1140:
1042:
190:
83:
266:. The Hudson Bay trade was diverted southwest to the edge of the prairie where pemmican was picked up to feed the voyageurs on their journey northwest to the Athabasca country. Competition from the Nor'Westers forced the Hudson's Bay Company to build posts in the interior. The two companies competed for a while and, in 1821, merged. Management was taken over by the capital-rich HBC, but trading methods were those of the Montreal-based Nor'Westers. Much trade shifted to
553:
150:. In both countries the problem was to find streams that flowed in approximately the right direction and to find short portages to move from one river basin to the next. Both regions are flat. One can move from the Saint Lawrence to the Rockies or from the Urals almost to the Pacific with only a few short portages. In both countries furs were obtained by natives and exported by Europeans. In Siberia a band of armed Cossacks would enter a native village and demand
793:
295:
67:
443:
689:
681:
785:
1034:
303:
25:
258:. Since the west country was too far for a round trip in one season, each spring, when the ice broke up, boats would set out from Montreal while winterers would start east. They exchanged their goods at Grand Portage on Lake Superior and returned before the rivers froze five months later. To save the cost of hauling food from Montreal,
696:
The axis from Lake
Superior to the Mackenzie River runs along the southwest side of the forested beaver country between the prairie to the southwest and the Barren Grounds to the northeast. Here beaver fur is longer and thicker than further southeast. The southern part of the axis was near the source
466:
to North Lake whose waters drain into Hudson Bay. From North Lake the route goes through
Gunflint Lake, thence down the Pine and Granite Rivers to Saganaga lake and through a chain of lakes, including Knife and Basswood Lakes, to Lac La Croix, where the route from Fort William comes in. It continues
233:
spread out through the many rivers and lakes to trade with the
Indians, while Indians would carry canoe-loads of fur down to Montreal. Nearby tribes became middlemen, drawing furs from further inland. Montreal was the main base where furs were stored before transshipment to Europe. By the end of the
197:
An explorer naturally wishes to travel as far as possible by water. Hudson Bay gets one more than a third of the way across the continent, but it leads to unproductive country and is blocked by ice for most of the year. The
Mississippi River is a natural entry point, but it only began to be used in
244:
west of Lake
Superior. In these cold lands beaver had longer and thicker fur. After the British conquered Canada in 1759, management of the Montreal trade was taken over by English-speakers while the real work continued to be done by French-Canadians. The Montreal-based
636:
was spoken along the whole route. South of the river there was enough grass for horses and one could travel from
Edmonton to Red River on horseback. Horses were used for speed and canoes for freight. There are, of course, no canoe routes over the Rockies.
133:
between them. There are no serious barriers to water-borne travel east of the
Rockies. The fur trade, principally in beaver, drove and financed exploration and initial settlement. Traders obtained furs from the natives and exported them to Europe.
957:
reached the mouth of the
Mississippi from the Great Lakes. From about 1715 the French sought to link the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins and bottle up the English on the east coast. From the southeast side of Lake Michigan, east up the
355:. This route was first used by Étienne Brûlé in 1610 and later by Champlain. When the Iroquois made the Ottawa dangerous it was possible for small canoes to continue up the Ottawa above the Mattawa and from its sources across to the
616:. The North Saskatchewan is approximately the southern limit of forested beaver country. There are no portages between Cumberland and Edmonton, but there are sand bars and 125 miles (201 km) stretch of strong current east of
249:
was formed in 1779 largely because distances had become so great as to require a highly organized transport system (The
Athabasca country was 3000 miles from Montreal and a canoe might go 1000 miles in a month). The independent
234:
period, trade and exploration had spread to all the Great Lakes and was extending down the
Mississippi. Meanwhile, the British maintained posts on Hudson Bay, ignored the interior and waited for Indians to bring furs to them.
764:. This was about as far as canoes could reach and return in one season and was the gathering place for furs from the rich Athabasca region and further west. One could continue into poorer country north down the
322:
hostility, the poorer quality of southern furs and the lack of large birch trees to make canoes. The route west from Montreal has been called the 'first Trans-Canada Highway'. It ran from near Montreal, up the
828:. A fur trade developed in the interior. Here, horses were used more often than canoes, furs were trapped by non-Indians and the pelts exported by ship. Here Canadians competed, rather successfully, with the
576:. (Cedar Lake is one of the chain of lakes that look like a single lake west of Lake Winnipeg.) Although it was not much used, a route ran from Cedar Lake south over the 4 miles (6.4 km) Mossy portage to
1155:' is how Joseph Robson described it. Movement inland began about 1750 after the French entered the western country and tried to divert the Hudson Bay fur trade to Montreal. The most important route ran from
421:
developed later (Adrien Jolliet in 1669 was probably the first) and was never the main westward route. North of the St. Lawrence were many complex lakes and rivers that were sometimes used to go as far as
1167:
at the north end of Lake Winnipeg. Most posts were on the southwest side of the bay. Inland were many complex routes, most being too small for heavy freight canoes. Main routes from east to west were:
1409:, somehow avoiding about 150 difficult miles of the lower Nelson, and went about 200 miles west-southwest up the Grass River, over the Cranberry Portage to the Goose River and down the Goose and
310:
Seagoing ships can reach Quebec City and smaller ones can reach Montreal. One might think that the route would continue up the St. Lawrence, but this was not the case. Possible reasons are the
913:, thence back down the Peel and west up the Rat River (by poling or dragging, not paddling) or by a parallel trail and over a half-mile portage to the Little Bell River. The route from
668:, and American traders were able to subvert the British monopoly over the fur trade by siphoning off much of the trade to entrepĂ´ts on the Mississippi River to the south by way of the
274:. After 1810 the western posts were linked to the British bases on the Oregon coast. By mid-century the HBC ruled an inland empire that stretched from Hudson Bay to the Pacific. The
462:, thence along the present international border west up the 50 miles (80 km) long Pigeon River and Arrow River to South Lake, and then across the 400 metres (1,300 ft)
1555:
1375:
Inland between the Churchill and Hayes Rivers: Smaller Indian canoes used the Upper and Middle Tracts between the Hayes and Nelson. These routes grew obsolete after 1774 when
1151:
began establishing posts on the Bay in 1668. Unlike the French-Canadians, the English were usually content to sit on the coast and let the Indians bring furs to them. '
1398:
and went up the Carrot River and crossed to Walker Lake which connects to Cross Lake about 50 miles west of Oxford Lake. From the west end of Cross Lake, up the
1049:
This was the main axis of British-French and British-US military conflict late in the period. From Quebec upriver about a third of the way to Montreal, up the
46:
210:
league. The Chesapeake and Delaware Bays lead a short way inland and the other east coast rivers are too short or shallow to be of much use. This leaves the
488:
458:. From here to Lake of the Woods the voyageurs' route went northwest across the 9 mile (14 km) long Grand Portage to avoid the falls and canyon of the
914:
510:, from which an old trail led inland to the north and west to Lac La Croix in the watershed of the Rainy River. For the two routes from Lake Superior see
506:
In 1803 it was found that Grand Portage was on the US side of the border and the Lake Superior base was moved 45 miles (72 km) northeast to
1025:
By the time of the British conquest there were French trading posts from New Orleans up the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers to the Great Lakes.
286:
began to extend formal government into the area. The fur trade routes grew obsolete from the 1880s with the coming of railways and steamships.
945:
on the Mackenzie about 275 miles east of Frances Lake. There was some transport on the Liard, but the Liard river canyon made this difficult.
390:. On Lake Superior voyageurs would normally hug the northern shore because of the danger of frequent squalls that could overturn their boats.
1007:
954:
33:
1338:
just north of the mouth of the Hayes. Although the Nelson drains Lake Winnipeg, this route was avoided in preference to the Hayes.
692:
Mackenzie Basin. Lac La Loche is south of the 'w' in 'Clearwater'. The best beaver country was to the south and along the Rockies.
1964:
1923:
1095:
from 1715), this area only became important after about 1743 when the French tried to block Anglo-American expansion into the
1728:
1639:
910:
986:
to the Des Plaines River and south to the Illinois. Alternatively, from the northwest side of Lake Michigan, at the head of
648:, which flows north into the southern tip of Lake Winnipeg gained some importance after 1812 with the establishment of the
800:, 1820s to 1840s. Modern political boundaries shown. The road from Assiniboine to Edmonton was a horse track built in 1825
905:
who travelled in the opposite direction from the one described here. From the Mackenzie River delta it went south up the
859:
and carried over the mountains. It normally took two years for heavy goods to cross the continent, goods being stored at
472:
1018:, and down south and west flowing streams to the Mississippi River and the fur country of what is now the U.S. state of
1969:
503:
was preferred. The Hayes route became more important after 1821 when much trade shifted from Montreal to York Factory)
383:
129:
European exploration of the Canadian interior was principally by river. The land has many navigable rivers with short
1959:
1661:
1620:
1601:
1586:
1578:
1143:
Rivers around James Bay. Marking shows a possible water diversion and is close to the route south from Moose Factory
1357:
459:
410:
158:
1296:
734:
511:
451:
1376:
1369:
1112:
702:
597:
174:
1753:
856:
852:
684:
Forest axis. Note the light-colored prairie in the southwest and the greyish Barren Grounds to the northeast.
898:
on the Columbia. The route was used for messages and light freight but was not practical for heavy freight.
173:). Canada-based Europeans reached the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793, both expeditions led by
1974:
1341:
1242:
1108:
1076:
902:
714:
427:
1299:
with Fort Severn on the 'shoulder' west of James Bay. The Severn flows northeast from the general area of
1979:
1798:
1763:
1540:
959:
617:
538:
530:
162:
161:
in 1582. Fifty seven years later they reached the Pacific. European settlement of Canada began in 1583 (
1843:
1372:
in 1824 but was rarely used by Europeans because the large lakes retain their ice long into the season.
1006:
and southwest to the Mississippi. Another route ran from the western extremity of Lake Superior up the
298:
St. Lawrence Basin and Great Lakes. Montreal is where the Quebec-Ontario border joins the St. Lawrence
1721:
987:
925:
about 300 miles west of Fort McPherson. From there it went at least 400 miles south-southeast up the
821:
283:
279:
206:
as far as Albany, but this leads north to the Saint Lawrence and westward travel was blocked by the
1300:
1280:
1152:
718:
601:
546:
479:
210 miles (340 km) west-northwest of Grand Portage. Leaving the US border, northwest down the
455:
118:
259:
1312:: York Factory was the Hudson's Bay Company base of operations. Up most of the Hayes, across the
1288:
1148:
1139:
757:
38:
1321:
1309:
999:
840:
645:
569:
534:
463:
344:
1402:
and over a low divide to Moose Lake and along the Summerberry River to the Saskatchewan River.
1949:
1928:
1838:
1684:
1446:
1335:
1264:
1222:
1128:
991:
753:
653:
573:
507:
178:
1127:(1754) at modern-day Pittsburgh. The British response to this move was the beginning of the
1863:
1714:
1671:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1345:
848:
829:
797:
609:
471:(a depot was established here to shorten the voyage of the Athabasca brigade) and down the
332:
278:
became a land route across the prairies. HBC land claims were transferred to Canada by the
1594:
The Red River Trails: Oxcart Routes Between St. Paul and the Selkirk Settlement, 1820–1870
832:. In 1846 the Columbia District was divided between the two nations at the 49th parallel.
8:
1898:
1788:
1410:
963:
906:
706:
515:
356:
166:
664:. These are prairie rivers and not good beaver country. Much transport was by horse and
1954:
1818:
1813:
1793:
1559:
1352:
to bring furs down from the rich Athabasca country. The route ran from the east end of
1325:
1250:
1011:
922:
809:
644:
which meets the Red River just south of Lake Winnipeg provided another route west. The
585:
565:
371:
336:
246:
211:
1918:
1657:
1635:
1632:
Between the Waters: Tracing the Northwest Trail from Lake Superior to the Mississippi
1616:
1597:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1420:
Another route connected the Nelson and Churchill. It ran from Split Lake west up the
1386:
Middle Tract: One branch left the Hayes about 100 miles from the Bay and went up the
1100:
971:
813:
641:
589:
577:
522:
476:
379:
230:
114:
360:
1908:
1828:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1349:
1313:
1246:
1238:
978:
which runs first west and then southwest to the Mississippi. Another route was the
883:
875:
769:
669:
649:
271:
251:
75:
820:
in the US). The inland canoe routes were linked to the Pacific coast in 1811 when
1425:
1421:
1414:
1198:
1194:
1120:
1092:
1050:
1015:
1003:
983:
918:
895:
871:
773:
745:
722:
526:
414:
306:
Ottawa River Basin. The area labeled Lake Huron is the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron
1893:
1868:
1833:
1823:
1808:
1417:
on the Saskatchewan River about 50 miles west of the start of the Middle Tract.
1361:
1353:
1212:
1202:
1180:
1058:
1054:
995:
975:
967:
891:
860:
844:
825:
817:
761:
730:
665:
625:
480:
430:
was a major portage route in the St. Lawrence basin, linking Lake Ontario with
367:
340:
311:
87:
901:
The far northwest was supplied by an unusual route which was found in 1851 by
863:
over the winter. Later there was a horse trail from the Fraser River south to
741:
in 1778 ranks with Grand Portage as the most difficult of the major portages.
737:
whose waters reach the Arctic. The Methye Portage, which was first reached by
1943:
1888:
1649:
1365:
1254:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1124:
1116:
1104:
979:
879:
864:
749:
633:
605:
593:
581:
484:
467:
down the Loon River to Lake Namakan and north over either of two portages to
406:
398:
387:
375:
328:
315:
275:
143:
1041:
499:, which is not very useful. (The Nelson River is difficult and the parallel
189:
1878:
1429:
1399:
1331:
1317:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1241:. This was the best route from James Bay to the Ottawa and was used by the
1234:
1190:
1186:
1164:
1156:
1096:
1080:
942:
934:
887:
836:
726:
710:
492:
394:
370:
missions at the southern end of Georgian Bay (1626–1640), west through the
348:
324:
267:
203:
82:
71:
717:
which is mostly a chain of lakes, west up the Churchill past the depot on
70:
The French fur trade was based in Montreal and the later British trade at
1883:
1737:
1395:
1305:
1272:
1193:: Rupert Bay at the southeast corner of James Bay, east up the Rupert to
1160:
1091:
Although the French had long been in the Ohio country (La Salle in 1669,
938:
930:
926:
870:
The route to the Columbia River ran from Fort Chipewyan southwest up the
765:
620:
where canoes were dragged upstream on ropes. Above Prince Albert is the
552:
500:
431:
225:
In the 16th century, cod fishermen began trading for furs, especially at
199:
170:
1773:
1903:
1848:
1748:
805:
792:
738:
629:
542:
496:
468:
418:
352:
294:
1913:
1873:
1853:
1803:
1591:
1380:
1206:
1172:
1019:
661:
423:
402:
255:
226:
147:
66:
688:
442:
154:
or tribute. In Canada furs were exchanged for European merchandise.
1858:
1284:
698:
680:
657:
556:
The Saskatchewan River drains the prairies east into Lake Winnipeg.
319:
263:
207:
632:
and north canoes were used. Trade was helped by the fact that the
229:
on the St. Lawrence River. With the foundation of Quebec in 1608,
1379:
was founded, which allowed transport by heavy freight canoes and
1324:
at the north end of Lake Winnipeg. (Close by is the mouth of the
784:
613:
592:. Another route reached Lake Manitoba from Lake Winnipeg via the
302:
130:
558:
The Nelson River drains Lake Winnipeg northeast into Hudson Bay.
24:
1706:
1271:(1743) 160 miles upstream: 1) southwest: up the Albany, up the
1033:
851:(1,500 foot elevation gain and only one significant portage at
1257:. This route was used to supply Lake Superior from Hudson Bay.
705:
on the lower Saskatchewan River, this route runs north up the
1449:: development of riverine routes in the interior of Siberia.
151:
1592:
Gilman, Rhoda R.; Carolyn Gilman; Deborah M. Stultz (1979).
545:
on the Grand Portage route. During the negotiations for the
491:
in 1731–1737. Following the current downstream leads to the
1573:
Reprinted 1974 University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
1390:
and Bigstone River to Utik (Deer) Lake and somehow over to
933:, then the Findlayson and Campbell Rivers and a portage to
1561:
History of Brulé's discoveries and explorations, 1610-1626
1177:
North of the Eastmain were Barren Grounds with few beaver.
744:
The route continues west down the Clearwater River to the
487:, a poor lake for small craft. This area was opened up by
1037:
Map showing the Lake Champlain-River Richelieu watershed.
882:
on the North Saskatchewan over an 80-mile horse track to
446:
The Saskatchewan enters Lake Winnipeg through Cedar Lake
808:
European ships entered the Pacific in large numbers. A
533:
over another Height of Land Portage and north down the
1229:
on the south end of James Bay: 1) south: Moose River,
917:
went past a post called Lapierre's House and down the
1682:
1670:
1615:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society.
1279:
and south to Lake Superior; 2) West: Albany River to
366:
Routes ran from the French River south to the Jesuit
549:
Britain tried to make this as the Canada–US border.
262:
around Winnipeg began the large-scale production of
217:
335:and over the 7 mile La Vase portage at what is now
835:The interior of British Columbia around the upper
193:Major drainage basins and divides in North America
1045:Forts and routes during the French and Indian War
1941:
1596:. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.
580:and then the mile-and-a-half Meadow Portage to
142:Both Canada and Siberia are largely covered by
94:stands in front with a steering paddle and the
1694:. US Dept. of the Interior, Nat'l Park Service
1532:
1028:
157:Russian expansion into Siberia began with the
1722:
1648:
1103:(1753), south up an army-built wagon road to
624:prairie country where voyageurs were fed by
240:The second era began when trade reached the
184:
102:provide power under the instructions of the
1683:Vogel, Robert C.; David G. Stanley (1992).
1394:on the Nelson. The other left the Hayes at
584:and then at least 5 miles (8.0 km) of
289:
1729:
1715:
1685:"Portage Trails in Minnesota, 1630s-1870s"
1539:Axelson, Gustave (January–February 2008),
1405:Upper Tract: began on the Nelson River at
1629:
1541:"In the Vanishing Footsteps of Voyageurs"
1437:North of the Churchill is Barren Grounds.
1368:to the Churchill. This route was used by
1237:, portage to the upper Ottawa River near
1086:
970:, west down to Kankakee, which joins the
886:. From there it went up the Athabasca to
16:Canoe routes of early explorers of Canada
1328:, used to egress parts of the Prairies].
1138:
1040:
1032:
791:
783:
687:
679:
675:
551:
441:
301:
293:
188:
81:
65:
49:of all important aspects of the article.
1538:
1107:at the head of the Rivière aux Boeufs (
1942:
560:The Red River comes in from the south.
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
1710:
911:Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories
437:
386:(26 feet difference in elevation) to
146:. Both were opened up by water-borne
137:
1692:Multiple Property Documentation Form
1610:
1492:Vogel et al. (1992), pp. E-12, E-13.
1283:, portage to a river going south to
948:
752:and north down the Athabasca to the
109:This article covers the water based
18:
1754:Austronesian maritime trade network
1267:on the west side of James Bay with
202:. Early sea ships could follow the
13:
966:and across a short portage to the
14:
1991:
604:almost to the Rocky Mountains at
393:The route up the St. Lawrence to
314:and other rapids above Montreal,
218:Two ages of trade and exploration
1736:
1656:. Minoqua, WI: NorthWord Press.
1613:Minnesota's Boundary with Canada
1545:Minnesota Conservation Volunteer
1358:Fond du Lac River (Saskatchewan)
1348:: This route was used mainly by
937:, down the Frances River to the
779:
359:and down to the St. Lawrence at
159:conquest of the Khanate of Sibir
23:
1571:The Canadian Frontier 1534-1760
1297:Severn River (northern Ontario)
1057:, portage west parallel to the
512:Grand Portage National Monument
177:. For Siberian exploration see
124:
37:may be too short to adequately
1965:History of transport in Canada
1516:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1377:Cumberland House, Saskatchewan
812:with China developed from the
772:and thence northwest down the
703:Cumberland House, Saskatchewan
434:and the northern Great Lakes.
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
1556:Butterfield, Consul Willshire
1452:
1245:; 2) southwest: Moose River,
1134:
853:Hudson Hope, British Columbia
1634:. Duluth: Dovetailed Press.
1342:Churchill River (Hudson Bay)
1243:Hudson Bay expedition (1686)
1083:and downstream to New York.
962:to near the present site of
596:. Up the Saskatchewan, past
428:Toronto Carrying-Place Trail
198:1718 with the foundation of
7:
1533:Sources and further reading
1474:Lass (1980), pp. 37–39, 44.
1441:
1428:to the Churchill and up to
1029:Lake-Champlain-Hudson River
618:Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
539:Vermilion River (Minnesota)
452:Canada–United States border
10:
1996:
1654:Fur Trade Routes of Canada
1501:Gilman (1979), pp. 7-8, 14
1483:Lass (1980), pp. 37–39, 49
1215:: Rupert Bay southeast to
1163:(not the Nelson River) to
878:and after 1825, west from
843:. Goods were carried from
169:, Nova Scotia), and 1608 (
98:steers from the rear. The
1970:Water transport in Canada
1744:
1630:Luukkonen, Larry (2007).
1611:Lass, William E. (1980).
1123:and down the Allegany to
1119:at its junction with the
1111:), down LeBoeuf Creek to
994:, past serious rapids to
824:reached the mouth of the
572:. Around these rapids to
454:meets Lake Superior near
284:North-West Mounted Police
185:Gateways to the continent
181:and its linked articles.
117:with special emphasis on
115:early explorers of Canada
1960:Pre-Confederation Canada
1924:Varangians to the Greeks
1153:Asleep by the frozen sea
998:, up the Fox and over a
796:Map of the route of the
656:began supplying buffalo
602:North Saskatchewan River
568:enters Lake Winnipeg at
547:Webster-Ashburton Treaty
456:Grand Portage, Minnesota
290:St. Lawrence River basin
1764:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1289:English River (Ontario)
1205:to the St. Lawrence at
867:on the Columbia River.
758:Fort Chipewyan, Alberta
521:A minor route ran from
1678:. Madison Press Books.
1424:and a portage via the
1322:Norway House, Manitoba
1310:York Factory, Manitoba
1291:to the Winnipeg River.
1144:
1087:Upper Ohio River basin
1046:
1038:
801:
789:
693:
685:
646:Red River of the North
570:Grand Rapids, Manitoba
561:
535:Pike River (Minnesota)
525:west and north up the
464:Height of Land Portage
447:
307:
299:
280:Rupert's Land Act 1868
254:was replaced by hired
194:
106:
79:
1929:Way of the Patriarchs
1839:Polynesian navigation
1759:Canadian canoe routes
1672:Newman, Peter Charles
1447:Siberian River Routes
1142:
1129:French and Indian War
1099:. From Lake Erie, at
1044:
1036:
804:After the voyages of
795:
788:Map of Oregon Country
787:
776:to the Arctic Ocean.
760:, at the west end of
754:Peace-Athabasca Delta
729:and over the 12 mile
701:. From the depot at
691:
683:
676:Mackenzie River basin
555:
508:Fort William, Ontario
445:
305:
297:
192:
179:Siberian River Routes
111:Canadian canoe routes
85:
78:, claimed by Britain.
69:
1864:Sepik Coast exchange
1407:Split Lake, Manitoba
1392:Cross Lake, Manitoba
1388:Fox River (Manitoba)
1265:Fort Albany, Ontario
1253:to Lake Superior at
1183:from James Bay east.
1149:Hudson's Bay Company
830:American Fur Company
798:York Factory Express
713:to the east-flowing
610:Rocky Mountain House
483:with 26 portages to
270:and later some went
90:running rapids. The
74:. The shading shows
1975:Geography of Canada
1899:Trans-Saharan trade
1789:Incense trade route
1465:Butterfield (1898).
1411:Sturgeon-Weir River
964:South Bend, Indiana
719:Lac ĂŽle-Ă -la-Crosse
707:Sturgeon-Weir River
516:Kaministiquia River
378:, or west north of
357:Saint-Maurice River
175:Alexander Mackenzie
1980:Canoeing in Canada
1819:Maritime Silk Road
1814:Maritime republics
1794:Indian Ocean trade
1364:and south through
1326:Saskatchewan River
1251:Michipicoten River
1145:
1079:, overland to the
1061:(230 feet drop in
1047:
1039:
1012:East Savanna River
923:Fort Yukon, Alaska
915:Bell River (Yukon)
810:Maritime fur trade
802:
790:
694:
686:
586:Portage la Prairie
566:Saskatchewan River
562:
448:
438:Nelson River basin
372:Strait of Mackinac
308:
300:
272:south to Minnesota
247:North West Company
212:St. Lawrence River
195:
138:Canada and Siberia
107:
80:
1937:
1936:
1919:Volga trade route
1844:Rome-India routes
1676:Empire of the Bay
1641:978-0-9765890-4-4
1567:Eccles, William J
1249:, portage to the
1101:Fort Presque Isle
1008:Saint Louis River
972:Des Plaines River
949:Mississippi basin
814:Columbia District
756:and the depot at
642:Assiniboine River
590:Assiniboine River
578:Lake Winnipegosis
523:Duluth, Minnesota
477:Lake of the Woods
380:Manitoulin Island
282:. From 1874 the
231:Coureurs des bois
64:
63:
1987:
1909:Triangular trade
1784:Hiri trade cycle
1779:Hanseatic League
1769:Grand Trunk Road
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1667:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1552:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1426:Kississing River
1320:and upstream to
1314:Echimamish River
1247:Missinaibi River
1239:Lake Timiskaming
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
960:St. Joseph River
909:to the depot at
890:and thence over
884:Fort Assiniboine
876:Fort Assiniboine
770:Great Slave Lake
735:Clearwater River
670:Red River Trails
650:Red River Colony
598:Cumberland House
252:coureur des bois
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1829:Penarikan Route
1740:
1735:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1664:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1444:
1422:Burntwood River
1415:Cumberland Lake
1301:Lake St. Joseph
1281:Lake St. Joseph
1199:Lake Saint-Jean
1195:Lake Mistassini
1137:
1121:Allegheny River
1093:Fort des Miamis
1089:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1051:Richelieu River
1031:
1016:Savanna Portage
1004:Wisconsin River
984:Chicago Portage
982:and across the
951:
919:Porcupine River
903:Robert Campbell
896:Boat Encampment
872:Athabasca River
782:
774:Mackenzie River
746:Athabasca River
723:Peter Pond Lake
715:Churchill River
678:
626:buffalo hunters
559:
557:
531:Embarrass River
527:St. Louis River
440:
415:St. Clair River
292:
220:
187:
140:
127:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:Tea Horse Road
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Siberian Route
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Manila galleon
1831:
1826:
1824:Old Salt Route
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:Lapita culture
1806:
1801:
1799:King's Highway
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1646:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1564:
1553:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1403:
1373:
1370:George Simpson
1362:Wollaston Lake
1354:Lake Athabasca
1346:Fort Churchill
1339:
1329:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1258:
1220:
1213:Nottaway River
1210:
1203:Saguenay River
1184:
1181:Eastmain River
1178:
1136:
1133:
1088:
1085:
1059:La Chute River
1055:Lake Champlain
1030:
1027:
996:Lake Winnebago
976:Illinois River
974:to become the
968:Kankakee River
950:
947:
892:Athabasca Pass
861:Fort Chipewyan
845:Fort Chipewyan
826:Columbia River
822:David Thompson
818:Oregon Country
781:
778:
762:Lake Athabasca
731:Methye Portage
677:
674:
666:Red River cart
481:Winnipeg River
439:
436:
411:Lake St. Clair
384:St Marys River
361:Trois-Rivières
341:Lake Nipissing
327:, west up the
312:Lachine Rapids
291:
288:
242:pays d'en haut
219:
216:
186:
183:
139:
136:
126:
123:
88:Montreal canoe
62:
61:
55:September 2023
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Brouwer Route
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:1-55971-045-4
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Morse, Eric W
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:0-87351-153-0
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1603:0-87351-133-6
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:0-8263-0706-X
1584:
1580:
1579:0-8263-0705-1
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1366:Reindeer Lake
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:to the upper
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:and down the
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:Wawa, Ontario
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1231:Abitibi River
1228:
1227:Moose Factory
1224:
1221:
1218:
1217:Lake Matagami
1214:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:and down the
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:Fort Duquesne
1122:
1118:
1117:Fort Machault
1114:
1110:
1109:LeBoeuf Creek
1106:
1105:Fort Le Boeuf
1102:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:, across the
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:short portage
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Chicago River
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Fort Edmonton
877:
873:
868:
866:
865:Fort Okanogan
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:New Caledonia
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
794:
786:
780:Pacific coast
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:Fort McMurray
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
690:
682:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:and when the
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
634:Cree Language
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Fort Edmonton
603:
599:
595:
594:Dauphin River
591:
587:
583:
582:Lake Manitoba
579:
575:
571:
567:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Lake Winnipeg
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
444:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Detroit River
404:
400:
399:Niagara Falls
396:
391:
389:
388:Lake Superior
385:
381:
377:
376:Lake Michigan
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:and down the
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Mattawa River
326:
321:
317:
316:Niagara Falls
313:
304:
296:
287:
285:
281:
277:
276:Carlton Trail
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:Boreal Forest
135:
132:
122:
120:
119:the fur trade
116:
112:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
77:
76:Rupert's Land
73:
68:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
1950:Trade routes
1879:Spanish Road
1758:
1738:Trade routes
1696:. Retrieved
1691:
1675:
1653:
1631:
1612:
1593:
1570:
1560:
1551:(416): 50–63
1548:
1544:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1445:
1430:Frog Portage
1400:Minago River
1332:Nelson River
1318:Nelson River
1277:Lake Nipigon
1269:Henley House
1261:Albany River
1235:Lake Abitibi
1191:Rupert House
1187:Rupert River
1165:Norway House
1157:York Factory
1146:
1113:French Creek
1097:Ohio country
1090:
1081:Hudson River
1048:
1024:
952:
943:Fort Simpson
941:and east to
935:Frances Lake
900:
888:Jasper House
869:
837:Fraser River
834:
806:Captain Cook
803:
743:
727:Lac La Loche
711:Frog Portage
695:
660:to feed the
639:
621:
563:
520:
505:
493:Nelson River
489:La VĂ©rendrye
460:Pigeon River
449:
395:Lake Ontario
392:
365:
349:Georgian Bay
345:French River
325:Ottawa River
309:
268:York Factory
241:
238:British Era:
237:
236:
222:
221:
204:Hudson River
196:
156:
141:
128:
125:Introduction
110:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
72:York Factory
52:
36:
34:lead section
1884:Spice Route
1522:Luukkonen,
1396:Oxford Lake
1336:Port Nelson
1306:Hayes River
1275:, cross to
1273:Ogoki River
1223:Moose River
1161:Hayes River
1077:Lake George
939:Liard River
931:Pelly River
927:Yukon River
857:Fort McLeod
849:Peace River
839:was called
766:Slave River
600:and up the
501:Hayes River
473:Rainy River
432:Lake Simcoe
382:and up the
223:French Era:
200:New Orleans
171:Quebec City
148:fur traders
1944:Categories
1904:Trepanging
1849:Royal Road
1749:Amber Road
1698:6 November
1453:References
1381:York boats
1350:Chipewyans
1197:, over to
1135:Hudson Bay
1075:miles) to
907:Peel River
816:(known as
739:Peter Pond
721:, through
630:York boats
574:Cedar Lake
543:Rainy Lake
497:Hudson Bay
469:Rainy Lake
419:Lake Huron
417:and lower
353:Lake Huron
333:Trout Lake
167:Port Royal
163:St. John's
96:Gouvernail
1955:Fur trade
1914:Via Maris
1874:Silk Road
1854:Salt road
1804:Kula ring
1510:Axelson,
1207:Tadoussac
1173:James Bay
1020:Minnesota
992:Fox River
990:, up the
988:Green Bay
709:, across
662:voyageurs
622:La Montée
424:James Bay
403:Lake Erie
337:North Bay
256:voyageurs
227:Tadoussac
165:), 1605 (
39:summarize
1859:Sea lane
1774:Hærvejen
1674:(1989).
1652:(1979).
1569:(1969).
1558:(1898).
1442:See also
1285:Lac Seul
1010:and the
955:La Salle
953:In 1682
699:pemmican
658:Pemmican
628:. Both
320:Iroquois
264:pemmican
208:Iroquois
131:portages
113:used by
86:A large
1356:up the
1159:up the
1070:⁄
1002:to the
847:up the
768:to the
733:to the
614:Alberta
588:to the
100:milieux
1660:
1638:
1619:
1600:
1585:
1577:
1524:passim
1512:passim
426:. The
1688:(pdf)
1344:with
1334:with
1308:with
1263:with
1225:with
1189:with
855:) to
654:Metis
368:Huron
260:Metis
152:yasak
104:Avant
92:Avant
1700:2013
1658:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1147:The
929:and
640:The
608:and
564:The
537:and
529:and
514:and
495:and
450:The
1413:to
1360:to
1171:On
1115:to
1053:to
921:to
894:to
874:to
748:at
725:to
697:of
541:to
475:to
374:to
351:of
347:to
339:on
331:to
1946::
1690:.
1581:,
1549:71
1547:,
1543:,
1383:.
1233:,
1131:.
1022:.
672:.
612:,
518:.
413:,
409:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
363:.
318:,
214:.
121:.
1730:e
1723:t
1716:v
1702:.
1666:.
1644:.
1625:.
1606:.
1432:.
1219:.
1209:.
1072:2
1068:1
1065:+
1063:3
57:)
53:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
