332:, marking the first time the Canadian head of government headed a delegation at a major international conference. Initially, it was agreed that reparations by Germany would be paid to the nations that endured damage from the war, which would ensure that France would have received the majority of the reparations as much of northern France had been turned into a wasteland by the war. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, motivated by jealousy over the fact that Britain would have received a relatively small account of the reparations compared to France, put forward the demand that Germany pay the pensions of all the servicemen, widows, and orphans for the entire British empire, a demand that wrecked any possibility of an agreement at the peace conference for reparations. The final text of the Treaty of Versailles merely stated that Germany agreed to pay reparations to the Entente with the precise sum to be determined at another international conference as the Allied delegations proved unable to agree on the sums at the Paris peace conference. At the Paris peace conference, Canada supported the British demand for German reparations to cover all of the war-related pensions for the British empire. When the promised international conference to decide the amount reparations was finally held in London in 1921, the demand for German reparations to cover the pensions for the British empire was quietly dropped as unpractical.
518:, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn stated that the "no tanks, no trade" dispute said to have occurred at a 1975 Trudeau-Schmidt summit was a "myth". However, the summit did end with Schmidt promising to lobby the EEC to lower tariffs on Canadian goods in exchange for a promise from Trudeau to spend more on NATO. Schmidt told Trudeau that he wanted closer relations with Canada, saying he envisioned West Germany as having two North American partners instead of one. A major aspect of Trudeau's foreign policy in the 1970s was to seek a "rebalancing" of the Canadian economy by seeking to trade more with the EEC and Japan as a way to reduce American economic leverage over Canada. Schmidt's declaration of support for the "rebalancing" was greatly welcomed in Ottawa. Trudeau further had the Canadian Army buy 128 West German-built Leopard tanks in order to booster the West German arms industry, over the opposition of the Finance department which felt buying the tanks was wasteful. Canada established diplomatic relations with the
468:, Eisenhower was more concerned about Germany than Korea, saying he wanted more Canadian forces to go to the former rather than the latter. Eisenhower's visit ended with St. Laurent promising to send two Canadian divisions to West Germany. Simonds wrote at the time that, since the shipping was not available to move two divisions to Europe, the Canadians best be there before World War III started. Ultimately, for reasons of cost and the unwillingness to impose conscription led Canada cut back its forces in West Germany to a brigade instead of the promised two divisions. Instead, it was promised that two divisions would be sent to West Germany in the event of World War Three despite Simonds's statement that Canada did not the necessary shipping to send two divisions to West Germany. The St. Laurent government supported West German rearmament, a hugely controversial subject in the 1950s, as the best way to shift the burden of defending West Germany onto the Germans.
271:
British ships from North
American waters left Canada's coastlines exposed. In 1906, Britain shut down its Canadian naval bases at Halifax on the Atlantic coast and Esquimalt on the Pacific coast while pulling out the last British garrisons in Canada, making Canada completely responsible for its own defense for the first time in its history. The German Navy made numerous planning exercises regarding possible wars. Several involved Canada. For example, the OP III plan for a hypothetical war with the United States called for a landing in the Maritime provinces prior to marching into New England to seize Boston. The Canadian historians' Roger Sarty and Michael Hardly called the OP III invasion plan for the conquest of the United States a "fantasy" on the part of Emperor Wilhelm II, but one that he did take seriously. As part of the plan, the German gunboat SMS
430:
91:
292:. Though Laurier would rather not spend any money on navies, his promise to create a Canadian naval force during the debates on 29 March 1909 had trapped him, and in August 1909 the British pressed the Canadians to create their own navy, leading the government to pass the necessary legislation. On 4 May 1910, the Royal Canadian Navy came into existence. However, it consisted of only two cruisers with one for the Atlantic coast and one for the Pacific coast. The Imperial German Navy reported to the Kaiser that this was not a danger at all to the mighty High Seas Fleet.
27:
276:
the best place to land an invasion force on the
Atlantic coast, saying it was a major port while the forts meant to protect it could be taken out; the same report also stated that Quebec City should also be taken while Port Angeles in Washington state was the best place to land an invasion force on the Pacific coast to seize both Vancouver and Seattle. Though the Canadian government was not aware of these plans, Ottawa would have been greatly alarmed had Canadians officials known of this aspect of a war plan against the United States.
668:
46:
379:
the confidence which I felt had been established between Hitler and myself at the time of our meeting, and the sincere desire mutually shared that every endeavor should be met towards mutual understanding". Mackenzie King spent the rest of the summer of 1939 working on arranging for the visit, but the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 put an end to the scheme. The German-born
American historian Abraham Ascher wrote that anyone reading of Mackenzie King's relationship with Hitler together with that of
2847:
472:
was unlikely that the Soviet Union would ever invade West
Germany, and the purpose of the brigade came to be more political than military. It was privately admitted that a single brigade was too small to make any serious difference in the event of the Red Army actually invading West Germany, but the mere existence of the brigade allowed Canada a greater weight in dealings with both the United States and the western European states than it otherwise would have possessed.
696:
105:
383:(a prominent pro-appeasement Scottish aristocrat) "cannot avoid being taken aback by the superficiality and gullibility of these two authors" as both Lord Lothian and Mackenzie King convinced themselves that Hitler was an idealistic man of peace. Under Mackenzie King's leadership, Canada had one of the most restrictive policies against accepting refugees from Germany. Between 1933 and 1939, Canada accepted only 2,000 refugees from Germany.
582:
2658:
682:
356:, the prime minister from 1921 to 1926, 1926–1930, and from 1935 to 1948, Canada consistently supported appeasement, arguing that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany and needed to be revised. The Canadian historian Robert Teigrob described Mackenzie King as one of the most ardent appeasers in the entire Commonwealth, who saw appeasement as the best policy on both moral and practical grounds. Canadian historian
57:
341:
296:
375:
remembered meeting
Mackenzie King "with pleasure", and then proceeded to ignore the Danzig crisis by saying he wanted 12 Canadian university students and Army officers to visit Germany. Hitler wrote that purpose of the visit would be to "convey to the Canadian people an impressive picture of Greater Germany's newly-won strength and its will to peaceable constructive work".
366:
the problems of ordinary people and stated he was impressed "by the very positive manner in which Hitler spoke of the determination of himself and his colleagues not to permit any resort to war". Mackenzie King called Hitler a "man of deep sincerity and a genuine patriot" who sometimes had to use ruthless methods because of the "big problems" he was faced with.
257:(ethnic German) immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe. Once again Mennonites were especially prominent, having been persecuted by the Tsarist regime in Russia for their refusal to serve in the Imperial Russian Army. Used to the harsh conditions of farming in Russia, many of these settlers were among the most successful in adapting to the Canadian prairies.
471:
The decision to send a brigade to West
Germany was intended at least in part to reassure domestic fears in Canada about West German rearmament and to allow Canada a greater say in NATO. After the war scare caused by the Korean War passed, Canadian officials increasingly came to the conclusion that it
374:
to save the peace. Mackenzie King concluded: "You will, I know, accept this letter in the spirit in which it was written-an expression of the faith I have in the purpose you have at heart, and of the friendship with yourself which you have been so kind to share with me". Hitler in his reply stated he
314:
On 1 August 1914, Germany invaded
Belgium, and Britain declared war to protect its ally France. Canada as a member of the British Empire was automatically at war. Many German men in Canada were reservists in the German military who escaped to the neutral United States, where they booked a passage to
275:
made a lengthy voyage in 1905-06 along both the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States and Canada looking for the best places to land an invasion force and for secret anchorages where German naval forces might be resupplied. By 1908, a German Navy planning exercise reported that Halifax was
449:
The outbreak of the Korean War led to a major war scare on both sides of the
Atlantic in 1950–51. At the time, there was a widespread belief that the North Korean invasion of South Korea was a feint intended to have the American forces bogged down in Korea to prepare the way for a Soviet invasion of
401:
Canada's combat roles centred in the North
Atlantic and later in Italy and Northwestern Europe, In all, some 1.1 million Canadians served in the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and in other forces, with 42,000 killed and another 55,000 wounded. Financial cost, including
365:
on 19 June 1937 in Berlin, and in an account of his meeting that he sent to the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Mackenzie King wrote that "the impression gained by this interview was a very favorable one". Mackenzie King praised Hitler as a warm, caring man who was deeply concerned about
279:
In 1908 the German Kaiser Wilhelm II claimed that British foreign policy would soon flounder between the need to "protect" Canada while maintaining the alliance with Japan.In an attempt to cause dissension in Anglo-Canadian relations, Wilhelm offered up the High Seas Fleet to protect Canada from the
405:
Canadian forces played a major role in the invasion of the continent, with special responsibility in 1944-45 for the liberation of the Netherlands. Canadian forces initially took part in the occupation of Germany as part of the British occupation force, but in May 1946 Mackenzie King pulled out all
378:
Mackenzie King was strongly moved by Hitler's letter and accepted the offer to have 12 Canadians visit Germany, which he somehow believed would lead to a peaceful resolution of the Danzig crisis. Mackenzie King told the German ambassador in Ottawa that he regarded Hitler's letter "as an evidence of
397:
A week after the King of Great Britain declared war on Germany, Canada followed suit with a vote in Parliament. There was no debate—the vote was unanimous but for one pacifist. The delay was to validate Canada's independent decision in terms of its new freedom in foreign policy. Despite repeated
360:
argues that King was a spiritualist who felt he had a mission from God to restore peace to the world. In June 1937, Mackenzie King paid the first visit by a Canadian prime minister to Germany. Mackenzie King had grown up in Berlin, Ontario (modern Kitchener), at the time a mostly German-speaking
480:
The founding of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 led to new tensions. The founding members of the EEC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The EEC followed a protectionist policy and a recurring Canadian complaint was that the EEC's tariffs made
270:
In the early 20th century, the Anglo-German naval race had repercussions on Canadian politics as the Royal Navy was forced to redeploy more and more ships to the home waters to face the growing German High Seas Fleet across the North Sea. Canada had no navy prior to 1910, and the withdrawal of
158:
colonized by France in the 17th century. A number of ethnic Germans migrated to the colony during French colonial possession between 1663 and 1763, and mixed in with the French population. The first major German migration to Canada, however, was after the English conquests of
481:
Canadian goods uncompetitive in the EEC markets. Given that Canada had sent a brigade to defend West Germany, many Canadian officials echoed the American complaints that the EEC should lower tariffs on goods from North America. In 1958, the Canadian ambassador in Bonn,
319:
made several failed efforts to sabotage the Canadian war effort. Many rumours circulated and plots were hatched but no major successful sabotage took place. "Enemy alien" was the status of 393,000 Germans living in Canada; only 2009 were interred.
529:
announced that Canada would be pulling out its brigade in Germany by 1995 unless the Germans wanted the brigade to remain. Ultimately, the brigade left two years earlier than planned with all the Canadian forces leaving Germany on 30 July 1993.
369:
In July 1939, Mackenzie King wrote to Hitler appealing him not to let the Danzig crisis start another world war, writing at length about how much he admired Hitler, regarded him as one of his best friends, and spoke of his wish to work with
450:
West Germany. When China entered the Korean war, pushing back the United Nations forces (the largest of which was the American contingent), there were grave fears that the world was on the brink of World War III. On 16 January 1951, the
283:
In 1908–1909, fears arose that Britain was falling behind in the naval race, leading to a major outburst of pro-British and anti-German feelings in Canada. Calls arose to assist the "mother country". The Conservative opposition led by
489:
against the EEC's protectionist policy, which he stated was causing much ill-will in Canada and asked Adenauer to use his influence with the EEC to lower the tariffs. During a visit to Bonn in 1959, the Canadian Defense Minister
1395:
German emigration to Canada & the support of its Deutschtum during the Weimar Republic: the role of the Deutsches Ausland-Institut, Verein fur das Deutschtum in Ausland & German-Canadian organisations.
253:). This large group also attracted new migrants from Germany drawing some 50,000 of them to the region over subsequent decades. Beginning in 1896, western Canada drew further large numbers of
249:
who were subjected to discrimination in the United States for their pacifist beliefs. They moved to what is today southwest Ontario, settling around Berlin, Ontario (now known as
3036:
2696:
2646:
494:
threatened to pull the Canadian brigade out of West Germany unless the EEC lowered its tariffs on Canadian goods. On 3 April 1969, the Canadian Prime Minister
163:. A significant number of Germans served in the British invading force and subsequently elected to settle in the new lands. The colony's population was mainly
1809:
1761:
2560:
1705:
Grams, Grant W. "T.O.F. Herzer and His work with German-speaking Immigration to Canada" Journal of the Canadian Church Historical Society, Fall 2006.
1558:
Graham Fry, Michael (1999). "Agents and Structures: The Dominions and the Czechoslovak Crisis, September 1938". In Igor Lukes; Erik Goldstein (eds.).
3480:
3460:
2624:
2465:
2691:
2346:
603:
414:
Canada played very little role in the postwar occupation of Germany. When asked by Britain to provide transport planes and air crews for the
309:
3233:
2196:
3172:
2639:
2539:
719:
1323:
2160:
1754:
26:
3490:
2565:
1960:
233:. Some of these mercenaries decided to settle in Canada once their terms expired, and several of the Brunswick regiment settled in
642:
In 2006, Germany was the sixth ranked destination of Canadian exports (0.9%) and sixth ranked source of imports to Canada (2.8%).
429:
3585:
1920:
547:
506:
In the 1970s, Canadian-West German relations were unusually friendly and close due to the friendship between the Prime Minister
3580:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3026:
181:
began to balance the population statistics. Most of the attracted settlers came from German duchies and principalities on the
3575:
3358:
2632:
2590:
2586:
2524:
2063:
380:
1381:
3418:
3253:
1747:
1334:
3323:
2941:
2470:
2341:
2211:
1353:
Maxwell, Alexander, and Sacha E. Davis. "Germanness beyond Germany: collective identity in German diaspora communities."
458:
1520:
Bergen, Doris (2012). "Social Death and International Isolation: Jews in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939". In Ruth Klein (ed.).
3127:
2806:
2444:
1965:
1684:
451:
328:
At the Paris peace conference between January–June 1919, the Canadian delegation was headed by the Prime Minister, Sir
3510:
3439:
3408:
3348:
3137:
3117:
3097:
2967:
2811:
2726:
2385:
2130:
1874:
1869:
1804:
1665:
1639:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1510:
1484:
1465:
1446:
629:
2654:
611:
3500:
3475:
3343:
3328:
3213:
3177:
3157:
3052:
2977:
2801:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2369:
2331:
2281:
2140:
2120:
2105:
1991:
1925:
1824:
1700:
402:
loans and gifts to Britain, was $ 22 billion. Unlike the First World War, the homefront was not bitterly divided.
209:
bear distinctly German names. Many of the names of islands, beaches and points are also German and there are many
3549:
3434:
3318:
3142:
3132:
3112:
3012:
3001:
2951:
2926:
2861:
2390:
2276:
2080:
2006:
2001:
1854:
1839:
1585:
Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941
3554:
3515:
3393:
3388:
3368:
3288:
3238:
3162:
3107:
3082:
3077:
3072:
2992:
2931:
2891:
2866:
2821:
2711:
2686:
2439:
2364:
2271:
2135:
2115:
2048:
2031:
1975:
1890:
607:
316:
288:
demanded that Canada contribute money to the Royal Navy, a demand rejected by the Liberal prime minister, Sir
3465:
3413:
3373:
3338:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3243:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3182:
3087:
3067:
2972:
2946:
2916:
2901:
2871:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2736:
2706:
2676:
2485:
2316:
2296:
2241:
2201:
2150:
2110:
2095:
2090:
2021:
1910:
1895:
1819:
3403:
3383:
3378:
3363:
3353:
3313:
3283:
3273:
3248:
3167:
3152:
3057:
3047:
3032:
2987:
2982:
2921:
2906:
2876:
2831:
2786:
2721:
2681:
2662:
2336:
2301:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2221:
2216:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2165:
2085:
2038:
1996:
1970:
1940:
1930:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1834:
1799:
1578:
Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale
1402:
Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale
1378:
Soldiers for Sale: German "Mercenaries" with the British in Canada during the American Revolution (1776-83)
714:
543:
3505:
3444:
3398:
3333:
3308:
3187:
3147:
3122:
3092:
3042:
3007:
2997:
2911:
2886:
2816:
2776:
2741:
2731:
2716:
2701:
2595:
2581:
2449:
2429:
2326:
2311:
2306:
2291:
2286:
2266:
2236:
2226:
2206:
2155:
2145:
2070:
2016:
1950:
1945:
1900:
1770:
709:
539:
353:
345:
2846:
3102:
3062:
3022:
3017:
2936:
2896:
2836:
2826:
2751:
2534:
2321:
2261:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2043:
2026:
1935:
1905:
1829:
1814:
519:
482:
108:
82:
2475:
2434:
2053:
1955:
1915:
1844:
194:
77:
193:
was the major source of these immigrants. Because of this migration, many Nova Scotian towns on the
1295:
592:
454:
229:
who fled to Canada. These loyalists and many German mercenaries hired by Britain fought to defend
90:
2544:
2058:
2011:
596:
226:
177:, the British administration faced a daunting demographic problem. An aggressive plan to recruit
1291:
398:
requests from Ottawa, London and Washington refused to share major decision-making with Ottawa.
190:
3531:
3485:
2529:
426:
in 1949, despite opposition from some intellectuals, the far left, and many French Canadians.
392:
202:
198:
568:. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
418:
of 1948, Canada refused. However, under the enthusiastic leadership of Liberal Prime Minister
2605:
2600:
230:
206:
94:
348:(second from left) at the opening ceremonies of the All-German Sports Competition, June 1937
1729:
461:
1320:
A Socio-economic History of German-Canadians: They, Too, Founded Canada: a Research Report
8:
515:
438:
222:
178:
1623:
1425:
250:
1680:
1661:
1635:
1563:
1544:
1525:
1506:
1480:
1461:
1442:
1429:
419:
186:
174:
3470:
1717:
Counterweights : The Failure of Canada's German and European Policy, 1955-1995
1417:
915:
651:
1632:
Four Days in Hitler's Germany Mackenzie King's Mission to Avert a Second World War
1421:
464:, visited Ottawa to ask Canada for help. Significantly, in his talks with General
1576:
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939."
1477:
Tin-pots and Pirate Ships Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders, 1880-1918
1400:
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939."
701:
486:
434:
415:
289:
164:
1677:
Trudeau's World: Insiders Reflect on Foreign Policy, Trade, and Defence, 1968-84
687:
511:
507:
495:
491:
167:
1739:
1522:
Nazi Germany, Canadian Responses Confronting Antisemitism in the Shadow of War
1313:
3569:
1408:
Lawson, Robert (December 2007). "Ribbentrop in Canada 1910 to 1914: A Note".
838:
Burn, Bomb, Destroy: The German Sabotage Campaign in North America, 1914–1917
673:
442:
329:
285:
155:
1032:
Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 2: 1921-1948, The Mackenzie King Era
526:
362:
357:
1613:
North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys
919:
465:
242:
182:
160:
695:
104:
3495:
906:
Stacey, C. P. (1980). "The Divine Mission: Mackenzie King and Hitler".
246:
151:
1592:
Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945
1310:
Vikings to U-Boats: the German experience in Newfoundland and Labrador
1246:
1045:
Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945
1236:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1217:
565:
221:
There was an even larger ethnic German migration to Canada after the
581:
1331:
The German Canadians 1750–1937: Immigration, Settlement and Culture
561:
238:
210:
170:
126:
1229:
1214:
2657:
1148:
557:
340:
315:
return to the Fatherland. The German ambassador in neutral U.S.
122:
61:
1734:
1710:
War Without Battles: Canada's NATO Brigade in Germany, 1951-1993
173:. Since most British settlers preferred to settle in the warmer
1503:
Was Hitler a Riddle? Western Democracies and National Socialism
553:
234:
118:
112:
98:
50:
784:
782:
2480:
875:
1696:
Unlikely Diplomats: The Canadian Brigade in Germany, 1951–64
1599:
U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters
1180:
1178:
150:
The earliest contact between Germany and Canada occurred in
865:
863:
861:
859:
794:
779:
743:
731:
423:
295:
130:
1165:
1163:
485:
submitted a note of protest to the West German Chancellor
299:"The empire needs men!" war poster calling for volunteers.
1175:
1136:
1124:
225:, where ethnic Germans made up a large proportion of the
1604:
James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds.
1371:
A history of migration from Germany to Canada, 1850-1939
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1093:
1091:
856:
806:
755:
501:
1202:
1160:
976:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
945:
943:
941:
245:. The largest group fleeing the United States were the
134:
1303:
Germany and the America: Culture, Politics and History
1190:
1063:
887:
361:
city, and he was fluent in German. Mackenzie King met
303:
1458:
Wilhelm II Into the Abyss of War and Exile, 1900–1941
1270:
1258:
1105:
1088:
926:
265:
1658:
Pirouette Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy
1524:. Montreal: McGill University Press. pp. 3–45.
1012:
1000:
988:
955:
938:
663:
525:
On 17 September 1991, the Canadian Defense Minister
1679:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
1674:
1655:
1252:
1240:
1223:
767:
335:
1083:In Defence of Canada: volume 4: Growing Up Allied
818:
3567:
1769:
1560:The Munich Crisis, 1938 Prelude to World War II
475:
2507:
323:
2640:
1755:
656:10% of Canadians claim some German heritage.
310:Military history of Canada during World War I
1675:Bothwell, Robert; Granatstein, Jack (2017).
1656:Bothwell, Robert; Granatstein, Jack (1991).
1439:Paris 1919 Six Months That Changed the World
1474:
812:
800:
788:
761:
749:
737:
610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
498:cut Canada's NATO forces in Europe by 50%.
441:during the visit of West German Chancellor
125:have positive relations, as they are close
2647:
2633:
2412:
1762:
1748:
1557:
881:
720:Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
2561:Mining in Latin America and the Caribbean
1460:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1436:
869:
630:Learn how and when to remove this message
1693:
1660:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1634:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1562:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 293–321.
1343:(Canadian Historical Association, 1985).
1208:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1069:
428:
339:
294:
185:in the present-day Rhineland-Palatinate
103:
89:
1782:
1698:. University of British Columbia Press.
1629:
1505:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1296:German Canadians § Further reading
932:
893:
548:List of Canadian ambassadors to Germany
3568:
1519:
1500:
1475:Sarty, Roger; Hadley, Michael (1991).
1407:
1360:
1276:
1264:
1118:
1099:
1018:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
949:
905:
2628:
2525:History of Canadian foreign relations
2506:
2411:
1781:
1743:
1620:Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic
1538:
1479:. Montreal: McGill University Press.
1322:(Wiesbaden: F. Steiner Verlag, 1984)
824:
502:Good terms between Canada and Germany
3491:East Germany–United States relations
1455:
1365:. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.
1292:German Canadians § Bibliography
773:
608:adding citations to reliable sources
575:
1606:Handbook of Canadian foreign policy
1312:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2006).
304:Canada joins Britain in World War I
13:
1333:(1986) the major scholarly study;
1285:
556:, Germany maintains consulates in
406:of the Canadian forces in Europe.
266:German plans for hypothetical wars
260:
14:
3597:
3516:Foreign relations of East Germany
3511:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
1723:
2845:
2656:
1348:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
1047:(2nd ed. 1990 ) pp 294, 326–327.
694:
680:
666:
580:
55:
44:
25:
1253:Bothwell & Granatstein 1991
1241:Bothwell & Granatstein 1991
1224:Bothwell & Granatstein 2017
1075:
1050:
1037:
1024:
899:
843:
437:provided by the 1st Battalion,
386:
336:Appeasement of Germany in 1930s
216:
3586:Bilateral relations of Germany
3555:Germany and the United Nations
851:Canada and the First World War
830:
552:In addition to its embassy in
317:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
145:
1:
3581:Bilateral relations of Canada
3466:German entry into World War I
1649:
1422:10.1080/07075332.2007.9641142
725:
3537:Foreign ministers of Germany
2663:Foreign relations of Germany
1712:(McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997).
1494:
1437:MacMillan, Margaret (2001).
1410:International History Review
1387:
1363:A Military History of Canada
1034:(U of Toronto Press, 1981) .
715:Foreign relations of Germany
645:
544:Embassy of Germany in Ottawa
476:Canada vs European Community
7:
3506:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
2466:International organizations
1771:Foreign relations of Canada
710:Foreign relations of Canada
659:
540:Embassy of Canada in Berlin
533:
354:William Lyon Mackenzie King
346:William Lyon Mackenzie King
324:1919 Paris Peace Conference
10:
3602:
3037:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
2508:Diplomacy and other topics
1730:Canadian Embassy in Berlin
1441:. New York: Random House.
1289:
908:Canadian Historical Review
649:
537:
520:German Democratic Republic
409:
390:
307:
140:
83:Embassy of Germany, Ottawa
3524:
3453:
3427:
3196:
2960:
2854:
2843:
2669:
2574:
2553:
2517:
2513:
2502:
2458:
2422:
2418:
2407:
2378:
2357:
2174:
1984:
1883:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1694:Campbell, Isabel (2013).
1543:. New York: Crown Point.
78:Embassy of Canada, Berlin
76:
71:
67:
54:
43:
33:
24:
3576:Canada–Germany relations
3481:Soviet Union before 1941
2692:Central African Republic
2347:Turks and Caicos Islands
1735:German Embassy in Ottawa
1630:Teigrob, Robert (2019).
1501:Ascher, Abraham (2012).
1361:Morton, Desmond (1999).
1157:, p. 145 & 180.
571:
455:Supreme Allied Commander
352:Under the leadership of
344:Canadian Prime Minister
20:Canada-Germany relations
1539:Bloch, Michael (1992).
1376:Wilhelmy, Jean-Pierre.
813:Sarty & Hadley 1991
801:Sarty & Hadley 1991
789:Sarty & Hadley 1991
762:Sarty & Hadley 1991
750:Sarty & Hadley 1991
738:Sarty & Hadley 1991
227:United Empire Loyalists
3550:Ambassadors of Germany
3542:Diplomatic missions of
3532:Federal Foreign Office
3486:Inner German relations
3234:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2587:Diplomatic missions of
2413:Multilateral relations
2197:Bosnia and Herzegovina
446:
393:Canada in World War II
349:
300:
115:
101:
2601:Global Affairs Canada
1580:11.2 (2010): 219–237.
1404:11.2 (2010): 219–237.
1355:German Studies Review
1341:The Germans in Canada
1290:Further information:
920:10.3138/CHR-061-04-03
849:David Mackenzie, ed.
432:
343:
298:
231:British North America
107:
93:
3173:United Arab Emirates
2161:United Arab Emirates
1308:Bassler, Gerhard P.
604:improve this section
462:Dwight D. Eisenhower
191:Duchy of Württemberg
1961:Trinidad and Tobago
1783:Bilateral relations
1597:Hadley, Michael L.
1590:Granatstein, J. L.
1456:Röhl, John (2013).
1346:Magocsi, Paul, ed.
1318:Helling, Rudolf A.
1043:J. L. Granatstein,
884:, pp. 300–305.
516:John G. H. Halstead
510:and the Chancellor
439:The Canadian Guards
223:American Revolution
179:foreign protestants
21:
16:Bilateral relations
2582:Canadian diplomats
2540:War in Afghanistan
1921:Dominican Republic
1626:, for World War II
1587:(McFarland, 2021).
1397:(Peter Lang, 2001)
1373:(UBC press, 2006).
1369:Wagner, Jonathan.
1357:39.1 (2016): 1–15.
1350:(1999) pp 587–612.
1339:McLaughlin, K. M.
1301:Adam, Thomas, ed.
1255:, p. 253-255.
522:on 1 August 1975.
447:
445:to Ottawa in 1964.
350:
301:
116:
109:Embassy of Germany
102:
72:Diplomatic mission
19:
3563:
3562:
3476:China before 1941
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
1708:Maloney, Sean M.
985:, pp. 85–86.
840:(Casemate, 2021).
640:
639:
632:
420:Louis St. Laurent
175:Southern Colonies
95:Embassy of Canada
88:
87:
3593:
3471:Munich Agreement
3027:Kurdistan Region
2849:
2661:
2660:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2064:Kurdistan Region
1790:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1699:
1690:
1671:
1645:
1618:Sarty, Roger F.
1583:Grams, Grant W.
1573:
1554:
1535:
1516:
1490:
1471:
1452:
1433:
1366:
1329:Lehmann, Heinz.
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1187:, p. 82-83.
1182:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1145:, p. 77-78.
1140:
1134:
1133:, p. 64-65.
1128:
1122:
1116:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
953:
947:
936:
930:
924:
923:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
854:
847:
841:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
803:, p. 27-28.
798:
792:
791:, p. 25-26.
786:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
752:, p. 15-16.
747:
741:
740:, p. 22-24.
735:
704:
699:
698:
690:
685:
684:
683:
676:
671:
670:
669:
652:German Canadians
635:
628:
624:
621:
615:
584:
576:
280:"Yellow Peril".
59:
58:
48:
47:
29:
22:
18:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3520:
3449:
3423:
3359:North Macedonia
3192:
2956:
2850:
2841:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2623:
2610:
2570:
2549:
2509:
2490:
2454:
2414:
2395:
2374:
2353:
2170:
1980:
1879:
1784:
1773:
1768:
1726:
1687:
1668:
1652:
1642:
1601:(1985), in WWII
1570:
1551:
1532:
1513:
1497:
1487:
1468:
1449:
1390:
1298:
1288:
1286:Further reading
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1085:(1980) pp 38-60
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
956:
948:
939:
931:
927:
904:
900:
892:
888:
882:Graham Fry 1999
880:
876:
868:
857:
848:
844:
836:Michael Digby,
835:
831:
823:
819:
811:
807:
799:
795:
787:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
702:Politics portal
700:
693:
686:
681:
679:
672:
667:
665:
662:
654:
648:
636:
625:
619:
616:
601:
585:
574:
550:
536:
504:
487:Konrad Adenauer
483:Charles Ritchie
478:
435:guard of honour
416:Berlin Blockade
412:
395:
389:
338:
326:
312:
306:
290:Wilfrid Laurier
268:
263:
261:1900 to Present
237:, southwest of
219:
165:French-speaking
148:
143:
60:
56:
49:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3599:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3539:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3419:United Kingdom
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3254:Czech Republic
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2486:United Nations
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:European Union
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:United Kingdom
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Czech Republic
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1724:External links
1722:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1691:
1686:978-0774836401
1685:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1627:
1616:
1611:Milner, Marc.
1609:
1602:
1595:
1594:(2nd ed. 1990)
1588:
1581:
1574:
1568:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1416:(4): 821–832.
1405:
1398:
1393:Grams, Grant.
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1327:
1316:
1306:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1279:, p. 277.
1269:
1267:, p. 276.
1257:
1245:
1243:, p. 253.
1228:
1226:, p. 108.
1213:
1211:, p. 171.
1201:
1189:
1174:
1172:, p. 180.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1121:, p. 237.
1104:
1102:, p. 236.
1087:
1074:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
954:
937:
925:
914:(4): 502–512.
898:
896:, p. 235.
886:
874:
872:, p. 187.
870:MacMillan 2001
855:
842:
829:
817:
805:
793:
778:
776:, p. 598.
766:
754:
742:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
712:
706:
705:
691:
688:Germany portal
677:
661:
658:
650:Main article:
647:
644:
638:
637:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
535:
532:
512:Helmut Schmidt
508:Pierre Trudeau
503:
500:
496:Pierre Trudeau
492:George Pearkes
477:
474:
411:
408:
391:Main article:
388:
385:
337:
334:
325:
322:
308:Main article:
305:
302:
267:
264:
262:
259:
218:
215:
168:Roman Catholic
154:, the area of
147:
144:
142:
139:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
53:
41:
40:
38:
35:
34:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3598:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Liechtenstein
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:United States
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2566:United States
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:Organizations
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Latin America
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:United States
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1715:Rempel, Roy.
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:online review
1697:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1667:9780802068736
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1641:9781487505509
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1569:0-7146-8056-7
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1550:0-517-59310-6
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1531:9780773587373
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1512:9780804784597
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1486:9780773507784
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:9781107728967
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1448:9780307432964
1444:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:online review
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:online review
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:Campbell 2013
1205:
1199:, p. 82.
1198:
1197:Campbell 2013
1193:
1186:
1185:Campbell 2013
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:Campbell 2013
1166:
1164:
1156:
1155:Campbell 2013
1151:
1144:
1143:Campbell 2013
1139:
1132:
1131:Campbell 2013
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1081:James Eayrs,
1078:
1072:, p. 12.
1071:
1070:Campbell 2013
1066:
1059:
1056:Granatstein,
1053:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1030:C.P. Stacey,
1027:
1021:, p. 36.
1020:
1015:
1009:, p. 83.
1008:
1003:
997:, p. 86.
996:
991:
984:
979:
973:, p. 85.
972:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
952:, p. 84.
951:
946:
944:
942:
935:, p. 12.
934:
929:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
895:
890:
883:
878:
871:
866:
864:
862:
860:
853:(2005) p. 276
852:
846:
839:
833:
826:
821:
815:, p. 29.
814:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
783:
775:
770:
764:, p. 47.
763:
758:
751:
746:
739:
734:
730:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
697:
692:
689:
678:
675:
674:Canada portal
664:
657:
653:
643:
634:
631:
623:
613:
609:
605:
599:
598:
594:
589:This section
587:
583:
578:
577:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
545:
541:
531:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
473:
469:
467:
463:
460:
456:
453:
444:
443:Ludwig Erhard
440:
436:
431:
427:
425:
421:
417:
407:
403:
399:
394:
384:
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
359:
355:
347:
342:
333:
331:
330:Robert Borden
321:
318:
311:
297:
293:
291:
287:
286:Robert Borden
281:
277:
274:
258:
256:
255:volksdeutsche
252:
248:
244:
241:and south of
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
157:
156:North America
153:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
92:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
66:
63:
52:
42:
39:
37:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3128:Saudi Arabia
2881:
2807:South Africa
2606:Peacekeeping
2386:Soviet Union
2231:
2131:Saudi Arabia
1875:South Africa
1870:Sierra Leone
1805:Burkina Faso
1716:
1709:
1695:
1676:
1657:
1631:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1559:
1540:
1521:
1502:
1476:
1457:
1438:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1394:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1330:
1319:
1309:
1305:(3 vol 2006)
1302:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1204:
1192:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1082:
1077:
1065:
1058:Canada's War
1057:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
933:Teigrob 2019
928:
911:
907:
901:
894:Teigrob 2019
889:
877:
850:
845:
837:
832:
827:, p. 8.
820:
808:
796:
769:
757:
745:
733:
655:
641:
626:
617:
602:Please help
590:
551:
527:Marcel Masse
524:
505:
479:
470:
448:
422:it did join
413:
404:
400:
396:
387:World War II
381:Lord Lothian
377:
371:
368:
363:Adolf Hitler
358:C. P. Stacey
351:
327:
313:
282:
278:
272:
269:
254:
220:
217:1776 to 1900
149:
117:
3440:New Zealand
3409:Switzerland
3349:Netherlands
3138:South Korea
3118:Philippines
3098:North Korea
2968:Afghanistan
2812:South Sudan
2727:Ivory Coast
2535:Vietnam War
2370:New Zealand
2332:Switzerland
2282:Netherlands
2141:South Korea
2121:Philippines
2106:North Korea
1992:Afghanistan
1926:El Salvador
1825:Ivory Coast
1277:Morton 1999
1265:Morton 1999
1119:Morton 1999
1100:Morton 1999
1060:pp 419–420.
1019:Bergen 2012
1007:Ascher 2012
995:Ascher 2012
983:Ascher 2012
971:Ascher 2012
950:Ascher 2012
466:Guy Simonds
243:Quebec City
195:South Shore
183:Upper Rhine
161:Nova Scotia
146:Before 1776
129:and fellow
3570:Categories
3546:in Germany
3501:Yugoslavia
3496:Ostpolitik
3461:Arab world
3454:Historical
3344:Montenegro
3329:Luxembourg
3214:Azerbaijan
3178:Uzbekistan
3158:Tajikistan
3053:Kazakhstan
2978:Bangladesh
2802:Somaliland
2767:Mozambique
2757:Mauritania
2747:Madagascar
2391:Yugoslavia
2379:Historical
2277:Montenegro
2081:Kazakhstan
2007:Bangladesh
2002:Azerbaijan
1855:Mozambique
1840:Madagascar
1650:After 1945
1541:Ribbentrop
825:Bloch 1992
726:References
620:March 2023
538:See also:
372:der Führer
247:Mennonites
213:churches.
187:Bundesland
152:New France
3435:Australia
3319:Lithuania
3143:Sri Lanka
3133:Singapore
3113:Palestine
3013:Indonesia
3002:Hong Kong
2952:Venezuela
2927:Nicaragua
2862:Argentina
2591:in Canada
2575:Diplomacy
2440:Caribbean
2365:Australia
2272:Lithuania
2136:Singapore
2116:Palestine
2049:Indonesia
2032:Hong Kong
1976:Venezuela
1891:Argentina
1495:1933-1945
1430:159731198
1388:1900–1933
774:Röhl 2013
646:Migration
591:does not
566:Vancouver
251:Kitchener
203:Kingsburg
199:Lunenburg
137:members.
3394:Slovenia
3389:Slovakia
3369:Portugal
3289:Holy See
3239:Bulgaria
3163:Thailand
3108:Pakistan
3083:Mongolia
3078:Maldives
3073:Malaysia
2993:Cambodia
2932:Paraguay
2892:Colombia
2867:Barbados
2855:Americas
2837:Zimbabwe
2822:Tanzania
2712:Ethiopia
2697:DR Congo
2687:Cameroon
2596:Treaties
2545:Iraq War
2530:Cold War
2317:Slovenia
2297:Portugal
2242:Holy See
2202:Bulgaria
2151:Thailand
2111:Pakistan
2096:Mongolia
2091:Malaysia
2022:Cambodia
1911:Colombia
1896:Barbados
1884:Americas
1820:Ethiopia
1810:DR Congo
660:See also
562:Montreal
534:Missions
239:Montreal
211:Lutheran
207:Waterloo
197:such as
171:Acadians
3428:Oceania
3414:Ukraine
3374:Romania
3339:Moldova
3304:Ireland
3299:Iceland
3294:Hungary
3279:Georgia
3269:Finland
3264:Estonia
3259:Denmark
3244:Croatia
3229:Belgium
3224:Belarus
3219:Austria
3209:Armenia
3204:Albania
3183:Vietnam
3088:Myanmar
3068:Lebanon
2973:Bahrain
2947:Uruguay
2917:Jamaica
2902:Ecuador
2872:Bolivia
2797:Somalia
2792:Senegal
2782:Nigeria
2772:Namibia
2762:Morocco
2737:Liberia
2707:Eritrea
2677:Algeria
2518:History
2423:Regions
2358:Oceania
2337:Ukraine
2302:Romania
2257:Ireland
2252:Iceland
2247:Hungary
2232:Germany
2222:Finland
2217:Denmark
2192:Belgium
2187:Austria
2182:Albania
2166:Vietnam
2086:Lebanon
2039:Georgia
1997:Armenia
1971:Uruguay
1941:Jamaica
1931:Grenada
1865:Senegal
1860:Namibia
1850:Morocco
1835:Lesotho
1800:Algeria
1622:(1998)
1608:(2006).
1382:excerpt
1380:(2013)
1335:listing
612:removed
597:sources
558:Toronto
459:General
410:Postwar
273:Panther
141:History
123:Germany
62:Germany
3404:Sweden
3384:Serbia
3379:Russia
3364:Poland
3354:Norway
3314:Kosovo
3284:Greece
3274:France
3249:Cyprus
3197:Europe
3168:Turkey
3153:Taiwan
3058:Kuwait
3048:Jordan
3033:Israel
2988:Brunei
2983:Bhutan
2922:Mexico
2907:Guyana
2882:Canada
2877:Brazil
2832:Uganda
2787:Rwanda
2722:Guinea
2682:Angola
2670:Africa
2450:Europe
2430:Africa
2327:Sweden
2312:Serbia
2307:Russia
2292:Poland
2287:Norway
2267:Latvia
2237:Greece
2227:France
2207:Cyprus
2175:Europe
2156:Turkey
2146:Taiwan
2071:Israel
2017:Brunei
2012:Bhutan
1951:Panama
1946:Mexico
1901:Brazil
1793:Africa
1719:(1996)
1683:
1664:
1638:
1624:online
1615:(1985)
1566:
1547:
1528:
1509:
1483:
1464:
1445:
1428:
1294:, and
554:Ottawa
546:, and
235:Quebec
189:. The
127:allies
119:Canada
113:Ottawa
99:Berlin
51:Canada
3525:Other
3445:Tonga
3399:Spain
3334:Malta
3309:Italy
3188:Yemen
3148:Syria
3123:Qatar
3093:Nepal
3043:Japan
3008:India
2998:China
2912:Haiti
2887:Chile
2817:Sudan
2777:Niger
2742:Libya
2732:Kenya
2717:Ghana
2702:Egypt
2554:Trade
2481:NORAD
2322:Spain
2262:Italy
2126:Qatar
2101:Nepal
2076:Japan
2044:India
2027:China
1936:Haiti
1906:Chile
1830:Kenya
1815:Egypt
1426:S2CID
572:Trade
3103:Oman
3063:Laos
3023:Iraq
3018:Iran
2961:Asia
2937:Peru
2897:Cuba
2827:Togo
2752:Mali
2476:NATO
2435:Asia
2059:Iraq
2054:Iran
1985:Asia
1956:Peru
1916:Cuba
1845:Mali
1681:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1414:XXIX
595:any
593:cite
564:and
452:NATO
424:NATO
205:and
133:and
131:NATO
121:and
1418:doi
916:doi
606:by
111:in
97:in
3572::
3548:/
3544:/
2589:/
1424:.
1412:.
1231:^
1216:^
1177:^
1162:^
1107:^
1090:^
957:^
940:^
912:61
910:.
858:^
781:^
560:,
542:,
514:.
457:,
433:A
201:,
135:G7
3039:)
3035:(
3029:)
3025:(
3004:)
3000:(
2648:e
2641:t
2634:v
1763:e
1756:t
1749:v
1689:.
1670:.
1644:.
1572:.
1553:.
1534:.
1515:.
1489:.
1470:.
1451:.
1432:.
1420::
1326:.
922:.
918::
633:)
627:(
622:)
618:(
614:.
600:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
