Canada goose - Knowledge

1458: 1735: 1562: 1503: 1747: 1720: 1681: 444: 1491: 1333: 1708: 1903: 1074: 118: 1796: 1217: 1194: 1762: 1669: 1693: 1202: 871: 882: 2101: 187: 2158: 1514: 369: 1781: 162: 4895: 1179: 2145:. In both countries, commercial transactions such as buying or trading are mostly prohibited and the possession, hunting, and interfering with the activity of the animals are subject to restrictions. In the UK, as with native bird species, the nests and eggs of Canada geese are fully protected by law, except when their removal has been specifically licensed, and shooting is generally permitted only during the defined 858:) originated from ancestral Canada geese. Thus, the species' distinctness is well evidenced. Ornithologist Harold C. Hanson, who had rediscovered wild populations of the Giant Canada Goose, proposed splitting Canada and cackling goose into six species and 200 subspecies. The radical nature of this proposal has been controversial; Richard Banks of the AOU urges caution before any of Hanson's proposals are accepted. 2642:"Opinion 2436 (Case 3682) – The work "The White-cheeked Geese: Branta canadensis, B. maxima, B. 'lawrensis', B. hutchinsii, B. leucopareia, and B. minima. Taxonomy, ecophysiographic relationships, biogeography, and evolutionary considerations, Volume 1, Eastern taxa; Volume 2, Western taxa, biogeography, and evolutionary considerations" by Harold C. Hanson: suppressed for nomenclatural purposes" 2244:, however, has described them as "reputedly amongst the most inedible of birds." The U.S. goose harvest for 2013–14 reported over 1.3 million geese taken. Canada geese are rarely farmed, and sale of wild Canada goose meat is rare due to regulation and slaughterhouses' lack of experience with wild birds. Geese in New York City parks culled by the 1651:

goslings, parents often violently chase away nearby creatures, from small blackbirds to lone humans who approach: first giving a warning hiss, and then attacking with bites and slaps of the wings. Although parents are hostile to unfamiliar geese, they may form groups of a number of goslings and a few adults, called

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In North America, nonmigratory Canada goose populations have been on the rise. The species is frequently found on golf courses, parking lots, and urban parks, which would have previously hosted only migratory geese on rare occasions. Owing to its adaptability to human-altered areas, it has become one

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Salinity plays a role in the growth and development of goslings. Moderate to high salinity concentrations without fresh water results in slower development, growth, and saline-induced mortality. Goslings are susceptible to saline-induced mortality before their nasal salt glands become functional; the

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from some distance, though in other instances, geese may seem unconcerned at perched bald eagles nearby, seemingly only reacting if the eagle is displaying active hunting behavior. Canada geese are quite wary of humans where they are regularly hunted and killed, but can otherwise become habituated to

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birds are common in parks, and have become a pest in some areas. In Great Britain, they were spread by hunters, but remained uncommon until the mid-20th century. Their population grew from 2,200 to 4,000 birds in 1953 to an estimated 82,000 in 1999, as changing agricultural practices and urban growth

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The black head and neck with a white "chinstrap" distinguish the Canada goose from all other goose species except the cackling goose and barnacle goose (the latter, however, has a black breast and gray rather than brownish body plumage). Some Canada geese come with a pepper-spotted or brown neck with

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Canada geese are known for their seasonal migrations. Most Canada geese have staging or resting areas where they join up with others. Their autumn migration can be seen from September to the beginning of November. The early migrants have a tendency to spend less time at rest stops and go through the

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and an abundance of safe, human-made bodies of water near food sources, such as those found on golf courses, in public parks and beaches, on sports fields, and in planned communities. Due in part to the interbreeding of various migratory subspecies with the introduced non-migratory giant subspecies,

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The seven subspecies of this bird vary widely in size and plumage details, but all are recognizable as Canada geese. Some of the smaller races can be hard to distinguish from the cackling goose, which slightly overlap in mass. However, most subspecies of the cackling goose (exclusive of Richardson's

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The incubation period, in which the female incubates while the male remains nearby, lasts for 24–32 days after laying. Canada geese can respond to external climatic factors by adjusting their laying date to spring maximum temperatures, which may benefit their nesting success. As the annual summer

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at beaches. An extended hunting season, deploying noise makers, and hazing by dogs have been used in an attempt to disrupt suspect flocks. A goal of conservationists has been to focus hunting on the nonmigratory populations (which tend to be larger and more of a nuisance) as opposed to migratory

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population of Canada geese was reported as roughly 130,000, with the number likely to continue increasing. Many of the geese, previously migratory, reportedly had become native, remaining in the state even in the summer. The increase was attributed to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of

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that wandered into the area; the following attack lasted for one hour until the death of the brant. The cause of death was suffocation or drowning in mud as a direct result of the Canada goose's pecking the head of the brant into the mud. Researchers attributed it to high hormone levels and the

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In 1964, the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center was built near Jamestown, North Dakota. Its first director, Harvey K. Nelson, talked Forrest Lee into leaving Minnesota to head the center's Canada goose production and restoration program. Forrest soon had 64 pens with 64 breeding pairs of

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Adult geese are quite vigorous at displacing potential predators from the nest site, with predator prevention usually falling to the larger male of the pair. Males usually attempt to draw attention of approaching predators and toll (mob terrestrial predators without physical contact) often in

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As soon as the goslings hatch, they are immediately capable of walking, swimming, and finding their own food (a diet similar to that of adult geese). Parents are often seen leading their goslings in a line, usually with one adult at the front and the other at the back. While protecting their

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By the early 20th century, overhunting and loss of habitat in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had resulted in a serious decline in the numbers of this bird in its native range. The giant Canada goose subspecies was believed to be extinct in the 1950s until, in 1962, a small flock was

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fearlessness toward humans, especially where they are fed by them. This often leads to the geese becoming overly aggressive toward humans, and large groups of the birds may be considered a nuisance if they are causing persistent problems to humans and other animals in the surrounding area.

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In urban areas, it is also known to pick food out of garbage bins. They are also sometimes hand-fed a variety of grains and other foods by humans in parks. Canada geese prefer lawn grass in urban areas. They usually graze in open areas with wide clearance to avoid potential predators.

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screened, high-quality birds. The project involved private, state, and federal resources and relied on the expertise and cooperation of many individuals. By the end of 1981, more than 6,000 giant Canada geese had been released at 83 sites in 26 counties in North Dakota. With improved

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migration much faster. The later birds usually spend more time at rest stops. Some geese return to the same nesting ground year after year and lay eggs with their mate, raising them in the same way each year. This is recorded from the many tagged geese which frequent the East Coast.

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The distinctions between the two geese have led to confusion and debate among ornithologists. This has been aggravated by the overlap between the small types of Canada goose and larger types of cackling goose. The old "lesser Canada geese" were believed to be a partly

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recommends several non-lethal scare and hazing tactics for nuisance geese, but if such methods have been used without success, they may issue a permit which can be used from March 11 through August 31 to destroy nests, conduct a goose roundup or exterminate geese.

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Wildlife Services agency has been engaged in lethal culls of Canada geese primarily in urban or densely populated areas. The agency responds to municipalities or private land owners, such as golf courses, which find the geese obtrusive or object to their waste.

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of males. When agitated or aggressively defending territory, Canada geese will typically initiate an encounter with a high-pitched hiss. Canada geese communicate with ten different vocalizations, each in response to a different situation confronting them.

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Once they reach adulthood, due to their large size and often aggressive behavior, Canada geese are rarely preyed on, although prior injury may make them more vulnerable to natural predators. Beyond humans, adults can be taken by coyotes and

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Canada geese fly in a distinctive V-shaped flight formation, with an altitude of 1 km (3,000 feet) for migration flight. The maximum flight ceiling of Canada geese is unknown, but they have been reported at 9 km (29,000 feet).

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maintains a large population of Canada geese. Canada geese live year-round in the southern part of their breeding range, including the northern half of the United States' eastern seaboard and Pacific Coast, and areas in between. Between

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Flying in the V formation has been the subject of study by researchers. The front position is rotated since flying in front consumes the most energy. Canada geese leave the winter grounds more quickly than the summer grounds. Elevated

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Contrary to its normal migration routine, large flocks of Canada geese have established permanent residence along the Pacific coast of North America from British Columbia's Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island area south to the

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but were reintroduced in 1956 with 10 pairs. The population was estimated at 18,000 in 1979. The geese are considered protected, though a hunting season is allowed from September 1–15, with a daily bag limit of five. The

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has reported 1,772 known civil aircraft strikes within the United States between 1990 and 2018. The total cost of these bird strikes to general and commercial aviation has been reported to exceed $ 130 million.

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by aircraft. Their large size and tendency to fly in flocks may exacerbate their impact. In the United States, the Canada goose is the second-most damaging bird strike to airplanes, with the most damaging being

137: 1628:, and most couples stay together all of their lives. If one dies, the other may find a new mate. The female lays from two to nine eggs with an average of five, and both parents protect the nest while the eggs 556:, Canada geese have established breeding colonies in urban and cultivated habitats, which provide food and few natural predators. The success of this common park species has led to it often being considered a 1070:, which rarely exceed 8 kg (18 lb) , weighed 10.9 kg (24 lb) and had a wingspan of 2.24 m (7 ft 4 in). This specimen is the largest wild goose ever recorded of any species. 898: 2213:

sparked efforts to avoid such events, including habitat modification, aversion tactics, herding and relocation, and culling of flocks. In 2009, a collision with a flock of migratory Canada geese resulted in

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goose eggs and destroying nests are promoted as humane population control methods. Flocks of Canada geese can also be captured during molt and this method of culling is used to control invasive populations.

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The white-cheeked geese : Branta canadensis, B. maxima, B. "lawrensis", B. hutchinsii, B. leucopareia, and B. minima : taxonomy, ecophysiographic relationships, biogeography, and evolutionary

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The lifespan in the wild of geese who survive to adulthood ranges from 10 to 24 years. The British longevity record is held by a specimen tagged as a nestling, which was observed alive at the

899: 950:), the Canada goose is on average the largest living species, although some other species that are geese in name, if not of close relation to these genera, are on average heavier, such as the 1878:

to help the goose's body with this long task by speeding up the metabolism and lowering the temperature at which the muscles work. Also, other studies show levels of stress hormones such as

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Pasick, John; Berhane, Yohannes; Embury-Hyatt, Carissa; Copps, John; Kehler, Helen; Handel, Katherine; Babiuk, Shawn; Hooper-McGrevy, Kathleen; Li, Yan; Le, Quynh; Phuong, Song (2007).

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at the age of 31. In order to survive the extreme winter temperatures, the geese prefer to stay in urban areas rather than in green spaces since industrial areas retain heat.

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when they are available. In the water, it feeds from aquatic plants by sliding its bill at the bottom of the body of water. It also feeds on aquatic plant-like algae, such as

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signal the transitions into spring and autumn. In some areas, migration routes have changed due to changes in habitat and food sources. In mild climates from southwestern

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and habitat recreation and preservation programs, their populations have recovered in most of their range, although some local populations, especially of the subspecies

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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As a large, common wild bird, the Canada goose is a common target of hunters, especially in its native range. Drake Larsen, a researcher in sustainable agriculture at

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Mcwilliams, S. R.; Dunn, J. P.; Raveling, D. G. (1994). "Predator-prey interactions between eagles and Cackling Canada and Ross' geese during winter in California".

1841: 4657: 654:, the first citation for the 'Canada goose' dates back to 1772. The Canada goose is also colloquially referred to as the "Canadian goose". This name may annoy some 2520: 2116:

species in North America. In many areas, nonmigratory Canada geese are now regarded as pests by humans. They are suspected of being a cause of an increase in high

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both on and off breeding and nesting grounds. This behavior rarely involves interspecific killing. One documented case involved a male defending his nest from a

2625:, B. Hutchinsii, B. Leucopareia, And B. Minima. Taxonomy, Ecophysiographic Relationships, Biogeography, And Evolutionary Considerations. Volume 1. Eastern Taxa" 1819: 1862:, have been measured in geese just after a big migration. This is believed because of the long days of flying in migration the thyroid gland sends out more T 4409: 3001: 2245: 1746: 3678: 3840:

Raveling, D. G. and H. G. Lumsden. (1977). "Nesting ecology of Canada Geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario: Evolution and population regulation".

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In 2000, the North American population of the geese was estimated to be between 4 million and 5 million birds. A 20-year study from 1983 to 2003 in

891: 2888: 1297:(Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill), and nearby Hillsborough. Some Canada geese have taken up permanent residence as far south as Florida, in places such as 5708: 1662:

stage any time from six to nine weeks of age. They do not leave their parents until after the spring migration, when they return to their birthplace.

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Reyns, Nikolaas; Casaer, Jim; Smet, Lieven De; Devos, Koen; Huysentruyt, Frank; Robertson, Peter A.; Verbeke, Tom; Adriaens, Tim (January 29, 2018).

1151: lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.6 kg (8 lb), and generally 10% smaller in linear dimensions than the male counterparts. The 669:'s Committee on Classification and Nomenclature split them into two species, making the cackling goose into a full species with the scientific name 3425: 1719: 1668: 5553: 4285: 3211: 4671: 1268:

for their droppings, bacteria in their droppings, noise, and confrontational behavior. This problem is partially due to the removal of natural

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bird into New Zealand in 1905. They have become a problem in some areas by fouling pastures and damaging crops. They were protected under the

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Bartelt, Gerald A. (1987). "Effects of Disturbance and Hunting on the Behavior of Canada Goose Family Groups in Eastcentral Wisconsin".

4268: 4210:"Cost-benefit analysis for invasive species control: the case of greater Canada goose Branta canadensis in Flanders (northern Belgium)" 2169:. Multiple Canada geese were ingested by the aircraft's engines, disabling the aircraft and leading to it successfully ditching in the 1592:

when on land. It feeds by grasping a blade of grass with the bill, then tearing it with a jerk of the head. The Canada goose also eats

4520: 3066: 3043: 2419: 2415: 1994:). Geese and their goslings are occasionally preyed upon by domestic dogs—these occurrences can be prevented by leashing a pet dog. 5491: 3683: 1680: 4560: 5579: 2125: 1761: 1692: 1482:, which culled excessive bird numbers. In 2011, the government removed the protection status, allowing anyone to kill the birds. 4325: 3804:. Batt, B. D. J., A. D. Afton, M. G. Anderson, C. D. Ankney, D. H. Johnson, et al. (eds.) Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 3629:

Dorak, Brett E.; Ward, Michael P.; Eichholz, Michael W.; Washburn, Brian E.; Lyons, Timothy P.; Hagy, Heath M. (November 2017).

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This species is native to North America. It breeds in Canada and the northern United States in a wide range of habitats. The

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suffering a total loss of power from both engines after takeoff, forcing the crew of the aircraft to ditch the plane in the

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with the wintering range being most of the United States. The calls overhead from large groups of Canada geese flying in a

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Clermont, J.; Réale, D.; Giroux, J. (2018). "Plasticity in laying dates of Canada Geese in response to spring phenology".

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Stolley, Doris; Bissonette, John; Kadlec, John (1999). "Effects of saline environments on the survival of wild goslings (

2792: 2260:, found the size of the winter Canada goose population within the city limits increased from 1,600 to over 18,000 birds. 126: 4306: 1561: 5527: 5429: 3169: 1707: 1225: 4186: 2137:

Canada geese are protected from hunting and capture outside of designated hunting seasons in the United States by the

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In recent years, Canada goose populations in some areas have grown substantially, so much so that many consider them

666: 1541:, some of the population has become nonmigratory due to adequate winter food supply and a lack of former predators. 958:. Canada geese range from 75 to 110 cm (30 to 43 in) in length and have a 127–185 cm (50–73 in) 5836: 5755: 5504: 5460: 3752:

Macinnes, C. D.; Misra, R. K. (1972). "Predation on Canada Goose nests at McConnell River, Northwest Territories".

3121: 2620: 1874:) of the breast muscle, also because of the longer time spent flying. It is believed that the body sends out more T 674: 573: 2493: 665:

was originally considered to be the same species or several subspecies of the Canada goose, but in July 2004, the

5826: 5636: 5473: 5442: 4406: 2187: 1902: 702: 302: 4709: 4307:"Final Environmental Impact Statement: Resident Canada Goose Management – Division of Migratory Bird Management" 4030: 3906: 3009: 2889:"When a Canada Goose attacks you: Watch for bobbing heads and listen for the hissin' - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca" 1502: 3724:

Reproductive success and breeding ground banding of Atlantic population of Canada Geese in northern Québec 2001

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Its nest is usually located in an elevated area near water such as streams, lakes, ponds, and sometimes on a

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Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, and M. C. E. McNall. (1990).

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magazine as "so yummy ...good, lean, rich meat. I find they are similar to a good cut of beef." The

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with a black head and neck, white cheeks, white under its chin, and a brown body. It is native to the

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Maccarone, Alan D.; Cope, Charles (2004). "Recent trends in the winter population of Canada geese (

4157: 2202: 1062:, or the giant Canada goose, and the smallest (with the separation of the cackling goose group) is 716: 186: 5610: 4448: 3800:

Sargeant, A. B. and D. G. Raveling. (1992) "Mortality during the breeding season", pp. 396–422 in

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Hanson, W. C.; Eberhardt, L. L. (1971). "The Columbia River Canada Goose Population 1950–1970".

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Mowbray, Thomas B.; Ely, Craig R.; Sedinger, James S.; Trost, Robert E. (2002). "Canada Goose (

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has suppressed Hanson's proposals, based on the criticisms of Banks and other ornithologists.

5729: 5118: 4894: 4781: 3531: 3475: 2231: 2146: 1216: 1123: lb). The female looks virtually identical, but is slightly lighter at 2.4–5.5 kg ( 688: 357: 281: 5721: 3401:"Environment and Climate Change Canada – Nature – Frequently Asked Questions – Canada Geese" 5742: 5403: 5333: 5279: 4524: 2801: 1419:

in 1929. Most European populations are not migratory, but those in more northerly parts of

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Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 hunting seasons

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accompaniment with males of other goose species. Eagles frequently cause geese to fly off

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Canada geese instinctively nest on higher ground near water. This female is nesting on a

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provided new habitat. European birds are mostly descended from the nominate subspecies

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Canada geese have also been introduced in Europe in the early 17th century by explorer

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of Northern California. There are also resident Atlantic coast populations, such as on

1193: 1187: 774: 723: 423: 345: 319: 181: 4613:"Third Update on Investigation into Ditching of US Airways Jetliner into Hudson River" 4343: 3285:"Identification and range of subspecies within the Canada and Cackling Goose Complex ( 1387:. By the middle of the 18th century, the Canada geese have established populations in 1201: 5716: 5377: 5184: 5032: 4906: 4869: 4824: 4249: 4231: 4087: 3652: 3548: 3419: 3326: 3284: 3165: 3138: 3117: 2963: 2867: 2764: 2735: 2665: 2621:

Review of Harold Hanson's "The White-Cheeked Geese: Branta Canadensis, B. Maxima, B.

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for 20–40 days, regaining flight about the same time as their goslings start to fly.

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lodge. Its eggs are laid in a shallow depression lined with plant material and down.

1475: 1294: 1152: 995: 955: 951: 569: 5659: 5369: 4717: 4105: 4038: 3664: 3560: 3504: 3269: 1241:, Canada geese are mainly present as migrants from further north during the winter. 5773: 5509: 5382: 5164: 5123: 4979: 4949: 4829: 4748: 4705: 4239: 4221: 4077: 4069: 4026: 3987: 3925: 3761: 3642: 3540: 3488: 3484: 3355: 3316: 3257: 3039: 2855: 2653: 2296: 2047: 2039: 2031: 1851: 1629: 1534: 808: 534: 474: 3443: 2186:. Canada geese can cause fatal crashes when they strike an aircraft's engine. The 2006:). Avian predators that are known to kill adults, as well as young geese, include 5801: 5677: 5447: 5356: 4959: 4849: 4775: 4672:"New York solves its Canada Goose problem by feeding them to Pennsylvania's poor" 4612: 4413: 4292: 4164: 4125:. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (August 26, 2011) 3212:"Canada and Cackling Geese: Management and Population Control in Southern Canada" 2822:

Mowbray, Thomas B., Craig R. Ely, James S. Sedinger and Robert E. Trost. (2002).

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The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 1: introduction and loons through waterfowl

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Goshawk, Accipiter gentilis, harassing and killing brent geese Branta bernicla

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Waterfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World

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Canada geese are frequently a year-round feature of such urban environments.

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between the two species. The subspecies of the Canada goose were listed as:

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During the second year of their lives, Canada geese find a mate. They are

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Canada Goose Branta canadensis, in flight at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire

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A feather from a Canada goose that was ingested into the engines of the

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molt also takes place during the breeding season, the adults lose their

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The Canada goose is considered part of the Canadian national identity.

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John, T. M.; George, J. C. (1978). "Circulatory levels of thyroxine (T

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Smith, Arthur E.; Craven, Scott R.; Curtis, Paul D. (September 2000).

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is a straightforward large pale cackling goose however, and hence the

5416: 5052: 5047: 4997: 4969: 3256:(4). Northeastern Naturalist Humboldt Field Research Institute: 701. 2113: 2055: 2007: 1573: 1424: 1269: 1161:

call refers to the female goose. The calls are similar, however, the

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Krauss, David A.; Salame, Issa (2012). "Interspecific Killing of a

3067:"Canadian Geese get violent during nesting, population on the rise" 2591:. Bertin W. Anderson, Phillip E. Russell. Blythe, CA: Avvar Books. 1518: 1356:, and possibly others. These geese are also found naturally on the 1286: 1254: 959: 828: 486: 248: 218: 83: 78: 63: 58: 48: 1066:, or the lesser Canada goose. An exceptionally large male of race 839:

is still valid today and was renamed "Taverner's cackling goose".

5408: 5305: 5194: 5189: 5138: 5133: 4944: 4929: 3518:

Landys, Mėta M.; Wingfield, John C.; Ramenofsky, Marilyn (2004).

2464: 1939: 1931: 1866:

which help the body cope with the longer journey. The increased T

1789: 1768: 1726: 1609: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1361: 1210: 937: 612: 608: 514: 506: 502: 98: 73: 5695: 1674:

Canada goose gosling resting in the grass of a New York cemetery

924:

brown plumage, and these are assumed to be a leucistic variety.

5128: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5057: 5017: 4738: 3345: 2206: 1915: 1882:

rise dramatically in these birds during and after a migration.

1785: 1659: 1585: 1577: 1420: 1416: 1388: 1306:

water, and plentiful grass in manicured lawns in urban areas.

1238: 645: 600: 510: 494: 470: 258: 208: 4811: 4304: 4266: 4051: 3788:"Witnesses: Unleashed dog kills 2 goslings at Bronxville Lake" 3399:

Canada, Government of Canada, Environment and Climate Change.

5390: 5072: 5027: 4449:"Center for Wildlife and Aviation - Strike Reporting by Year" 3813: 2848:"Canada Goose - Introduction - Birds of North America Online" 1632:, but the female spends more time at the nest than the male. 1605: 1597: 1589: 1365: 836: 604: 526: 522: 466: 4561:"DNA shows jet that landed in Hudson struck migrating geese" 3895:, Vol. 2: Waterfowl. Pt. 1. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, CT. 3740:

The geese of the Anderson River delta, Northwest Territories

3137:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 20–21. 2080:

majority of such deaths occur before the sixth day of life.

1249:, by Harold Hanson of the Illinois Natural History Survey. 145:

Call of Canada geese on Brownsea Island, Dorset, March 1966

5037: 4710:

10.1660/0022-8443(2004)107[0077:RTITWP]2.0.CO;2

4656:

Raftovich, R.V., Chandler, S. C. and Wilkins, K.A. (2015).

4031:

10.1674/0003-0031(1999)142[0181:EOSEOT]2.0.CO;2

3751: 3070: 2089: 1999: 1947: 1601: 1593: 1581: 1375:

who sent several pairs of geese to France as a present for

1302: 1027: 228: 4269:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species (10.13 List)" 4068:(12). US National Center for Infectious Diseases: 1821–7. 588:

The Canada goose was one of the many species described by

5022: 4141:

Great Plains Wildlife Damage Control Workshop Proceedings

3904: 3628: 3517: 3382:

Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard

2088:

Canada geese are susceptible to avian bird flus, such as

1740:

Geese and goslings on an English canal, showing formation

1109: lb), averaging amongst all subspecies 3.9 kg ( 932:) are considerably smaller. The smallest cackling goose, 615:, distinguishing them from the gray species of the genus 3164:. Collins New Naturalist Library 110. HarperCollins UK. 2915:

The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds

2521:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

1395:, but also in Ireland. They were also introduced in the 4660:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland, USA 4495:"CVR transcript Boeing E-3 USAF Yukla 27 – 22 SEP 1995" 4012: 3907:"Social behavior and breeding success in Canada Geese ( 1870:

levels are also associated with increased muscle mass (

1157:

refers to the call of the male Canada goose, while the

568:

toward both humans and other animals, and its habit of

2276: 1081:

The male Canada goose usually weighs 2.6–6.5 kg (

564:, its depredation of crops, its noise, its aggressive 4158:

Board of Park Commissioners (Seattle) Meeting Minutes

4123:

State Parks Again Offering Early Canada Goose Hunting

3575:"Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2013" 2324:"The Grammarphobia Blog: Canada (or Canadian?) geese" 2121:

flocks showing natural behavior, which may be rarer.

1517:

Male Canada goose carefully watches nearby humans in

1443:, likely with some contributions from the subspecies 4207: 4058:) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1)" 3679:"Chicago Area Is Home to Growing Numbers of Coyotes" 3605:"Summary of all Ringing Recoveries for Canada Goose" 2962:(2nd ed.). Southern Illinois University Press. 2246:

New York City Department of Environmental Protection

2834:(A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology 1309:Canada geese were eliminated in Ohio following the 541:and normally migratory; often found on or close to 4769:Rediscovery report on Giant Canada Goose from 1963 4267:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (January 5, 2016). 3869:. Meddelelse fra Vildtbiologisk Station (Denmark). 3032:"Ohio reports increase in Canada geese population" 2756: 2302:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679935A131909406.en 18:Species of goose native to the Northern Hemisphere 4305:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (April 11, 2012). 3880:Life histories of North American wild fowl, Pt. 2 3305: 2248:have been donated to food banks in Pennsylvania. 2177:Canada geese have been implicated in a number of 636:, "burnt (black) goose" and the specific epithet 537:. Like most geese, the Canada goose is primarily 5788: 4558: 4176: 3442:. US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from 2524:(4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. 1525:Like most geese, the Canada goose is naturally 631: 578:artificial feeding policies toward wild animals 4135:Woodruff, Roger A.; Green, Jeffrey S. (1995). 3384:(revised online ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: 1237:in the southern United States and in northern 4797: 4698:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 4691: 4501:. Aviation Safety Network. September 22, 1995 4134: 2449:Birds of the World: Recommended English Names 1914:Known predators of eggs and goslings include 1553:brant's inability to leave the nesting area. 860:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 4106:"Canada's new national bird is the gray jay" 3802:Ecology and management of breeding waterfowl 3424:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3239: 3024: 2729: 2411:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1352:. The birds include those of the subspecies 583: 4326:"Bird strikes plummet at Vancouver airport" 4323: 4179:"Goose egg addling stirs concern in Reston" 3309:Managing Canada Geese in Urban Environments 2990:. Bismarck, North Dakota. February 7, 2013. 2583: 2462: 2442: 2095: 2030:) and, though rarely on large adult geese, 1784:Resting in a pond during spring migration, 1584:. Their diet includes green vegetation and 1173: 576:, the latter a result of humans disobeying 4812:Game animals and shooting in North America 4804: 4790: 4704:(1, 2). Kansas Academy of Science: 77–82. 3464: 3432: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 1165:is shorter and more high-pitched than the 367: 160: 133: 116: 4523:. CNN. September 23, 1995. Archived from 4513: 4386:"Environmental management: bird licences" 4286:Frequently Asked Questions – Canada Geese 4243: 4225: 4081: 3911:) confined under semi-natural conditions" 3742:. Phd Thesis. Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton. 3646: 3372: 3320: 3058: 2917:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 188. 2790: 2754: 2356:. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. 2002 2300: 4605: 4545:Barela, Timothy P. (September 22, 1995) 3847: 3734: 3732: 3684:Illinois Department of Natural Resources 3192:. New Zealand Government. March 17, 2011 3186:"Canada geese protection status changed" 3132: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2389: 2156: 2099: 1901: 1837: 1826: 1814: 1794: 1779: 1560: 1512: 1501: 1489: 1456: 1331: 1322: 1215: 1200: 1192: 1177: 1072: 869: 447:Two individuals in the middle of a fight 442: 4669: 4586:Maynard, Micheline (January 15, 2009). 4585: 3977: 3726:. Unpubl. rep. Atlantic Flyway Council. 3064: 3006:The Humane Society of the United States 3002:"Why Do Canada Geese Like Urban Areas?" 2921: 2842: 2840: 2730:Ogilvie, Malcolm; Young, Steve (2004). 2646:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 2407: 2397:(in Latin). Holmia: Laurentius Salvius. 2126:United States Department of Agriculture 1845:A flock of feeding Canada geese calling 906:A flock of feeding Canada geese calling 5789: 4588:"Bird Hazard Is Persistent for Planes" 4563:. McClatchy Newspapers. Archived from 4128: 3671: 3378:"Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World" 3094:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2957: 2912: 2568: 2342: 1803:in Austin County, Texas, United States 481:, and it is occasionally found during 5220: 5219: 4785: 4757:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 4735:Images and videos of the Canada goose 4687: 4685: 4637: 4419: 4369:"Managing Geese on Agricultural Land" 3729: 3282: 3157: 3042:Dayton. March 9, 2015. Archived from 2947:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2777: 2748: 2414:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1588:. The Canada goose eats a variety of 1301:in apartment complexes. In 2015, the 1058: in). The largest subspecies is 545:, the Canada goose is also common in 5847:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 5670:571984a8-1d64-418c-86c5-05e91876a771 5474:9c6f028c-ae4c-44b0-bb10-011ad81b1bdb 3905:Collias, N. E.; Jahn, L. R. (1959). 2837: 2544:"Seagull or Gull: Who Really Cares?" 2463:Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2012). 2401: 2374: 1576:, although they sometimes eat small 1316:Ohio Department of Natural Resources 998:can range from 6.9 to 10.6 cm ( 21:For the outerwear manufacturer, see 5797:IUCN Red List least concern species 2755:Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). 2354:Collins American English Dictionary 2288:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2152: 1030:can range from 4.1 to 6.8 cm ( 962:. Among standard measurements, the 874:Profile view of a Canada goose head 417: Summer range (cackling goose) 405: Year-round range (introduced) 127:Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge 13: 4893: 4696:) in Wichita, Kansas: 1998–2003". 4682: 4670:Carlson, Kathryn (June 18, 2011). 4640:"My First Helping of Canada Goose" 3980:The Journal of Wildlife Management 3473:) in the migratory Canada goose". 3398: 1478:and the population was managed by 1470:Canada geese were introduced as a 880: 411: Wintering range (introduced) 14: 5858: 4728: 4638:Elton, Sarah (October 19, 2011). 4559:Barrett, Barbara (June 8, 2009). 4054:"Susceptibility of Canada geese ( 3844:No. 98. Ontario Min. Nat. Resour. 3315:. Cornell Cooperative Extension. 2832:The Birds of North America Online 2629:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 2514:"Canada goose or canadian goose, 1415:in the 20th Century, starting in 1348:naturally, as has been proved by 1336:Approaching to beg for food in a 966:can range from 39 to 55 cm ( 811:population, with the birds named 549:marshes, estuaries, and lagoons. 4744:RSPB Birds by Name: Canada goose 4433:. September 2005. Archived from 4177:MacDonald, Gregg (May 6, 2008). 3893:Handbook of North American birds 3713:. R. Br. Columbia Mus. Victoria. 1823:Low flyover by five Canada geese 1760: 1745: 1733: 1718: 1706: 1691: 1679: 1667: 914:Problems playing this file? See 896: 185: 41: 4663: 4650: 4631: 4579: 4552: 4539: 4487: 4466: 4441: 4427:"Bird Plus Plane Equals Snarge" 4400: 4378: 4361: 4336: 4317: 4298: 4279: 4260: 4201: 4170: 4151: 4116: 4098: 4045: 4006: 3971: 3944: 3898: 3885: 3872: 3859: 3834: 3807: 3794: 3780: 3745: 3716: 3703: 3622: 3597: 3567: 3522:Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli 3511: 3458: 3392: 3366: 3339: 3299: 3276: 3233: 3204: 3178: 3151: 3126: 3106: 2994: 2976: 2951: 2906: 2881: 2816: 2723: 2698: 2672: 2634: 2613: 2584:Hanson, Harold C. (2006–2007). 2577: 2562: 2536: 2507: 2465:"IOC World Bird Names (v. 3.1)" 2277:BirdLife International (2018). 1619: 1295:Triangle area of North Carolina 399: Summer range (introduced) 387: Year-round range (native) 5533:canada-goose-branta-canadensis 4474:"FAA Wildlife Strike Database" 3489:10.1086/physzool.51.4.30160961 3283:Angus, Wilson (July 4, 2023). 3065:Hamrick, Brian (May 4, 2015). 2490:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 2478: 2456: 2436: 2383: 2368: 2316: 2270: 2143:Migratory Birds Convention Act 1725:Pair of adults with goslings, 1452: 865: 667:American Ornithologists' Union 393: Wintering range (native) 1: 4755:Explore Species: Canada Goose 4416:. Division of Wildlife (Ohio) 4324:Pynn, Larry (April 5, 2014). 3609:British Trust for Ornithology 3579:British Trust for Ornithology 2494:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2377:Introduced Birds of the World 2263: 2251: 2242:British Trust for Ornithology 680:The AOU has divided the many 675:British Ornithologists' Union 554:living in human-altered areas 4751:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology 4749:Canada Goose Species Account 4062:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3882:. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 130. 3440:"Canada Geese at Blackwater" 3386:University of Nebraska Press 2791:Dewey, T.; Lutz, H. (2002). 2763:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2222:with no loss of human life. 1897: 1775: 936:, is scarcely larger than a 677:followed suit in June 2005. 493:. It has been introduced to 7: 5842:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4295:. Canadian Wildlife Service 4019:American Midland Naturalist 3545:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.06.006 2074: 1885: 1572:Canada geese are primarily 1485: 1466:Canada goose in New Zealand 1423:and Finland migrate to the 1383:'s waterfowl collection in 381: Summer range (native) 10: 5863: 5817:Birds of the United States 4774:February 28, 2017, at the 4453:wildlifecenter.pr.erau.edu 4163:February 26, 2009, at the 2958:Hanson, Harold C. (1997). 2944:The Birds of North America 2734:. New Holland Publishers. 2446:; Minturn, Wright (2006). 2225: 2141:, and in Canada under the 2083: 1767:Family of Canada Geese in 1752:Family of Canada geese at 1463: 1344:Canada geese have reached 1327: 1261:, may still be declining. 376:Canada goose distribution: 20: 5228: 5152: 5081: 4978: 4905: 4891: 4817: 3856:. De Takkeling 16: 85–91. 3469:) and triiodothyronine (T 2710:birdsanctuary.kbs.msu.edu 2408:Jobling, James A (2010). 2295:: e.T22679935A131909406. 2139:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1700:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany 1480:Fish and Game New Zealand 651:Oxford English Dictionary 607:of geese, which contains 592:in his 18th-century work 584:Nomenclature and taxonomy 429: 422: 375: 366: 315: 310: 287: 280: 182:Scientific classification 180: 158: 149: 144: 132: 124: 115: 32: 4412:January 1, 2009, at the 4344:"Wild birds and the law" 4291:October 6, 2013, at the 2941:)". In Poole, A. (ed.). 2913:Terres, John K. (1980). 2104:Nesting in a parking lot 2096:Relationship with humans 2028:Haliaeetus leucocephalus 1834:Call of the Canada geese 1658:The offspring enter the 1340:park, a learned behavior 1245:discovered wintering in 1174:Distribution and habitat 1077:Photo: Tom Koerner/USFWS 815:considered a mixture of 627:was a Latinized form of 5837:Birds described in 1758 3648:10.1650/condor-16-234.1 3250:Northeastern Naturalist 3133:Svensson, Lars (2009). 3112:Attenborough, D. 1998. 2984:"Obituary: Forrest Lee" 1801:Daingerfield State Park 1556: 821:B. c. occidentalis 709:Interior Canada goose ( 632: 23:Canada Goose (clothing) 5827:Birds of North America 5018:Cougar (mountain lion) 4899: 4499:Accident investigation 4374:. Scottish government. 4074:10.3201/eid1312.070502 3891:Palmer, R. S. (1976). 3722:Hughes, J. R. (2002). 2960:The Giant Canada Goose 2619:Banks, Richard (2007) 2375:Long, John L. (1981). 2216:US Airways Flight 1549 2174: 2167:US Airways Flight 1549 2105: 1911: 1846: 1835: 1824: 1804: 1792: 1569: 1522: 1510: 1499: 1461: 1341: 1279:San Francisco Bay area 1221: 1213: 1198: 1190: 1078: 885: 875: 758:Vancouver Canada goose 741:Moffitt's Canada goose 448: 5730:Paleobiology Database 4897: 4549:. U.S. Air Force News 3842:Fish Wildl. Res. Rep. 3738:Barry, T. W. (1967). 3532:Hormones and Behavior 3476:Physiological Zoology 3158:David, Cabot (2010). 2860:10.2173/bow.cangoo.01 2732:Wildfowl of the World 2658:10.21805/bzn.v76.a043 2486:"Canada goose (bird)" 2328:www.grammarphobia.com 2232:Iowa State University 2160: 2103: 1968:Corvus brachyrhynchos 1905: 1844: 1833: 1822: 1798: 1783: 1564: 1537:to California to the 1516: 1505: 1493: 1460: 1441:B. c. canadensis 1335: 1323:Outside North America 1219: 1204: 1196: 1181: 1076: 930:B. h. hutchinsii 884: 873: 791:Lesser Canada goose ( 689:Atlantic Canada goose 446: 5469:Fauna Europaea (new) 4870:Snipe (common snipe) 4850:Ring-necked pheasant 4437:on October 19, 2007. 4183:Fairfax County Times 4112:. November 17, 2016. 3878:Bent, A. C. (1925). 3853:Veldkamp R. (2008). 3691:on November 24, 2011 3262:10.1656/045.019.0415 3219:Government of Canada 2988:The Bismarck Tribune 2802:Animal Diversity Web 2550:. September 26, 2018 2234:, described them to 1988:American black bears 1293:regions, and in the 1247:Rochester, Minnesota 856:B. sandvicensis 813:B. c. taverneri 648:". According to the 598:. It belongs to the 566:territorial behavior 461:), sometimes called 4865:Sharp-tailed grouse 4835:Hungarian partridge 3865:Madsen, J. (1988). 3816:Wildlife Monographs 3585:on January 18, 2015 3446:on January 23, 2011 3092:"Nuisance Wildlife" 2706:"Off-Colored Birds" 2452:. Christopher Helm. 2112:of the most common 1596:and grains such as 1565:Eating a flower at 1373:Samuel de Champlain 1358:Kamchatka Peninsula 1354:B. c. parvipes 825:B. c. parvipes 644:word meaning "from 611:with largely black 552:Extremely adept at 435:Linnaeus, 1758 152:Conservation status 39:Pleistocene–present 5089:American alligator 4900: 4619:. February 4, 2009 4592:The New York Times 4521:"1995 AWACS crash" 4227:10.7717/peerj.4283 3374:Johnsgard, Paul A. 3244:(Brant) by a Male 2569:Stackhouse, Mark. 2175: 2106: 2044:Accipiter gentilis 1912: 1892:University of York 1847: 1836: 1825: 1805: 1799:A Canada goose in 1793: 1570: 1546:agonistic behavior 1531:V-shaped formation 1523: 1511: 1500: 1462: 1350:ringing recoveries 1342: 1311:American Civil War 1259:B. c. occidentalis 1226:Great Lakes region 1222: 1214: 1205:Flock swimming in 1199: 1191: 1079: 1026: in) and the 886: 876: 779:B. c. occidentalis 775:Dusky Canada goose 724:Giant Canada goose 465:, is a large wild 449: 320:B. c. occidentalis 273:B. canadensis 5784: 5783: 5774:Branta-canadensis 5717:Open Tree of Life 5298:Branta_canadensis 5285:Branta_canadensis 5260:Branta canadensis 5230:Branta canadensis 5222:Taxon identifiers 5213: 5212: 5185:Waterfowl hunting 5033:White-tailed deer 4898:Waterfowl hunters 4694:Branta canadensis 4615:(Press release). 4056:Branta canadensis 4015:Branta canadensis 3909:Branta canadensis 3360:10.1111/ibi.12560 3332:978-1-57753-255-2 3287:Branta canadensis 3248:(Canada Goose)". 3246:Branta canadensis 3144:978-0-691-14392-7 3114:The Life of Birds 2969:978-0-8093-1924-4 2939:Branta canadensis 2826:Branta canadensis 2795:Branta canadensis 2770:978-0-395-46727-5 2741:978-1-84330-328-2 2680:"Audubon Society" 2429:978-1-4081-2501-4 2281:Branta canadensis 2048:peregrine falcons 2040:northern goshawks 2032:great horned owls 2020:Aquila chrysaetos 1932:northern raccoons 1842: 1831: 1820: 1698:Eggs, collection 1476:Wildlife Act 1953 956:Cape Barren goose 952:spur-winged goose 901: 848:B. leucopsis 842:In addition, the 817:B. c. minima 802: 788: 771: 754: 737: 720: 706: 671:Branta hutchinsii 475:temperate regions 458:Branta canadensis 441: 440: 291:Branta canadensis 175: 138: 5854: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5763: 5751: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5725: 5724: 5712: 5711: 5699: 5698: 5686: 5685: 5673: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5640: 5639: 5627: 5626: 5624:NBNSYS0000000009 5614: 5613: 5601: 5600: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5574: 5562: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5536: 5535: 5523: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5500: 5499: 5487: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5450: 5438: 5437: 5425: 5424: 5412: 5411: 5399: 5398: 5386: 5385: 5373: 5372: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5337: 5336: 5324: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5311:B59E18633E2EFD25 5301: 5300: 5288: 5287: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5217: 5216: 5165:Big-game hunting 4950:Northern pintail 4806: 4799: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4722: 4721: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4567:on June 15, 2009 4556: 4550: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4527:on June 28, 2011 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4481:wildlife.faa.gov 4478: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4423: 4417: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4247: 4229: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4189:on June 20, 2009 4185:. 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Archived from 3571: 3565: 3564: 3528: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3324: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3130: 3124: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3040:Associated Press 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3012:on July 31, 2018 3008:. Archived from 2998: 2992: 2991: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2934: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2844: 2835: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2788: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682:. Archived from 2676: 2670: 2669: 2638: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2350:"Canadian goose" 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2330:. April 22, 2015 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2274: 2153:Aircraft strikes 2124:Since 1999, the 2060:Falco rusticolus 2052:Falco peregrinus 2036:Bubo virginianus 1992:Ursus americanus 1852:thyroid hormones 1843: 1832: 1821: 1764: 1749: 1737: 1722: 1710: 1695: 1686:Nesting in Wales 1683: 1671: 1535:British Columbia 1385:St. James's Park 1188:Washington state 1150: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1003: 993: 992: 988: 985: 979: 978: 974: 971: 928:cackling goose, 903: 902: 883: 796: 782: 765: 748: 731: 714: 696: 693:B. c. canadensis 635: 574:begging for food 535:Falkland Islands 436: 416: 410: 404: 398: 392: 386: 380: 371: 358:B. c. canadensis 293: 190: 189: 169: 164: 163: 140: 139: 120: 110: 40: 36:Temporal range: 30: 29: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5822:Birds of Mexico 5812:Birds of Canada 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5681: 5678:Observation.org 5676: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5656: 5648: 5643: 5635: 5630: 5622: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5570: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5544: 5539: 5531: 5526: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5490: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5420: 5415: 5407: 5402: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5332: 5327: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5224: 5214: 5209: 5148: 5077: 5008:Bison (buffalo) 4974: 4901: 4889: 4840:Prairie chicken 4813: 4810: 4776:Wayback Machine 4765:– BTO BirdFacts 4731: 4726: 4725: 4690: 4683: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4414:Wayback Machine 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4388:. UK Government 4384: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4322: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293:Wayback Machine 4284: 4280: 4265: 4261: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4167:. July 12, 2001 4165:Wayback Machine 4156: 4152: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4050: 4046: 4011: 4007: 3992:10.2307/3801261 3976: 3972: 3949: 3945: 3930:10.2307/4082315 3913: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3766:10.2307/3799071 3750: 3746: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3526: 3516: 3512: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3397: 3393: 3371: 3367: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3281: 3277: 3242:Branta bernicla 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3135:Birds of Europe 3131: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3046:on May 18, 2015 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2956: 2952: 2935: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2824:"Canada Goose ( 2821: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2789: 2778: 2771: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2686:on July 7, 2010 2678: 2677: 2673: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2618: 2614: 2599: 2582: 2578: 2571:"The New Goose" 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2406: 2402: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2258:Wichita, Kansas 2254: 2228: 2184:turkey vultures 2155: 2118:fecal coliforms 2098: 2086: 2077: 2012:Bubo scandiacus 1900: 1888: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1838: 1827: 1815: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1756: 1750: 1741: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1714: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1687: 1684: 1675: 1672: 1645:flight feathers 1622: 1559: 1488: 1468: 1455: 1377:King Louis XIII 1346:Northern Europe 1330: 1325: 1299:retention ponds 1197:Flock in flight 1176: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1004: 1001: 999: 994: in), the 990: 986: 983: 981: 976: 972: 969: 967: 921: 920: 912: 910: 909: 908: 907: 904: 897: 894: 887: 881: 868: 595:Systema Naturae 586: 560:because of its 491:northern Europe 434: 432:Anas canadensis 418: 414: 412: 408: 406: 402: 400: 396: 394: 390: 388: 384: 382: 378: 306: 295: 289: 276: 184: 176: 165: 161: 154: 134: 111: 109: 108: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 38: 37: 34: 26: 19: 12: 11: 5: 5860: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5739: 5726: 5713: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5664: 5654: 5641: 5628: 5615: 5602: 5589: 5576: 5563: 5550: 5537: 5524: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5478: 5465: 5456:Fauna Europaea 5452: 5439: 5426: 5413: 5400: 5387: 5374: 5361: 5351: 5338: 5325: 5315: 5302: 5289: 5276: 5265: 5250: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5205:Upland hunting 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4825:Bobwhite quail 4821: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4741: 4730: 4729:External links 4727: 4724: 4723: 4681: 4662: 4649: 4630: 4604: 4578: 4551: 4538: 4512: 4486: 4465: 4440: 4418: 4399: 4377: 4360: 4335: 4316: 4297: 4278: 4259: 4200: 4169: 4150: 4127: 4115: 4097: 4044: 4025:(1): 181–190. 4005: 3986:(3): 517–522. 3970: 3959:(2): 272–288. 3943: 3924:(4): 478–509. 3897: 3884: 3871: 3858: 3846: 3833: 3806: 3793: 3779: 3760:(2): 414–422. 3744: 3728: 3715: 3702: 3670: 3641:(4): 787–799. 3621: 3596: 3566: 3539:(5): 574–581. 3510: 3483:(4): 361–370. 3470: 3466: 3457: 3431: 3391: 3365: 3354:(3): 597–607. 3338: 3331: 3298: 3275: 3232: 3203: 3177: 3171:978-0007405145 3170: 3150: 3143: 3125: 3105: 3083: 3057: 3023: 2993: 2975: 2968: 2950: 2920: 2905: 2880: 2836: 2815: 2776: 2769: 2747: 2740: 2722: 2697: 2671: 2633: 2612: 2597: 2588:considerations 2576: 2561: 2535: 2506: 2477: 2455: 2435: 2428: 2400: 2382: 2367: 2341: 2315: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2227: 2224: 2196:U.S. Air Force 2154: 2151: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 1964:American crows 1928:Vulpes lagopus 1899: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1880:corticosterone 1875: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1757: 1754:Lake Arlington 1751: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1621: 1618: 1567:Downsview Park 1558: 1555: 1544:Males exhibit 1487: 1484: 1464:Main article: 1454: 1451: 1364:, and eastern 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1283:Chesapeake Bay 1235:South Carolina 1175: 1172: 1064:B. c. parvipes 911: 905: 895: 890: 889: 888: 879: 878: 877: 867: 864: 852:Hawaiian goose 844:barnacle goose 804: 803: 793:B. c. parvipes 789: 772: 755: 745:B. c. moffitti 738: 721: 711:B. c. interior 707: 663:cackling goose 585: 582: 499:United Kingdom 463:Canadian goose 439: 438: 427: 426: 420: 419: 413: 407: 401: 395: 389: 383: 377: 373: 372: 364: 363: 362: 361: 354: 352:B. c. interior 349: 342: 339:B. c. moffitti 335: 333:B. c. parvipes 330: 323: 313: 312: 308: 307: 296: 285: 284: 278: 277: 270: 268: 264: 263: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 178: 177: 159: 156: 155: 150: 147: 146: 142: 141: 130: 129: 122: 121: 113: 112: 104: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 35: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5859: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5170:Bison hunting 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5144:Snowshoe hare 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Gray squirrel 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5043:Mountain goat 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Bighorn sheep 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Greater scaup 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Spruce grouse 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Ruffed grouse 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Mourning dove 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676:National Post 4673: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4407:Goose Attacks 4403: 4387: 4381: 4370: 4364: 4345: 4339: 4331: 4330:Vancouver Sun 4327: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3797: 3789: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3310: 3302: 3294: 3292: 3291:B. hutchinsii 3288: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3116:. p.299 BBC. 3115: 3109: 3093: 3087: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036:The Lima News 3033: 3027: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2751: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2598:0-9708504-3-3 2594: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2572: 2565: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:Elmendorf AFB 2200: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:golden eagles 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Corvus corone 1973: 1972:carrion crows 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:common ravens 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Vulpes vulpes 1941: 1937: 1936:Procyon lotor 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Canis latrans 1917: 1909: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1853: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1450: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:Great Britain 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:King James II 1378: 1374: 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