Canadian federalism

3018:, the following observations ... appear: Within these limits of subjects and area the local legislature is supreme, and has the same authority as the Imperial Parliament, or the parliament of the Dominion, would have had under like circumstances to confide to a municipal institution or body of its own creation authority to make by-laws or resolutions as to subjects specified in the enactment, and with the object of carrying the enactment into operation and effect.... It was argued at the bar that a legislature committing important regulations to agents or delegates effaces itself. That is not so. It retains its powers intact, and can, whenever it pleases, destroy the agency it has created and set up another, or take the matter directly into his own hands. How far it shall seek the aid of subordinate agencies, and how long it shall continue them, are matters for each legislature, and not for Courts of Law, to decide." 2945:"The extraordinary nature and the constitutional features of the emergency power of Parliament dictate the manner and form in which it should be invoked and exercised. It should not be an ordinary manner and form. At the very least, it cannot be a manner and form which admits of the slightest degree of ambiguity to be resolved by interpretation. In cases where the existence of an emergency may be a matter of controversy, it is imperative that Parliament should not have recourse to its emergency power except in the most explicit terms indicating that it is acting on the basis of that power. Parliament cannot enter the normally forbidden area of provincial jurisdiction unless it gives an unmistakable signal that it is acting pursuant to its extraordinary power. Such a signal is not conclusive to support the legitimacy of the action of Parliament but its absence is fatal." 3012:"In the generality of actual delegation to its own agencies, Parliament, recognizing the need of the legislation, lays down the broad scheme and indicates the principles, purposes and scope of the subsidiary details to be supplied by the delegate: under the mode of enactment now being considered, the real and substantial analysis and weighing of the political considerations which would decide the actual provisions adopted, would be given by persons chosen to represent local interests. Since neither is a creature nor a subordinate body of the other, the question is not only or chiefly whether one can delegate, but whether the other can accept. Delegation implies subordination and in 2402: 1425:, which held that wartime regulations could displace provincial jurisdiction for the duration of an emergency. Additional measures were required in order to secure control of the economy during that time. Jurisdiction over unemployment insurance was transferred permanently to the federal sphere; the provinces surrendered their power to levy succession duties and personal and corporate income taxes for the duration of the war (and for one year afterwards) under the Wartime Tax Rental Agreement; and labour relations were centralized under federal control with the 1171: 2142:, states in its preamble that the colonies had expressed "their desire to be federally united into one Dominion", "the natural and literal interpretation of the word confines its application to cases in which these States, while agreeing on a measure of delegation, yet in the main continue to preserve their original Constitutions". The Privy Council determined that the Fathers of Confederation desired a "general Government charged with matters of common interest, and new and merely local Governments for the Provinces". Matters other than those listed in the 1785: 1839: 7298: 6302: 998: 714: 800: 1308: 2217: 2716:

her new functions derived from her new international status she incurs obligations they must, so far as legislation be concerned when they deal with provincial classes of subjects, be dealt with by the totality of powers, in other words by co-operation between the Dominion and the Provinces. While the ship of state now sails on larger ventures and into foreign waters she still retains the watertight compartments which are an essential part of her original structure.

1010: 102: 6316: 726: 7310: 1814: 1081:, and municipal governments which exercise powers delegated by the province or territory. Each jurisdiction is generally independent from the others in its realm of legislative authority. The division of powers between the federal government and the provincial governments is based on the principle of exhaustive distribution: all legal issues are assigned to either the federal Parliament or the provincial Legislatures. 1965:. Public works are the property of the federal Crown, and natural resources are within the purview of the provinces. Title to such property is not vested in one jurisdiction or another, however, since the Canadian Crown is indivisible. Section 109 has been given a particularly-broad meaning; provincial legislation regulating labour used to harvest and the disposal of natural resources does not interfere with federal 1799: 39: 2929:"But if one looks at the practical effects of the exercise of the emergency power, one must conclude that it operates so as to give to Parliament for all purposes necessary to deal with the emergency, concurrent and paramount jurisdiction over matters which would normally fall within exclusive provincial jurisdiction. To that extent, the exercise of that power amounts to a temporary 1601: 1094:), a key document in the Constitution of Canada. Some amendments to the division of powers have been made in the past century and a half, but the 1867 act still sets out the basic framework of the federal and provincial legislative jurisdictions. The division of power is reliant upon the "division" of the unitary 2421:

But it must be recognized that these doctrines and concepts have not been the dominant tide of constitutional doctrines; rather they have been an undertow against the strong pull of pith and substance, the aspect doctrine and, in recent years, a very restrained approach to concurrency and paramountcy issues.

2920:

or control of a matter outside federal authority. The federal contributions are now made in such a way that they do not control or regulate provincial use of them. As well there are opting out arrangements that are available to those provinces who choose not to participate in certain shared-cost programs.

2420:

The history of Canadian constitutional law has been to allow for a fair amount of interplay and indeed overlap between federal and provincial powers. It is true that doctrines like interjurisdictional and Crown immunity and concepts like "watertight compartments" qualify the extent of that interplay.

2935:

amendment of a federal Constitution by the unilateral action of Parliament. The legitimacy of that power is derived from the Constitution: when the security and the continuation of the Constitution and of the nation are at stake, the kind of power commensurate with the situation 'is only to be found

2715:

It must not be thought that the result of this decision is that Canada is incompetent to legislate in performance of treaty obligations. In totality of legislative powers, Dominion and Provincial together, she is fully equipped. But the legislative powers remain distributed and if in the exercise of

2692:

dealt with labour relations (clearly within provincial jurisdiction); since the conventions were not treaties of the British Empire and no plausible argument could be made for the field attaining a national dimension or becoming of national concern, the Canadian Parliament was unable to exercise new

1623:

held that the federal government's position was incorrect; the constitutionally-entrenched principle of responsible government meant that "Canada had not one responsible government but eleven." Officials in the United Kingdom indicated that the British parliament was under no obligation to fulfill a

1490:

for review. According to Bastedo, "his is a very important bill affecting hundreds of mineral contracts. It raises implications which throw grave doubts of the legislation being in the public interest. There is grave doubt as to its validity". The act was upheld in an Order in Council by the federal

2919:

characterized that as possessing the following nature: " is entitled to spend the money that it raises through proper exercise of its taxing power in the manner that it chooses to authorize. It can impose conditions on such disposition so long as the conditions do not amount in fact to a regulation

2607:

Conditional legislation (such as a federal Act, providing that it will not apply where a provincial Act has been enacted in a given matter). As Justice Rand declared in 1959, "That Parliament can so limit the operation of its own legislation and that it may do so upon any such event or condition is

2129:

Much distribution of power has been ambiguous, leading to disputes which have been decided by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and (after 1949) the Supreme Court of Canada. The nature of the Canadian constitution was described by the Privy Council in 1913 as not truly federal (unlike the

2110:

observed: "Assuming the Dominion has collected by means of taxation a fund, it by no means follows that any legislation which disposes of it is necessarily within Dominion competence ... If on the true view of the legislation it is found that in reality in pith and substance the legislation invades

1283:

was ruled unconstitutional by the Privy Council on the grounds that a provincial viceroy (even one advised by responsible ministers) could not permit "the abrogation of any power which the Crown possesses through a person directly representing it". Social and technological changes also worked their

2720:

This case left undecided the extent of federal power to negotiate, sign and ratify treaties dealing with areas under provincial jurisdiction, and has generated extensive debate about complications introduced in implementing Canada's subsequent international obligations; the Supreme Court of Canada

1769:

is conveyed not by the governor general or federal parliament, but through the Crown itself as a part of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of Canada's 11 (one federal and 10 provincial) legal jurisdictions; linking the governments into a federal state, the Crown is "divided" into 11

2989:

The general power of legislation conferred up on the Parliament of the Dominion by section 91 of the act in supplement of the power to legislate upon the subjects expressly enumerated must be strictly confined to such matters as are unquestionably of national interest and importance, and must not

2367:

Section 129 of the Constitution Act, 1867 provided for laws in effect at the time of Confederation to continue until repealed or altered by the appropriate legislative authority. Similar provisions were included in the terms of union of other territories that were subsequently incorporated into

2359:, employed sparingly, identifies areas of jurisdiction arising from oversights by the drafters of the constitution; for example, federal jurisdiction to incorporate companies is inferred from the power provinces have under Section 92 for "The Incorporation of Companies with Provincial Objects". 2158:

states: "It shall be lawful for the Queen ... to make laws for the Peace, Order, and good Government of Canada, in relation to all Matters not coming within the Classes of Subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the Provinces". In addition to assigning powers not stated

2783:

operating in the former Province, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council held that such bodies cannot have "provincial objects" and only the Parliament of Canada had power to deal with such acts. It has been held that this restriction exists for any Act applying equally to Upper and Lower

2570:

that neither the federal parliament nor the provincial legislatures could give legislative authority to the other level. Subsequent attempts to dovetail federal and provincial legislation to achieve certain ends met with difficulty, such as an attempt by Saskatchewan to ensure enforcement of a

1889:

The Act lists the powers of the provincial parliaments (subject to the federal parliament's authority to regulate inter-provincial movement) in Section 92. These powers include the exploration, development and export to other provinces of non-renewable natural resources, forestry resources and

2968:

In determining whether a matter has attained the required degree of singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern it is relevant to consider what would be the effect on extra‑provincial interests of a provincial failure to deal

2993:

It is within the competence of the Dominion Parliament to provide for matters which though otherwise within the legislative competence of the Provincial Legislature, are necessarily incidental to effective legislation by the Parliament of the Dominion upon a subject of legislation expressly

1226:

summarized that view: " a federal as distinguished from a legislative union, but a union composed of several existing and continuing entities ... not fractions of a unit but units of a multiple. The Dominion is the multiple and each province is a unit of that multiple ..." The accession of

2964:

For a matter to qualify as a matter of national concern in either sense it must have a singleness, distinctiveness and indivisibility that clearly distinguishes it from matters of provincial concern and a scale of impact on provincial jurisdiction that is reconcilable with the fundamental

5825: 1897:

Old-age pensions, agriculture and immigration are shared by federal and provincial jurisdictions. One prevails over the other in cases of conflict, however: for pensions, federal legislation will not displace provincial laws, and for agriculture and immigration it is the reverse.

2956:

The national concern doctrine is separate and distinct from the national emergency doctrine of the peace, order and good government power, which is chiefly distinguishable by the fact that it provides a constitutional basis for what is necessarily legislation of a temporary

2985:

at p. 8: # The legislation of the Parliament of the Dominion, so long as it strictly relates to subjects of legislation expressly enumerated in section 91, is of paramount authority, even if it trenches upon matters assigned to the Provincial Legislature by section 92.

2960:

The national concern doctrine applies to both new matters which did not exist at Confederation and to matters which, although originally matters of a local or private nature in a province, have since, in the absence of national emergency, become matters of national

2020:(since they are a relevant interest), and provincial power "is burdened by the Crown obligations toward the Aboriginal people in question". Debate exists about whether such burdens apply in the same manner in the Western provinces under the Natural Resources Acts. 2529:

Laws arising from the property and civil-rights power will be used to complement the interpretation of federal legislation where the federal Act has not provided otherwise, but federal power cannot be used to create rules of private law in areas outside its

2411:

According to the Supreme Court of Canada, "our Constitution is based on an allocation of exclusive powers to both levels of government, not concurrent powers, although these powers are bound to interact in the realities of the life of our Constitution."

2285:, it was held that the s. 92(2) power providing for "direct taxation within the province" does not extend to taxing sales on flights passing over (or through) a province, but the question of how far provincial jurisdiction can extend into a province's 1597:" bothering to ask one premier". According to the federal cabinet and Crown counsel, if the British Crown (in council, in parliament, and on the bench) exercised sovereignty over Canada, it would do so only at the request of the federal ministers. 1630:, the court ruled that such a convention existed but did not prevent the federal parliament from attempting to amend the constitution without provincial consent and it was not the role of the courts to enforce constitutional conventions. 2611:

Incorporation by reference or adoption (for example, a federal regulation prohibiting vehicles from operating on a federal highway except "in accordance with the laws of the province and the municipality in which the highway is

2761:

states, "All Articles of the Growth, Produce, or Manufacture of any one of the Provinces shall, from and after the Union, be admitted free into each of the other Provinces". This amounts to a prohibition of inter-provincial

2680:

held that it fell within federal jurisdiction; Canada's obligations under its agreements in this field required it to pass legislation applying to all Canadian residents, and the matter could be seen as analogous to

1881:

and other courts "for the better Administration of the Laws of Canada," and implementing obligations arising from foreign treaties, all under the purview of the federal legislature in Section 91. Some aspects of the

6984: 4420: 3550: 2393:, adopted in 1865 by the former Province of Canada, affecting federal jurisdiction continued to be in force in Quebec (if they had not been displaced by other federal Acts) until their repeal on 15 December 2004. 1705:

has maintained the same stance. When Harper was appointed prime minister in 2006, the frequency of First Ministers' conferences declined significantly; inter-provincial cooperation increased with meetings of the

7594: 7564: 7469: 3034:, but it could pass a concurrent statute for regulating liquor traffic within the Province. However, it has also been held that the Parliament of Canada could not repeal that Act with respect only to Ontario. 2198:

of 1896, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council arrived at a method of interpretation, known as the "four-departments doctrine", in which jurisdiction over a matter is determined in the following order:

6648: 4317: 1222:. In a series of political battles and court cases from 1872 to 1896, Mowat reversed Macdonald's early victories and entrenched the co-ordinated sovereignty which he saw in the Quebec Resolutions. In 1888, 7589: 2990:

trench on any of the subjects enumerated in section 92, as within the scope of Provincial legislation, unless these matters have attained such dimensions as to affect the body politic of the Dominion.

1733:" to describe this arrangement. The Supreme Court upholds the concepts of flexible federalism (where jurisdictions overlap) and cooperative federalism (where they can favourably interact), as noted in 1189:

were a compromise between those who wanted sovereignty vested in the federal government and those who wanted it vested in the provinces. The compromise based the federation on the constitution of the

7519: 2098:

Parliament has the power to spend money on public debt and property. Although the Supreme Court of Canada has not ruled directly about constitutional limits on federal spending power, parliament can

7569: 4969:

Reference as to the Validity of the Regulations in Relation to Chemicals Enacted by Order in Council and of an Order of the Controller of Chemicals Made Pursuant Thereto (The "Chemicals Reference")

3672: 2185:

The federal government is partially limited by powers assigned to the provincial legislatures; for example, the Canadian constitution created broad provincial jurisdiction over direct taxation and

1218:

The resulting constitution was couched in more centralist terms than intended. As prime minister, Macdonald tried to exploit this discrepancy to impose his centralist ideal against chief opponent

2800:

While the Parliament of Canada has the ability to bind the Crown in right of Canada or of any province, the converse is not true for the provincial legislatures, as "rovincial legislation cannot

2146:, as the responsibility of the federal or provincial parliaments fell to the federal legislature (the reverse of the arrangement between the federal and state congresses in the United States). 1721:

limited the ability of the federal government to spend money in areas under provincial jurisdiction. In 1999 the federal government and all provincial governments except Quebec's agreed to the

7409: 1624:

request for legal changes desired by Trudeau, particularly if Canadian convention was not followed. All rulings were appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada. In a decision later known as the

1448:

to allow the Canadian parliament to provide for pensions. This was extended in 1964 to allow supplementary benefits, including disability and survivors' benefits. The era saw an increase in

1231:

as prime minister inaugurated a new phase of constitutional consensus, marked by a more-egalitarian relationship between the jurisdictions. The federal government's quasi-imperial powers of

7459: 3472: 2016:

in 1930. The power is not absolute, however; provincial Crown land may be regulated or expropriated for federal purposes. The administration of crown land is also subject to the rights of

1593:

failed to receive unanimous approval from both levels of government. When negotiations with the provinces again stalled in 1980, Trudeau threatened to take the case for patriation to the

7474: 7369: 5795: 7559: 2596:

a proposed Nova Scotia Act which would have authorized the inter-delegation of legislative and taxation authority between Parliament and the Nova Scotia legislature. In that decision,

1585:

Although Canada achieved full status as a sovereign nation in the Statute of Westminster 1931, there was no consensus on a process to amend the constitution; attempts such as the 1965

7524: 2468:

Although the federal power to regulate fisheries does not override provincial authority to require a permit for catching fish in waters under provincial control, the regulation of

2855:

established the right of the federal parliament to make laws applicable in the provinces if those laws relate to a concern that exists in all jurisdictions of the country and in

4668:

An Act to amend the laws in force respecting the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors and the issue of Licenses therefor, and otherwise for repression of abuses resulting from such sale

2755:

S. 96 has been construed to hold that neither the provincial legislatures nor Parliament can enact legislation removing part of the inherent jurisdiction of the superior courts.

7579: 6161:

Oliver, Peter C. (2011). "The Busy Harbours of Canadian Federalism: The Division of Powers and Its Doctrines in the McLachlin Court". In Dodek, Adam; Wright, David A. (eds.).

4084:"Canadian Municipalities and the Regulation of Radio Antennae and their Support Structures — III. An Analysis of Constitutional Jurisdiction in Relation to Radiocommunication" 2615:

Joint schemes with administrative cooperation, such as the administrative authority granted by federal law to provincial transport boards to license extraprovincial transport

7574: 7584: 5107:

The Ontario Mining Company Limited and The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada v The Attorney General for the Province of Ontario ("Ontario Mining Co. v. Seybold")

3834: 3752: 589: 368: 3573: 2653:

to be within the authority of the Parliament of Canada under s. 132 governing treaties entered into by the British Empire. After that treaty was replaced, it was held in

7554: 7464: 7414: 7374: 6862: 5864:

The Attorney General for Ontario v The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada, and the Distillers and Brewers’ Association of Ontario (The "Local Prohibition Case")

1551:, the federal government became more centralist. Canada experienced "conflictual federalism" from 1970 to 1984, generating tensions with Quebec and other provinces. The 1977:, since the transfer of such lands requires federal and provincial approval by Order in Council (although discussion exists about whether this is sound jurisprudence). 7549: 7544: 7539: 7394: 1038: 7529: 1961:

Jurisdiction over Crown property is divided between the provincial legislatures and the federal parliament, with the key provisions Sections 108, 109, and 117 of the

7534: 7449: 7424: 7005: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 1859:) defines the scope of the federal and provincial legislatures. These have been identified as exclusive to the federal or provincial jurisdictions or shared by all. 1349:. Criminal appeals were abolished in 1933, but civil appeals continued until 1949. The last Privy Council ruling of constitutional significance occurred in 1954, in 339: 7499: 7434: 7404: 7379: 7164: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6643: 6623: 5603: 928: 2111:

civil rights within the Province, or in respect of other classes of subjects otherwise encroaches upon the provincial field, the legislation will be invalid". In

7514: 7509: 7439: 7419: 6777: 2121:

held that the withholding of federal money previously granted to fund a matter within provincial jurisdiction does not amount to the regulation of that matter.

7454: 7444: 7384: 1877:

The Act puts remedial legislation on education rights, uniform laws relating to property and civil rights (in all provinces other than Quebec), creation of a

7504: 7429: 4915: 3722: 2981: 2626: 2234: 1296: 7399: 3681: 602: 241: 5411: 4821: 2888: 4252: 1267:, the scope of which was determined by several court cases. The constitution's restrictions of parliamentary power were affirmed in 1919 when, in the 4667: 5583:

The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada v The Attorneys General for the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia ("Fisheries Reference")

3598: 6389: 5952: 57: 3480: 3126:

Parliamentary Debates on the Subject of the Confederation of the British North American Provinces—3rd Session, 8th Provincial Parliament of Canada

3105: 2571:

federal statute by enacting a complementary Act declaring that the federal Act would continue in force under provincial authority if it was ruled

2073:

is a power of the federal and provincial legislatures; provincial taxation is more restricted, in accordance with sections 92(2) and 92(9) of the

7000: 3506: 393: 317: 5047:

The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada v The Attorneys General for the Provinces of Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia ("Fisheries Case")

1031: 312: 3959: 7348: 6048: 5487: 1460:

and the federal parliament received the power to amend the constitution, limited to non-provincial matters and subject to other constraints.

2886:

affirmed that only a national emergency warranted the curtailment of citizens' rights by the federal parliament, subsequently reaffirmed by

7032: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6605: 6600: 4158: 2519: 2442: 2434: 2346: 2339: 1619:

to their respective courts of appeal, in which five other provinces intervened in support. In his ruling, Justice Joseph O'Sullivan of the

766: 463: 119: 5447:

The Attorney General for Ontario v The Attorney General for the Dominion of Canada, and the Distillers and Brewers’ Association of Ontario

4227:

H. Scott Fairley (1999). "External Affairs and the Canadian Constitution". In Yves Le Bouthillier; Donald M. McRae; Donat Pharand (eds.).

6595: 6475: 5645: 5029: 2327: 1244: 359: 2159:

elsewhere (which has been narrowly interpreted), this has led to the creation of the national-emergency and national-concern doctrines.

6339: 5339: 4011: 2113: 473: 409: 354: 6572: 6567: 6409: 4756: at pp. 17–18, 7 App Cas 829, 8 CRAC 502 (23 June 1882), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 2775:

Under s. 129, limits have been placed on the ability of the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec to amend or repeal Acts of the former

2769: 2758: 1165: 1024: 916: 2356: 6968: 6414: 4863: 2894: 2335: 2250: 2155: 1674: 923: 334: 4934:

Israel Winner (doing business under the name and style of Mackenzie Coach Lines) and others v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited and others

4036: 6769: 6357: 5872: 5850: 5782: 5708: 5632: 5590: 5474: 5454: 5364: 2743: 2704: 2661: 2545: 1647: 1457: 1346: 958: 566: 485: 480: 441: 3838: 3771: 2189:. Many disputes between the two levels of government revolve around conflicting interpretations of the meaning of these powers. 7053: 6562: 6119: 4881:

In the matter of The Initiative and Referendum Act being Chapter 59 of the Acts of Legislative Assembly of Manitoba 6 George V.

4403: 2549:. However, where a stay under federal law has been lifted in order to allow proceedings to take place, a province can impose a 1232: 19:

For the political ideology that favours Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation rather than pursuing independence, see

739: 7080: 6174: 6018: 5930: 4694: 4174: 3567: 2829: 2747:, there are absolute limits on what the Parliament of Canada and the provincial legislatures can legislate. According to the 2326:

Matters of a local or private nature in a province which have become matters of national concern, such as what can accrue to

2054:. Federal-provincial management agreements have been implemented concerning offshore petroleum resources in the areas around 1215:, who joined British officials in attempting to make the federation more centralized than that envisaged by the Resolutions. 548: 544: 4738: at pp. 9–10, 9 App Cas 117 (15 December 1883), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Ontario) 2603:

Later attempts to achieve federal-provincial coordination have succeeded with other types of legislative schemes involving:

2095:

and matters of a local or private nature) allows for the levying of license fees even if they constitute indirect taxation.

7194: 6382: 3502: 3378: 2997:

There can be a domain in which Provincial and Dominion legislation may overlap, in which case, neither legislation will be

1860: 1668: 1426: 1331:. Although its key aspects were political in nature, its constitutional aspects continue to be debated. One result was the 614: 530: 295: 4201:

Subnational Sabotage or National Paramountcy? Examining the Dynamics of Subnational Acceptance of International Agreements

3001:

if the field is clear, but if the field is not clear and the two legislations meet, the Dominion legislation must prevail.

2269:

Where it is, in pith and substance, legislation in relation to the rights of individuals outside the province, it will be

7277: 5181: 4793: at pp. 3–4, (1880) 5 AC 409 (15 April 1880), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Quebec) 3221: 2489:

and provincial approval, since the beds of navigable waters are generally reserved to the Crown in right of the province.

1479: 1401: 1070: 687: 584: 246: 159: 3137: 6334: 6263: 5805: 5425: 4933: 2178: 1752: 1409:

to pursue the national war effort. The extent to which wartime federal power could expand was further clarified in the

1351: 903: 579: 204: 170: 5357:

The Attorney-General for Commonwealth of Australia and others v The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited and others

7341: 7048: 6590: 6271: 6244: 6108: 4236: 3698: 3655: 3201: 3064: 2820: 1966: 1867: 1664: 1469: 1379: 1248: 883: 436: 214: 75: 4811: at p. 4, 1 A.C. 191 (8 November 1921), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 6434: 5728: 5529: 3877: 3248:"Canadian federalism, the Tax Rental Agreements of the period of 1941–1962 and fiscal federalism from 1962 to 1977" 2857: 2666: 2239: 2220: 1722: 1594: 1150: 811: 759: 1432:

Canada emerged from the war with better cooperation between the federal and provincial governments. This led to a

7615: 7479: 7314: 7133: 6455: 6375: 6091: 5385: 3918: 3559: 2485: 2168: 2012:

when it entered the confederation. Title to this land was not vested in those provinces until the passage of the

2001: 1374: 1341: 948: 783: 307: 6347: 4829: at p. 6, A.C. 695 (25 July 1923), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Ontario) 4635: 4621: 4061: 1387:

considered "inaccurate". All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in

7620: 6362: 6213: 4488: 4391: 4375: 4359: 3963: 3247: 1921:

To rationalize how each jurisdiction may use its authority, certain doctrines have been devised by the courts:

1449: 1363: 1207: 505: 419: 5724: 4702:, (1881) 7 A.C. 96 (26 November 1881), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 1377:

bills. Two would have put the province's banks under the control of the provincial government; the third, the

414: 7625: 6352: 5608: 5294: 5258: 5238: 5164: 4951: 4319:

The Harmonization of Federal Legislation with the Civil Law of the Province of Quebec and Canadian Bijuralism

4256: 3812: 3441: 2539: 2462: 2441:, and federal law can determine the extent of federal and provincial involvement. The provinces' power under 2246: 1934: 1389: 251: 5774:

The Attorney General of Canada v The Attorney General of Ontario and others ("Labour Conventions Reference")

5143:

The Attorney General of Quebec v The Nipissing Central Railway Company and another ("Railway Act Reference")

4514: 7334: 7229: 7043: 5893: 5820: 5800: 5773: 5760: 5744: 5666: 5566: 5550: 5512: 5492: 5430: 5390: 5344: 5218: 5126: 5078: 5012: 4992: 4842: 4720:, (1884) 9 A.C. 392 (7 April 1884), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 2655: 2638: 2578: 2563: 2371:

The uniformity of laws in some areas of federal jurisdiction was significantly delayed. Offences under the

2102:

to the provinces. This arises from the 1937 decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on the

2051: 1698: 1537: 629: 349: 175: 5310: 4279: 3193:

The St. Catharine's Milling and Lumber Company v. the Queen: Argument of Mr. Blake, of counsel for Ontario

1651:, the transfer of constitutional amendment to a Canadian framework and the addition of section 92A to the 7183: 6705: 6450: 4972: 4568: 3613: 2699: 1909: 1833: 1735: 1529: 1474:

1961 saw the last instance of a lieutenant governor reserving a bill passed by a provincial legislature.

1336: 1332: 941: 878: 752: 682: 662: 518: 230: 5983: 5687: 1077:. There are also three territorial governments in the far north, which exercise powers delegated by the 6740: 6684: 6460: 5741:

Attorney General of Nova Scotia v. Attorney General of Canada (the "Nova Scotia Inter-delegation case")

5375:, 1 AC 566 (24 February 1916), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 5189:, 14 AC 46 (12 December 1888), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4775:, A.C. 212 (31 January 1913), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Alberta) 3894: 3109: 3081:"Biography – MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER – Volume XII (1891-1900) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" 2786: 2522:

will be displaced by security interests created under a federal head of power – most notably under the

2389: 2099: 1820: 1586: 1324: 873: 838: 498: 431: 329: 263: 154: 4905:, A.C. 304 (9 February 1932), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4804:

The Attorney General of Canada v The Attorney General of Alberta and others ("Board of Commerce case")

4296: 3521: 7102: 7085: 6534: 5830: 5810: 5650: 5534: 5202: 5034: 4923:, A.C. 54 (22 October 1931), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4871:, AC 396 (20 January 1925), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Ontario) 2899: 2824: 2642:. Although the reasoning behind the judgments is complex, it is considered to break down as follows: 2458: 2446: 2290: 2186: 2092: 2055: 1707: 1568: 983: 692: 468: 322: 143: 4822:

The Fort Frances Pulp and Paper Company Limited v The Manitoba Free Press Company Limited and others

3967: 3030:, RJQ 24 SC 304, where it was held that the Legislative Assembly of Quebec was unable to repeal the 2465:, as the federal police, contracts for the provision of many provincial and municipal police forces. 2266:, provincial, ancillary effects on the rights of individuals outside the province are irrelevant but 1540:, prompting consideration of further loosening ties with the rest of Canada; this was rejected in a 6539: 6517: 5075:

Attorney-General for British Columbia and the Minister of Lands v. Brooks-Bidlake and Whitall, Ltd.

4564: 3080: 2624:

To understand how treaties can enter Canadian law, three significant cases must be considered: the

2600:

explained the distinction between delegation to a subordinate body and that to a legislative body.

2534: 2500:

is exclusive, the provinces may regulate advertising and cable installation (above or underground).

2228: 1620: 1345:, gave the federal parliament the ability to make extraterritorial laws and abolish appeals to the 1328: 1134: 677: 556: 256: 209: 6071: 5097:, 8 AC 767 (8 July 1883), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4916:

The Attorney-General Canada v The Attorney-General of Ontario and others ("Aeronautics Reference")

4887:, AC 935 (3 July 1919), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Manitoba) 4649: 3989: 2833:, disallowance and reservation of provincial statutes was curtailed as a political consequence of 2238:, the division of responsibilities between federal and provincial jurisdictions was summarized by 1193:, under which the legal sovereignty of imperial power was modified by the conventions of colonial 7267: 7209: 7097: 6522: 6470: 6419: 5897: 5612: 5570: 5516: 5496: 5434: 5394: 5262: 5242: 5222: 5168: 5130: 5016: 4996: 4976: 4590: 3418: 3130: 2912: 2405: 2039: 2017: 1883: 1878: 1730: 1552: 1496: 1453: 1356: 1182: 973: 848: 697: 624: 609: 400: 388: 344: 5149:, AC 715 (17 May 1926), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 5053:, AC 700 (26 May 1898), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 3869: 3708: 3147: 1784: 7272: 7224: 7058: 6760: 6549: 6506: 6398: 6358:

Constitutional Law professor Hester Lessard on the Downtown Eastside and Jurisdictional Justice

6329: 5863: 5278: 4229:

Selected Papers in International Law: Contribution of the Canadian Council on International Law

3289: 2882: 2772:

states, "No Lands or Property belonging to Canada or any Province shall be liable to Taxation".

2372: 2194: 2013: 1950: 1903: 1775: 1771: 1714: 1635: 1541: 1194: 1161: 1086: 1074: 978: 898: 868: 858: 833: 828: 818: 791: 657: 426: 404: 381: 236: 197: 4898:

The Attorney General of Quebec v The Attorney General of Canada and others ("Radio Reference")

4467:"Canada-Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Resources Accord Implementation Act (S.C. 1988, c. 28)" 3647: 2585:, voiding both as an attempt by the province to vest powers in parliament unauthorized by the 1429:(lasting until 1948), in which the provinces ceded their jurisdiction over all labour issues. 1235:, which Macdonald abused in his efforts to impose a centralised government, fell into disuse. 6201: 4407: 2380: 1997: 1725:, which promoted common standards for social programmes across Canada. Former Prime Minister 1475: 1320: 1198: 571: 525: 53: 4941: (22 February 1954), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4466: 4445: 4083: 2865:, used to determine under which crown a given piece of legislation falls, was introduced in 2861:

the provinces were held not to possess the power to affect extraprovincial contract rights.

184: 7389: 7219: 7214: 7154: 5701:

Canadian Pacific Railway Company v The Corporation of the Parish of Notre Dame De Bonsecour

4748: 4539: 4312:

Leclair, Jean (1999). "Thoughts on the Constitutional Problems Raised by the Repeal of the

3926: 2851: 2792: 2469: 2376: 1938: 1930: 1813: 1766: 1690: 1626: 1533: 1513: 1384: 1316: 1099: 1078: 1066: 888: 672: 290: 114: 27: 20: 6750: 4808: 3174:

Mr Attorney: The Attorney-General for Ontario in court, cabinet and legislature, 1791-1899

8: 7159: 6100: 5885: 5868: 5682: 5628: 5586: 5470: 5450: 5372: 5360: 5186: 5110: 4956: 4920: 4884: 4826: 4790: 4772: 4753: 4735: 4717: 4712: 4699: 2969:

effectively with the control or regulation of the intra‑provincial aspects of the matter.

2898:, held that such emergencies could not be used to unreasonably intrude on the provinces' 2892:, and was held to even include amending Acts of Parliament through regulations. However, 2835: 2081:, provincial legislatures may levy an indirect fee as part of a valid regulatory scheme. 1525: 1509: 1487: 1441: 823: 456: 6044: 5846: 5778: 4959: (14 July 1938), Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (on appeal from Canada) 4938: 4902: 4868: 3191: 3124: 2082: 1890:

electrical energy. Education is under provincial jurisdiction, subject to the rights of

7239: 7234: 7199: 7068: 6690: 6527: 6445: 6256: 6233: 6093:

The Politics of the Judiciary: The S.C.C. and the J.C.P.C. in late 19th Century Ontario

4730: 4672: 4654: 3862: 3640: 3309: 3014: 2862: 2845: 2776: 2497: 2384: 2263: 2070: 1942: 1922: 1907:

allowed parliament to govern any territories not forming part of any province, and the

1790: 1748: 1616: 1383:, would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial 1276: 1202: 1186: 1118: 1095: 138: 92: 3292:(1961). "The Lieutenant-Governor's Discretionary Powers: The Reservation of Bill 56". 7149: 7112: 6487: 6277: 6267: 6240: 6219: 6209: 6194: 6180: 6170: 6134: 6104: 6063: 6032: 6024: 6014: 5975: 5936: 5926: 5815: 4803: 4379: 4232: 4170: 3873: 3651: 3563: 3197: 3060: 2523: 2515: 2035: 2005: 1925:, including the nature of any ancillary powers and the colourability of legislation; 1694: 1686: 1505: 1212: 1175: 1130: 863: 853: 561: 225: 6142: 5826:

Trial Lawyers Association of British Columbia v. British Columbia (Attorney General)

5704: 5326: 5146: 5094: 5050: 3720: 2375:

were not made uniform until 1892, when common-law criminal offences were abolished.

2245:

Although the Statute of Westminster 1931 declared that the Parliament of Canada had

1774:

viewed the constitutional monarchy as a bulwark against potential fracturing of the

1201:) self-governing in domestic affairs. A lengthy political process ensued before the 7063: 6745: 6710: 6700: 6166: 5967: 5922: 5406: 4850: 4785: 3546: 3355: 3301: 2936:

in that part of the Constitution which establishes power in the State as a whole'."

2867: 2550: 2313: 2294: 2047: 2043: 2009: 2000:, since the land was vested in the federal Crown. It was vacated on some land (the 1891: 1805: 1758: 1590: 1517: 1414: 1272: 1263: 302: 268: 4695:

The Citizens Insurance Company of Canada and The Queen Insurance Company v Parsons

4062:"Dams, Water Crossings and Channelizations – The Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act" 3960:"Backgrounder: A Third Bill to Harmonize Federal Law with the Civil Law of Quebec" 3724:

Executive Government Processes and Procedures in Saskatchewan: A Procedures Manual

2665:

the field continued to be within federal jurisdiction under the power relating to

2401: 1838: 1718: 1608: 1058:) involves the current nature and historical development of the federal system in 7144: 7090: 6321: 6205: 5843:

Rev. Robert Dobie v The Board for Management of the Presbyterian Church of Canada

4897: 4363: 4198: 4087: 3054: 2632: 2031: 2027: 1641: 1307: 1286: 1228: 893: 730: 619: 4196: 3393: 3268: 1121:, particularly the sharp distinction between the French-speaking inhabitants of 534: 7075: 5948: 2780: 2173: 1974: 1798: 1702: 1682: 1604: 1548: 1501: 1190: 799: 639: 220: 7326: 6235:

Getting it wrong: how Canadians forgot their past and imperilled Confederation

1761:, the Canadian Crown is present in all jurisdictions in the country, with the 1170: 7609: 7302: 7204: 7107: 6481: 6307: 6281: 6223: 6184: 6138: 6067: 6036: 6028: 5979: 5940: 5625:

The Corporation of the City of Toronto v The Bell Telephone Company of Canada

5255:

Reference re: Ownership of the Bed of the Strait of Georgia and Related Areas

5159: 3770:(1). University of Manitoba, Robson Hall Faculty of Law: 1–25. Archived from 3217: 2840: 2723: 2413: 2131: 2087: 1926: 1762: 1685:

favoured the devolution of power to the provinces, culminating in the failed

1524:

often opting out of federal initiatives and instituting its own (such as the

1500:, the first codification of rights by the federal government. Prime Minister 1433: 1366: 1138: 1114: 1002: 968: 718: 4037:"Procedure PL 2.02.02 – Ownership determinations – Beds of navigable waters" 2256:

If a provincial law affects the rights of individuals outside the province:

2209:

Is it of a general nature, bringing it within Section 91's residuary clause?

1456:

became the court of final appeal after the 1949 abolition of appeals to the

6674: 5679:

Abitibi Power and Paper Company Limited v Montreal Trust Company and others

5323:

The Attorney General of Canada v The Attorney General of Ontario and others

3187: 2804:

take away or abridge any privilege of the Crown in right of the Dominion."

2673: 2493: 2454: 2430: 2249:, the provincial legislatures did not achieve similar status. According to 2118: 1993: 1564: 1396: 1370: 1291: 1223: 1219: 1126: 1122: 6343:– published by Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations 4446:"Canada-Newfoundland Atlantic Accord Implementation Act (S.C. 1987, c. 3)" 6695: 6367: 4012:"Policy PL 2.02.02 – Ownership determinations – Beds of navigable waters" 3813:"The Importance of Location and Context to the Future Application of the 3473:"Cooperative Federalism & The Securities Act Reference: A Rocky Road" 2737: 2646: 2573: 2438: 2271: 2059: 1726: 1437: 1335:

issued later that year, whose principles were eventually codified in the

1301: 1254: 1110: 283: 149: 6315: 4845: at pp. 167–173, 180–183, 57 SCR 150 (19 July 1918), drawing on 4167:

Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers: Organic Constitutionalism at Work

2703:

had made Canada fully independent in governing its foreign affairs, the

2172:. The national-concern doctrine is governed by the principles stated by 725: 6729: 6465: 6002: 3520:(1). Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: 13. Archived from 2708: 2707:

held that s. 132 did not evolve to take that into account. As noted by

2480: 2163: 2107: 1981: 1946: 1655:, giving the provinces more jurisdiction over their natural resources. 1580: 1280: 1258: 1106: 1014: 953: 843: 165: 101: 5971: 3313: 1866:, lists the major federal parliament powers, based on the concepts of 5914: 2931: 2682: 2597: 2311:

Under the national-emergency doctrine for temporary legislation (the

2135: 1678: 1556: 1520:

encouraged increased administrative decentralization in Canada, with

131: 5685:, AC 536 (8 July 1943) (on appeal from Ontario), upholding 5563:

Attorney General of Canada v. Canadian National Transportation, Ltd.

5369:

The Bonanza Creek Gold Mining Company Limited v The King and another

2253:, "In each Province the Legislature may exclusively make Laws ...". 2216: 1633:

The Canadian parliament asked the British parliament to approve the

1009: 5433: at par. 33, 49 DLR (4th) 161; 3 WWR 385 (24 March 1988), 3721:

Cabinet Secretary and Clerk of the Executive Council (April 2004),

3392:(9). Institute for Research on Public Policy: 26–29. Archived from 3305: 3056:

And no one cheered: federalism, democracy, and the Constitution Act

2504: 2286: 1985: 1393:, which was upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. 5953:"The Effect of Alcohol on the Canadian Constitution ... Seriously" 4350:

Supreme Court Amendment Act, S.C. 1949 (2nd. session), c. 37, s. 3

4253:"Canadian Interpretation and Construction of Maritime Conventions" 3835:"Canada's Ocean Estate – A Description of Canada's Maritime Zones" 2592:

The matter was addressed in 1950 by the Supreme Court, which held

2206:

Can it be characterized as falling under Section 91, classes 1–29?

1600: 1323:

which was the impetus for changes in the relationship between the

1257:, the federal Crown's power was extended with the introduction of 634: 6010: 2508: 1989: 1970: 1969:

power, and royalties have been held to cover the law relating to

1560: 1484:

An Act to Provide for the Alteration of Certain Mineral Contracts

5688:

The Abitibi Power and Paper Company Limited Moratorium Act, 1941

2537:, provincial statutes operate by federal incorporation into the 2526:– but only to the extent that federal law has covered the field. 4864:

The Toronto Electric Commissioners v Colin G. Snider and others

2763: 2023: 1521: 1059: 6433: 3864:

The Allocation of Taxing Power Under the Canadian Constitution

1693:

accords. After merging in 2003 with the heavily devolutionist

4138: 4126: 2476:

to the provinces for specified species in specific provinces.

2450: 1913:, gave parliament the ability to pass extraterritorial laws. 1065:

Canada is a federation with eleven components: the national

6353:

Studies on the Canadian Constitution and Canadian Federalism

4042:. Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario. 26 February 2007 4017:. Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario. 26 February 2007 3794: 3792: 3612:(3). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 6. Archived from 3507:"Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times" 2323:

Matters not existing at confederation (radio and television)

5757:

Lord's Day Alliance v. Attorney-General of British Columbia

5113:, AC 73 (12 November 1902) (on appeal from Canada) 2849:. Not all rulings, however, went in the provinces' favour. 6286:

Unfulfilled union: Canadian federalism and national unity.

5199:

Grassy Narrows First Nation v. Ontario (Natural Resources)

4769:

The Royal Bank of Canada and others v The King and another

3868:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation. p. 2030:

is vested in the provincial Crowns, management of beds of

1109:

nature of the Canadian constitution was a response to the

6258:

Unfulfilled union: Canadian federalism and national unity

4114: 4102: 3789: 3680:, Kingston: Queen's University, p. 6, archived from 2965:

distribution of legislative power under the Constitution;

2433:, only the federal government has the power to determine 1073:. All eleven governments derive their authority from the 5307:

Winterhaven Stables Limited v. Canada (Attorney General)

4952:

Attorney General of Alberta v Attorney General of Canada

3176:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 240–281. 2917:

Winterhaven Stables Limited v. Canada (Attorney General)

2843:

doctrine was introduced into Canadian jurisprudence via

2727:

that it might revisit the issue in an appropriate case.

1778:, and the Crown remains central to Canadian federalism. 1181:

The foundations of Canadian federalism were laid at the

6675:

Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982

5313: at par. 23, 53 DLR (4th) 413 (17 October 1988) 4341:

Criminal Code Amendment Act, S.C. 1932–33, c. 53, s. 17

3832: 2293:

power does allow for determining rules with respect to

2034:

is vested in the federal Crown (with management of the

7257: 7182: 5467:

Edgar F. Ladore and others v George Bennett and others

4197:

Zagros Madjd-Sadjadi, Winston-Salem State University.

3730:, Regina: Queen's Printer for Saskatchewan, p. 10 3052: 2305:

Federal jurisdiction arises in several circumstances:

6759: 6548: 5604:

Attorney General of Quebec v. Kellogg's Co. of Canada

5367: (on appeal from Australia), and stated again in 5182:

St. Catherines Milling and Lumber Company v The Queen

3674:

The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?

1853:

federal–provincial distribution of legislative powers

1827: 1611:(right) at a session of the 1981 constitutional talks 1504:

obtained passage of major social programs, including

6962:

Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada

6297: 6120:"The Central Fallacy of Canadian Constitutional Law" 1956: 6335:

Federalism in Canada: Basic Framework and Operation

6163:

Public Law at the McLachlin Court: the First Decade

3294:

Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

3153: 2149: 1945:; and charter compliance (most notably through the 1710:, established by the provincial premiers, in 2003. 48:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

6255: 6232: 6193: 4322:. Ottawa: Department of Justice. pp. 347–394. 4301:. Toronto: The Carswell Company. pp. 162–163. 3861: 3639: 3108:. The Historica-Dominion Institute. Archived from 2889:Fort Frances Pulp and Paper v. Manitoba Free Press 1197:, making colonies of settlement (such as those of 4208:. Southern Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 2, 1 3753:"Constitutional "Property" and Reserve Creation: 3228:, Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives 2162:The national-emergency doctrine was described by 1842:Cover page of the British North America Act, 1867 1508:(a federal-provincial cost-sharing program), the 7607: 6978:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities 6770:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 5896: at p. 194, 56 SCR 176 (5 March 1918), 5347: at par. 93, 2 SCR 525 (15 August 1991) 5297: at par. 29, 1 SCR 1080 (25 March 1993) 4231:. London: Kluwer International. pp. 79–91. 4226: 3646:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 3129:. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Co. 1865. pp. 2429:Although the provinces have the power to create 2345:Matters where authority may be assumed (as with 2091:that section 92(9) (with provincial powers over 1886:were elevated to constitutional status in 1982. 1874:enumerates those of the provincial governments. 7356: 5275:Allard Contractors Ltd. v. Coquitlam (District) 4491:Court Jurisdiction and Proceedings Transfer Act 4281:A short treatise on Canadian constitutional law 2079:Allard Contractors Ltd. v. Coquitlam (District) 2026:is complex; although management of the beds of 1421:were equivalent to acts of parliament) and the 590:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands 6482:Report on the Affairs of British North America 5947: 4517:Federal Law-Civil Law Harmonization Act, No. 1 3337: 3335: 2730: 2672:Although an international agreement governing 2619: 2042:). The beds and islands of the waters between 7342: 6383: 5488:Re Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act 4329: 4284:. Toronto: The Carswell Company. p. 189. 3439: 2557: 2416:observed the complexity of that interaction: 2396: 1482:, withheld Royal Assent and reserved Bill 5, 1032: 760: 264:Provincial and territorial executive councils 6117: 5329:, AC 355 (28 January 1937) (Canada) 3837:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 3186: 2676:was not a treaty of the British Empire, the 2553:on proceedings falling under provincial law. 2362: 2212:If not, it falls under Section 92, class 16. 2203:Does it fall under Section 92, classes 1–15? 2124: 1290:found that federal jurisdiction extended to 6476:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada 6191: 6049:"Delegation of Legislative Power in Canada" 5646:Bank of Montreal v. Innovation Credit Union 5235:Reference re Newfoundland Continental Shelf 5030:Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6 4764: 4762: 4749:Charles Russell v The Queen (New Brunswick) 3916: 3332: 3196:. Toronto: Press of the Budget. p. 6. 3053:Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard (1983). 2334:Matters where the grant is exclusive under 1645:. This resulted in the introduction of the 1245:Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years 7349: 7335: 6435:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents 6397: 6390: 6376: 5473:, 3 D.L.R. 1, AC. 468 (8 May 1939), 5340:Reference Re Canada Assistance Plan (B.C.) 4989:Reference re Wartime Leasehold Regulations 4064:. Ministry of Natural Resources of Ontario 3442:"Who's afraid of Asymmetrical Federalism?" 2784:Canada, which became problematic when the 2483:are subject to federal approval under the 1452:to resolve federal-provincial issues. The 1039: 1025: 767: 753: 7132: 6253: 6043: 4144: 4132: 4120: 4108: 3859: 3810: 3746: 3744: 3269:"Ontario Labour Relations Board: History" 3106:"John A. Macdonald on the Federal System" 2347:works for the general advantage of Canada 2320:Under the national-concern doctrine for: 1399:'s broader scope required passage of the 1084:The division of powers is set out in the 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 60:, without removing the technical details. 6239:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6192:Rocher, François; Smith, Miriam (2003). 5553:, 2 SCR 2 (29 July 1987) at par. 27 5091:The Attorney General of Ontario v Mercer 4759: 3817:Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada" 3222:"As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall..." 2895:Toronto Electric Commissioners v. Snider 2400: 2215: 2156:Section 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867 2065: 1996:when they were created from part of the 1837: 1615:Manitoba, Newfoundland and Quebec posed 1599: 1306: 1169: 1125:and the English-speaking inhabitants of 1102:, among the country's 11 jurisdictions. 6751:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives 6644:Fines and penalties for provincial laws 5849:, 7 App Cas 136 (21 January 1882), 4636:Government Property Traffic Regulations 4311: 3895:"RB 07-36E: The Federal Spending Power" 3596: 3545: 3501: 3288: 3220:(1 October 2010), Forsey, Helen (ed.), 2744:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2705:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 2662:Ontario v. Canada Temperance Federation 2472:has been partially delegated under the 2050:have been declared the property of the 1648:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1458:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1444:. In 1951 section 94A was added to the 1423:Wartime Leasehold Regulations Reference 1347:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1284:way into constitutional authority; the 410:Courts of the Provinces and Territories 7608: 6330:Federalism - The canadian encyclopedia 6230: 6160: 5919:Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches 5663:Clark v. Canadian National Railway Co. 5291:Finlay v. Canada (Minister of Finance) 4622:Live Stock and Live Stock Products Act 4609:Live Stock and Live Stock Products Act 4404:British North America (No. 2) Act 1949 4295:Lefroy, Augustus Henry Frazer (1913). 4294: 4278:Lefroy, Augustus Henry Frazer (1918). 4277: 3741: 3704: 3341: 3216: 3171: 3143: 874:British North America Acts (1867–1975) 369:Provincial and territorial parliaments 7330: 7256: 7181: 7131: 7081:Individual ministerial responsibility 7030: 6727: 6673: 6504: 6432: 6371: 6089: 5803:, 4 SCR 725 (14 December 1995); 5537:, 2 SCR 3 (31 May 2007), par. 32 5215:Reference Re: Offshore Mineral Rights 4495:. Queen's Printer of British Columbia 3670: 3637: 3599:"Golden Jubilee and Provincial Crown" 3353: 3159: 3059:. Toronto: Methuen. pp. 14, 16. 2300: 1846: 1269:Initiatives and Referendums Reference 1166:Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914) 58:make it understandable to non-experts 6649:Matters of a local or private nature 6363:Canadian Governments Compared – ENAP 6001: 5913: 5823:, 2 SCR 220 (20 October 1981); 5611:, 2 SCR 211 (19 January 1978), 5123:Reference re Waters and Water-Powers 5009:Attorney-General of Canada v. Higbie 4599:codifies the general rule at s. 8.1. 3919:"Theories and Interpretation of the 3798: 3376: 3358:. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University 3326: 3245: 2823:was circumscribed by the provincial 2546:Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act 2328:the regulation of trade and commerce 1973:. Canada cannot unilaterally create 1427:Wartime Labour Relations Regulations 1311:Dominion-Provincial Conference, 1927 32: 7278:Constitution Act (British Columbia) 5781:, A.C. 326 (28 January 1937), 5669:, 2 SCR 680 (15 December 1988) 5547:Ontario (Attorney General) v. OPSEU 5281:, 4 SCR 371 (18 November 1993) 4156: 2581:ruled a federal and provincial Act 2507:is under federal jurisdiction, the 2492:Although federal jurisdiction over 1480:Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan 1402:National Resources Mobilization Act 884:Succession to the Throne Act (1937) 13: 7258:Provincial constitutions of Canada 7184:Interpretation of the Constitution 5727:, 3 DLR 788 (15 April 1935), 5426:R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd. 5363:, AC 237 (17 December 1913), 5221:, SCR 792 (7 November 1967), 5205: at par. 50 (11 July 2014) 4565:"Recreational Fishing Regulations" 4169:. Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang SA. 3892: 3750: 3470: 2830:Citizen's Insurance Co. v. Parsons 2387:not until 2005. Provisions of the 2179:R. v. Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd. 2052:Crown in right of British Columbia 1828:Distribution of legislative powers 1753:Monarchy in the Canadian provinces 1359:became the final court of appeal. 1352:Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited 904:Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 798: 14: 7637: 7049:Cabinet collective responsibility 6591:Peace, order, and good government 6505: 6293: 6196:New Trends in Canadian Federalism 5796:MacMillan Bloedel Ltd. v. Simpson 5515:, 2 SCR 303 (18 July 1980), 5393:, 2 SCR 373 (12 July 1976), 5167:, 1 SCR 1075 (31 May 1990), 4681: 2514:The provincial power to regulate 2379:was not made uniform until 1968, 2289:was left undecided. However, the 1957:Jurisdiction over public property 1868:peace, order, and good government 1639:, which it did in passage of the 1380:Accurate News and Information Act 437:Peace, order, and good government 7470:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7309: 7308: 7296: 6410:List of constitutional documents 6314: 6300: 5906: 5878: 5856: 5836: 5813:, 1 SCR 714 (28 May 1981); 5788: 5766: 5750: 5734: 5714: 5694: 5672: 5656: 5653:, 3 SCR 3 (5 November 2010) 5638: 5618: 5596: 5576: 5556: 5530:Canadian Western Bank v. Alberta 5261:, 1 SCR 388 (17 May 1984), 5241:, 1 SCR 86 (8 March 1984), 5015:, SCR 385 (23 March 1944), 4660: 4642: 4628: 4614: 4602: 4583: 4557: 4532: 4421:"Order in Council P.C. 1961-675" 4305: 4288: 4271: 4245: 4220: 4190: 4150: 4076: 4054: 4029: 4004: 3982: 3811:Lambrecht, Kirk (30 July 2014). 3671:Smith, David E. (10 June 2010), 3021: 3006: 2858:Royal Bank of Canada v. The King 2685:(already in the federal sphere). 2667:peace, order and good government 2566:asserted during the argument in 2457:, which determines the level of 2150:National and provincial concerns 2104:Unemployment Insurance Reference 2024:Management of offshore resources 1812: 1797: 1783: 1723:Social Union Framework Agreement 1669:History of Canada (1992–present) 1405:to supplement the powers in the 1211:. This process was dominated by 1151:Constitutional history of Canada 1008: 996: 724: 712: 100: 37: 7031: 6264:McGill-Queen's University Press 6169:: Irwin Law. pp. 167–200. 5816:Crevier v. A.G. (Québec) et al. 5707:, AC 367 (24 March 1899), 5589:, A.C. 700 (26 May 1898), 5540: 5522: 5502: 5495:, 1 SCR 297 (3 May 1984), 5480: 5460: 5440: 5418: 5400: 5386:Reference re Anti-Inflation Act 5378: 5350: 5332: 5316: 5300: 5284: 5268: 5248: 5228: 5208: 5192: 5174: 5152: 5136: 5116: 5100: 5084: 5068: 5056: 5040: 5022: 5002: 4995:, SCR 124 (1 March 1950), 4982: 4962: 4944: 4926: 4908: 4890: 4874: 4856: 4832: 4814: 4796: 4778: 4639:, C.R.C. 1977, c. 887, s. 6(1) 4507: 4480: 4459: 4438: 4413: 4397: 4385: 4369: 4353: 4344: 4335: 3952: 3940: 3909: 3886: 3853: 3826: 3804: 3714: 3664: 3631: 3590: 3560:Department of Canadian Heritage 3539: 3495: 3464: 3433: 3411: 3370: 3347: 3320: 3282: 3261: 3239: 3210: 3180: 3165: 2974: 2948: 2939: 2923: 2905: 2874: 2813: 2520:property and civil-rights power 2511:is controlled by the provinces. 2486:Navigable Waters Protection Act 2169:Reference re Anti-Inflation Act 2144:British North America Act, 1867 2140:British North America Act, 1867 1980:The provincial power to manage 1717:on sovereignty, Prime Minister 1571:toward the federal government. 1559:disputes sparked bitterness in 1446:British North America Act, 1867 1375:Legislative Assembly of Alberta 1342:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 1271:, a Manitoba act providing for 1092:British North America Act, 1867 585:Canada–European Union relations 318:Opposition Leader in the Senate 313:Government Leader in the Senate 6728: 6518:Charlottetown Conference, 1864 6415:Amendments to the Constitution 6090:Lamot, Robert Gregory (1998). 5763:, SCR 497 (28 April 1959) 5747:, SCR 31 (3 October 1950) 5509:The Queen (Man.) v. Air Canada 5081:, 63 SCR 466 (2 July 1922) 4741: 4723: 4713:Caldwell and another v McLaren 4705: 4687: 4657:1985, c. 29 (3rd Supp.), s. 7 4392:British North America Act 1964 4376:British North America Act 1951 4360:British North America Act 1940 3964:Department of Justice (Canada) 3098: 3073: 3046: 2779:. Where such an act created a 2437:. Criminal procedure includes 2283:The Queen (Man.) v. Air Canada 2226:By the 1930s, as noted in the 1949:). Additionally, there is the 1675:Progressive Conservative Party 1364:Lieutenant Governor of Alberta 1208:British North America Act 1867 959:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 580:Canada–Latin America relations 481:Provincial electoral districts 442:Charter of Rights and Freedoms 350:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition 345:Opposition Leader in the house 340:Government Leader in the house 242:President of the Privy Council 1: 7165:Other unsuccessful amendments 6009:(loose-leaf) (5th ed.). 5635: (on appeal from Ontario) 5477: (on appeal from Ontario) 5129:, SCR 200 (2 May 1929), 3833:Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 3514:Canadian Parliamentary Review 3377:Noël, Alain (November 1998). 3040: 2540:Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act 2463:Royal Canadian Mounted Police 2449:includes the organization of 2247:extraterritorial jurisdiction 1935:inter-jurisdictional immunity 1770:"crowns". The fathers of the 1665:History of Canada (1982–1992) 1658: 1574: 1470:History of Canada (1960–1981) 1390:Reference re Alberta Statutes 1249:History of Canada (1945–1960) 879:Statute of Westminster (1931) 7595:United States Virgin Islands 7357:Federalism in North America 7230:Interjurisdictional immunity 7054:Disallowance and reservation 6706:Statute of Westminster, 1931 6007:Constitutional Law of Canada 5875: (on appeal from Canada) 5871:, AC 348 (9 May 1896), 5853: (on appeal from Quebec) 5806:Re Residential Tenancies Act 5785: (on appeal from Canada) 5711: (on appeal from Quebec) 5593: (on appeal from Canada) 5457: (on appeal from Canada) 5453:, AC 348 (9 May 1896), 5065:(1900), 27 O.A.R. 172 (C.A.) 3897:. Queen's Printer for Canada 3597:Jackson, Michael D. (2003). 2711:at the end of the judgment, 2690:Labour Conventions Reference 2656:Johannesson v. West St. Paul 2639:Labour Conventions Reference 2608:not open to serious debate". 2579:Saskatchewan Court of Appeal 1984:did not initially extend to 1916: 1742: 1463: 1450:First Ministers' Conferences 1339:. It, and the repeal of the 1238: 1233:disallowance and reservation 630:Indigenous Peoples in Canada 603:Crown and Indigenous peoples 7: 6606:Matters excepted from s. 92 4975:, SCR 1 (1 May 1943), 4650:Motor Vehicle Transport Act 4569:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 3990:"NWPA Regulatory Framework" 3440:Douglas Brown (July 2005). 2731:Limits on legislative power 2700:Statute of Westminster 1931 2620:Power to implement treaties 1910:Statute of Westminster 1931 1834:Canadian constitutional law 1736:Reference re Securities Act 1530:Quebec sovereignty movement 1440:system and the adoption of 1337:Statute of Westminster 1931 464:Federal electoral districts 231:List of Canadian ministries 10: 7642: 7195:Indigenous self-government 6685:British North America Acts 6471:Constitutional Act of 1791 6461:Royal Proclamation of 1763 6456:Constitution of New France 5921:(Concise) (5th ed.). 5731:(Saskatchewan, Canada) 4853:, AC 260 (1 May 1917) 4731:Hodge v The Queen (Canada) 4330:Acts and other instruments 4314:Civil Code of Lower Canada 2819:The federal regulation of 2787:Civil Code of Lower Canada 2558:Delegation and cooperation 2509:solemnization of marriages 2425:Notable examples include: 2397:Interplay of jurisdictions 2390:Civil Code of Lower Canada 1870:; while Section 92 of the 1831: 1746: 1662: 1578: 1547:During the premiership of 1532:led to the victory of the 1467: 1242: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1144: 615:Aboriginal self-government 247:Clerk of the Privy Council 25: 18: 7570:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7488: 7362: 7290: 7263: 7252: 7190: 7177: 7140: 7127: 7103:Parliamentary sovereignty 7044:At His Majesty's pleasure 7039: 7026: 6993: 6977: 6961: 6768: 6736: 6723: 6680: 6669: 6639:Administration of justice 6634:Property and civil rights 6614: 6581: 6513: 6500: 6441: 6428: 6405: 6254:Stevenson, Garth (2003). 5631: (11 November 1904), 3558:(2012 ed.), Ottawa: 3379:"The Three Social Unions" 2994:enumerated in section 91. 2900:property and civil rights 2825:property and civil rights 2735:Outside the questions of 2721:has indicated in several 2447:administration of justice 2363:Uniformity of federal law 2291:property and civil rights 2187:property and civil rights 2125:Federal legislative power 2114:Re Canada Assistance Plan 2093:property and civil rights 2056:Newfoundland and Labrador 1708:Council of the Federation 1183:Quebec Conference of 1864 984:Canadian Human Rights Act 849:Constitutional Act (1791) 839:Royal Proclamation (1763) 688:Provinces and territories 486:Politics of the provinces 474:List of federal elections 171:Monarchy in the provinces 16:Federal systems of Canada 7590:Turks and Caicos Islands 6540:Fathers of Confederation 6420:Quasi-constitutional law 4595:(R.S.C., 1985, c. I-21)" 4544:(R.S.C., 1985, c. F-14)" 4519:, S.C. 2001, c. 4, s. 3" 3860:La Forest, G.V. (1981). 3638:Smith, David E. (1995). 3606:Canadian Monarchist News 2807: 2741:and compliance with the 2659:that in accordance with 2503:Although the concept of 2229:Fish Canneries Reference 1621:Manitoba Court of Appeal 1137:, originally favoured a 864:Supreme Court Act (1875) 829:Act of Settlement (1701) 469:Federal electoral system 355:Leader of the Opposition 26:Not to be confused with 7268:Constitution of Alberta 7210:Equal authenticity rule 7098:Parliamentary privilege 6535:London Conference, 1866 6523:Quebec Conference, 1864 4839:In Re George Edwin Gray 4809:[1921] UKPC 107 4298:Canada's Federal System 3356:"Canadian Independence" 2913:Alberta Court of Appeal 2406:Supreme Court of Canada 2040:exclusive economic zone 1884:Supreme Court of Canada 1879:general court of appeal 1765:a part of all equally. 1731:asymmetrical federalism 1553:National Energy Program 1497:Canadian Bill of Rights 1454:Supreme Court of Canada 1357:Supreme Court of Canada 1090:(originally called the 974:Canadian Bill of Rights 929:Unsuccessful amendments 869:Constitution Act (1886) 859:Constitution Act (1867) 610:Canadian Aboriginal law 401:Chief Justice of Canada 215:List of prime ministers 7616:Canadian Confederation 7520:British Virgin Islands 7273:Constitution of Quebec 7225:Implied Bill of Rights 7059:Responsible government 6761:Constitution Act, 1982 6741:Fulton–Favreau formula 6711:Newfoundland Act, 1949 6701:Saskatchewan Act, 1905 6629:Works and undertakings 6550:Constitution Act, 1867 6399:Constitution of Canada 5869:[1896] UKPC 20 5705:[1899] UKPC 22 5683:[1943] UKPC 37 5629:[1904] UKPC 71 5587:[1898] UKPC 29 5471:[1939] UKPC 33 5451:[1896] UKPC 20 5373:[1916] UKPC 11 5361:[1913] UKPC 76 5187:[1888] UKPC 70 5147:[1926] UKPC 39 5111:[1902] UKPC 46 5095:[1883] UKPC 42 5051:[1898] UKPC 29 4957:[1938] UKPC 46 4921:[1931] UKPC 93 4885:[1919] UKPC 60 4827:[1923] UKPC 64 4791:[1880] UKPC 22 4773:[1913] UKPC 1a 4754:[1882] UKPC 33 4736:[1883] UKPC 59 4718:[1884] UKPC 21 4700:[1881] UKPC 49 4625:, R.S.S. 1930, c. 151 4408:12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6 3921:Constitution Act, 1867 3354:Heard, Andrew (1990). 2883:Board of Commerce case 2749:Constitution Act, 1867 2718: 2693:legislative authority. 2470:recreational fisheries 2423: 2408: 2223: 2195:Local Prohibition Case 2075:Constitution Act, 1867 2014:Natural Resources Acts 1963:Constitution Act, 1867 1951:implied Bill of Rights 1904:Constitution Act, 1871 1872:Constitution Act, 1867 1863:Constitution Act, 1867 1857:the division of powers 1843: 1772:Canadian Confederation 1715:1995 Quebec referendum 1653:Constitution Act, 1867 1636:Constitution Act, 1982 1612: 1587:Fulton–Favreau formula 1494:Parliament passed the 1436:, a government-funded 1312: 1195:responsible government 1178: 1162:Canadian Confederation 1087:Constitution Act, 1867 1075:Constitution of Canada 1071:provincial governments 1055: 979:Implied bill of rights 899:Constitution Act, 1982 834:Treaty of Paris (1763) 819:Implied bill of rights 812:Constitutional history 803: 792:Constitution of Canada 545:Diplomatic missions of 237:29th Canadian Ministry 7621:Federalism by country 7460:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7134:Constitutional debate 6446:Iroquois constitution 6231:Romney, Paul (1999). 6202:Peterborough, Ontario 6118:J. Noel Lyon (1976). 5847:[1882] UKPC 4 5833: (2 October 2014) 5779:[1937] UKPC 6 5327:[1937] JCPC 7 4939:[1954] UKPC 8 4903:[1932] UKPC 7 4869:[1925] UKPC 2 4851:[1917] UKHL 1 3471:Hunter, Christopher. 3419:"Flexible federalism" 3172:Romney, Paul (1986). 2982:Aeronautics Reference 2827:power as a result of 2713: 2651:Aeronautics Reference 2627:Aeronautics Reference 2418: 2414:Chief Justice Dickson 2404: 2381:Canadian maritime law 2235:Aeronautics Reference 2219: 2066:Taxation and spending 1998:Northwest Territories 1841: 1603: 1506:universal health care 1476:Frank Lindsay Bastedo 1321:constitutional crisis 1310: 1297:Aeronautics Reference 1199:British North America 1173: 1149:Further information: 949:Constitutional debate 889:Letters Patent (1947) 824:Bill of Rights (1689) 802: 526:Global Affairs Canada 308:Speaker of the Senate 7626:Federalism in Canada 7155:Charlottetown Accord 6451:Mi'kmaq constitution 5925:: Nelson Education. 5037: (21 March 2014) 4611:, R.S.C. 1927, c.120 3927:Marianopolis College 3764:Manitoba Law Journal 3032:Temperance Act, 1864 2852:Russell v. The Queen 2793:Civil Code of Quebec 2790:was replaced by the 1627:Patriation Reference 1538:1976 Quebec election 1514:Canada Student Loans 1100:Canadian sovereignty 1067:Government of Canada 1056:fédéralisme canadien 506:Municipal government 335:Speaker of the house 252:Privy Council Office 205:King’s Privy Council 176:Lieutenant governors 28:Canadian nationalism 21:Federalism in Quebec 7475:Trinidad and Tobago 7370:Antigua and Barbuda 7160:Calgary Declaration 6558:Canadian federalism 6348:Canadian Federalism 6101:Carleton University 6045:Gérard V. La Forest 5890:Gauthier v The King 5063:Smylie v. The Queen 4597:. 26 February 2015. 4259:on 9 September 2014 4135:, pp. 135–137. 3947:Criminal Code, 1892 3642:The Invisible Crown 2836:McLaren v. Caldwell 2383:not until 1971 and 1776:Canadian federation 1617:reference questions 1526:Quebec Pension Plan 1510:Canada Pension Plan 1488:Governor-in-Council 1442:Keynesian economics 1411:Chemicals Reference 1333:Balfour Declaration 1300:found the same for 1261:and passage of the 1129:and the Maritimes. 1052:Canadian federalism 964:Canadian federalism 854:Act of Union (1840) 731:Politics portal 620:First Nations bands 296:List of parliaments 7410:Dominican Republic 7240:Dialogue principle 7200:Pith and substance 7069:King-in-Parliament 6994:Part VII – General 6691:Manitoba Act, 1870 6596:Trade and commerce 6528:Quebec Resolutions 6466:Quebec Act of 1774 6127:McGill Law Journal 6056:McGill Law Journal 5960:McGill Law Journal 5691:, S.O. 1941, c. 1 4593:Interpretation Act 4571:. 16 November 2007 4493:, SBC 2003, c. 28" 4380:14 & 15 Geo. 6 4161:Labour Conventions 4157:Cyr, Hugo (2009). 4147:, p. 137–143. 3992:. Transport Canada 3687:on 17 October 2013 3579:on 4 February 2016 3421:. The Free Library 3399:on 21 October 2007 3344:, pp. 273–274 3329:, pp. 416–420 3246:Bélanger, Claude. 3015:Hodge v. The Queen 2863:Pith and substance 2846:Hodge v. The Queen 2821:trade and commerce 2777:Province of Canada 2516:security interests 2498:telecommunications 2435:criminal procedure 2409: 2301:National dimension 2297:in civil matters. 2264:pith and substance 2224: 2174:Mr Justice Le Dain 1967:trade and commerce 1943:purposive approach 1923:pith and substance 1861:Section 91 of the 1847:Division of powers 1844: 1749:Monarchy of Canada 1699:Conservative Party 1613: 1595:British parliament 1355:. After that, the 1313: 1273:direct legislation 1203:Quebec Resolutions 1187:Quebec Resolutions 1179: 1119:Province of Canada 1113:-era diversity of 1079:federal parliament 942:Constitutional law 804: 663:Constitutional law 291:Federal parliament 93:Politics of Canada 7603: 7602: 7492:other territories 7324: 7323: 7303:Canada portal 7286: 7285: 7248: 7247: 7173: 7172: 7150:Meech Lake Accord 7123: 7122: 7113:Royal prerogative 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7013: 6719: 6718: 6696:Alberta Act, 1905 6665: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6496: 6495: 6488:Act of Union 1840 6176:978-1-55221-214-1 6020:978-0-7798-1337-7 5972:10.7202/1006421ar 5932:978-0-17-650343-7 5397:(Canada), 463–464 4176:978-90-5201-453-1 4090:. 6 December 2004 3917:Claude Bélanger. 3569:978-1-100-20079-8 3552:A Crown of Maples 3547:MacLeod, Kevin S. 2649:were held by the 2100:transfer payments 2036:continental shelf 2006:Peace River Block 1763:headship of state 1729:used the phrase " 1695:Canadian Alliance 1415:Orders in Council 1413:(which held that 1213:John A. Macdonald 1176:John A. Macdonald 1133:, Canada's first 1131:John A. Macdonald 1098:and, with it, of 1049: 1048: 1003:Canada portal 894:Canada Act (1982) 844:Quebec Act (1774) 777: 776: 719:Canada portal 683:Political culture 567:Visa requirements 519:Foreign relations 432:Constitution Acts 185:Royal prerogative 86: 85: 78: 7633: 7560:Saint Barthélemy 7490:Dependencies and 7363:Sovereign states 7351: 7344: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7312: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7254: 7253: 7235:Purposive theory 7179: 7178: 7129: 7128: 7064:Fusion of powers 7028: 7027: 6766: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6746:Victoria Charter 6725: 6724: 6671: 6670: 6579: 6578: 6546: 6545: 6502: 6501: 6430: 6429: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6288: 6262:(4th ed.). 6261: 6250: 6238: 6227: 6200:(2nd ed.). 6199: 6188: 6167:Toronto, Ontario 6157: 6155: 6153: 6148:on 13 March 2013 6147: 6141:. Archived from 6124: 6114: 6098: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6070:. Archived from 6053: 6040: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5988: 5982:. Archived from 5957: 5944: 5923:Toronto, Ontario 5901: 5882: 5876: 5860: 5854: 5840: 5834: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5764: 5754: 5748: 5738: 5732: 5718: 5712: 5698: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5660: 5654: 5642: 5636: 5622: 5616: 5600: 5594: 5580: 5574: 5560: 5554: 5544: 5538: 5526: 5520: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5478: 5464: 5458: 5444: 5438: 5422: 5416: 5407:Viscount Haldane 5404: 5398: 5382: 5376: 5354: 5348: 5336: 5330: 5320: 5314: 5304: 5298: 5288: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5252: 5246: 5232: 5226: 5212: 5206: 5196: 5190: 5178: 5172: 5156: 5150: 5140: 5134: 5120: 5114: 5104: 5098: 5088: 5082: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5026: 5020: 5006: 5000: 4986: 4980: 4966: 4960: 4948: 4942: 4930: 4924: 4912: 4906: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4872: 4860: 4854: 4836: 4830: 4818: 4812: 4800: 4794: 4782: 4776: 4766: 4757: 4745: 4739: 4727: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4691: 4676: 4664: 4658: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4364:3 & 4 Geo. 6 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4324: 4323: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4255:. Archived from 4249: 4243: 4242: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3970:on 23 March 2012 3966:. Archived from 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3893:Richer, Karine. 3890: 3884: 3883: 3867: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3761: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3645: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3618: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3572:, archived from 3557: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3527:on 26 April 2012 3526: 3511: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3483:on 25 March 2012 3479:. Archived from 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3398: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3085:www.biographi.ca 3077: 3071: 3070: 3050: 3035: 3028:Ex parte O'Neill 3025: 3019: 3010: 3004: 2978: 2972: 2952: 2946: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2921: 2909: 2903: 2878: 2872: 2868:Cushing v. Dupuy 2817: 2568:CPR v Bonsecours 2479:Works affecting 2314:War Measures Act 2295:conflict of laws 2164:Mr Justice Beetz 2154:The preamble of 2138:); although the 2083:Gérard La Forest 2048:British Columbia 2044:Vancouver Island 2032:territorial seas 2010:British Columbia 1892:separate schools 1821:House of Commons 1816: 1801: 1787: 1759:federal monarchy 1591:Victoria Charter 1518:Quiet Revolution 1419:War Measures Act 1407:War Measures Act 1369:refused to give 1325:governor general 1317:King–Byng Affair 1264:War Measures Act 1041: 1034: 1027: 1013: 1012: 1001: 1000: 999: 779: 778: 769: 762: 755: 729: 728: 717: 716: 715: 499:Local government 477: 397: 394:List of justices 330:House of Commons 323:Senate divisions 299: 234: 218: 163: 155:Governor General 147: 123: 104: 88: 87: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 41: 40: 33: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7493: 7491: 7484: 7358: 7355: 7325: 7320: 7297: 7295: 7282: 7259: 7244: 7186: 7169: 7145:Triple-E Senate 7136: 7119: 7091:Question Period 7035: 7010: 6989: 6973: 6957: 6755: 6732: 6715: 6676: 6653: 6616: 6610: 6583: 6577: 6544: 6509: 6492: 6437: 6424: 6401: 6396: 6322:Politics portal 6320: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6291: 6274: 6247: 6216: 6206:Broadview Press 6177: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6122: 6111: 6096: 6080: 6078: 6077:on 5 March 2016 6074: 6051: 6021: 5992: 5990: 5989:on 5 March 2016 5986: 5955: 5933: 5909: 5904: 5883: 5879: 5861: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5793: 5789: 5771: 5767: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5735: 5729:Court of Appeal 5725:1935 CanLII 142 5721:R. v. Zaslavsky 5719: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5677: 5673: 5661: 5657: 5643: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5609:1978 CanLII 185 5601: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5561: 5557: 5545: 5541: 5527: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5485: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5445: 5441: 5423: 5419: 5405: 5401: 5383: 5379: 5355: 5351: 5337: 5333: 5321: 5317: 5305: 5301: 5295:1993 CanLII 129 5289: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5259:1984 CanLII 138 5253: 5249: 5239:1984 CanLII 132 5233: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5197: 5193: 5179: 5175: 5165:1990 CanLII 104 5157: 5153: 5141: 5137: 5121: 5117: 5105: 5101: 5089: 5085: 5073: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5027: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4949: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4913: 4909: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4837: 4833: 4819: 4815: 4801: 4797: 4786:Cushing v Dupuy 4783: 4779: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4742: 4728: 4724: 4710: 4706: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4665: 4661: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382:. c. 32 (U.K.)) 4374: 4370: 4366:. c. 36 (U.K.)) 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4088:Industry Canada 4082: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3949:, SC 1892, c 29 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3841:on 14 June 2008 3831: 3827: 3819: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3777:on 4 March 2016 3774: 3759: 3751:Bowman, Laura. 3749: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3619:on 11 June 2015 3616: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3555: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3509: 3503:Roberts, Edward 3500: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3229: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3185: 3181: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3123: 3115: 3113: 3112:on 27 June 2013 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3011: 3007: 2979: 2975: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2924: 2910: 2906: 2879: 2875: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2733: 2678:Radio Reference 2633:Radio Reference 2622: 2560: 2459:law enforcement 2431:criminal courts 2399: 2365: 2303: 2152: 2127: 2119:Justice Sopinka 2068: 2028:internal waters 1975:Indian reserves 1959: 1919: 1855:(also known as 1849: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1793: 1788: 1755: 1747:Main articles: 1745: 1671: 1661: 1642:Canada Act 1982 1583: 1577: 1542:1980 referendum 1534:Parti Québécois 1472: 1466: 1287:Radio Reference 1251: 1241: 1229:Wilfrid Laurier 1168: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1045: 1007: 1005: 997: 995: 989: 988: 944: 934: 933: 919: 909: 908: 814: 773: 744: 740:Other countries 735: 723: 713: 711: 703: 702: 653: 645: 644: 605: 595: 594: 576: 557:Nationality law 553: 541: 521: 511: 510: 501: 491: 490: 471: 459: 449: 448: 420:Military courts 391: 384: 374: 373: 293: 286: 276: 275: 228: 212: 200: 190: 189: 157: 141: 134: 124: 117: 95: 82: 71: 65: 62: 54:help improve it 51: 42: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7639: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7580:Sint Eustatius 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7525:Cayman Islands 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7306: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7086:Interpellation 7083: 7078: 7076:Implied repeal 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6554: 6552: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6311: 6295: 6294:External links 6292: 6290: 6289: 6272: 6251: 6245: 6228: 6214: 6189: 6175: 6158: 6115: 6109: 6087: 6062:(1): 131–147. 6041: 6019: 6003:Hogg, Peter W. 5999: 5966:(1): 189–209. 5949:Morris J. Fish 5945: 5931: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5894:1918 CanLII 85 5886:Fitzpatrick CJ 5877: 5855: 5835: 5821:1981 CanLII 30 5801:1995 CanLII 57 5787: 5765: 5761:1959 CanLII 42 5749: 5745:1950 CanLII 26 5733: 5713: 5693: 5671: 5667:1988 CanLII 18 5655: 5637: 5617: 5595: 5575: 5569:, 2 SCR 206, 5567:1983 CanLII 36 5555: 5551:1987 CanLII 71 5539: 5521: 5513:1980 CanLII 16 5501: 5493:1984 CanLII 17 5479: 5459: 5439: 5431:1988 CanLII 63 5417: 5399: 5391:1976 CanLII 16 5377: 5349: 5345:1991 CanLII 74 5331: 5315: 5299: 5283: 5267: 5247: 5227: 5219:1967 CanLII 71 5207: 5191: 5173: 5151: 5135: 5127:1929 CanLII 72 5115: 5099: 5083: 5079:1922 CanLII 22 5067: 5055: 5039: 5021: 5013:1944 CanLII 29 5001: 4993:1950 CanLII 27 4981: 4961: 4943: 4925: 4907: 4889: 4873: 4855: 4843:1918 CanLII 86 4831: 4813: 4795: 4777: 4758: 4740: 4722: 4704: 4685: 4683: 4682:Case citations 4680: 4678: 4677: 4659: 4641: 4627: 4613: 4601: 4582: 4556: 4531: 4506: 4479: 4458: 4437: 4425:Canada Gazette 4412: 4396: 4394:(c. 73 (U.K.)) 4384: 4368: 4352: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4304: 4287: 4270: 4244: 4237: 4219: 4189: 4175: 4149: 4145:La Forest 1975 4137: 4133:La Forest 1975 4125: 4123:, p. 135. 4121:La Forest 1975 4113: 4111:, p. 134. 4109:La Forest 1975 4101: 4075: 4053: 4028: 4003: 3981: 3951: 3939: 3908: 3885: 3878: 3852: 3825: 3815:Grassy Narrows 3803: 3788: 3740: 3713: 3697: 3663: 3656: 3630: 3589: 3568: 3562:, p. 17, 3538: 3494: 3463: 3446:Optimum Online 3432: 3410: 3386:Policy Options 3369: 3346: 3331: 3319: 3306:10.2307/139438 3300:(4): 518–522. 3290:Mallory, J. R. 3281: 3260: 3238: 3218:Forsey, Eugene 3209: 3202: 3179: 3164: 3162:, p. 125. 3152: 3136: 3097: 3072: 3065: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3020: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2947: 2938: 2922: 2904: 2873: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802:proprio vigore 2798: 2797: 2781:body corporate 2773: 2767: 2756: 2732: 2729: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2670: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2535:insolvency law 2531: 2527: 2512: 2501: 2490: 2477: 2466: 2398: 2395: 2364: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2302: 2299: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2267: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2151: 2148: 2126: 2123: 2067: 2064: 1958: 1955: 1918: 1915: 1848: 1845: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1744: 1741: 1703:Stephen Harper 1683:Brian Mulroney 1660: 1657: 1605:Pierre Trudeau 1579:Main article: 1576: 1573: 1549:Pierre Trudeau 1502:Lester Pearson 1465: 1462: 1329:prime minister 1319:resulted in a 1240: 1237: 1191:British Empire 1157: 1154: 1146: 1143: 1135:prime minister 1096:Canadian Crown 1047: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1015:Law portal 991: 990: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 945: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 931: 926: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 815: 810: 809: 806: 805: 795: 794: 788: 787: 775: 774: 772: 771: 764: 757: 749: 746: 745: 743: 742: 736: 734: 733: 721: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 678:Office-holders 675: 670: 665: 660: 654: 652:Related topics 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 640:Inuit Nunangat 637: 632: 627: 625:Indigenous law 622: 617: 612: 606: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 552: 551: 540: 539: 538: 537: 522: 517: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 502: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 466: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 439: 434: 424: 423: 422: 417: 415:Federal courts 412: 407: 405:Richard Wagner 385: 380: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 365: 364: 363: 362: 360:Shadow cabinet 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 327: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 287: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 272: 271: 261: 260: 259: 257:Public Service 254: 249: 244: 239: 223: 221:Justin Trudeau 210:Prime minister 201: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 168: 135: 130: 129: 126: 125: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 97: 96: 91: 84: 83: 45: 43: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7638: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7487: 7481: 7480:United States 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7316: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Double aspect 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7108:Reserve power 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6672: 6668: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615:Powers under 6613: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6507:Confederation 6503: 6499: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6381: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6312: 6309: 6308:Canada portal 6298: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6273:0-7735-2744-3 6269: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6246:0-8020-8105-3 6242: 6237: 6236: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6110:0-612-36831-9 6106: 6102: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5907:Other sources 5899: 5898:Supreme Court 5895: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5859: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5613:Supreme Court 5610: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5571:Supreme Court 5568: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5517:Supreme Court 5514: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5497:Supreme Court 5494: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5435:Supreme Court 5432: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5395:Supreme Court 5392: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5311:1988 ABCA 334 5308: 5303: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5263:Supreme Court 5260: 5256: 5251: 5244: 5243:Supreme Court 5240: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5223:Supreme Court 5220: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5170: 5169:Supreme Court 5166: 5162: 5161: 5160:R. v. Sparrow 5155: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5131:Supreme Court 5128: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5059: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5017:Supreme Court 5014: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4997:Supreme Court 4994: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4977:Supreme Court 4974: 4973:1943 CanLII 1 4970: 4965: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4899: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4744: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4686: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4637: 4631: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4545: 4543: 4542:Fisheries Act 4535: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4494: 4492: 4486:for example, 4483: 4468: 4462: 4447: 4441: 4427:, 13 May 1961 4426: 4422: 4416: 4410:c. 81 (U.K.)) 4409: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4238:90-411-9764-8 4234: 4230: 4223: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4110: 4105: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4063: 4057: 4038: 4032: 4013: 4007: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3928: 3924: 3922: 3915:for example, 3912: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3800: 3795: 3793: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3747: 3745: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3683: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3659: 3657:0-8020-7793-5 3653: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3634: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3452:(2): 2 et seq 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3420: 3414: 3395: 3391: 3388:(in French). 3387: 3380: 3373: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3328: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3249: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3205: 3203:9780665001642 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3068: 3066:0-458-95950-2 3062: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2942: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841:double aspect 2838: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697:Although the 2691: 2687: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2530:jurisdiction. 2528: 2525: 2524:banking power 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2474:Fisheries Act 2471: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:police forces 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Criminal Code 2369: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2262:If it is, in 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132:United States 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046:and mainland 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2018:First Nations 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:double aspect 1924: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1840: 1835: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:Jean Chrétien 1716: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Charlottetown 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1609:Jean Chrétien 1606: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589:and the 1971 1588: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:welfare state 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:John C. Bowen 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315:In 1926, the 1309: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1115:the Maritimes 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 993: 992: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Law of Canada 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 943: 938: 937: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 918: 917:Document list 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813: 808: 807: 801: 797: 796: 793: 790: 789: 785: 781: 780: 770: 765: 763: 758: 756: 751: 750: 748: 747: 741: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 720: 710: 709: 707: 706: 699: 698:Republicanism 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 604: 599: 598: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 546: 543: 542: 536: 532: 529: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 515: 514: 507: 504: 503: 500: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 475: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 458: 453: 452: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 428: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 402: 399: 398: 395: 390: 389:Supreme court 387: 386: 383: 378: 377: 370: 367: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 331: 328: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 292: 289: 288: 285: 280: 279: 270: 267: 266: 265: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 232: 227: 224: 222: 216: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 199: 194: 193: 186: 183: 177: 174: 173: 172: 169: 167: 161: 156: 153: 152: 151: 145: 140: 137: 136: 133: 128: 127: 121: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 103: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 46:This article 44: 35: 34: 29: 22: 7585:Sint Maarten 7565:Saint Martin 7313: 7294: 6601:Criminal law 6582:Powers under 6557: 6341:Federalism-e 6340: 6285: 6257: 6234: 6195: 6162: 6150:. 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Retrieved 3084: 3075: 3055: 3048: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2980: 2976: 2950: 2941: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2866: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2828: 2815: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2785: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2698: 2696: 2689: 2677: 2674:broadcasting 2660: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2602: 2598:Justice Rand 2593: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2544: 2538: 2494:broadcasting 2484: 2473: 2424: 2419: 2410: 2388: 2385:marriage law 2370: 2366: 2357:gap approach 2354: 2340:criminal law 2312: 2304: 2282: 2280: 2275:the province 2270: 2255: 2244: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2193: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2167: 2161: 2153: 2143: 2139: 2128: 2112: 2103: 2097: 2088:obiter dicta 2086: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2022: 2002:Railway Belt 1994:Saskatchewan 1979: 1962: 1960: 1920: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1876: 1871: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1756: 1734: 1712: 1672: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1632: 1625: 1614: 1584: 1569:Newfoundland 1565:Saskatchewan 1546: 1495: 1493: 1491:government. 1483: 1473: 1445: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1397:World War II 1395: 1388: 1378: 1371:Royal Assent 1361: 1350: 1340: 1314: 1295: 1292:broadcasting 1285: 1268: 1262: 1259:income taxes 1252: 1224:Edward Blake 1220:Oliver Mowat 1217: 1206: 1180: 1127:Upper Canada 1123:Lower Canada 1104: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1064: 1051: 1050: 994: 963: 667: 658:Conservatism 535:Mélanie Joly 427:Constitution 72: 66:January 2016 63: 47: 7555:Puerto Rico 7465:Saint Lucia 7415:El Salvador 7220:Living tree 7215:Paramountcy 7033:Conventions 6687:, 1867–1982 6573:Section 125 6568:Section 121 6152:24 December 6081:7 September 5831:2014 SCC 59 5811:1981 SCC 24 5651:2010 SCC 47 5535:2007 SCC 22 5203:2014 SCC 48 5035:2014 SCC 21 4575:4 September 4549:4 September 4499:5 September 4472:4 September 4451:4 September 3845:4 September 3705:Romney 1999 3342:Romney 1999 3226:The Monitor 3146:, pp. 3144:Romney 1999 3116:24 December 2999:ultra vires 2738:ultra vires 2647:Aeronautics 2594:ultra vires 2583:ultra vires 2574:ultra vires 2564:Lord Watson 2439:prosecution 2377:Divorce law 2272:ultra vires 2240:Lord Sankey 2221:Lord Sankey 2060:Nova Scotia 1939:living tree 1931:paramountcy 1767:Sovereignty 1727:Paul Martin 1607:(left) and 1516:. Quebec's 1438:health care 1302:aeronautics 1281:referendums 1277:initiatives 1255:World War I 1205:became the 572:Visa policy 284:Legislative 150:Charles III 7610:Categories 7550:Montserrat 7545:Martinique 7540:Guadeloupe 7395:Costa Rica 6730:Patriation 6617:Section 92 6584:Section 91 6215:1551114143 5915:Dyck, Rand 4212:12 January 3757:Revisited" 3707:, p. 3487:19 January 3456:19 January 3425:19 January 3274:20 January 3253:20 January 3160:Lamot 1998 3122:, quoting 3090:1 February 3041:References 2839:, and the 2709:Lord Atkin 2683:telegraphs 2612:situated") 2551:moratorium 2518:under the 2481:navigation 2336:Section 91 2108:Lord Atkin 1982:Crown land 1947:Oakes test 1832:See also: 1713:After the 1687:Meech Lake 1663:See also: 1659:After 1982 1581:Patriation 1575:Patriation 1555:and other 1468:See also: 1417:under the 1294:, and the 1275:by way of 1243:See also: 1160:See also: 954:Patriation 924:Amendments 673:Liberalism 668:Federalism 166:Mary Simon 115:Government 7535:Greenland 7450:Nicaragua 7425:Guatemala 6624:Licensing 6282:492159067 6224:803829702 6185:774694912 6139:1920-6356 6068:1920-6356 6037:398011547 6029:1914-1262 5980:1920-6356 5941:669242306 5279:CanLII 45 4431:19 August 4182:29 August 4159:"I – The 4094:9 October 4068:22 August 4046:22 August 4021:22 August 3996:22 August 3932:9 October 3799:Hogg 2007 3583:23 August 3477:The Court 3403:22 August 3362:25 August 3327:Dyck 2012 2932:pro tanto 2562:In 1899, 2496:and most 2445:over the 2443:s. 92(14) 2136:Australia 2085:observed 1917:Doctrines 1743:The Crown 1679:Joe Clark 1557:petroleum 1486:, to the 1464:1960–1982 1373:to three 1362:In 1937, 1239:1914–1960 1054:(French: 549:in Canada 457:Elections 198:Executive 132:The Crown 120:structure 7500:Anguilla 7435:Honduras 7405:Dominica 7380:Barbados 7315:Category 6778:Preamble 6563:Preamble 6099:(M.A.). 6047:(1975). 6005:(2007). 5993:6 August 5951:(2011). 5917:(2012). 5900:(Canada) 5615:(Canada) 5573:(Canada) 5519:(Canada) 5499:(Canada) 5437:(Canada) 5415:, p. 704 5265:(Canada) 5245:(Canada) 5225:(Canada) 5171:(Canada) 5133:(Canada) 5019:(Canada) 4999:(Canada) 4979:(Canada) 4524:8 August 3974:8 August 3549:(2012), 3505:(2009). 3232:8 August 3190:(1888). 2961:concern; 2636:and the 2543:and the 2505:marriage 2368:Canada. 2287:airspace 2106:, where 2071:Taxation 2038:and the 2004:and the 1986:Manitoba 1971:escheats 1791:The King 1327:and the 1141:system. 1117:and the 1111:colonial 1069:and ten 784:a series 782:Part of 562:Passport 531:Minister 382:Judicial 269:Premiers 7530:Curaçao 7515:Bonaire 7510:Bermuda 7440:Jamaica 7420:Grenada 7375:Bahamas 6011:Toronto 5892:, 5829:, 5819:, 5809:, 5799:, 5759:, 5743:, 5723:, 5665:, 5649:, 5607:, 5565:, 5549:, 5533:, 5511:, 5491:, 5429:, 5389:, 5343:, 5309:, 5293:, 5277:, 5257:, 5237:, 5217:, 5201:, 5163:, 5125:, 5077:, 5033:, 5011:, 4991:, 4971:, 4841:, 3901:16 June 3755:Seybold 3734:30 July 2957:nature; 2764:tariffs 2587:BNA Act 2192:In the 1990:Alberta 1561:Alberta 1536:in the 1528:). 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