig, or a grasshopper mimics a dry leaf. It is also found in nest structures; some eusocial wasps, such as

2066:, and fish; whereas the adults of most of these are opaque and pigmented, resembling the seabed or shores where they live. Adult 1721: 205: ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it; it does so also 12268: 11996: 10483: 8984: 5803: 1768: 1016:, select a resting position facing the sun. Eliminating shadow was identified as a principle of military camouflage during the 7470:

Waage, J. K. (1981). "How the zebra got its stripes: biting flies as selective agents in the evolution of zebra colouration".

5742: 3761: 11105: 10645: 10292: 9650: 9635: 9613: 9595: 9577: 9562: 9547: 9529: 9514: 9496: 9450: 9427: 9386: 9360: 9338: 9320: 9302: 9160: 9133: 9044: 8905: 8755: 8621: 8411: 8307: 8266: 8239: 8083: 7804: 7779: 7127: 7090: 7053: 5578: 5298: 5266: 5088: 4851: 4661: 4570: 3695: 1947:, giving them almost perfect camouflage. However, transparency is difficult for bodies made of materials that have different 1762:

Two model birds painted by Thayer: painted in background colours on the left, countershaded and nearly invisible on the right

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too came to be seen as less important because of radar, and aircraft of different air forces, such as the Royal Air Force's

2734: 12273: 9697: 8463: 3493:. The word is used more figuratively in works of literature such as Thaisa Frank's collection of stories of love and loss, 8027: 5106:"Cuttlefish camouflage: The effects of substrate contrast and size in evoking uniform, mottle or disruptive body patterns" 3537:, of a 280 calibre gun illustrates the interplay of art and war, as artists like Mare contributed their skills as wartime 2245:), the camouflaged object looks like something else which is of no special interest to the observer. Mimesis is common in 13305: 12461: 10423: 5365: 4025:

Sabeti, P. C.; Schaffner, S. F.; Fry, B.; et al. (16 June 2006). "Positive Natural Selection in the Human Lineage".

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army) similarly wore green jackets while other units wore more conspicuous colours. The first British Army unit to adopt

10996: 10670: 9925: 7915: 6758: 2755: 12861: 12214: 12037: 11878: 11290: 11224: 10489: 7684: 5485: 2968:. In Australia, artists were also prominent in the Sydney Camouflage Group, formed under the chairmanship of Professor 1836: 1702: 321:. Poulton's "general protective resemblance" was at that time considered to be the main method of camouflage, as when 13394: 11550: 9478: 8391:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Vol. 5. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. p. 538ff. 6419: 3565: 2133:

is extremely flattened laterally, leaving the body just millimetres thick, and the body is so silvery as to resemble

5521:

Givnish, T. J. (1990). "Leaf Mottling: Relation to Growth Form and Leaf Phenology and Possible Role as Camouflage".

1314:

in the target's field of vision. Some insects sway while moving to appear to be blown back and forth by the breeze.

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often ironically wore military clothing during demonstrations against the American involvement in the Vietnam War.

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waves. Some military textiles and vehicle camouflage paints also reflect infrared to help provide concealment from

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are almost all desert coloured in tones of sand, buff, ochre, and brownish grey, whether they are mammals like the

107:, whether for camouflage or for signalling. It is possible that some plants use camouflage to evade being eaten by 12011: 8122: 2303: 12293: 12006: 11873: 11585: 10914: 9974: 2864:

Austro-Hungarian ski patrol in two-part snow uniforms with improvised head camouflage on Italian front, 1915–1918

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Many prey animals have conspicuous high-contrast markings which paradoxically attract the predator's gaze. These

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genes are orthologous genes involved in camouflage across many lineages. They produce yellow and red coloration (

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to create schemes such as tree observation posts and covers for guns. Other armies soon followed them. The term

249:

When we see leaf-eating insects green, and bark-feeders mottled-grey; the alpine ptarmigan white in winter, the

12678: 12551: 10495: 9961: 9233: 6480: 422: 6653: 5757: 4878:

Miller, Ashadee Kay; Maritz, Bryan; McKay, Shannon; Glaudas, Xavier; Alexander, Graham J. (22 December 2015).

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are streaked brown and buff; in each case the animal's coloration matches the hues of its habitat. Similarly,

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wrote in 1892 that "tree-frequenting animals are often green in colour. Among vertebrates numerous species of

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are examples". Beddard did however briefly mention other methods, including the "alluring coloration" of the

11810: 8811: 13285: 12156: 10556: 10441: 8583:

Jukkola, E. E.; Cohen, R. (1946). "Color Stability of Olive Drab Infrared-Reflecting Camouflage Finishes".

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suggested in 2012 that the pattern reduces the attractiveness of stationary models to biting flies such as

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The principle of varying coloration either rapidly or with the changing seasons has military applications.

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uses several methods of camouflage, including disruptive coloration, lying flat, and concealment of shadow.

567:), and work in competition with other genes that produce black (melanin) and brown (eumelanin) colours. In 10760: 3183:). A pixellated appearance is not essential for this effect, though it is simpler to design and to print. 2546: 13005: 12513: 11404: 11033: 10662: 10501: 10435: 10280: 10268: 8561: 8001: 4834:

Conner, William E. (2014). "Adaptive Sounds and Silences: Acoustic Anti-Predator Strategies in Insects".

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of many marine organisms, though light is also produced to attract or to detect prey and for signalling.

274: 20: 2164:, including squid, octopus and cuttlefish, have multilayer mirrors made of protein rather than guanine. 1440: 12578: 12298: 11785: 11502: 11399: 11229: 10907: 10010: 9779: 9714: 9583: 8499: 7756:

Twelve Years of a Soldier's Life in India, being extracts from the letters of the late Major WSR Hodson

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infrared camouflage technology. It uses about 1,000 hexagonal panels to cover the sides of a tank. The

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Kiltie, Richard A. (January 1998). "Countershading: Universally deceptive or deceptively universal?".

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have used camouflage to reflect on war. His 1973 screenprint of a tank camouflaged in a leaf pattern,

2017:

or equivalent light-absorbing structures of eyes – they must absorb light to be able to function. The

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white has proved to be the most efficient concealing coloration for aircraft on anti-submarine patrol

8167: 7979: 7953: 7646: 3013: 2997: 2814: 11275: 9799: 6531: 5507: 5478:

Defensive coloration in plants: a review of current ideas about anti-herbivore coloration strategies

4377: 13379: 12937: 12749: 12744: 12714: 12518: 11981: 11863: 10888: 9950: 9690: 9247: 9219: 9029:"The Great Dazzle Ball at the Albert Hall: The Shower of Bomb Balloons and Some Typical Costumes". 5104:

Barbosa, A.; Mathger, L. M.; Buresch, K. C.; Kelly, J.; Chubb, C.; Chiao, C.; Hanlon R. T. (2008).

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uniforms are a muddy or dusty colour, originally chosen for service in South Asia. Many moths show

541: 13119: 12022: 11653: 8650: 6735: 4588:"First observation of the nudibranch Tenellia feeding on the scleractinian coral Pavona decussata" 4432:"The Evolutionary History of Nebraska Deer Mice: Local Adaptation in the Face of Strong Gene Flow" 2930:

As in the First World War, artists were pressed into service; for example, the surrealist painter

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period show that some marine reptiles were countershaded. The skins, pigmented with dark-coloured

12911: 12593: 12456: 12366: 12234: 12116: 12086: 11943: 11908: 11628: 11595: 11570: 10725: 10340: 10250: 9893: 9272: 6324: 6060: 4645: 4554: 3423: 2799: 1747: 1262: 1061: 1003: 740: 409:(1907) to reinforce his argument. Thayer was roundly mocked for these views by critics including 380: 2676:

provided evidence that grey uniforms were less visible than green ones at a range of 150 yards.

451:) were shown to survive according to how well their egg contrast matched the local environment. 12854: 12739: 12683: 12618: 12481: 12416: 12351: 11913: 11701: 11409: 11389: 10808: 10720: 10394: 10310: 9885: 9879: 9769: 9555:

DPM – Disruptive Pattern Material: An Encyclopaedia of Camouflage: Nature, Military and Culture

9262: 9258: 8535: 7896: 7531: 7335: 3897: 3334: 3238: 2673: 346: 306: 297: 279: 7043: 5568: 3222: 12643: 12588: 12451: 12436: 12219: 12176: 12166: 12161: 11918: 11898: 11754: 11744: 11686: 11681: 11517: 11369: 11234: 11193: 11188: 11166: 10873: 10507: 10477: 10459: 10256: 9856: 9742: 7269: 6479:. Newfoundland Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation. p. 7. Archived from 4364: 3757: 3652: 3594: 3349: 3285:

1990, developed from a 1938 pattern, a non-digital pattern which works at different distances

3144: 2961: 2700: 2439: 2173: 2138: 1920: 1813: 1802: 816: 747:, as well as demonstrating that it changes where necessary to resemble the local background. 461: 428: 283: 72: 45: 7640: 12889: 12870: 12769: 12734: 12729: 12653: 12648: 12603: 12501: 12471: 12466: 12318: 12181: 12171: 11716: 11555: 11344: 11214: 11146: 11095: 10631: 10594: 10316: 9759: 9737: 7891: 7825: 7546: 7287: 6998: 6868: 6448: 6106: 6025: 5610: 5530: 5442: 5384: 4975: 4599: 4500: 4292: 4233: 4085: 4034: 3981: 3892: 3357:

Camouflage is occasionally used to make built structures less conspicuous: for example, in

3260: 3103: 3068: 2849: 2423: 2294: 2216: 1798: 1788: 1775: 1109: 1103: 866: 84: 9844: 4169:"Pharaoh Cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, Genome Reveals Unique Reflectin Camouflage Gene Set" 2185:

is one of several deep-sea fishes camouflaged against very dark water with a black dermis.

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that contain dark pigment. A melanophore is star-shaped; it contains many small pigmented

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There are many examples of the tradeoffs between specific and general cryptic patterning.

8: 13374: 13353: 13313: 13097: 12962: 12906: 12819: 12794: 12658: 12628: 12573: 12486: 12376: 12361: 12308: 12141: 12076: 11958: 11888: 11820: 11419: 10654: 10213: 10044: 10039: 10024: 9752: 9683: 9442: 9215: 8727:. U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center. 2009. p. 27 8627: 5743:"Anatomy of disguise: camouflaging structures in nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)" 4653: 4562: 3445: 3148: 3131: 2875: 2760: 2729: 2532: 2515: 2182: 1925: 1849: 1692:

advised soldiers to copy animals' methods, using their instincts for wartime camouflage.

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Rock ptarmigan, changing colour in springtime. The male is still mostly in winter plumage

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taken a few minutes apart, showing its ability to match its coloration to the environment

1424: 1272: 1218: 1145: 834: 771: 732: 560: 524: 322: 311: 146: 114: 10715: 9176: 9052: 7550: 7291: 7002: 6110: 6029: 5534: 5446: 5388: 4979: 4603: 4504: 4392: 4296: 4237: 4089: 4038: 3985: 2954:. Hugh Cott was chief instructor; the artist camouflage officers, who called themselves 13384: 13291: 13191: 13028: 12957: 12916: 12901: 12830: 12779: 12774: 12583: 12546: 12288: 12244: 12209: 12066: 11991: 11893: 11825: 11815: 11749: 11696: 11507: 11452: 11414: 11339: 11161: 10788: 10600: 10304: 10169: 10110: 10005: 9849: 9375: 8673: 8198: 7712: 7621: 7617: 7447: 7422: 7371: 7344: 7310: 7275: 6806: 6781: 6401: 6376:

Cloney, R. A.; Florey, E. (1968). "Ultrastructure of Cephalopod Chromatophore Organs".

6300: 6275: 6227: 6200: 6198: 6176: 6151: 6132: 6041: 5882: 5857: 5769: 5706: 5681: 5657: 5632: 5546: 5495: 5400: 5324: 5234: 5209: 5135: 4918: 4879: 4811: 4786: 4758: 4725: 4617: 4526: 4464: 4352: 4324: 4259: 4109: 4058: 4002: 3969: 3683: 3481: 3202: 3055:

in naval camouflage Measure 32, Design 11a, one of many dazzle schemes used on warships

3049: 2989: 2969: 2680: 2511: 2255: 2130: 1689: 1349: 568: 536:, with divergence occurred through subsequent gene duplication (such as in the case of 485: 410: 342: 206: 193: 68: 13325:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

5454: 4513: 4488: 4279:"The industrial melanism mutation in British peppered moths is a transposable element" 2950:

during the 1941–1942 war in the Western Desert, including the successful deception of

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disruptive contrast", countershading and hundreds of examples. The book explained how

13318: 13218: 13213: 13154: 13144: 13082: 12932: 12847: 12719: 12688: 12476: 12303: 12111: 11976: 11953: 11691: 11467: 11379: 11364: 11349: 11329: 11264: 11259: 11219: 11178: 11126: 10675: 10328: 10244: 10054: 9920: 9764: 9732: 9646: 9631: 9609: 9591: 9573: 9558: 9543: 9525: 9510: 9492: 9474: 9446: 9423: 9382: 9356: 9334: 9316: 9298: 9156: 9150: 9129: 8901: 8751: 8677: 8617: 8407: 8303: 8262: 8256: 8235: 8079: 7829: 7800: 7775: 7680: 7562: 7512: 7452: 7376: 7315: 7253: 7123: 7086: 7049: 7024: 7016: 6811: 6619: 6615: 6393: 6305: 6232: 6181: 6124: 6045: 5887: 5711: 5662: 5574: 5481: 5458: 5262: 5239: 5127: 5084: 5002:

cryptic coloration in British field uniforms was not fully adopted until the Boer War

4993: 4923: 4905: 4857: 4847: 4816: 4763: 4745: 4703: 4657: 4566: 4518: 4469: 4451: 4430:

Pfeifer, Susanne P; Laurent, Stefan; Sousa, Vitor C.; et al. (15 January 2018).

4412: 4408: 4356: 4316: 4308: 4251: 4200: 4101: 4050: 4007: 3691: 2985: 2951: 2934:

became a lecturer at the newly founded Camouflage Development and Training Centre at

2910: 2818: 2468: 2382: 2238: 2212: 2204: 1856:, and neither diffused lighting camouflage nor Yehudi lights entered active service. 1662: 1506: 1409: 1383: 1307: 1285: 1149: 1013: 786: 529: 301: 241: 228: 184: 183:(384–322 BC) commented on the colour-changing abilities, both for camouflage and for 138: 104: 9670: 8992: 8698: 6951: 6934: 6405: 6136: 5139: 4621: 4530: 4062: 2278:. This tactic has occasionally been used in warfare, for example with heavily armed 841:. Disruptive patterns may use more than one method to defeat visual systems such as 739:

which has coloration that blends in with tree bark. The coloration of these insects

585: 528:

bacteria, which provide bioluminescence to its hosts. While not all cephalopods use

13389: 13169: 12673: 12536: 12528: 12446: 12328: 12313: 12249: 12229: 12146: 12136: 12131: 12096: 11928: 11868: 11739: 11540: 11482: 11394: 11354: 11244: 11077: 10969: 10949: 10883: 10818: 10740: 10690: 10400: 10334: 9930: 9839: 9789: 9601: 9370: 8862: 8665: 8592: 7863:

Details of Equipment of Her Majesty's Army Part 2 Section XI B – Garrison Artillery

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The People of the Caribbean: An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture

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Srinivasan, M. V.; Davey, M. (1995). "Strategies for active camouflage of motion".

5981: 5970:"The swaying behavior of Extatosoma tiaratum: motion camouflage in a stick insect?" 5920: 5877: 5869: 5773: 5761: 5753: 5701: 5693: 5652: 5644: 5538: 5450: 5404: 5392: 5336: 5229: 5221: 5117: 4983: 4966: 4913: 4895: 4839: 4806: 4798: 4753: 4737: 4693: 4649: 4607: 4558: 4508: 4459: 4443: 4404: 4344: 4328: 4300: 4283: 4263: 4241: 4190: 4180: 4113: 4093: 4042: 3997: 3989: 3527: 3508:

used Warhol's camouflage prints as the basis for his Autumn Winter 1987 collection.

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with Baron Nicholas Cerkasoff, and went on to create camouflage for the Air Force.

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raise the average brightness of the plane from a dark shape to the same as the sky.

1594: 1431: 1397: 1267: 1249: 1186: 1169: 1017: 736: 724: 660: 644: 402: 254: 142: 33: 28: 5307: 1446:

Fish and frog melanophore cells change colour by moving pigment-containing bodies.

13092: 12809: 12668: 12638: 12633: 12623: 12556: 12541: 12421: 12401: 12283: 12151: 12057: 11948: 11858: 11800: 11384: 11310: 11028: 10964: 10954: 10878: 10773: 10730: 10605: 10163: 10122: 10069: 9969: 9784: 9403: 8988: 7300: 7183:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 6932: 6649: 6505: 6217: 5122: 5105: 4638:; Allen, William L.; Sherratt, Thomas N.; Speed, Michael P. (20 September 2018). 4224: 3706: 3505: 3476: 3373: 3127: 3107: 2943: 2924: 2920: 2919:

for military deception, including the use of camouflage. For example, during the

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and the 60th Rifle Regiment, were the first to adopt camouflage in the form of a

2657: 2507: 2137:. The mirrors consist of microscopic structures similar to those used to provide 2101: 1931: 1825: 1817: 1728: 1490: 1401: 1387: 1332: 1141: 1126: 1048:"Shape, shine, shadow" make these 'camouflaged' military vehicles easily visible. 1008: 970: 850:

or a military target may be given away by factors like shape, shine, and shadow.

433: 338: 134: 126: 80: 10979: 8474: 4843: 3957: 2766: 2259:, build a nest envelope in patterns that mimic the leaves surrounding the nest. 13280: 13275: 13208: 12952: 12789: 12613: 12566: 12496: 12491: 12386: 12253: 12126: 11933: 11923: 11903: 11706: 11671: 11610: 11487: 11442: 11334: 11151: 11067: 11055: 10959: 10833: 10803: 10798: 10745: 10735: 10471: 10382: 10116: 9945: 9940: 9824: 9727: 9243: 9123: 8980: 8858:"Lost in the Wilderness, the military's misadventures in pixellated camouflage" 8507:

Chapter 20: Vehicle Camouflage And Nuclear, Biological, And Chemical Operations

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Camouflage has been used to protect military equipment such as vehicles, guns,

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fan' to decorate its body with sand or dust. There are two layers of bristles (

949: 842: 500: 495: 384: 224: 171: 76: 8669: 7011: 6986: 5433:

Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2003). "Why do some thorny plants resemble green zebras?".

5408: 5396: 4612: 4587: 4487:

Eizirik, Eduardo; Yuhki, Naoya; Johnson, Warren E.; et al. (March 2003).

4246: 4219: 4185: 4168: 1290: 532:, ancient cephalopods may have inherited the gene horizontally from symbiotic 13368: 13270: 13265: 12814: 11790: 11764: 11721: 11711: 11666: 11633: 11525: 11359: 11314: 11141: 11060: 11038: 11013: 10984: 10974: 10936: 10823: 10705: 10685: 10680: 10562: 10286: 10181: 10175: 10000: 9829: 9415: 9348: 7833: 7340: 7271: 7020: 6648: 5849: 5205: 5166: 4997: 4909: 4861: 4782: 4749: 4721: 4707: 4635: 4586:

Wong, Kwan Ting; Ng, Tsz Yan; Tsang, Ryan Ho Leung; Ang, Put (24 June 2017).

4544: 4455: 4348: 4312: 4278: 4204: 3486: 3398: 3338: 3319: 3179:), issued to the army in 2002, soon followed by the American Marine pattern ( 3136: 2590: 2419: 2324: 2309: 2286: 2271: 2250: 1906: 1841: 1520: 1405: 1159:

Similar principles can be applied for military purposes, for instance when a

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Russian T-90 battle tank painted in bold disruptive pattern of sand and green

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that Mediterranean pirate ships could be painted blue-gray for concealment.

1793: 727:. Military uniforms, too, generally resemble their backgrounds; for example 130: 13181: 13104: 13087: 12942: 12799: 12784: 12441: 12411: 12356: 12239: 12204: 12081: 11580: 11072: 11018: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10793: 10610: 10370: 10262: 10193: 10146: 10140: 10128: 9955: 9229: 7566: 7516: 7456: 7438: 7380: 7361: 7319: 7028: 6985:

Davis, Alexander L.; Thomas, Kate N.; Goetz, Freya E.; et al. (2020).

6815: 6797: 6623: 6309: 6291: 6236: 6185: 6167: 6128: 6037: 5891: 5873: 5715: 5697: 5666: 5648: 5462: 5243: 5225: 5131: 4927: 4900: 4820: 4802: 4767: 4741: 4522: 4473: 4431: 4416: 4320: 4255: 4105: 4054: 4011: 3602:, who bred them, would, I am sure, be delighted to bring them to show you." 3490: 3469: 3465: 3453: 3358: 3330: 3323: 3087:

aircraft hangar built to resemble a street of village houses, Belgium, 1944

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use partial transparency for camouflage in the dim light of the rainforest.

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cells to resemble their current background, or, as in most chameleons, for

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caterpillar-tractors, battery positions, observation posts and so forth."

1164: 1137: 918: 759:

Lion in Kruger National Park, South Africa, blending in with the tall grass

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This article is about a form of protective coloration. For other uses, see

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The Status of Arctic Hare (Lepus arcticus bangsii) in Insular Newfoundland

6423: 6397: 6072: 2113:

The herring's reflectors are nearly vertical for camouflage from the side.

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Sumrall, R. F. (February 1973). "Ship Camouflage (WWII): Deceptive Art".

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Carvalho, Lucélia Nobre; Zuanon, Jansen; Sazima, Ivan (April–June 2006).

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Stuart-Fox, Devi; Moussalli, Adnan; Whiting, Martin J. (23 August 2008).

5682:"Concealed by conspicuousness: distractive prey markings and backgrounds" 5282: 3539: 3501: 3163: 2993: 2965: 2956: 2709: 2669: 2653: 2641: 2586: 2551: 2362: 2161: 2105:, is a typical silvered fish of medium depths, camouflaged by reflection. 1979: 1821: 1512: 1474: 1454: 870: 838: 712: 553: 439:

Experimental evidence that camouflage helps prey avoid being detected by

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Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage

8834: 8596: 6201:"Echolocating Bats Use a Nearly Time-Optimal Strategy to Intercept Prey" 5300:

Field Manual Headquarters No. 20-3 − Camouflage, Concealment, and Decoys

4304: 4097: 1894:

showing 4 (of about 60) diffused lighting fittings, 2 lifted, 2 deployed

637: 556:

both have camouflage-related genes that stem from transposition events.

165: 13246: 13241: 13062: 12839: 12804: 12381: 12346: 11938: 11883: 11853: 11759: 11676: 11620: 11497: 11447: 11239: 10848: 10843: 10828: 10813: 10700: 10535: 10352: 10219: 8130: 7625: 7507: 7490: 6389: 5550: 4220:"Origin of the Reflectin Gene and Hierarchical Assembly of Its Protein" 3776: 3611:

Cott explains Beddard's observation as a coincident disruptive pattern.

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took a certificate course in military and industrial camouflage at the

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were camouflaged to match the backgrounds on which they were reared as

250: 188: 88: 16:

Concealment in plain sight by any means, e.g. colour, pattern and shape

9570:

Hide and Seek: Camouflage, Photography and the Media of Reconnaissance

6780:

Douglas, R. H.; Mullineaux, C. W.; Partridge, J. C. (September 2000).

6199:

Ghose, K.; Horiuchi, T. K.; Krishnaprasad, P. S.; Moss, C. F. (2006).

5637:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4871: 4195: 4167:

Song, Weiwei; Li, Ronghua; Zhao, Yun; et al. (15 February 2021).

3993: 3135:

screens and soft covers which may suitably reflect, scatter or absorb

2178: 1972:

transparency for camouflage is more easily achieved in deeper waters.

133:

designed camouflage schemes and observation posts disguised as trees.

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Egri, Ádám; Blahó, Miklós; Kriska, György; et al. (March 2012).

5765: 4682:"Revealed by Conspicuousness: Distractive Markings Reduce Camouflage" 3282: 3084: 3033: 3029: 2499: 2263: 2191: 1952: 1868: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1458: 1393: 1303: 1136:

larva builds a decorated case and lives almost entirely inside it; a

1133: 934: 879: 826: 672: 609: 594: 519: 481: 334: 232: 180: 153: 108: 96: 44:

A soldier applying camouflage face paint; both helmet and jacket are

10899: 8936:

Telecommunication Mast Management Guidelines for the City of Tshwane

6119: 6094: 5542: 5340: 5327:(1911). "Revealing and concealing coloration in birds and mammals". 4988: 4961: 4547:; Allen, William L.; Sherratt, Thomas N.; Speed, Michael P. (2018). 2109: 2095: 1645:". Accordingly, the principle of countershading is sometimes called 472:

Camouflage is a soft-tissue feature that is rarely preserved in the

360: 13077: 13042: 12764: 12693: 12224: 12052: 11731: 11643: 11590: 11545: 11121: 10429: 9995: 9051:. The Museum at FIT. 9 September – 16 December 2006. Archived from 7734:"Khaki Uniform 1848–49: First Introduction by Lumsden and Hodson". 7418: 3762:"Alfred Russel Wallace Letters and Reminiscences By James Marchant" 3302: 3099: 2906: 2696: 2683:, rifle units such as the 1st United States Sharp Shooters (in the 2495: 2267: 2051: 2038:. Examples of transparent marine animals include a wide variety of 2010: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1563:

Arctic hares in the low arctic change from brown to white in winter

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nests in open sand with only its camouflaged plumage to protect it.

700: 692: 688: 489: 448: 440: 383:

formulated what is sometimes called Thayer's Law, the principle of

350: 7877:

Regulations for the equipment of the army. Part 2. section XII (a)

5722: 5680:

Dimitrova, M.; Stobbe, N.; Schaefer, H. M.; Merilaita, S. (2009).

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were sinking many British ships with torpedoes, the marine artist

1959:

is acellular and highly transparent. This conveniently makes them

825:

Illustration of the principle of "maximum disruptive contrast" by

13203: 13198: 13186: 13164: 13149: 13057: 12981: 12971: 12754: 12561: 12431: 12426: 12053: 12001: 11661: 11306: 11183: 11156: 10568: 10540: 10465: 9834: 9819: 9097:"Ian Hamilton Finlay: Arcadia (collaboration with George Oliver)" 8613:

Stealth Warplanes: Deception, Evasion, and Concealment in the Air

7345:"Motion dazzle and camouflage as distinct anti-predator defenses" 5633:"Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions" 4838:. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol. 1. pp. 65–79. 3572: 3172: 2810: 2602: 2490:

An animal that is commonly thought to be dazzle-patterned is the

2228: 2142: 2123: 2119: 2043: 2035: 1831:

Counterillumination has rarely been used for military purposes. "

1654: 1632: 1613: 1516: 1494: 1463: 1311: 854: 846: 802: 696: 679:(sound) detection. Methods may also apply to military equipment. 676: 444: 394: 372: 354: 236: 220: 202: 100: 64: 56: 8152:"Obituary: Mr Norman Wilkinson, Inventor of 'dazzle' painting". 7820:

Barrass, S (2018). "British Military Camouflage Prior to 1914".

6093:

Mizutani, A. K.; Chahl, J. S.; Srinivasan, M. V. (5 June 2003).

5679: 4944:) to test whether a canid and a herpestid predator could detect 4680:; Marshall, Kate L. A.; Troscianko, Jolyon; et al. (2013). 4489:"Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family" 3365:

subsequently enable reproduction of the vehicle's form factors.

3071:

underside 'azure' paint scheme, meant to hide it against the sky

2474: 10447: 10419: 10388: 10376: 10298: 9049:

John Galliano for Christian Dior, silk camouflage evening dress

8356: 4676: 4276: 3621: 3620:

Before 1860, unpolluted tree trunks were often covered in pale

3524: 3457: 3394: 3195: 3180: 3176: 3171:

a pixellated appearance and designed digitally, that provide a

2992:

and Garden Island Dockyard. In the United States, artists like

2880:

World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy

2739: 2649: 2401: 2279: 2275: 2196: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1993: 1670: 1658: 1601:, changes colour mainly in relation to mood and for signalling. 1498: 1497:

to do so. However, Arctic hares which live in the far north of

1160: 999: 998:

of North America, have evolved elaborate measures to eliminate

704: 473: 330: 326: 318: 118: 10623: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 5170:"Camouflage and perceptual organization in the animal kingdom" 5103: 4787:"Overcoming the Detectability Costs of Symmetrical Coloration" 1955:

have gelatinous bodies, composed mainly of water; their thick

1404:

actively change their skin patterns and colours using special

40: 13236: 11209: 9675: 9663: 7488: 4780: 4341: 3872: 3314: 3140: 2775: 2491: 2479: 2386: 2047: 2039: 1853: 1809: 1482: 1258: 728: 720: 314: 290: 122: 92: 4880:"An ambusher's arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder ( 4024: 1080:

is draped away from a military vehicle to reduce its shadow.

36:

can change its pattern and colours to match its environment.

13114: 13052: 13047: 7946:"Art of the First World War: André Mare and Leon Underwood" 6959: 6886: 6759:"Oceanic Bioluminescence: an Overview of General Functions" 5796:"Natural Bling: 6 Amazing Animals That Decorate Themselves" 2614:

are said to have used plant materials as camouflage in the

2598: 2378: 2246: 2013:. Other structures cannot be made transparent, notably the 1033: 745:

evidence that camouflage is influenced by natural selection

286: 262: 8368: 8344: 8178: 7926: 7573: 6779: 6680: 6273: 6015: 5592: 5590: 5426: 5363: 4075: 1551:, 1940, with white camouflage overalls over their uniforms 607:

can only feed and lay eggs on the branches of host-coral,

11005: 10453: 9012: 9010: 8914: 8773:"Army drops universal camouflage after spending billions" 8748:

Camouflage uniforms: international combat dress 1940–2010

7048:(4th ed.). John Wiley, Blackwell. pp. 512–513. 6378:

Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie

6255: 5818: 5758:

10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3542[1:AODCSI]2.0.CO;2

5476:

Lev-Yadun, Simcha (2006). Teixeira da Silva, J.A. (ed.).

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six years later it was used throughout the British Army.

1998: 1968: 1940: 1616:

infrared camouflage lets an armoured vehicle mimic a car.

1117:

increased when artificial prey had distractive markings.

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and five chicks exhibit exceptional disruptive camouflage

572: 8046: 7339:; Searle, W. T. L.; Seymour, J. E.; Marshall, K. L. A.; 5306:. Department of the Army. 30 August 1999. Archived from 5259:

Transportation and Cargo Security: Threats and Solutions

4877: 4634: 4543: 4129:"Oldest insect camouflage behaviour revealed by fossils" 2585:) says that "Venetian blue" (sea green) was used in the 2557:

Ship camouflage was occasionally used in ancient times.

2219:

of ultra-blackness camouflage independently many times.

1234:

Soviet tanks under netting dressed with vegetation, 1938

1064:'s body is flattened and fringed to minimise its shadow. 219:

Camouflage has been a topic of interest and research in

9522:

Camouflage and Art: Design for Deception in World War 2

8582: 7918:(December 1949). "Souvenir de Camouflage (1914–1918)". 7331: 7329: 7162: 6984: 6716: 6580: 6375: 6011: 6009: 5994: 5686:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5587: 5043: 4888:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4791:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4730:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4726:"The Predation Costs of Symmetrical Cryptic Coloration" 3933: 3909: 3860: 1501:, where summer is very short, remain white year-round. 1222:, masked hunter bug nymph, camouflaged with sand grains 1140:

covers its back with seaweed, sponges, and stones. The

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A caterpillar's fringe of bristles conceals its shadow.

443:

was first provided in 2016, when ground-nesting birds (

9007: 8076:

Camouflage and Art Design for Deception in World War 2

7585: 7399: 7099: 7062: 6692: 5968:

Bian, Xue; Elgar, Mark A.; Peters, Richard A. (2016).

5903: 5901: 3970:"Camouflage predicts survival in ground-nesting birds" 3824: 3728: 3726: 3016:, painted white to minimise visibility against the sky 2518:, where the perceived motion is in a wrong direction. 9377:

Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution

9313:

Camouflage Cultures: Beyond the Art of Disappearance.

9278:

Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Macmillan

8877: 7693: 6916: 6914: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6704: 6568: 6243: 5208:; Windsor, A. M. M.; Walker, H. J. (7 October 2006). 5146: 5062: 5060: 5058: 3921: 3812: 3738: 3377:

The "dazzle ball" held by the Chelsea Arts Club, 1919

2984:

were among the members of the group, which worked at

2482:'s bold pattern may induce motion dazzle in observers 1582:

and white-overalled crew and infantry in Russia, 1943

1352:

dragonflies use motion camouflage to approach rivals.

1294:

Comparison of motion camouflage and classical pursuit

869:

was little studied until the late 20th century. Leaf

8810:. Ex-Military Land Rover Association. Archived from 7326: 6095:"Insect behaviour: Motion camouflage in dragonflies" 6006: 5621: 5573:. University of California Press. pp. 117–118. 5366:"On the origin, evolution and phylogeny of giraffes 5019: 5007: 3848: 3800: 3788: 3624:; polluted trunks were bare, and often nearly black. 2754:, the French army formed a camouflage corps, led by 2438:

Cuckoo eggs mimicking smaller eggs, in this case of

2349:, superbly mimics a leaf with a bright orange border 1336:

hoverflies use motion camouflage to approach females

695:

of the forest floor are brown and speckled; reedbed

436:

narrative which illustrated theories with examples.

345:

and the possibility of a different mechanism in the

137:, merchant ships and troop carriers were painted in 10060:

List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

9037: 7736:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

7387: 6728: 6668: 5898: 5830: 5673: 5608: 5031: 3723: 2712:uniform was used everywhere outside Europe; by the 2656:made personal concealment in battle essential. Two 974:

have pale markings, possibly disruptive camouflage.

873:with white spots may serve as camouflage in forest 387:. However, he overstated the case in the 1909 book 9374: 9295:Camouflage Australia: Art, Nature, Science and War 8078:. London, England: Unicorn Press. pp. 12–13. 7914: 7774:. Vol. 4. Osprey Publishing. pp. 24–33. 7753:Hodson, W. S. R. (1859). Hodson, George H. (ed.). 7270:Scott-Samuel, N. E.; Baddeley, R.; Palmer, C. E.; 6978: 6911: 6835:"Diffused Lighting and its use in the Chaleur Bay" 6822: 6630: 6357: 5858:"The evolutionary ecology of decorating behaviour" 5329:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5055: 4962:"How a naturalist found safe colours for soldiers" 4781:Wainwright, J. Benito; Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E.; 4391:Voisey, Joanne; Van Daal, Angela (February 2002). 3836: 2852:camouflaged against observation from the air, 1917 2514:, where the perceived motion is inverted, and the 952:: a disruptively camouflaged invertebrate predator 476:record, but rare fossilised skin samples from the 7606:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7427:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 6786:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 5377:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3711: 13366: 9645:. First Discovery series. Moonlight Publishing. 9033:. No. 154. 22 March 1919. pp. 414–415. 7265: 7263: 7120:Q-Ships versus U-Boats: America's Secret Project 6738:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History 6422:. MarineBio Conservation Society. Archived from 5627: 4720: 4166: 1252:sways like seaweeds to reinforce its camouflage. 145:, a variety of camouflage schemes were used for 105:actively changing their skin pattern and colours 9471:False Colors: Art, Design and Modern Camouflage 8979: 8123:"Schnellboot: An Illustrated Technical History" 7674: 7423:"Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals" 7239: 7180: 5967: 5570:Introduction to horned lizards of North America 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 2738:Iron observation post camouflaged as a tree by 2274:mimics a particular kind of flower, such as an 1943:animals that float near the surface are highly 152:Non-military use of camouflage includes making 9408:The Camouflage Story (from Aintree to Alamein) 8406:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 183. 8404:John Vassos: Industrial Design for Modern Life 7041: 4585: 4390: 3682:. IX, 622a: 2–10. Cited in Borrelli, Luciana; 3389:from the time of the First World War onwards. 3162:have been developed to suit the need to match 2426:, giving female time to lay eggs parasitically 1416:does use active colour change for camouflage. 1372:Preying mantises exhibiting motion camouflage. 13013: 12855: 12038: 11291: 10915: 10639: 9691: 9664:Ohio State University: The Camouflage Project 8889: 8835:"Dual Texture – U.S. Army digital camouflage" 8471:Chapter 5: Cover, Concealment, and Camouflage 8199:"Maskirovka: The Soviet System of Camouflage" 7851:. The Royal Engineers Institute. p. 280. 7849:Permanent Fortification for English Engineers 7638: 7260: 6524: 5848: 5562: 5560: 4393:"Agouti: from Mouse to Man, from Skin to Fat" 4217: 3968:; Spottiswoode, Claire N. (29 January 2016). 3688:A catalogue of body patterning in Cephalopoda 2537:List of military clothing camouflage patterns 1377: 1032:Three countershaded and cryptically coloured 9330:Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage 7532:"Motion camouflage induced by zebra stripes" 7530:How, Martin J.; Zanker, Johannes M. (2014). 7276:"Dazzle Camouflage Affects Speed Perception" 6862: 6860: 6443: 6441: 6276:"Predator-specific camouflage in chameleons" 5348: 4866:adaptive silence, acoustic crypsis, stealth, 3964:Troscianko, Jolyon; Wilson-Aggarwal, Jared; 3256:Main (4-colour woodland) variant of Chinese 2365:hides from predators by mimicking a dry leaf 1844:project, and trialled in aircraft including 894:Leopard: a disruptively camouflaged predator 175:can change colour (and shape) for camouflage 9900:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 9089: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8095: 6987:"Ultra-black Camouflage in Deep-Sea Fishes" 6463: 6149: 6143: 5514: 3674: 3672: 3475:which recurs in Hamilton Finlay's work. In 3368: 1951:from seawater. Some marine animals such as 921:'s bold markings are powerfully disruptive. 493:as a 120 million year old fossil of a 390:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 13020: 13006: 12862: 12848: 12259:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity 12045: 12031: 11298: 11284: 10922: 10908: 10646: 10632: 10065:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 10050:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 9698: 9684: 9626:Kalman, Bobbie; Crossingham, John (2001). 9588:Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function 9507:Ship Shape: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook 9369: 8932: 8609: 7994: 6652:; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). 6052: 5566: 5557: 5480:. Global Science Books. pp. 292–299. 5210:"Disruptive contrast in animal camouflage" 5194: 4953: 4827: 4724:; Hiby, Elly; Lloyd, Emily (22 May 2006). 3878: 2948:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 2550:Roman ships, depicted on a 3rd-century AD 1684:observer's viewpoint. At the same time in 1657:and grasshoppers; marine animals, such as 304:, especially camouflage. In his 1890 book 12885:Coloration evidence for natural selection 10281:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 9420:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World 8941:City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality 8770: 8724:Photosimulation Camouflage Detection Test 8294: 8166: 8108:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 7529: 7506: 7446: 7370: 7360: 7309: 7299: 7233: 7198: 7010: 6950: 6857: 6805: 6597: 6595: 6438: 6299: 6226: 6216: 6175: 6118: 5985: 5881: 5705: 5656: 5475: 5432: 5323: 5317: 5233: 5164: 5121: 5081:Collins Wild Guide: Butterflies and Moths 4987: 4917: 4899: 4836:Insect Hearing and Acoustic Communication 4810: 4757: 4697: 4611: 4512: 4463: 4245: 4194: 4184: 4001: 2141:: stacks of between 5 and 10 crystals of 1820:. The latter has light-producing organs ( 12869: 12157:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations 11796:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense 9121: 8955:"The secrets behind all that camouflage" 8895: 8739: 8691: 8509:. Department of the Army. pp. 1–9. 8473:. Department of the Army. Archived from 8428:"Concealment, Camouflage, and Deception" 8092: 7976:"Art of the First World War: André Mare" 7794: 7769: 7715:. Weider History Group. 20 February 2008 7659: 7213: 7142: 6866: 6506:"Tanks test infrared invisibility cloak" 6086: 5961: 5740: 3669: 3381:Military camouflage patterns influenced 3372: 3348: 3313: 2733: 2632: 2545: 2473: 2177: 2108: 2094: 1974: 1929:Many animals of the open sea, like this 1924: 1792: 1631: 1473:On a longer timescale, animals like the 1289: 1243: 985: 820: 810: 599:, a species of nudibranch that feeds on 359: 273: 164: 39: 27: 12189:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model 9347: 9257: 9214: 9203: 8745: 8648: 8401: 8258:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering 8196: 8105: 8073: 7819: 7042:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010). 7035: 6972: 6905: 6869:"Cloak of Light Makes Drone Invisible?" 5520: 5291: 5097: 3830: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3756: 3744: 2884:German World War II camouflage patterns 2628: 1782: 774:is coloured like its desert background. 13367: 13027: 11997:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense 9553:Newman, Alex; Blechman, Hardy (2004). 9436: 9414: 9402: 9396: 9326: 9271: 9242: 9016: 8920: 8900:. Stackpole Books. pp. 116, 125. 8883: 8855: 8651:"Military uniforms and the law of war" 8585:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 8386: 8374: 8362: 8350: 8184: 8120: 8052: 7932: 7889: 7772:The British Army on Campaign 1816–1902 7752: 7699: 7591: 7579: 7405: 7168: 7111: 7105: 7068: 6757:Young, Richard Edward (October 1983). 6710: 6698: 6686: 6601: 6592: 6586: 6369: 6322: 6316: 6261: 6152:"The mathematics of motion camouflage" 6058: 5824: 5728: 5287:. U.S. War Department. November 2015 . 5275: 5049: 5025: 4833: 4141: 3951: 3890: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3732: 3717: 2972:, a zoologist from Sydney University. 2803:the Germans off guard multiple times. 2404:lured enemy submarines by mimicking a 1036:almost invisible in the Israeli desert 682: 223:for well over a century. According to 13001: 12843: 12026: 11279: 11106:Evolution of color vision in primates 10929: 10903: 10627: 9679: 9292: 9148: 8771:Freedberg, S. J. Jr. (25 June 2012). 8564:. Military Suppliers & News. 2012 8516:from the original on 17 November 2015 8229: 7978:. Memorial-Caen. 1998. Archived from 7952:. Memorial-Caen. 1998. Archived from 7846: 7469: 7117: 6841:. Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from 6756: 6722: 6469: 6192: 5793: 5609:U.S. War Department (November 1943). 5364:Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (2003). 5284:FM 5–20: Camouflage, Basic Principles 5256: 5250: 5078: 4959: 4894:(1821). The Royal Society: 20152182. 4126: 2327:lures its insect prey by mimicking a 1400:, squid, octopus and even the isopod 981: 12012:Predator avoidance in schooling fish 9228: 9045:"Love and War: The Weaponized Woman" 8687:from the original on 13 August 2011. 8254: 7883: 7603: 7417: 7393: 7181:Welbergen, J; Davies, N. B. (2011). 7080: 6920: 6674: 6636: 6574: 6363: 6249: 6000: 5927:. Horned Lizard Conservation Society 5913: 5907: 5836: 5783:from the original on 16 August 2017. 5596: 5182:from the original on 29 October 2013 5152: 5066: 5037: 5013: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3818: 2081:and the shrimps it associates with, 2025:(stinging cells) of the transparent 1746:Countershaded ship and submarine in 1279: 1239: 13306:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 12462:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 10424:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 9177:"Stephen Sprouse | Suit | American" 8832: 8804:"Berlin Brigade Urban Paint Scheme" 7797:The British Army in World War I (1) 7495:The Journal of Experimental Biology 7274:(June 2011). Burr, David C. (ed.). 7216:"Cuckoo in egg pattern 'arms race'" 7149:Great War Primary Documents Archive 6532:"Adaptiv – A Cloak of Invisibility" 5939: 5602: 4932:Field observations of puff adders ( 4142:Watson, Traci (14 September 2016). 3353:Cellphone tower disguised as a tree 3344: 2869: 2270:to lure their prey. For example, a 1935:jellyfish, are largely transparent. 1649:. Countershading is widely used by 968:plants such as the saw greenbriar, 805:has the colour of fresh vegetation. 13: 12215:Ecological effects of biodiversity 9460: 9286: 9077:. Canadian War Museum. 5 June 2009 8801: 7618:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01681.x 6554:"Innovation Adaptiv Car Signature" 6156:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6018:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5214:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4654:10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0003 4563:10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0002 3301:developed in 1962, widely used in 2782:, and may have been influenced by 2723: 2167: 1189:has covered its body with sponges. 1120: 14: 13416: 11551:Generalist and specialist species 9815:As evidence for natural selection 9657: 9254:Reprinted 1985, Penguin Classics. 9208: 8444:from the original on 14 June 2013 7916:Guirand de Scévola, Lucien-Victor 7799:. Osprey Publishing. p. 37. 7679:. Osprey Publishing. p. 20. 6736:"Midwater Squid, Abralia veranyi" 6604:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6470:Hearn, Brian (20 February 2012). 6345:from the original on 22 July 2011 6061:"Dragonfly flight tricks the eye" 2608:The Hunting Book of Gaston Phebus 2262:Mimesis is also employed by some 1878:, 1942, set to maximum brightness 1621: 467: 289:with camouflage they acquired as 157:fiction and works of literature. 13128: 12274:Occupancy–abundance relationship 10995: 10671:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 9926:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 9798: 9748:Coincident disruptive coloration 9628:What are Camouflage and Mimicry? 9169: 9142: 9115: 9067: 9022: 8973: 8947: 8926: 8849: 8826: 8795: 8764: 8715: 8700:FM 21–76 US Army Survival Manual 8642: 8616:. MBI Publishing, Zenith Press. 8603: 8576: 8554: 8528: 8492: 8456: 8420: 8395: 8389:The Role of Science and Industry 8380: 8319: 8288: 8281:Stephenson, Hubert Kirk (1948). 8275: 8248: 8234:. Headline Review. p. 278. 8223: 8211:from the original on 19 May 2014 8190: 8160: 8145: 8114: 8067: 8058: 8020: 7968: 7938: 7908: 7890:Wright, Patrick (23 June 2005). 7869: 7855: 7840: 7813: 7788: 7763: 7746: 7727: 7705: 7668: 7653: 7632: 7597: 7523: 7482: 7463: 7411: 7254:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00085.x 7214:Brennand, Emma (24 March 2011). 7207: 7174: 7136: 7074: 6926: 6773: 6750: 6642: 4409:10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.00039.x 3891:Wright, Patrick (23 June 2005). 3785:, p. Fold-out after p. 339. 3645: 3636: 3564: 3548: 3513: 3290: 3274: 3249: 3230: 3210: 3188: 3092: 3076: 3060: 3042: 3021: 3005: 2857: 2842: 2826: 2756:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 2462: 2446: 2431: 2412: 2393: 2370: 2354: 2338: 2317: 2302: 2046:(coelenterates), siphonophores, 1899: 1883: 1861: 1767: 1755: 1739: 1720: 1701: 1606: 1587: 1568: 1556: 1547:Norwegian volunteer soldiers in 1540: 1528: 1439: 1423: 1357: 1341: 1323: 1227: 1210: 1194: 1178: 1085: 1069: 1053: 1041: 1025: 957: 942: 926: 911: 899: 887: 794: 779: 764: 752: 653: 636: 12294:Relative abundance distribution 12007:Plant defense against herbivory 11874:Competitive exclusion principle 11586:Mesopredator release hypothesis 10653: 9620: 9198: 8204:. U.S. Army Russian Institute. 6952:10.1590/S1679-62252006000200008 6546: 6498: 6420:"Day Octopuses, Octopus cyanea" 6412: 6267: 6059:Hopkin, Michael (5 June 2003). 5842: 5787: 5734: 5469: 5158: 5072: 4774: 4714: 4670: 4628: 4579: 4537: 4480: 4436:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4423: 4384: 4335: 4270: 4211: 4160: 4144:"This Dinosaur Wore Camouflage" 4135: 4120: 4069: 4018: 3884: 3627: 3614: 3605: 3225:in 1963 and universally by 1968 2940:Home Guard Manual of Camouflage 2521: 2001:, which is made of the protein 1914: 83:is among other things used for 11879:Consumer–resource interactions 10496:Operational Camouflage Pattern 9962:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 9705: 9666:– interplay of science and art 9590:. Cambridge University Press. 9267:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. 9235:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 9181:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8933:du Plessis, A. (3 July 2002). 7085:. Cornell Press. p. 233. 6867:Hambling, David (9 May 2008). 5435:Journal of Theoretical Biology 5261:. Prentice Hall. p. 219. 5083:. HarperCollins. p. 158. 3750: 3587: 3237:2007 2-colour snow variant of 3205:pattern to be issued, in 2002. 2541: 2126:are camouflaged by silvering. 1097: 423:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 231:, features such as camouflage 191:including the octopus, in his 1: 12725:Biological data visualization 12552:Environmental niche modelling 12279:Population viability analysis 10293:Australian Disruptive Pattern 9606:Mimicry in plants and animals 9353:The Biology of the Deep Ocean 9152:A Brief History of Camouflage 8174:. Seeley Service. p. 79. 7639:Payne-Gallwey, Ralph (1903). 6451:. 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(2002). 7301:10.1371/journal.pone.0020233 6616:10.1016/0169-5347(88)90079-1 6218:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040108 5794:Bates, Mary (10 June 2015). 5731:, pp. 50–51 and passim. 5123:10.1016/j.visres.2008.02.011 3690:. Firenze University Press. 3686:; Fiorito, Graziano (2006). 3401:'s reaction in around 1915: 3168:Universal Camouflage Pattern 3160:camouflaged textile patterns 3155:, were often uncamouflaged. 2249:animals, for example when a 2090: 1876:diffused lighting camouflage 1833:Diffused lighting camouflage 454: 7: 12679:Liebig's law of the minimum 12514:Resource selection function 11405:Metabolic theory of ecology 11034:Simple eye in invertebrates 10502:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 10436:Tactical Assault Camouflage 10269:Disruptive Pattern Material 9520:Goodden, Henrietta (2009). 9355:. Oxford University Press. 9297:. Sydney University Press. 8896:Blakeley, Peter F. (2012). 8856:Engber, D. (5 July 2012) . 8074:Goodden, Henrietta (2007). 8006:Online Etymology Dictionary 7660:Saunders, Nicholas (2005). 7645:. Longmans, Green. p. 7472:J. Entom. Soc. South Africa 7083:The Social Biology of Wasps 4844:10.1007/978-3-642-40462-7_5 4173:Frontiers in Marine Science 4149:National Geographic Society 3463:of poetry and art, and the 3219:Disruptive Pattern Material 3122:List of camouflage patterns 2703:and his second in command, 2526: 1835:" was trialled by Canada's 506: 129:. On land, artists such as 21:Camouflage (disambiguation) 10: 13421: 12579:Niche apportionment models 12299:Relative species abundance 11503:Primary nutritional groups 11400:List of feeding behaviours 11230:Infrared sensing in snakes 9671:A Chronology of Camouflage 9586:; Merilaita, Sami (2011). 9568:Shell, Hanna Rose (2012). 9441:. Thames and Hudson, with 8746:Brayley, Martin J (2009). 8402:Shapiro, Danielle (2016). 8232:Kursk: the greatest battle 8156:. 1 June 1971. p. 12. 7770:Barthorp, Michael (1988). 7677:British Rifleman 1797–1815 7559:10.1016/j.zool.2013.10.004 7118:Beyer, Kenneth M. (1999). 6763:Bulletin of Marine Science 5921:"What is a Horned Lizard?" 5611:"Principles of Camouflage" 5567:Sherbrooke, W. C. (2003). 3555:Camouflage clothing in an 3309: 3119: 2909:created the comprehensive 2873: 2727: 2530: 2466: 2233:Cryptic aggressive mimicry 2226: 2222: 2171: 1918: 1786: 1733:Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos 1625: 1381: 1378:Changeable skin coloration 1283: 1148:uses its hind legs and a ' 1124: 1101: 994:Some animals, such as the 814: 663:resembles a broken branch. 628:List of camouflage methods 625: 579: 375:as if it were camouflaged. 160: 75:, eliminating shadow, and 18: 13336: 13286:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 13229: 13137: 13126: 13035: 12925: 12877: 12828: 12760:Ecosystem based fisheries 12702: 12602: 12527: 12400: 12372:Interspecific competition 12337: 12264:Minimum viable population 12197: 12122:Maximum sustainable yield 12107:Intraspecific competition 12102:Effective population size 12065: 11982:Anti-predator adaptations 11967: 11846: 11773: 11730: 11652: 11619: 11516: 11493:Photosynthetic efficiency 11428: 11322: 11202: 11114: 11101:Evolution of color vision 11086: 11004: 10993: 10935: 10759: 10661: 10586: 10549: 10528: 10521: 10410: 10365:Camouflage Central-Europe 10359:Desert Camouflage Pattern 10235: 10206: 10156: 10099: 10092: 10083: 10032: 10023: 9983: 9911: 9872: 9865: 9807: 9796: 9775:Multi-spectral camouflage 9713: 9333:. Yale University Press. 9315:Sydney University Press. 8991:Scribners. Archived from 8670:10.1017/s1560775500180113 8610:Richardson, Doug (2001). 8261:. Naval Institute Press. 8034:. Oxford University Press 8032:Oxford English Dictionary 7759:. John W. Parker and Son. 7122:. Naval Institute Press. 7081:Ross, Kenneth G. (1991). 7012:10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.044 5750:American Museum Novitates 5397:10.1080/00359190309519935 4613:10.1007/s00338-017-1603-8 4247:10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.061 4186:10.3389/fmars.2021.639670 2998:American School of Design 2660:skirmishing units of the 2652:with weapons such as the 2078:Microphilypnus amazonicus 1874:by night with incomplete 1837:National Research Council 13395:Antipredator adaptations 12938:Anti-predator adaptation 12750:Ecological stoichiometry 12715:Alternative stable state 10889:Wilfred Clement Von Berg 9951:Johann Georg Otto Schick 9273:Thayer, Abbott Handerson 9249:On the Origin of Species 8703:. Department of the Army 8542:. Department of the Army 8500:"FM 21-305/AFMAN 24-306" 8365:, pp. 154, 186–188. 8300:The Herring Gull's World 8255:Shaw, Robert L. (1985). 7742:(Winter): 341–347. 2004. 7713:"Killers in Green Coats" 7143:McMullen, Chris (2001). 5631:; Merilaita, S. (2009). 4960:Costa, James T. (2007). 3580: 3571:A camouflage skirt as a 3369:Fashion, art and society 3299:Six-Color Desert Pattern 3258:People's Liberation Army 2938:, writing the practical 2794:. The English zoologist 2467:Not to be confused with 2312:caterpillars mimic twigs 2084:Pseudopalaemon gouldingi 1575:Snow-camouflaged German 1430:Four frames of the same 542:horizontal gene transfer 499:has been preserved with 432:like Thayer's, mainly a 95:. Some animals, such as 81:ability to produce light 13400:Biological interactions 12912:Paradox of the plankton 12594:Ontogenetic niche shift 12457:Ideal free distribution 12367:Ecological facilitation 12117:Malthusian growth model 12087:Consumer-resource model 11944:Paradox of the plankton 11909:Energy systems language 11629:Chemoorganoheterotrophy 11596:Optimal foraging theory 11571:Heterotrophic nutrition 10726:Abbott Handerson Thayer 10341:Desert Night Camouflage 9894:Abbott Handerson Thayer 9630:. Crabtree Publishing. 9155:. Black Sparrow Press. 9031:Illustrated London News 8302:. Collins. p. 14. 6939:Neotropical Ichthyology 6150:Glendinning, P (2004). 4646:Oxford University Press 4555:Oxford University Press 4047:10.1126/science.1124309 3705:6 February 2018 at the 3678:Aristotle (c. 350 BC). 3653:Ian Hamilton Finlay#Art 3444:Modern artists such as 3424:Illustrated London News 3028:1937 summer variant of 2800:Royal Naval Air Service 2638:Green-jacketed rifleman 2062:worms, many shrimplike 1750:1902 patent application 1414:Smith's dwarf chameleon 1263:flat-tail horned lizard 1062:flat-tail horned lizard 1004:roundtail horned lizard 719:, or reptiles like the 381:Abbott Handerson Thayer 12740:Ecological forecasting 12684:Marginal value theorem 12482:Landscape epidemiology 12417:Cross-boundary subsidy 12352:Biological interaction 11702:Microbial intelligence 11390:Green world hypothesis 10809:Stanley William Hayter 10721:Solomon Joseph Solomon 9886:The Colours of Animals 9880:Edward Bagnall Poulton 9770:Multi-scale camouflage 9641:Mettler, Rene (2001). 9327:Forbes, Peter (2009). 9264:The Colours of Animals 9149:Frank, Thaisa (1992). 9122:Haldeman, Joe (2004). 8540:Appendix D: Camouflage 8387:Mellor, D. P. (1958). 7897:London Review of Books 7439:10.1098/rstb.2008.0221 7362:10.1186/1741-7007-9-81 7145:"Royal Navy 'Q' Ships" 6839:Naval Museum of Quebec 6798:10.1098/rstb.2000.0681 6292:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0173 6168:10.1098/rspb.2003.2622 6038:10.1098/rspb.1995.0004 5874:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0325 5698:10.1098/rspb.2009.0052 5649:10.1098/rstb.2008.0216 5368:Giraffa camelopardalis 5335:(Article 8): 119–231. 5226:10.1098/rspb.2006.3614 4901:10.1098/rspb.2015.2182 4803:10.1098/rspb.2019.2664 4742:10.1098/rspb.2005.3438 4372:Cite journal requires 4349:10.21203/rs.2.10812/v1 3898:London Review of Books 3758:Wallace, Alfred Russel 3452:, is described by the 3434: 3418: 3378: 3354: 3335:driven grouse shooting 3326: 3239:Finnish Defence Forces 3110:overalls, January 1943 2747: 2674:Charles Hamilton Smith 2645: 2583: 360–400 AD 2554: 2483: 2186: 2114: 2106: 1989: 1936: 1805: 1637: 1295: 1253: 991: 830: 772:Black-faced sandgrouse 416:The English zoologist 376: 307:The Colours of Animals 298:Edward Bagnall Poulton 296:The English zoologist 293: 272: 217: 176: 49: 46:disruptively patterned 37: 13120:Widmanstätten pattern 12878:Patterns of evolution 12745:Ecological humanities 12644:Ecological energetics 12589:Niche differentiation 12452:Habitat fragmentation 12220:Ecological extinction 12167:Small population size 11919:Feed conversion ratio 11899:Ecological succession 11831:San Francisco Estuary 11745:Ecological efficiency 11687:Microbial cooperation 11235:Monocular deprivation 11194:Underwater camouflage 11189:Structural coloration 11167:Disruptive coloration 10478:Multi-Terrain Pattern 10460:Airman Battle Uniform 10257:Rhodesian Brushstroke 9857:Underwater camouflage 9743:Disruptive coloration 8230:Clark, Lloyd (2011). 7950:The Elm at Vermezeele 7920:Revue des Deux Mondes 7795:Chappell, M. (2003). 7200:10.1093/beheco/arr008 6656:. Stanford University 6073:10.1038/news030602-10 5987:10.1093/beheco/arv125 5741:Wierauch, C. (2006). 5257:Sweet, K. M. (2006). 4699:10.1093/beheco/ars156 4641:Disruptive camouflage 4448:10.1093/molbev/msy004 4397:Pigment Cell Research 3595:Alfred Russel Wallace 3429: 3403: 3376: 3352: 3317: 3120:Further information: 2874:Further information: 2737: 2728:Further information: 2636: 2549: 2477: 2347:Teratodus monticollis 2227:Further information: 2183:Blackdevil anglerfish 2181: 2174:Underwater camouflage 2172:Further information: 2139:structural coloration 2112: 2098: 2005:, and the vertebrate 1992:Some tissues such as 1978: 1928: 1921:Underwater camouflage 1919:Further information: 1796: 1665:; and birds, such as 1635: 1599:Chamaeleo calyptratus 1382:Further information: 1293: 1247: 989: 845:. Predators like the 824: 817:disruptive coloration 811:Disruptive coloration 626:Further information: 554:walking stick insects 429:disruptive camouflage 363: 277: 247: 199: 168: 154:cell telephone towers 87:on the undersides of 73:disruptive coloration 59:'s spotted coat, the 43: 31: 13405:Evolutionary ecology 12890:Convergent evolution 12871:Evolutionary ecology 12770:Evolutionary ecology 12735:Ecological footprint 12730:Ecological economics 12654:Ecological threshold 12649:Ecological indicator 12519:Source–sink dynamics 12472:Land change modeling 12467:Insular biogeography 12319:Species distribution 12058:Modelling ecosystems 11717:Microbial metabolism 11556:Intraguild predation 11345:Biogeochemical cycle 11311:Modelling ecosystems 11215:Blindness in animals 11147:Counter-illumination 11096:Evolution of the eye 10595:Dazzled and Deceived 9760:Distractive markings 9738:Counter-illumination 9437:Newark, Tim (2007). 9224:. Swan Sonnenschein. 9216:Beddard, Frank Evers 9204:Camouflage in nature 8480:on 26 September 2021 8133:on 19 September 2016 7826:Fortress Study Group 7343:(25 November 2011). 6997:(17): 3470–3476.e3. 6654:"The Color of Birds" 6332:Bioscience Explained 5414:on 23 September 2015 5313:on 17 November 2021. 4232:(18): 2833–2842.e6. 3297:US "Chocolate Chip" 3104:Battle of Stalingrad 2837:in dazzle camouflage 2770:probably comes from 2629:19th-century origins 2595:speculatoria navigia 2217:convergent evolution 1799:counter-illumination 1789:Counter-illumination 1783:Counter-illumination 1776:Focke-Wulf Fw 190D-9 1205:with plant materials 1110:distractive markings 1104:Distractive markings 867:camouflage in plants 711:, birds such as the 407:Peacock in the Woods 369:Peacock in the Woods 347:orange tip butterfly 169:Octopuses like this 85:counter-illumination 13354:Mathematics and art 13344:Pattern recognition 13314:Aristid Lindenmayer 12963:Distraction display 12907:Divergent evolution 12820:Theoretical ecology 12795:Natural environment 12659:Ecosystem diversity 12629:Ecological collapse 12619:Bateman's principle 12574:Limiting similarity 12487:Landscape limnology 12309:Species homogeneity 12147:Population modeling 12142:Population dynamics 11959:Trophic state index 10484:Australian Multicam 10287:U.S. "M81" Woodland 10045:Aircraft camouflage 10040:Military camouflage 9753:Disruptive eye mask 9443:Imperial War Museum 9397:Military camouflage 9311:Elias, Ann (2015). 9293:Elias, Ann (2011). 9055:on 12 December 2012 8597:10.1021/ie50441a019 8377:, pp. 156–166. 8353:, pp. 151–152. 8187:, pp. 149–150. 7935:, pp. 104–105. 7879:. 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(2002). 6264:, pp. 52, 236. 6111:2003Natur.423..604M 6030:1995RSPSB.259...19S 6003:, pp. 141–143. 5827:, pp. 102–103. 5800:National Geographic 5692:(1663): 1905–1910. 5599:, pp. 104–105. 5535:1990FuEco...4..463G 5447:2003JThBi.224..483L 5389:2003TRSSA..58...51M 5325:Roosevelt, Theodore 5220:(1600): 2433–2436. 4980:2007Natur.448..408C 4785:(15 January 2020). 4736:(1591): 1267–1271. 4604:2017CorRe..36.1121W 4550:Background matching 4505:2003CBio...13..448E 4305:10.1038/nature17951 4297:2016Natur.534..102H 4238:2017CBio...27E2833G 4156:on 6 November 2019. 4098:10.1038/nature12899 4090:2014Natur.506..484L 4039:2006Sci...312.1614S 4033:(5780): 1614–1620. 3986:2016NatSR...619966T 3954:, pp. 153–155. 3942:, pp. 174–186. 3918:, pp. 172–173. 3881:, pp. 132–133. 3684:Gherardi, Francesca 3446:Ian Hamilton Finlay 3439:anti-war protestors 3337:conceal hunters in 3149:Aircraft camouflage 2876:list of camoufleurs 2778:slang term meaning 2730:list of camoufleurs 2666:95th Rifle Regiment 2533:Military camouflage 2516:barberpole illusion 2453:Wrap-around spider 2345:Hooded grasshopper 2099:The adult herring, 1651:terrestrial animals 1273:Extatosoma tiaratum 1219:Reduvius personatus 865:The possibility of 835:by masking the eyes 733:industrial melanism 683:Background matching 671:techniques against 525:Aliivibrio fischeri 486:leatherback turtles 484:, reveal that both 401:'... nor any ' 323:Frank Evers Beddard 312:swallow-tailed moth 179:In ancient Greece, 115:Military camouflage 13292:On Growth and Form 13192:Logarithmic spiral 13029:Patterns in nature 12958:Deimatic behaviour 12917:Predator satiation 12902:Parallel evolution 12831:Outline of ecology 12780:Industrial ecology 12775:Functional ecology 12639:Ecological deficit 12584:Niche construction 12547:Ecosystem engineer 12324:Species–area curve 12245:Introduced species 12060:: Other components 11992:Deimatic behaviour 11894:Ecological network 11826:North Pacific Gyre 11811:hydrothermal vents 11750:Ecological pyramid 11697:Microbial food web 11508:Primary production 11453:Foundation species 11162:Deimatic behaviour 10789:Bainbridge Copnall 10601:Stealth technology 10111:Splittertarnmuster 10006:Thomas N. Sherratt 9509:. Bobolink Books. 9491:. Bobolink Books. 9473:. Bobolink Books. 9259:Poulton, Edward B. 8995:on 1 February 2014 8923:, pp. 48, 50. 7847:Lewis, JF (1890). 7508:10.1242/jeb.065540 7187:Behavioral Ecology 6512:. 5 September 2011 6390:10.1007/BF00347297 6325:"Nature's Palette" 5974:Behavioral Ecology 5947:"Leafy Sea Dragon" 5523:Functional Ecology 5079:Still, J. (1996). 4942:Suricata suricatta 4797:(1918): 20192664. 4686:Behavioral Ecology 3974:Scientific Reports 3680:Historia Animalium 3411:Gertrude Stein in 3379: 3355: 3327: 3203:digital camouflage 3037:Plane tree pattern 2990:RAAF Base Richmond 2970:William John Dakin 2748: 2681:American Civil War 2646: 2555: 2512:wagon-wheel effect 2484: 2256:Leipomeles dorsata 2187: 2131:marine hatchetfish 2115: 2107: 2056:gastropod molluscs 1990: 1949:refractive indices 1937: 1806: 1690:William John Dakin 1638: 1350:Australian Emperor 1296: 1254: 992: 982:Eliminating shadow 831: 691:are mainly green; 462:positive selection 377: 294: 284:swallowtailed moth 227:'s 1859 theory of 194:Historia animalium 177: 69:leaf-mimic katydid 50: 38: 13362: 13361: 13319:Benoît Mandelbrot 13219:Self-organization 13155:Natural selection 13145:Pattern formation 12995: 12994: 12933:Signalling theory 12837: 12836: 12720:Balance of nature 12477:Landscape ecology 12362:Community ecology 12304:Species diversity 12240:Indicator species 12235:Gradient analysis 12112:Logistic function 12020: 12019: 11977:Animal coloration 11954:Trophic mutualism 11692:Microbial ecology 11483:Photoheterotrophs 11468:Myco-heterotrophy 11380:Ecosystem ecology 11365:Carrying capacity 11330:Abiotic component 11273: 11272: 11265:Visual perception 11260:Underwater vision 11225:Feature detection 11220:Eyespot apparatus 11179:Eyespot (mimicry) 11127:Animal coloration 10930:Vision in animals 10897: 10896: 10676:Jean-Louis Forain 10621: 10620: 10582: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10517: 10516: 10329:Camouflage Daguet 10202: 10201: 10055:Dazzle camouflage 10019: 10018: 9921:Mary Taylor Brush 9765:Motion camouflage 9733:Active camouflage 9651:978-1-85103-298-3 9643:Animal Camouflage 9636:978-0-86505-962-7 9614:978-0-07-070100-7 9602:Wickler, Wolfgang 9596:978-0-521-15257-0 9578:978-1-935-40822-2 9563:978-0-9543404-0-7 9548:978-1-58567-381-0 9530:978-0-906290-87-3 9524:. Unicorn Press. 9515:978-0-9713244-7-3 9505:(editor) (2012). 9497:978-0-9713244-6-6 9452:978-0-500-51347-7 9429:978-0-8018-5130-8 9388:978-1-60819-216-8 9371:Rothenberg, David 9362:978-0-19-854956-7 9340:978-0-300-17896-8 9321:978-1-743324-25-7 9304:978-1-920899-73-8 9221:Animal Coloration 9162:978-0-87685-857-8 9135:978-0-441-01161-2 9103:. Tate. July 2008 8907:978-0-8117-0566-0 8837:. United Dynamics 8783:on 31 August 2012 8757:978-1-84797-137-1 8623:978-0-7603-1051-9 8413:978-0-8166-9341-2 8309:978-0-00-219444-0 8268:978-0-87021-059-4 8241:978-0-7553-3639-5 8172:A Brush with Life 8168:Wilkinson, Norman 8085:978-0-906290-87-3 8055:, pp. 85–89. 7806:978-1-84176-399-6 7781:978-0-85045-849-7 7433:(1516): 537–548. 7341:Ruxton, Graeme D. 7272:Cuthill, Innes C. 7129:978-1-55750-044-1 7092:978-0-801-49906-7 7055:978-1-4443-3036-6 6725:, pp. 57–66. 6589:, pp. 72–73. 6577:, pp. 35–46. 6449:"Arctic Wildlife" 6252:, pp. 30–31. 6162:(1538): 477–481. 5925:hornedlizards.org 5850:Ruxton, Graeme D. 5643:(1516): 481–488. 5580:978-0-520-22825-2 5268:978-0-13-170356-8 5206:Cuthill, Innes C. 5167:Cuthill, Innes C. 5155:, pp. 83–91. 5116:(10): 1242–1253. 5090:978-0-00-220010-3 5052:, pp. 45–46. 4853:978-3-642-40461-0 4783:Cuthill, Innes C. 4722:Cuthill, Innes C. 4663:978-0-19-968867-8 4636:Ruxton, Graeme D. 4572:978-0-19-968867-8 4545:Ruxton, Graeme D. 4291:(7605): 102–105. 4084:(7489): 484–488. 3994:10.1038/srep19966 3930:, pp. 47–67. 3869:, pp. 5, 16. 3821:, pp. 74–75. 3696:978-88-8453-377-7 3485:is a novel about 3473:Et in Arcadia ego 2986:Bankstown Airport 2952:Operation Bertram 2942:. The film-maker 2819:dazzle camouflage 2701:Sir Harry Lumsden 2691:uniforms was the 2566: 172–250 AD 2469:dazzle camouflage 2457:mimicking a stick 2383:Operation Bertram 2213:natural selection 2211:), implying that 2205:phylogenetic tree 1507:Active camouflage 1384:Active camouflage 1367: 1308:motion camouflage 1286:Motion camouflage 1280:Motion camouflage 1240:Cryptic behaviour 1144:of the predatory 1014:European nightjar 787:Egyptian nightjar 573:domesticated cats 569:eastern deer mice 538:Sepia officinalis 530:active camouflage 403:sexually selected 397:' mark, not one ' 367:'s 1907 painting 302:animal coloration 242:Origin of Species 229:natural selection 103:, are capable of 13412: 13170:Sexual selection 13132: 13022: 13015: 13008: 12999: 12998: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12841: 12840: 12537:Ecological niche 12509:selection theory 12329:Umbrella species 12314:Species richness 12250:Invasive species 12230:Flagship species 12137:Population cycle 12132:Overexploitation 12097:Ecological yield 12047: 12040: 12033: 12024: 12023: 11929:Mesotrophic soil 11869:Climax community 11801:Marine food webs 11740:Biomagnification 11541:Chemoorganotroph 11395:Keystone species 11355:Biotic component 11300: 11293: 11286: 11277: 11276: 11245:Palpebral (bone) 11078:Schizochroal eye 10999: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10901: 10900: 10884:Julian Trevelyan 10819:Jasper Maskelyne 10751:Norman Wilkinson 10741:Edward Wadsworth 10716:Kimon Nicolaïdes 10691:John Graham Kerr 10648: 10641: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10526: 10525: 10097: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10030: 10029: 9936:Norman Wilkinson 9931:John Graham Kerr 9870: 9869: 9802: 9790:Urban camouflage 9700: 9693: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9540:Deception in War 9456: 9433: 9411: 9404:Barkas, Geoffrey 9392: 9380: 9366: 9344: 9308: 9282: 9268: 9253: 9239: 9225: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8989:Toklas, Alice B. 8987:. Translated by 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8814:on 12 March 2013 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8779:. Archived from 8768: 8762: 8761: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8708: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8655: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8626:. Archived from 8607: 8601: 8600: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8562:"SSZ Camouflage" 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8515: 8504: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8468: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8443: 8437:. pp. 1–4. 8432: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8292: 8286: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8129:. Archived from 8118: 8112: 8111: 8103: 8090: 8089: 8071: 8065: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7536: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7450: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7374: 7364: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7313: 7303: 7267: 7258: 7257: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7178: 7172: 7171:, pp. 6–42. 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7014: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6903: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6831: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6650:Ehrlich, Paul R. 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6599: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6528: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6426:on 20 March 2016 6416: 6410: 6409: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6344: 6329: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6230: 6220: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6122: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6013: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5802:. Archived from 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5747: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5518: 5512: 5511: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5413: 5407:. Archived from 5374: 5361: 5346: 5344: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5305: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5174: 5165:Osorio, Daniel; 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5125: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5016:, pp. 5–19. 5011: 5005: 5004: 4991: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948:using olfaction. 4940:) and meerkats ( 4938:Canis familiaris 4921: 4903: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4761: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4516: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4198: 4188: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4152:. Archived from 4139: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3760:(8 March 1868). 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3676: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3591: 3568: 3557:anti-war protest 3552: 3536: 3533: 3517: 3489:alien beings by 3416: 3345:Civil structures 3294: 3278: 3269: 3266: 3253: 3234: 3214: 3192: 3102:soldiers in the 3096: 3080: 3064: 3046: 3025: 3012:Maritime patrol 3009: 2978:Sydney Ure Smith 2890:Second World War 2870:Second World War 2861: 2846: 2830: 2815:Norman Wilkinson 2796:John Graham Kerr 2624: 2623: 1655–1740 2621: 2616:First Maroon War 2612:Jamaican Maroons 2584: 2581: 2567: 2564: 2508:visual illusions 2450: 2435: 2416: 2397: 2374: 2358: 2342: 2321: 2306: 2207:of bony fishes ( 2154: 2153: 2149: 1903: 1887: 1865: 1771: 1759: 1743: 1724: 1705: 1610: 1595:Veiled chameleon 1591: 1572: 1560: 1544: 1532: 1515:announced their 1443: 1432:peacock flounder 1427: 1398:peacock flounder 1392:Animals such as 1369: 1368: 1345: 1327: 1268:leafy sea dragon 1250:leafy sea dragon 1231: 1214: 1198: 1182: 1170:blotched emerald 1089: 1073: 1057: 1045: 1029: 1018:Second World War 961: 946: 930: 915: 903: 891: 798: 783: 768: 756: 735:, including the 661:Papuan frogmouth 657: 645:Draco dussumieri 640: 605:P. melanocrachia 339:green tree-snake 245:, Darwin wrote: 215: 143:Second World War 34:peacock flounder 13420: 13419: 13415: 13414: 13413: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13380:Survival skills 13365: 13364: 13363: 13358: 13332: 13225: 13133: 13124: 13031: 13026: 12996: 12991: 12921: 12873: 12868: 12838: 12833: 12824: 12810:Systems ecology 12698: 12669:Extinction debt 12634:Ecological debt 12624:Bioluminescence 12605: 12598: 12567:marine habitats 12542:Ecological trap 12523: 12403: 12396: 12339: 12333: 12289:Rapoport's rule 12284:Priority effect 12225:Endemic species 12193: 12152:Population size 12068: 12061: 12051: 12021: 12016: 11969: 11963: 11949:Trophic cascade 11859:Bioaccumulation 11842: 11769: 11726: 11648: 11615: 11512: 11424: 11385:Ecosystem model 11318: 11304: 11274: 11269: 11198: 11110: 11082: 11000: 10991: 10931: 10928: 10898: 10893: 10879:Ernest Townsend 10774:Geoffrey Barkas 10755: 10731:Maximilian Toch 10657: 10652: 10622: 10617: 10606:Cloaking device 10574: 10545: 10513: 10412: 10406: 10317:Type 87 (China) 10237: 10231: 10198: 10172:(1917 aircraft) 10164:Camouflage tree 10152: 10123:Rauchtarnmuster 10102: 10079: 10070:Ship camouflage 10015: 9979: 9975:Timothy O'Neill 9970:Geoffrey Barkas 9907: 9861: 9803: 9794: 9785:Snow camouflage 9780:Self-decoration 9709: 9704: 9660: 9623: 9608:. McGraw-Hill. 9584:Stevens, Martin 9542:. John Murray. 9503:Behrens, Roy R. 9485:Behrens, Roy R. 9467:Behrens, Roy R. 9463: 9461:Further reading 9453: 9430: 9399: 9389: 9363: 9341: 9305: 9289: 9287:General reading 9244:Darwin, Charles 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9195: 9185: 9183: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9120: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9080: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8981:Stein, Gertrude 8978: 8974: 8964: 8962: 8959:Automotive News 8953: 8952: 8948: 8931: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8868: 8866: 8854: 8850: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8721: 8720: 8716: 8706: 8704: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8664:(853): 99–100. 8653: 8647: 8643: 8633: 8631: 8630:on 7 April 2015 8624: 8608: 8604: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8430: 8426: 8425: 8421: 8414: 8400: 8396: 8385: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8296:Tinbergen, Niko 8293: 8289: 8283:Applied Physics 8280: 8276: 8269: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8179: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8115: 8104: 8093: 8086: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8028:"Camouflage, n" 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7913: 7909: 7888: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7845: 7841: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7768: 7764: 7751: 7747: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7673: 7669: 7658: 7654: 7637: 7633: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7586: 7578: 7574: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7487: 7483: 7468: 7464: 7416: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7388: 7337:Stevens, Martin 7334: 7327: 7268: 7261: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7212: 7208: 7179: 7175: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7040: 7036: 6991:Current Biology 6983: 6979: 6971: 6960: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6865: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6833: 6832: 6823: 6778: 6774: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6600: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6486:on 4 March 2016 6483: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6327: 6321: 6317: 6280:Biology Letters 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6197: 6193: 6148: 6144: 6120:10.1038/423604a 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6057: 6053: 6024:(1354): 19–25. 6014: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5930: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5868:(6): 20150325. 5862:Biology Letters 5856:(1 June 2015). 5854:Stevens, Martin 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5806:on 11 June 2015 5792: 5788: 5780: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5678: 5674: 5629:Stevens, Martin 5626: 5622: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5565: 5558: 5543:10.2307/2389314 5519: 5515: 5503: 5502: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5474: 5470: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5372: 5362: 5349: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5255: 5251: 5202:Stevens, Martin 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5110:Vision Research 5102: 5098: 5091: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040:, pp. 5–6. 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 4989:10.1038/448408c 4958: 4954: 4876: 4872: 4854: 4832: 4828: 4779: 4775: 4719: 4715: 4678:Stevens, Martin 4675: 4671: 4664: 4644:. Vol. 1. 4633: 4629: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4553:. Vol. 1. 4542: 4538: 4493:Current Biology 4485: 4481: 4428: 4424: 4389: 4385: 4373: 4371: 4362: 4361: 4340: 4336: 4275: 4271: 4225:Current Biology 4216: 4212: 4165: 4161: 4140: 4136: 4125: 4121: 4074: 4070: 4023: 4019: 3966:Stevens, Martin 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3889: 3885: 3879:Rothenberg 2011 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3764:. Darwin Online 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3707:Wayback Machine 3677: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3534: 3518: 3506:Stephen Sprouse 3477:science fiction 3417: 3410: 3371: 3347: 3312: 3305: 3295: 3286: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3254: 3245: 3235: 3226: 3215: 3206: 3193: 3164:combat clothing 3124: 3118: 3111: 3108:snow camouflage 3097: 3088: 3081: 3072: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3026: 3017: 3010: 2944:Geoffrey Barkas 2925:General Katukov 2921:Battle of Kursk 2886: 2872: 2865: 2862: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2831: 2807:Ship camouflage 2752:First World War 2732: 2726: 2724:First World War 2714:Second Boer War 2693:Corps of Guides 2631: 2622: 2582: 2568:) wrote in his 2565: 2544: 2539: 2531:Main articles: 2529: 2524: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2417: 2408: 2398: 2389: 2385:by mimicking a 2375: 2366: 2359: 2350: 2343: 2334: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2235: 2225: 2215:has driven the 2176: 2170: 2168:Ultra-blackness 2151: 2147: 2146: 2102:Clupea harengus 2093: 2034:resemble small 1932:Aurelia labiata 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1895: 1890:Bulwark of HMS 1888: 1879: 1866: 1846:B-24 Liberators 1826:bioluminescence 1791: 1785: 1778: 1772: 1763: 1760: 1751: 1744: 1735: 1729:grey reef shark 1725: 1716: 1706: 1630: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1602: 1592: 1583: 1573: 1564: 1561: 1552: 1545: 1536: 1533: 1491:snow camouflage 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1402:idotea balthica 1390: 1388:Snow camouflage 1380: 1373: 1370: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1337: 1333:Syritta pipiens 1328: 1288: 1282: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1223: 1215: 1206: 1199: 1190: 1183: 1129: 1127:Self-decoration 1123: 1121:Self-decoration 1106: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1074: 1065: 1058: 1049: 1046: 1037: 1030: 1009:Pararge aegeria 984: 975: 971:Smilax bona-nox 962: 953: 947: 938: 931: 922: 916: 907: 904: 895: 892: 819: 813: 806: 799: 790: 784: 775: 769: 760: 757: 685: 668: 667: 666: 665: 664: 658: 650: 649: 641: 630: 624: 582: 509: 470: 457: 434:natural history 411:Teddy Roosevelt 216: 213: 163: 127:First World War 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13418: 13408: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13340: 13338: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13283: 13281:Wilson Bentley 13278: 13276:Joseph Plateau 13273: 13268: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13231: 13227: 13226: 13224: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13216: 13214:Plateau's laws 13211: 13209:Fluid dynamics 13206: 13196: 13195: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13147: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13134: 13127: 13125: 13123: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13032: 13025: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13002: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12953:Apparent death 12950: 12945: 12935: 12929: 12927: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12898: 12897: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12867: 12866: 12859: 12852: 12844: 12835: 12834: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12790:Microecosystem 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12689:Thorson's rule 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12614:Assembly rules 12610: 12608: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12499: 12497:Patch dynamics 12494: 12492:Metapopulation 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12408: 12406: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12387:Storage effect 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12343: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12269:Neutral theory 12266: 12261: 12256: 12254:Native species 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12184: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12127:Overpopulation 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12073: 12071: 12063: 12062: 12050: 12049: 12042: 12035: 12027: 12018: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11934:Nutrient cycle 11931: 11926: 11924:Feeding frenzy 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11904:Energy quality 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11864:Cascade effect 11861: 11856: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11777: 11775: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11707:Microbial loop 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11672:Lithoautotroph 11669: 11664: 11658: 11656: 11654:Microorganisms 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11611:Prey switching 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11522: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11488:Photosynthesis 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11443:Chemosynthesis 11440: 11434: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11335:Abiotic stress 11332: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11303: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11206: 11204: 11203:Related topics 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11174: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11152:Countershading 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11092: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11068:Holochroal eye 11065: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11010: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10927: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10904: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10834:Roland Penrose 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10804:Frederick Gore 10801: 10799:Victorine Foot 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10746:Everett Warner 10743: 10738: 10736:Leon Underwood 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10628: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10598: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10523: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10416: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10383:wz. 93 Pantera 10380: 10374: 10368: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10344: 10338: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10302: 10296: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10241: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10117:Platanenmuster 10114: 10107: 10105: 10094: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10036: 10034: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10011:Martin Stevens 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9987: 9985: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9953: 9948: 9946:Leon Underwood 9943: 9941:Everett Warner 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9876: 9874: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9832: 9827: 9825:Decorator crab 9822: 9817: 9811: 9809: 9805: 9804: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9728:Countershading 9725: 9719: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9703: 9702: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9669:Behrens, Roy. 9667: 9659: 9658:External links 9656: 9655: 9654: 9639: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9599: 9581: 9572:. Zone Books. 9566: 9551: 9533: 9518: 9500: 9482: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9434: 9428: 9416:Casson, Lionel 9412: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9387: 9381:. Bloomsbury. 9367: 9361: 9349:Herring, Peter 9345: 9339: 9324: 9309: 9303: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9269: 9255: 9252:. John Murray. 9240: 9226: 9210: 9209:Early research 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9168: 9161: 9141: 9134: 9114: 9088: 9066: 9036: 9021: 9019:, p. 100. 9006: 8972: 8946: 8925: 8913: 8906: 8888: 8876: 8848: 8833:Craemer, Guy. 8825: 8794: 8763: 8756: 8738: 8714: 8690: 8641: 8622: 8602: 8591:(9): 927–930. 8575: 8553: 8527: 8491: 8455: 8419: 8412: 8394: 8379: 8367: 8355: 8343: 8331:Farnham Castle 8327:"World War II" 8318: 8308: 8287: 8274: 8267: 8247: 8240: 8222: 8189: 8177: 8159: 8144: 8113: 8091: 8084: 8066: 8057: 8045: 8019: 7993: 7982:on 28 May 2013 7967: 7956:on 29 May 2013 7937: 7925: 7907: 7892:"Cubist Slugs" 7882: 7868: 7854: 7839: 7812: 7805: 7787: 7780: 7762: 7745: 7726: 7704: 7692: 7686:978-1841761770 7685: 7667: 7652: 7631: 7596: 7594:, p. 235. 7584: 7572: 7545:(3): 163–170. 7522: 7501:(5): 736–745. 7481: 7462: 7410: 7408:, p. 136. 7398: 7386: 7325: 7259: 7248:(4): 614–622. 7232: 7206: 7193:(3): 574–579. 7173: 7161: 7135: 7128: 7110: 7108:, p. 134. 7098: 7091: 7073: 7071:, p. 151. 7061: 7054: 7034: 6977: 6958: 6945:(2): 219–224. 6925: 6910: 6885: 6856: 6845:on 22 May 2013 6821: 6772: 6749: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6701:, p. 152. 6691: 6679: 6667: 6641: 6629: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6545: 6523: 6497: 6462: 6437: 6411: 6384:(2): 250–280. 6368: 6356: 6315: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6191: 6142: 6085: 6051: 6005: 5993: 5960: 5938: 5912: 5910:, p. 141. 5897: 5841: 5839:, p. 360. 5829: 5817: 5786: 5752:(3542): 1–18. 5733: 5721: 5672: 5620: 5601: 5586: 5579: 5556: 5529:(4): 463–474. 5513: 5487:978-4903313092 5486: 5468: 5441:(4): 483–489. 5425: 5347: 5316: 5290: 5274: 5267: 5249: 5193: 5157: 5145: 5096: 5089: 5071: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4952: 4934:Bitis arietans 4882:Bitis arietans 4870: 4852: 4826: 4773: 4713: 4692:(1): 213–222. 4669: 4662: 4627: 4578: 4571: 4536: 4499:(5): 448–453. 4479: 4442:(4): 792–806. 4422: 4383: 4374:|journal= 4334: 4269: 4210: 4159: 4134: 4119: 4068: 4017: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3833:, p. 122. 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3749: 3747:, p. 111. 3737: 3722: 3710: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3613: 3604: 3593:A letter from 3585: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3561: 3554: 3547: 3545: 3519: 3512: 3408: 3391:Gertrude Stein 3370: 3367: 3346: 3343: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3281:Modern German 3280: 3273: 3271: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3223:special forces 3216: 3209: 3207: 3198:was the first 3194: 3187: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3098: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2982:William Dobell 2936:Farnham Castle 2932:Roland Penrose 2871: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2850:Siege howitzer 2848: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2725: 2722: 2705:William Hodson 2658:Napoleonic War 2630: 2627: 2543: 2540: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2411: 2409: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2376: 2369: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2335: 2333:orchid blossom 2323: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2291:brood parasite 2224: 2221: 2209:Actinopterygii 2169: 2166: 2135:aluminium foil 2092: 2089: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1867: 1860: 1818:midwater squid 1812:, such as the 1787:Main article: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1774:Countershaded 1773: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1727:Countershaded 1726: 1719: 1717: 1714:Gazella dorcas 1710:Dorcas gazelle 1708:Countershaded 1707: 1700: 1628:Countershading 1626:Main article: 1623: 1622:Countershading 1620: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1574: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1527: 1487:rock ptarmigan 1445: 1438: 1437: 1429: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1329: 1322: 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1187:decorator crab 1184: 1177: 1138:decorator crab 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1031: 1024: 996:horned lizards 983: 980: 977: 976: 963: 956: 954: 950:Jumping spider 948: 941: 939: 932: 925: 923: 917: 910: 908: 905: 898: 896: 893: 886: 843:edge detection 815:Main article: 812: 809: 808: 807: 800: 793: 791: 785: 778: 776: 770: 763: 761: 758: 751: 701:desert animals 684: 681: 659: 652: 651: 642: 635: 634: 633: 632: 631: 623: 620: 581: 578: 550:Peppered moths 508: 505: 501:countershading 496:Psittacosaurus 469: 468:Fossil history 466: 456: 453: 385:countershading 278:Experiment by 253:the colour of 225:Charles Darwin 211: 172:Octopus cyanea 162: 159: 77:countershading 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13417: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13372: 13370: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13327: 13326: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13294: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13271:Ernst Haeckel 13269: 13267: 13266:Adolf Zeising 13264: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13228: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13131: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13110:Vortex street 13108: 13106: 13103: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13088:Quasicrystals 13086: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13023: 13018: 13016: 13011: 13009: 13004: 13003: 13000: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12924: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12858: 12853: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12842: 12832: 12827: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815:Urban ecology 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12674:Kleiber's law 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12601: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12447:Foster's rule 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12196: 12190: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12064: 12059: 12055: 12048: 12043: 12041: 12036: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11845: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11765:Trophic level 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11722:Phage ecology 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11712:Microbial mat 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11667:Bacteriophage 11665: 11663: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11651: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11634:Decomposition 11632: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11581:Mesopredators 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11526:Apex predator 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11360:Biotic stress 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11294: 11289: 11287: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11210:Animal senses 11208: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11142:Chromatophore 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11039:Mammalian eye 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11014:Arthropod eye 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10998: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10925: 10920: 10918: 10913: 10911: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10824:Oliver Messel 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:Alister Hardy 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10686:Loyd A. Jones 10684: 10682: 10681:Louis Guingot 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10644: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10563:Yehudi lights 10561: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10509: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10494: 10491: 10488: 10485: 10482: 10479: 10476: 10473: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10409: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10234: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10182:Denison smock 10180: 10177: 10176:Telo mimetico 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10145: 10142: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 10001:Innes Cuthill 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9830:Flower mantis 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9687: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9479:0-9713244-0-9 9476: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9454: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9422:. JHU Press. 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9390: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9325: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9230:Cott, Hugh B. 9227: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9145: 9137: 9131: 9128:. Ace Books. 9127: 9126: 9118: 9102: 9101:Arcadia, 1973 9098: 9092: 9076: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9011: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8961:. 12 May 2015 8960: 8956: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8917: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8886:, p. 38. 8885: 8880: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8852: 8836: 8829: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8702: 8701: 8694: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8495: 8476: 8472: 8465: 8459: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8423: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8251: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8155: 8148: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7878: 7872: 7864: 7858: 7850: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7730: 7714: 7708: 7702:, p. 43. 7701: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7671: 7663: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7612:(1): 89–102. 7611: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7407: 7402: 7396:, p. 94. 7395: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286:(6): e20233. 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7264: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7070: 7065: 7057: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6915: 6907: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6861: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6817: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6769:(4): 829–845. 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6737: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6713:, p. 36. 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6677:, p. 40. 6676: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6639:, p. 41. 6638: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6501: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6466: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6425: 6421: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6366:, p. 32. 6365: 6360: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6002: 5997: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5948: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5563: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5309: 5302: 5301: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5178: 5171: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5069:, p. 17. 5068: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 51. 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4974:(7152): 408. 4973: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3857:, p. 77. 3856: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3809:, p. 87. 3808: 3803: 3797:, p. 83. 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3735:, p. 84. 3734: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3654: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3574: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:shapeshifting 3484: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3399:Pablo Picasso 3396: 3393:recalled the 3392: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3262: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3137:near infrared 3133: 3129: 3123: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899:countershaded 2895: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2790:term meaning 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:Julius Caesar 2588: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2538: 2534: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2463:Motion dazzle 2456: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2422:adult mimics 2421: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2381:concealed in 2380: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2325:Flower mantis 2320: 2315: 2311: 2310:Peppered moth 2305: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:common cuckoo 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272:flower mantis 2269: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2251:peppered moth 2248: 2244: 2241:(also called 2240: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2145:spaced about 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2031:Agalma okenii 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1922: 1908: 1907:Yehudi Lights 1902: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:Yehudi lights 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:firefly squid 1811: 1804: 1803:firefly squid 1800: 1797:Principle of 1795: 1790: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1629: 1615: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521:Peltier plate 1518: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1442: 1433: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:chromatophore 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1355: 1351: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1251: 1246: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1105: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 988: 979: 973: 972: 967: 960: 955: 951: 945: 940: 936: 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Cott 10761:World War II 10611:Invisibility 10593: 10371:Soldier 2000 10251:Tiger stripe 10194:Ghillie suit 10147:Leibermuster 10141:Erbsenmuster 10129:Palmenmuster 9960: 9898: 9884: 9722: 9706: 9653:. (ages 4–8) 9642: 9638:. (ages 4–8) 9627: 9621:For children 9605: 9587: 9569: 9554: 9539: 9536:Latimer, Jon 9521: 9506: 9488: 9470: 9438: 9419: 9407: 9376: 9352: 9329: 9312: 9294: 9277: 9263: 9248: 9234: 9220: 9199:Bibliography 9184:. Retrieved 9180: 9171: 9151: 9144: 9124: 9117: 9105:. Retrieved 9100: 9091: 9079:. Retrieved 9069: 9057:. Retrieved 9053:the original 9048: 9039: 9030: 9024: 8997:. Retrieved 8993:the original 8975: 8963:. Retrieved 8958: 8949: 8935: 8928: 8916: 8898:Wingshooting 8897: 8891: 8879: 8869:27 September 8867:. Retrieved 8861: 8851: 8841:27 September 8839:. Retrieved 8828: 8818:25 September 8816:. Retrieved 8812:the original 8807: 8797: 8787:27 September 8785:. Retrieved 8781:the original 8776: 8766: 8747: 8741: 8729:. Retrieved 8723: 8717: 8705:. 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Retrieved 6335: 6331: 6318: 6286:(4): 326–9. 6283: 6279: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6208: 6205:PLOS Biology 6204: 6194: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6105:(423): 604. 6102: 6098: 6088: 6076:. Retrieved 6064: 6054: 6021: 6017: 5996: 5980:(1): 83–92. 5977: 5973: 5963: 5951:. Retrieved 5941: 5929:. Retrieved 5924: 5915: 5865: 5861: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5804:the original 5799: 5789: 5749: 5736: 5724: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5640: 5636: 5623: 5614: 5604: 5569: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5477: 5471: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5416:. Retrieved 5409:the original 5383:(1): 51–73. 5380: 5376: 5367: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5308:the original 5299: 5293: 5283: 5277: 5258: 5252: 5217: 5213: 5196: 5184:. 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Retrieved 3752: 3745:Poulton 1890 3740: 3713: 3687: 3679: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3616: 3607: 3589: 3538: 3499: 3494: 3491:Joe Haldeman 3480: 3472: 3470:Latin phrase 3466:memento mori 3464: 3449: 3443: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3419: 3413:From Picasso 3412: 3404: 3380: 3363: 3359:South Africa 3356: 3331:Field sports 3328: 3324:field sports 3221:, issued to 3157: 3145:night vision 3125: 3051: 3032: 2962:Steven Sykes 2955: 2939: 2929: 2914: 2903:Soviet Union 2887: 2835:West Mahomet 2834: 2805: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2749: 2718: 2678: 2662:British Army 2647: 2607: 2594: 2569: 2559:Philostratus 2556: 2522:Applications 2504:tsetse flies 2489: 2485: 2454: 2440:reed warbler 2346: 2330:Phalaenopsis 2328: 2284: 2261: 2254: 2242: 2236: 2190: 2188: 2158: 2128: 2116: 2100: 2082: 2076: 2073:Amazon River 2068:comb jellies 2042:, including 2029: 2027:siphonophore 1991: 1983: 1938: 1930: 1915:Transparency 1891: 1870: 1830: 1807: 1732: 1713: 1694: 1688:, zoologist 1675: 1647:Thayer's Law 1646: 1642: 1639: 1598: 1505: 1503: 1472: 1468: 1455:melanophores 1452: 1391: 1331: 1316: 1297: 1271: 1255: 1217: 1203:Ghillie suit 1201:Sniper in a 1165:ghillie suit 1158: 1130: 1107: 1007: 993: 978: 969: 919:Gaboon viper 864: 852: 837:, as in the 832: 725:horned viper 686: 675:(scent) and 669: 643: 616: 608: 604: 593: 591: 586:microhabitat 583: 565:phaeomelanin 558: 546:endosymbiont 537: 533: 523: 513: 510: 494: 471: 458: 438: 421: 415: 406: 388: 378: 368: 305: 295: 259:black-grouse 248: 240: 218: 207:when alarmed 200: 192: 178: 170: 151: 113: 63:of a modern 52: 51: 25: 13300:Alan Turing 13258:Liber Abaci 13177:Mathematics 13083:in crystals 13073:Soap bubble 13068:Phyllotaxis 12987:Unkenreflex 12948:Aposematism 12437:Disturbance 12340:interaction 12162:Recruitment 12092:Depensation 11884:Copiotrophs 11755:Energy flow 11677:Lithotrophy 11621:Decomposers 11601:Planktivore 11576:Insectivore 11566:Heterotroph 11531:Bacterivore 11498:Phototrophs 11448:Chemotrophs 11420:Restoration 11370:Competition 11250:Pseudopupil 11132:Aposematism 11051:Mollusc eye 10854:Peter Scott 10839:Peter Proud 10784:John Codner 10779:Hugh Casson 10769:Tony Ayrton 10663:World War I 10655:Camoufleurs 10323:wz. 89 Puma 10275:wz. 68 Moro 10178:(1929 tent) 10135:Sumpfmuster 9991:Roy Behrens 9984:Researchers 9913:Camoufleurs 9081:14 November 9017:Forbes 2009 8921:Newark 2007 8884:Newark 2007 8802:Davies, W. 8777:AOL Defence 8750:. Crowood. 8634:9 September 8435:Smithsonian 8375:Forbes 2009 8363:Barkas 1952 8351:Forbes 2009 8185:Forbes 2009 8127:Prinz Eugen 8053:Forbes 2009 7933:Forbes 2009 7700:Newark 2007 7664:. ABC-CLIO. 7592:Casson 1995 7580:Casson 1995 7406:Thayer 1909 7349:BMC Biology 7169:Forbes 2009 7106:Forbes 2009 7069:Forbes 2009 7045:The Insects 6742:28 November 6711:Barkas 1952 6699:Forbes 2009 6687:Forbes 2009 6587:Forbes 2009 6560:14 November 6538:14 November 6455:22 December 6349:17 November 6338:(2): 1–12. 6262:Forbes 2009 6211:(5): e108. 5953:21 December 5931:14 November 5825:Forbes 2009 5729:Forbes 2009 5504:|work= 5050:Newark 2007 5026:Forbes 2009 4946:B. arietans 4598:(4): 1121. 4592:Coral Reefs 3952:Forbes 2009 3867:Thayer 1909 3855:Forbes 2009 3843:Thayer 1909 3733:Darwin 1859 3718:Darwin 1859 3540:camoufleurs 3535: 1917 3502:Andy Warhol 3427:announced: 3268: 2006 2994:John Vassos 2966:Tony Ayrton 2960:, included 2957:camoufleurs 2780:to disguise 2761:camoufleurs 2710:khaki drill 2670:rifle green 2654:Baker rifle 2642:Baker rifle 2587:Gallic Wars 2552:sarcophagus 2542:Before 1800 2424:sparrowhawk 2406:merchantman 2363:grasshopper 2295:sparrowhawk 2201:melanosomes 2162:cephalopods 2064:crustaceans 2023:nematocysts 1980:Glass frogs 1945:transparent 1822:photophores 1513:BAE Systems 1475:Arctic hare 1412:. However, 1312:loom larger 1304:dragonflies 1098:Distraction 1076:Camouflage 871:variegation 839:common frog 713:desert lark 601:stony coral 534:A. fischeri 516:cephalopods 379:The artist 371:depicted a 189:cephalopods 89:cephalopods 61:battledress 13375:Camouflage 13369:Categories 13247:Empedocles 13242:Pythagoras 13160:Camouflage 13098:in biology 13093:in flowers 13063:Parastichy 12977:Camouflage 12805:Sexecology 12382:Parasitism 12347:Antibiosis 12182:Resistance 12177:Resilience 12067:Population 11987:Camouflage 11939:Oligotroph 11854:Ascendency 11816:intertidal 11806:cold seeps 11760:Food chain 11561:Herbivores 11536:Carnivores 11463:Mixotrophs 11438:Autotrophs 11317:components 11240:Ommatidium 11172:coincident 11137:Camouflage 11115:Coloration 11056:cephalopod 10950:Chameleons 10849:Brian Robb 10844:Fred Pusey 10829:Colin Moss 10814:Ivan Konev 10711:André Mare 10701:Franz Marc 10550:Prototypes 10536:Berberys-R 10522:Technology 10353:Tropentarn 10220:Strichtarn 10093:Up to WWII 9850:Aggressive 9723:Camouflage 9707:Camouflage 9439:Camouflage 9410:. Cassell. 9238:. Methuen. 9125:Camouflage 9059:1 December 8999:31 January 8808:Newsletter 8464:"FM 21–75" 8336:8 February 8038:8 February 8012:8 February 7986:8 February 7960:8 February 7478:: 351–358. 6849:3 February 6723:Elias 2011 6660:1 February 6490:3 February 6430:31 January 6078:16 January 5186:25 October 4196:1893/32292 4179:: 639670. 3663:References 3600:T. W. Wood 3575:item, 2007 3521:André Mare 3482:Camouflage 3432:fantastic. 3200:pixellated 3116:After 1945 3069:Spitfire's 2974:Max Dupain 2916:Maskirovka 2767:camouflage 2744:André Mare 2500:horseflies 2455:Dolophones 2400:Armed WW1 2243:masquerade 2060:polychaete 2050:(floating 2003:crystallin 1965:planktonic 1848:and naval 1653:, such as 1643:vice versa 1580:jagdpanzer 1577:Marder III 1549:Winter War 1495:dog family 1479:Arctic fox 1459:organelles 1410:signalling 1300:hoverflies 1146:masked bug 966:understory 880:herbivores 875:understory 717:sandgrouse 709:fennec fox 622:Principles 478:Cretaceous 337:, and the 335:tree-frogs 257:, and the 251:red-grouse 185:signalling 131:André Mare 109:herbivores 97:chameleons 67:, and the 53:Camouflage 13385:Deception 13349:Emergence 13252:Fibonacci 12710:Allometry 12664:Emergence 12392:Symbiosis 12377:Mutualism 12172:Stability 12077:Abundance 11889:Dominance 11847:Processes 11836:tide pool 11732:Food webs 11606:Predation 11591:Omnivores 11518:Consumers 11473:Mycotroph 11430:Producers 11375:Ecosystem 11340:Behaviour 11255:Rhopalium 11088:Evolution 11061:gastropod 11029:Eye shine 11024:Eagle eye 10955:Dinosaurs 10696:Paul Klee 10347:Flecktarn 10236:Late 20th 10188:Frog Skin 9956:Hugh Cott 9845:Müllerian 9808:In nature 8985:"Picasso" 8731:5 October 8707:8 January 8678:144589400 8154:The Times 7834:1367-5907 7828:: 34–42. 7419:Caro, Tim 7394:Cott 1940 7225:22 August 7021:0960-9822 6921:Cott 1940 6675:Cott 1940 6637:Cott 1940 6575:Cott 1940 6364:Cott 1940 6250:Cott 1940 6046:131341953 6001:Cott 1940 5908:Cott 1940 5837:Cott 1940 5766:2246/5820 5597:Cott 1940 5506:ignored ( 5496:cite book 5153:Cott 1940 5067:Cott 1940 5038:Cott 1940 5014:Cott 1940 4998:0028-0836 4910:0962-8452 4862:2197-7305 4750:0962-8452 4708:1465-7279 4456:0737-4038 4357:240967012 4313:0028-0836 4205:2296-7745 3940:Cott 1940 3928:Cott 1940 3916:Cott 1940 3819:Cott 1940 3500:In 1986, 3283:Flecktarn 3263:pattern, 3153:Lightning 3085:Luftwaffe 3034:Flecktarn 3030:Waffen SS 2784:camouflet 2772:camoufler 2593:sent his 2268:parasites 2264:predators 2192:Oneirodes 2091:Silvering 2052:tunicates 1957:mesogloea 1953:jellyfish 1686:Australia 1681:Hugh Cott 1678:zoologist 1394:chameleon 1154:trichomes 1134:caddisfly 1115:blue tits 935:ptarmigan 860:inherited 827:Hugh Cott 693:woodcocks 689:parakeets 673:olfactory 610:Platygyra 595:Phestilla 520:reflectin 490:mosasaurs 482:eumelanin 455:Evolution 441:predators 418:Hugh Cott 353:: "Among 239:. 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